,ONE ,HUNDR$ ,YE>S ,AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIK ,C\NT]REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CRIME?,9C4 

,TEXT 3 

,=EWORD BY ,CRIME?,9C4 

  

,A C5TURY AGO1 ON ,NOVEMB] #g1 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,BOL%EVIK SEIZURE ( P[] GOT UND]WAY 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA4 ,FOLL[+ UP \R COMPILATION ( VOICES :O SPOKE \T AGA9/ ! RISE ( ,SOVIET TOTALIT>IANISM1 0,RE/LESS ,SPECT]S ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,DEAD10 WE PRES5T ?IS TRANSLATION ( A TEXT ?AT APPE>$ TODAY 9 ,CATALAN4.<#a.> ,IT (F]S A DETAIL$ TIMEL9E ( ! ,BOL%EVIK CRACKD[N ON REVOLUTION>Y CURR5TS 9 ,RUSSIA1 />T+ BE=E ! SO-CALL$ ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION & RUNN+ UP TO ! TREATY BETWE5 ,/AL9 & ,HITL]4 

,! CURR5T TEXT IS NO MORE ?AN A SUMM>Y1 A SMALL REM9D] ( A HI/ORICAL DISA/] ?AT /ILL RESONATES 9 \R /RUGGLES TODAY4 ,?IS ,OCTOB] #b#a#g1 A HUNDR$ YE>S LAT]1 IT FALLS ON US TO REMEMB] ! ,BOL%EVIK APPROPRIATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 :I* CON/ITUT$ A DISA/] = ! WORK+ CLASS1 A DISA/] = ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE & ALL ! PEOPLES SUBJECT TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE1 A DISA/] = ANTI-CAPITALI/ MOVEM5TS ON A WORLD SCALE1 A DISA/] = EV]YONE SEEK+ FRE$OM1 A DISA/] = HUMANITY4 

,A ,PR$ICTABLE ,DISA/] 

  

,! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y DRIFT ( ! ,U,S,S,R WAS PR$ICTABLE4 ,BAKUN9 =ESAW JU/ H[ A 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 W\LD QUICKLY TURN 9TO YET ANO!R DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT1 #e YE>S BE=E IT OCCURR$4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S1 MANY O!R ANTI-CAPITALI/S >RIV$ AT ! SAME CONCLUSION4 ,IT WAS A PRETTY SAFE BET1 CONSID]+ H[ ! LEAD]S ( ! NEW DICTATOR%IP F\ND !IR 9SPIRATION 9 ANO!R C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y FIGURE1 ,K>L ,M>X4 

,WE DON'T MAKE ?IS ASS]TION LI<TLY1 D5\NC+ AS 0C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y0 A P]SON :O1 BEYOND ANY D\BT1 WAS SO IMPORTANT TO ANTI-CAPITALI/ /RUGGLES4 ,WE W\LDN'T EV] TAKE SU* A /EP OV] SIMPLE DISAGREEM5TS 9 !ORETICAL MATT]S4 ,IT IS ONLY AFT] A PA9/AK+ SURVEY ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( ,M>X'S ACTIONS ?AT WE >RIVE AT ?IS CONCLUSION4 

,M>X IMPLANT$ COLONIAL & :ITE SUPREMACI/ ATTITUDES 9 ! HE>T ( ! ANTI-CAPITALI/ MOVEM5T1 & HE BROKE ! AUTONOMY ( ?IS MOVEM5T SO COMPLETELY ?AT #ae YE>S LAT] WE /ILL HAV5'T RECOV]$4 

,TO NAME A S+LE EXAMPLE1 ,M>X CELEBRAT$ ! ,U,S CONQUE/ ( ,MEXICO1 US+ OP5LY RACI/ T]MS TO CONTRA/ ! 05]GETIC0 ,YANKEES ) ! LAZY & 0PRIMITIVE0 ,MEXICANS4 ,HIS IDEA ( DIALECTICAL PROGRESS %>$ ! ELEM5T ( :ITE SUPREMACY ) ! LIB]ALISM ( ! DAY4 ,HE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT ! ,WE/]N NATIONS W]E ! MO/ ADVANC$ 9 ! WORLD & ?AT ALL ! O!R PEOPLES W\LD HAVE TO EMULATE ,EUROPE & FOLL[ ! SAME PA? TO LIB]ATE !MSELVES4 ,AS SU*1 HE WAS AN UNAPOLOGETIC DEF5D] ( COLONIALISM1 :I* HE RECOGNIZ$ AS AN EX]CISE ( CAPITALI/ VIOL5CE1 BUT :I* HE ALSO BELIEV$ WAS VITAL TO ! PROGRESS ( 0PRIMITIVE0 PEOPLES4 

,AP>T FROM HIS RACISM1 ,M>X WAS AN AU?ORIT>IAN COMPLICIT ) B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS4 ,ONE ( ! /RONGE/ FEATURES ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY WAS ITS AUTONOMY4 ,IT WAS A MOVEM5T BUILT BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES & )9 IT ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! CLASS 5EMY HAD NO PLACE4 ,M>X RU9$ ALL ?AT ) HIS OB/9ATE 9SI/5CE ?AT 9 ORD] TO W91 ACCORD+ TO HIS !ORY--A !ORY :I* HI/ORY HAS TORN TO %R$S1 A !ORY ?AT PR$ICT$ ! ANTI-CAPITALI/ REVOLUTIONS W\LD OCCUR 9 ,G]MANY & ! ,U,K1 DEF9ITELY NOT 9 ,RUSSIA OR ,SPA9--! WORK+ CLASS HAD TO ADOPT ! POLITICAL =MS ( ITS 5EMY1 ORGANIZ+ ITSELF 9 POLITICAL P>TIES & 5T]+ ! B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS1 ! P>LIAM5TS :]E MON>*I/S & CAPITALI/S /RUGGL$ = CONTROL ( A P[] BAS$ SOLELY 9 ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! PEASANTS & WORK]S1 A P[] ?AT C\LD NOT EV5 EXI/ )\T ! CONT9U$ DOM9ATION ( !SE CLASSES4 

,M>X WAS ACCU/OM$ TO BE+ SURR\ND$ BY LACKEYS4 ,:5 HE REALIZ$ ?AT !RE W]E 9DEP5D5T M9DS & CONTR>Y OP9IONS )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 ?AT IT WAS NO LONG] HIS P]SONAL FAN CLUB1 HE CONSPIR$ & MADE USE ( ALL ! DIRTY TRICKS ?AT HAVE S9CE BECOME WELL-KN[N ME?ODS ( MANIPULAT+ ASSEMBLIES 9 ORD] TO KICK \T ALL ?OSE :O DIFF]$ ) HIM & :O OPPOS$ ! OBVI\SLY ]RONE\S TACTIC ( CREAT+ POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,?IS WAS NOT M]ELY A CONFLICT BETWE5 TWO POSITIONS1 ,M>XI/ & AN>*I/1 NOR WAS IT A DUEL BETWE5 ,M>X & ,BAKUN94 ,M>X EXCLUD$ NOT ONLY AN>*I/S BUT ANYONE :O DISAGRE$ ) HIM1 9CLUD+ FEM9I/S LIKE ,&RE ,LEO1 P>TICIPANT 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 7A MOVEM5T :I* ,M>X 9ITIALLY D5\NC$74 

,AS A RESULT ( ! SPLIT1 ! MAJORITY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL BROKE ) ! ,M>XI/ FACTION4 ,MANY PEOPLE :O >E ONLY FAMILI> ) OV]SIMPLIFI$ ACC\NTS C5T]$ ON ,M>X ASSUME ?AT AS SOON AS ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL W]E MOV$ TO ,NEW ,YORK1 ! ORGANIZATION WAS EFFECTIVELY F9I%$1 BUT 9 FACT IT WAS ONLY ! SMALL] ,M>XI/ SPL9T] GR\P ?AT IMM$IATELY BECAME MORIBUND4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL CONT9U$ ORGANIZ+ TOGE!R ACCORD+ TO AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES = HALF A DECADE MORE1 AS ! ,M>XI/ HI/ORIAN ,/EKLOV WAS =C$ TO REC\NT 9 HIS HI/ORY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT TOOK FIVE MORE YE>S ( CONT9U\S /ATE REPRESSION TO DE/ROY ! ORGANIZATION1 & ?AT ONLY SUCCE$$ BECAUSE ,M>XI/S & O!R /ATI/ ELEM5TS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T REFUS$ TO ACT 9 SOLID>ITY ) REVOLUTION>Y LABOR ORGANIZ+4 

,M>X'S CONTROV]SIAL /RATEGY--TO CONV]T ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9TO A TOOL = 5TRY 9TO B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS VIA SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TIES--WAS AN EMB>RASS+ FAILURE1 JU/ AS HIS CRITICS PR$ICT$4 ,! NEW P>TIES WA/$ NO TIME 9 SELL+ \T ! WORK+ CLASS TO !IR NEW PR(ESSIONAL COLLEAGUES1 ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,:AT'S MORE1 ,M>X'S MA9 HEIRS1 SU* AS ! ,SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY1 S5T ! WORK+ CLASS (F TO ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SLAU<T]H\SE ?AT WAS ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 

,L593 ,FROM ,G]MAN ,AG5T TO ,BUT*] ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS 

  

,FROM E>LY ON1 ,L59 WAS A LEAD] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK 70MAJORITY07 FACTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,WORK]S' ,P>TY1 :I* W\LD LAT] BECOME ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

,HE WAS AN 9TELLECTUAL FROM A B\RGEOIS FAMILY :O NEV] /OPP$ PLAY+ ! ROLE ( MANAG]4 ,WE CAN'T D5Y ?AT A P]SON DOESN'T *OOSE :]E !Y >E BORN1 & CAN DECIDE TO R5\NCE !IR PRIVILEGE & FI<T ALONGSIDE ! OPPRESS$4 ,BUT ,L59 WAS ! >*ITECT ( A PSEUDO-REVOLUTION>Y /ATE ?AT W\LD BE DIRECT$ BY HIS CLASS4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+1 ! ,U,S,S,R WAS A DICTATOR%IP ( 9TELLECTUALS & BUREAUCRATS OPPRESS+ ! EXPLOIT$ CLASSES4 ,L59 NEV] AB&ON$ HIS CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,HE CALL$ ON ! WORK]S & PEASANTS TO RISE UP = ! SAME REASON ?AT DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION HE APPROPRIAT$ AN>*I/ DISC\RSES 79 ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 :I* SC&ALIZ$ ! MEMB]S ( HIS [N P>TY :O DIDN'T UND]/& ?AT ! TEXT WAS SIMPLY A MANIPULATIVE ATTEMPT TO W9 ! SUPPORT ( ! MASSES & AN ALLIANCE ) ! AN>*I/S1 :O CON/ITUT$ A KEY =CE 9 ! ,OCTOB] 9SURRECTION74 ,ALL ( ?IS WAS CALCULAT$ TO MOTIVATE ! MASSES TO S]VE AS CANNON FODD] = HIS AMBITIONS4 

,L59 WAS EV5 MORE AU?ORIT>IAN ?AN ,M>X4 ,AS ! LEAD] ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 HE MANEUV]$ TO EXPEL ! ,M5%EVIKS1 ,BOGDANOVI/S1 & O!R CURR5TS FROM ! ,P>TY4 ,HE DIFF]$ ) ! =M] BECAUSE !Y FAVOR$ FRE$OM ( OP9ION :]EAS HE BELIEV$ ?AT ! 5TIRE ,P>TY MU/ ADH]E TO !IR LEAD]S' DOGMAS & DECISIONS4 ,HE DIFF]$ ) ! LATT] SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y REPRES5T$ A ?REAT TO HIS CONTROL ( ! ,P>TY4 ,HE ALLEG$ ?AT ,BOGDANOV WASN'T AN OR?ODOX ,M>XI/1 BUT NEI!R WAS ,L592 = YE>S1 HE HAD APPROPRIAT$ ! IDEA ( ! AN>*I/S & ! ES]Y 7,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>IES OR ,S,RS7 ?AT A REVOLUTION C\LD BE MADE 9 ,RUSSIA )\T PASS+ ?R\< A CON/ITUTIONAL P]IOD4 

,ON ! EVE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,L59 WAS 9 CONTACT ) ! SECRET POLICE ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE4 ,IT WAS ONLY ?ANKS TO !M ?AT HE WAS ABLE TO RETURN TO ,RUSSIA AMID ! TUMULT ( ! ,WORLD ,W>4 ,!Y ALSO GAVE F9ANCIAL AID TO HIS ,P>TY4 ,9 EX*ANGE = ! AID1 !Y EXPECT$ ,L59 TO PULL ,RUSSIA \T ( ! W>1 FREE+ UP ! ,G]MANS' EA/]N FRONT4 

,9 ! 5D1 ,L59 WAS MORE FAI?FUL TO ! ,G]MAN IMP]IALI/S ?AN TO ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,EV5 ?\< MANY O!R ,BOL%EVIKS W]E HORRIFI$ BY HIS PROPOS$ COLLABORATION ) ,G]MANY1 ! DICTATOR%IP ?AT ,L59 HAD ALREADY E/ABLI%$ )9 HIS ,P>TY PREVAIL$4 ,)\T CONSULT+ ! ,POLI% & ,UKRA9IAN PEOPLES1 HI/ORICALLY OCCUPI$ BY ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA1 ,L59 C$$ ?OSE T]RITORIES TO ! ,G]MAN IMP]IALI/S ALONG ) A HUGE B\NTY 9 MONEY & RAW MAT]IALS ?AT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! SLAU<T] ( ! WORK+ CLASS ON ! WE/]N FRONT4 

,CONTR>Y TO ! ,L59I/ OR ,TROTSKYI/ V]SION1 :I* ATTRIBUTES ALL ! BRUTALITY ( ! ,U,S,S,R TO ,JOSEPH ,/AL91 ! BLOODY REPRESSION ( ! WORK] & PEASANT CLASSES & ! EF=T TO REBUILD CAPITALISM BEGAN 9 ! FIR/ YE> ( ! DICTATOR%IP :5 ,L59 WAS /ILL 9 *>GE4 

,A ,REVOLUTION ,D]AIL$ 

  

,! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag RESULT$ 9 A P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T IMMOBILIZ$ BY ! UNREALI/IC ATTEMPT TO RE=M ! OLD REGIME :ILE PROTECT+ DOM9ANT 9T]E/S4 ,! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION 7:I* BEGAN ON ,NOVEMB] #g1 ACCORD+ TO ! MOD]N CAL5D>71 WAS SUPPOS$ TO PUT AN 5D TO ! P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE & >I/OCRATS & ALL[ ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY VIA ! SOVIETS1 ASSEMBLIES ( WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 & SOLDI]S1 :I* HAD APPE>$ SPONTANE\SLY 9 ! #aie ,REVOLUTION & REEM]G$ ) ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION4 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #g1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS & !IR ALLIES ROSE UP 9 ,PETROGRAD1 BEG9N+ ! SECOND REVOLUTION4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #h1 A DETA*M5T ( AN>*I/ SAILORS FROM ,KRON/ADT1 L$ BY ! AN>*I/ ,ZHELEZNIAKOV & 9 COORD9ATION ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 CAPTUR$ ! ,W9T] ,PALACE1 ABOLI%+ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 

,! SAME ,ZHELEZNIAKOV WAS ALSO *OS5 TO LEAD A DETA*M5T ?AT SEIZ$ & ABOLI%$ ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY 9 ,JANU>Y ( ! FOLL[+ YE>4 ,HE L$ A FLOTILLA & !N AN >MOR$ TRA9 BATTALION AGA9/ ! ,:ITE ,>MY DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,AL?\< HE PROTE/$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS' IMPOSITION ( HI]>*ICAL MEASURES & ! RE/ORATION ( CZ>I/ (FIC]S )9 ! ,R$ ,>MY1 HE WAS TOO VALUABLE AS A MILIT>Y /RATEGI/ TO CA/ ASIDE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS 9VIT$ HIM TO REJO9 !M--HE HAD GONE TO ,CRIMEA TO FI<T AGA9/ ! ,:ITES 9 AN AUTONOM\S =MATION--& !Y ASSIGN$ HIM ! COMM& ( ! >MOR$ TRA9 CAMPAIGN TO HALT ! ADVANCE ( ! ,:ITE ,G5]AL1 ,D5IK94 ,HE DI$ 9 COMBAT 9 #a#i#a#i4 

,SUBSEQU5TLY1 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT COORD9ATE ) AN>*I/S \T ( A SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y SY/EMATICALLY ASSIGN$ AN>*I/S ! MO/ DANG]\S ROLES SO ?AT !Y W\LD ASSUME ! PHYSICAL & POLITICAL CONSEQU5CES IF ?+S W5T POORLY4 

,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#g1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS TOOK ADVANTAGE ( A TEMPOR>Y MAJORITY !Y HAD 9 ! ,SECOND ,PAN-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 ?ANKS TO ! DISORGANIZATION ( ! O!R P>TIES AFT] ! C\P AGA9/ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS' ABLE PROPAG&A1 & !IR POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL PR(ILE 7!Y DIDN'T REPRES5T A MAJORITY )9 ! WORK+ CLASS BUT !Y DID GET A MAJORITY ( *OS5 DELEGATES74 ,AT ! ,CONGRESS1 !Y CONV]T$ ! ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE 9TO A L>GELY 9DEP5D5T GOV]NM5T ORGAN /&+ OV] ! SOVIETS4 ,PREVI\SLY1 ! ,COMMITTEE HAD BE5 AN ORGAN DEVOID ( /ATE P[] ?AT WAS ONLY SUPPOS$ TO GIVE CONT9UITY TO ! TASKS ( ! ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS' MANEUV] TURN$ IT 9TO ! EXECUTIVE P[] ( A NEW /ATE4 ,& ?IS ,COMMITTEE1 =M$ BY DELEGATES ELECT$ BY DELEGATES ELECT$ BY DELEGATES 7! ?REE LAY]S ( REPRES5TATION W]E ! LOCAL SOVIETS1 ! ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 & ! ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE7 WAS CONTROLL$--9EVITABLY--NOT BY ! PEOPLE BUT BY ! MO/ ,MA*IAVELLIAN & OPPORTUNI/IC BUREAUCRATS1 :I* IS TO SAY3 ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ! ,P>TY UND] ,L59'S 9TRANSIG5T DICTATOR%IP HAD ! NEW ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE =M ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S1 OR ,SOVN>KOM1 :I* QUICKLY BECAME ! SUPREME AU?ORITY ( ! NEW /ATE1 9 *>GE ( REORGANIZ+ ! ECONOMY & ADM9I/]+ /ATE AFFAIRS4 ,& ITS *AIRMAN WAS--:AT A SURPRISE--,L596 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT HONOR ANY ( ! O!R DECISIONS ( ! ,SECOND ,PAN-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 ,!Y AB&ON$ ! 5TIRE OPPORTUNI/IC PROGRAM !Y HAD US$ TO ATTA9 A MAJORITY ( DELEGATES--! AGR>IAN PROGRAM1 ! PROPOSAL = SEEK+ A DIGNIFI$ )DRAWAL FROM ! W>1 ! DECISION TO CREATE A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,N[ ?AT !Y HAD CREAT$ ! BUREAUCRATIC LAY]S CAPABLE ( LEGITIMAT+ !IR DICTATOR%IP1 !Y NO LONG] HAD TO FI<T = ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ! ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS W\LD DO LITTLE MORE ?AN RUBB] /AMP ! DECISIONS ( ! ,SOVN>KOM4 

,ON ,DECEMB] #e1 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS E/ABLI%$ ! ,*EKA1 ! SECRET POLICE1 :O DIRECT$ !IR ACTIVITY AGA9/ O!R REVOLUTION>Y CURR5TS FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+4 ,! ,*EKA W]E L$ BY ,DZ]ZH9SKY1 A ,POLI% >I/OCRAT4 

,ON ,DECEMB] #b#b1 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS BEGAN TO NEGOTIATE ) ,G]MANY & ! O!R ,C5TRAL ,P[]S1 >ROGAT+ ! AU?ORITY TO SPEAK 9 ! NAME ( ! :OLE ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY1 AS WELL AS ! PEOPLES OCCUPI$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 

,ON ,DECEMB] #c1 #a#i#a#g1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS C>RI$ \T !IR FIR/ OP]ATION ( POLITICAL REPRESSION4 ,! ,*EKA >RE/$ A SMALL GR\P ( ,S,RS1 O/5SIBLE ALLIES1 9CLUD+ A DELEGATE ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 :O =M$ A P>T ( ! OPPOSITION4 

,9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#h1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS AB&ON$ ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY & OR*E/RAT$ ITS SUPPRESSION1 TOGE!R ) ! AN>*I/S4 ,:]EAS ! AN>*I/S OPPOS$ ! ,ASSEMBLY AS A B\RGEOIS ORGAN ?AT C\NT]ACT$ ! P[] ( ! SOVIETS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD DEM&$ ! CREATION ( ! ,ASSEMBLY AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION & !Y HAD /OOD 9 ! ELECTIONS4 ,!Y ONLY TURN$ AGA9/ ! ,ASSEMBLY ONCE !Y W]E UNABLE TO W9 A MAJORITY4 

,9 ,M>* #a#i#a#h1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS SIGN$ A HUMILIAT+ PEACE TREATY ) ,G]MANY ?AT W5T AGA9/ ALL ! WORK+ CLASS PROPOSALS = 5D+ ! W>4 ,!Y PAID A HUGE W> COMP5SATION & C$$ CONTROL OV] V>I\S NATIONS PREVI\SLY UND] CZ>I/ DOM9ATION 79 EFFECT1 ! ,BALTIC C\NTRIES1 ,POL&1 & ,UKRA9E74 ,9 ,UKRA9E1 ! PEASANTS ORGANIZ$ A GU]RILLA W> & WON MANY BATTLES AGA9/ ! ,G]MAN IMP]IALI/S1 PROV+ ! VIABILITY ( ! PROPOSAL ( AN>*I/S & O!RS = 0NEI!R W> NOR PEACE10 BY :I* !Y MEANT 5D+ ! IMP]IALI/ W> BUT RESI/+ ANY MILIT>Y OCCUPATION ?R\< REVOLUTION>Y GU]RILLA TACTICS4 ,L59 IMPOS$ HIS REJECTION ( ?IS OPTION1 PROBABLY BECAUSE HE KNEW HIS ELITI/ ,P>TY W\LD BE 9CAPABLE ( CONTROLL+ A DEC5TRALIZ$ GU]RILLA CAMPAIGN4 ,HE PREF]R$ ! DEFEAT & OCCUPATION ( ,UKRA9E OV] AN UNCONTROLL$ REVOLUTION4 

,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! ,S,RS1 AN IMPORTANT ALLY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 DECL>$ ?AT ! LATT] W]E ,G]MAN PROXIES & LEFT ! GOV]NM5T4 

,9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#h1 ! ,*EKA BEGAN ITS FIR/ EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTIONS 9 AN OP]ATION AGA9/ AN>*I/S 9 ,PETROGRAD & ,MOSC[4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! OP]ATION1 !Y HAD EXECUT$ #h )\T TRIALS4 ,!IR RHETORIC WAS TO ATTACK 0CLASS 5EMIES10 BUT !IR SECRET ORD]S W]E TO LIQUIDATE ALL AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! TWO PR9CIPAL CITIES4 

,ON ,APRIL #a#b1 #a#i#a#h1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS ATTACK$ #bf AN>*I/ C5T]S 9 ,MOSC[1 KILL+ DOZ5S & >RE/+ #e4 ,?REAT5$ BY ! DRAMATIC GR[? ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,MOSC[1 ,TROTSKY & ! ,BOL%EVIK PRESS HAD C>RI$ \T A M$IA CAMPAIGN 9 COLLABORATION ) ! LOCAL B\RGEOISIE1 ACCUS+ VET]AN REVOLUTION>IES ( BE+ 0B&ITS0 & 0CRIM9ALS0 = EXPROPRIAT+ B\RGEOIS PROP]TIES1 EV5 ?\< !SE W]E PUT TO ! USE ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,9 ,JUNE #a#i#a#h1 ,TROTSKY ABOLI%$ ANY K9D ( WORK] CONTROL OV] ! ,R$ ,>MY1 DE/ROY+ ! PROLET>IAN TRADITION ?AT ALL[$ SOLDI]S TO ELECT !IR (FIC]S & 5JOY REAL EQUALITY4 ,HE RE/OR$ ! OLD HI]>*IES 9 ! >MY--( >I/OCRATIC ORIG9--& COMPLEM5T$ !M ) A NEW IDEOLOGICAL HI]>*Y UPHELD ?R\< ! S9I/] PRES5CE ( ! ,*EKA AT EV]Y LEVEL1 DE/ROY+ ! CAPACITY ( ! ,R$ ,>MY TO FUNCTION AS A BA/ION ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & TURN+ IT 9TO A M]E TOOL ( ! ,P>TY4 

,AS BE=E1 (FIC]S RECEIV$ /ATUS & HI< PAY :ILE ! COMMON SOLDI]S BECAME ?RALLS1 & ANYONE--(FIC] OR SOLDI]--:O SPOKE \T AGA9/ ! REGIME W\LD BE %OT4 

,SIMULTANE\SLY1 ,TROTSKY C>RI$ \T A MASS RECRUITM5T ( (FIC]S FROM ! OLD ,CZ>I/ >MY4 ,UND] ,BOL%EVIK DOM9ION1 ! ,R$ ,>MY BECAME AN >I/OCRATIC >MY4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS 9ITIATIVE1 9 #aiah #g#e.0 ( ! (FIC]S W]E =M] TS>I/S1 & BY ! 5D ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> ?AT FIGURE HAD CLIMB$ TO #h#c.04 ,RA!R ?AN FOM5T+ LEAD]%IP AMONG ! MASSES1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS RETURN$ AU?ORITY TO AN ELITE4 

,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALL ! PROM95T LEAD]S ( ! AN>*I/ =MATIONS 9 ! ,CIVIL ,W>--,M>IA ,NIKI=OVA1 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 ,FYODOR ,%*USS1 ,OLGA ,T>ATUTA1 ,ANATOLI ,ZHELEZNIAKOV1 ,NOVOSELOV1 ,LUBKOV--W]E *OS5 BY !IR COMRADES ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 & !Y W]E WORK]S OR PEASANTS1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! B\RGEOISIE1 >I/OCRATS1 & 9TELLIG5TSIA :O DOM9AT$ 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK CAMP4 ,& !Y W]E AMONG ! MO/ EFFECTIVE ON ! BATTLEFIELD4 ,:ILE ,TROTSKY SUFF]$ ONE DEFEAT AFT] ANO!R1 ,ZHELEZNIAKOV & ,MAKHNO PLAY$ DECISIVE ROLES 9 ! DEFEAT ( ! ,:ITE ,>MY ,G5]AL ,D5IK94 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 IT WAS ,MAKHNO & HIS GU]RILLAS :O SEIZ$ ! ,P]EKOP ,I/HMUS1 ! KEY /RON<OLD ( ! ,CRIMEAN ,P59SULA1 ! LOSS ( :I* SPELL$ DEFEAT = ,:ITE ,>MY ,G5]AL ,PYOTR ,WRANGEL4 ,& 9 WIDE SWA?S ( ,SIB]IA1 AN>*I/ GU]RILLA DETA*M5TS1 LIKE ?OSE ( ,LUBKOV & ,NOVOSELOV1 PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 /OPP+ ! ADVANCE ( ! ,:ITE ,>MY 9 #aiah & #a#i#a#i1 EV5 ?\< IT WAS ! ,R$ ,>MY ?AT %OT !M 9 ! 5D4 

,9 ! SAME MON?1 ,JUNE #a#i#a#h1 ! ,P>TY IMPLEM5T$ !IR POLICY ( 0W> COMMUNISM40 ,!RE WAS NO?+ COMMUNI/ AB\T IT2 RA!R1 IT CON/ITUT$ ! ,P>TY'S MONOPOLIZATION ( ! 5TIRE ECONOMY4 ,IT WASN'T WORK]S & PEASANTS :O CONTROLL$ ! FACTORIES & ! L&1 BUT BUREAUCRATS RUL+ FROM F>AWAY (FICES4 ,?IS POLICY1 ASIDE FROM ! NATIONALIZATION ( ALL 9DU/RY1 IMPOS$ A /RICT DISCIPL9E ON ! WORK]S1 A WORS5+ ( LABOR CONDITIONS & A L5G!N+ ( ! WORKDAY2 IT TURN$ /RIK+ 9TO AN (F5SE PUNI%ABLE BY FIR+ SQUAD2 IT E/ABLI%$ /ATE CONTROL OV] 9T]NATIONAL COMM]CE2 IT LEGALIZ$ ! =CIBLE APPROPRIATION ( ALL ! PEASANTS' GOODS & PROP]TIES1 ?US 9AUGURAT+ AN AGR>IAN POLICY EV5 H>%] & MORE EXPLOITATIVE ?AN ?AT ( CZ>I/ S]FDOM4 ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 L$ TO MILLIONS ( DEA?S AMONG ! PEASANTS & PROVOK$ CON/ANT RURAL REBELLIONS AGA9/ ,BOL%EVIK P[]4 

,IT W\LD BE ! NEW >I/OCRATIC ,R$ ,>MY ?AT W\LD CRU% !SE REVOLTS1 JU/ AS DUR+ ! CZ>I/ DICTATOR%IP4 ,ANO!R IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! BUREAUCRATIC DICTATOR%IP3 />T+ 9 ! SAME MON?1 ! ,P>TY >ROGAT$ TO ITSELF ! RI<T TO VETO ! DECISIONS ( ANY SOVIET4 

,9 ,JULY #a#i#a#h1 ! LEFT ,S,RS 9ITIAT$ AN 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ,BOL%EVIK P[]4 ,!Y W]E DEFEAT$1 ILLEGALIZ$1 & EXPELL$ FROM ! SOVIET GOV]NM5T4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 5D$ UP ) AN ABSOLUTE MONOPOLY ON /ATE P[] & PROHIBIT$ ! P>TICIPATION ( O!R P>TIES 9 ! SOVIETS4 

,AT SOME PO9T 9 #a#i#a#h1 ACT+ UND] ORD]S FROM ,L591 ! ,BOL%EVIKS E/ABLI%$ !IR FIR/ CONC5TRATION CAMPS1 :I* W\LD GIVE RISE TO ! GULAG SY/EM ?AT CLAIM$ MILLIONS ( LIVES DUR+ ,/AL9'S REIGN4 

,9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#h1 ,L59 ORD]$ ! USE ( 0MASS T]ROR0 AGA9/ A REBELLION 9 ! CITY ( ,NIZHNY ,NOVGOROD & AGA9/ A PEASANT REVOLT 9 ! ,P5ZA REGION4 ,! REBELLIONS W]E PROTE/S AGA9/ ! NEW POLICY ( 0W> COMMUNISM40 ,NONE!LESS1 ,L59 F\ND$ A LONG ,COMMUNI/ TRADITION ( ACCUS+ ANY CRITIC OR DISSID5T ( BE+ A SECRET RI<T-W+ AG5T 7RA!R HYPOCRITICAL ( HIM1 CONSID]+ HE HAD WORK$ AS AN AG5T ( IMP]IALI/ 9T]E/S1 & JU/ ?AT SUMM] HAD P]SONALLY APOLOGIZ$ TO ! ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T AFT] REVOLUTION>IES HAD ASSASS9AT$ ! ,G]MAN AMBASSADOR74 ,HE ORD]$ MASS EXECUTIONS ( ?OSE SUSPECT$ ( DISLOYALTY1 ! EXECUTION ( PRO/ITUTES1 :OM HE BLAM$ = ! LACK ( DISCIPL9E 9 HIS >MY1 & ! EXECUTION ( A HUNDR$ R&OM PEASANTS 9 ORD] TO S5D A MESSAGE SO ?AT 0ALL ! PEOPLE 9 MANY MILES SEE IT1 UND]/&1 & TREMBLE40 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #e1 #a#i#a#h1 ! ,*EKA W]E ASSIGN$ ! POLICY ( ! 0,R$ ,T]ROR40 ,!Y CLAIM$ ?AT ?IS WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,:ITES & C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES1 BUT IT WAS AN IMM$IATE RESPONSE TO TWO ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPTS 7ONE SUCCESSFUL7 C>RI$ \T BY LEFT-W+ REVOLUTION>IES--,FANYA ,KAPLAN & ,LEONID ,KANNEGISS]--AGA9/ ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S TO AV5GE !IR REPRESSIVE POLICIES4 ,! 0,R$ ,T]ROR0 WAS CLE>LY A POLICY ( LIQUIDATION AIM$ AT ANY 5EMY OR CRITIC ( ,BOL%EVIK P[]1 AS !Y !MSELVES DECL>$ 9 !IR NEWSPAP] ON ,SEPTEMB] #c1 0,WE MU/ CRU% ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y HYDRA ?R\< MASS T]ROR .<444.> ANYONE :O D>ES SPREAD ! SLI<TE/ RUMOR AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET REGIME WILL BE IMM$IATELY >RE/$ & S5T TO ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS40 ,9 ! FIR/ TWO MON?S1 !Y KILL$ BETWE5 #a1 & #a#e11 MANY ( !M MEMB]S ( O!R REVOLUTION>Y CURR5TS4 ,BY #a#i#b#b1 !Y HAD KILL$ AS MANY AS #a4#e MILLION1 SOME ( !M ,:ITES & TS>I/S1 BUT ! GREAT MAJORITY PEASANTS1 WORK]S1 DISSID5TS1 & REVOLUTION>IES4 

,IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT ! ,:ITE ,>MY WAS ! FIR/ TO PRACTICE MASS EXECUTIONS--AGA9/ ,R$ ,>MY PRISON]S--BUT ! ,BOL%EVIKS TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! SITUATION TO ORGANIZE AN UNPREC$5T$ REPRESSION AGA9/ ALL ! O!R CURR5TS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h1 ?R\<\T A L>GE T]RITORY 9 S\? ,UKRA9E COMPRIS+ #g MILLION 9HABITANTS1 PRIM>ILY PEASANTS1 LOCALS F\ND$ ! ,VOLNAYA ,T]RITORIYA OR 0,FREE ,T]RITORY10 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY BAS$ ON COMMUNES1 FREE & DEC5TRALIZ$ MILITIAS1 L& COLLECTIVIZATION )\T 9T]M$I>IES & DIRECT WORK] CONTROL ( 9DU/RY1 UNIV]SAL $UCATION BAS$ ON ! MOD]N P$AGOGY ( ,FRANCESC ,F]R] I ,GU>DIA1 & SOVIETS FREE FROM P>TY CONTROL BUT OP5 TO P>TICIPATION FROM ANY CURR5T ( ! WORK] & PEASANT CLASSES & F$]AT$ 9 A DEC5TRALIZ$ WAY4 

,! MOVEM5T WAS ROOT$ 9 ! AN>*I/ MILITIAS ?AT HAD F\<T AGA9/ ! ,G]MAN OCCUPI]S TO :OM ,L59 HAD H&$ OV] ! 5TIRE C\NTRY4 ,! PEASANT MILITIAS IMM$IATELY BEGAN HOLD+ ! L9E AGA9/ ,G5]AL ,D5IK9 ( ! ,:ITE ,>MY1 BUT ,L59 & ,TROTSKY KEPT !M FROM RECEIV+ MUNITIONS & FUNCTION+ WEAPONS1 EFFECTIVELY SABOTAG+ ! FRONT & CAUS+ MANY DEA?S4 ,9 ! RE>GU>D1 ! PEASANTS PREV5T$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS FROM TAK+ OV] ! REVOLUTION4 

,?R\<\T ! :OLE ( #a#i#a#i1 ! ,*EKA CONT9U$ & EXP&$ A POLICY 9ITIAT$ ! YE> BE=E TO EXECUTE ,R$ ,>MY DES]T]S4 ,AS AN AU?ORIT>IAN1 9VOLUNT>Y >MY1 ! ,R$ ,>MY WAS PLAGU$ ) DES]TIONS1 ( :I* !RE W]E MORE ?AN A MILLION 9 A YE>4 ,MANY CONSCRIPT$ SOLDI]S TRI$ TO GO HOME1 & MANY O!RS JO9$ UP ) 0,GRE5 ,>MIES0 ( PEASANTS :O W]E TRY+ TO DEF5D !IR L&S FROM PLUND]+ BY ! ,:ITES OR ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,9 ,UKRA9E1 T5S ( ?\S&S JO9$ UP ) ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5T ,>MY ( ! AN>*I/S4 

,9 CASES ( MASS DES]TION1 ! ,*EKA FELL BACK ON ! TACTIC ( HOLD+ FAMILY MEMB]S HO/AGE & EXECUT+ !M ONE BY ONE UNTIL ! SOLDI]S RETURN$ 7& !N EXECUT+ AN EXEMPL>Y NUMB] ( ! DES]T]S74 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#i1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS GRANT$ AN AMNE/Y TO ! ,S,RS4 ,! ,:ITE ,>MY WAS ADVANC+ ON ALL FRONTS1 & ! ,COMMUNI/S DESP]ATELY NE$$ ALLIES 7! PREVI\S ,NOVEMB]1 !Y HAD RE-LEGALIZ$ ! ,M5%EVIKS AFT] !SE DECL>$ !IR SUPPORT = ! GOV]NM5T74 ,:5 ! ,S,RS CAME \T ( CL&E/9ITY & SET UP (FICES 9 ,MOSC[1 ! ,*EKA BEGAN >RE/+ SUCCESSIVE WAVES ( ,S,R LEAD]%IP1 ACCUS+ !M ( CONSPIRACY1 9 ORD] TO BR+ AB\T ! FRACTUR+ & !N DE/RUCTION ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY4 

,BETWE5 ,M>* #ab & #a#d1 #a#i#a#i1 9 ! CITY ( ,A/RAKHAN1 ! ,*EKA EXECUT$ BETWE5 #b & #d /RIK+ WORK]S & ,R$ ,>MY SOLDI]S :O HAD JO9$ !M4 ,MANY W]E ?R[N 9TO ! RIV] ) /ONES TI$ TO !IR NECKS1 :ILE ! RE/ W]E KILL$ BY FIR+ SQUAD4 ,TO GIVE AN IDEA ( ! PRIM>ILY ANTI-WORK] & C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SCOPE ( ! ,COMMUNI/S' ACTIVITIES1 DUR+ ! SAME REPRESSIVE CAMPAIGN !Y KILL$ A SIGNIFICANTLY SMALL] NUMB] ( B\RGEOISIE1 BETWE5 #f & #a4 ,! PRIM>Y VICTIMS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E FROM ! POPUL> CLASSES4 

,! #a#f? ( ,M>*1 #a#i#a#i1 9 ,PETROGRAD1 ! ,*EKA ASSAULT$ ! ,PUTILOV FACTORY1 :]E WORK]S />V+ TO DEA? HAD BEGUN A /RIKE DEM&+ L>G] FOOD RATIONS1 FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 ! 5D ( ! ,R$ ,T]ROR1 & ! ELIM9ATION ( ! PRIVILEGES HELD BY ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MEMB]S4 #i W]E >RE/$ & #b EXECUT$ )\T TRIAL4 

,! ,*EKA ALSO REPRESS$ /RIKES 9 ! CITIES ( ,OREL1 ,TV]1 ,TULA1 & ,IVANOVO4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! REPRESSION1 ! ,*EKA DEVELOP$ ME?ODS ( TORTURE SURPASS+ ?OSE ( ! ,9QUISITION4 ,!Y SL[LY F$ PRISON]S 9TO OV5S OR VATS ( BOIL+ WAT]1 !Y FLAY$ PRISON]S1 !Y BURI$ PEASANTS ALIVE1 !Y PUT RATS 9 METAL TUBES AGA9/ PRISON]S' BODIES & PUT FLAMES UND] ! TUBES SO ?AT ! RATS W\LD EAT !IR WAY ?R\< ! PRISON]S TO ESCAPE4 

,9 ,JUNE #a#i#a#i1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS BEGAN !IR FIR/ ATTEMPT TO ILLEGALIZE & LIQUIDATE ! PEASANT AN>*I/S ( ,UKRA9E FI<T+ ALONGSIDE ,MAKHNO4 ,ALREADY 9 ,MAY1 !Y HAD MADE A FAIL$ ATTEMPT TO ASSASS9ATE ,MAKHNO4 ,TROTSKY /AT$ ?AT HE PREF]R$ = ALL ( ,UKRA9E TO FALL TO ! ,:ITE ,>MY ?AN TO LEAVE ! AN>*I/S TO C>RY \T !IR ACTIVITY4 ,! CAMPAIGN 9T5SIFI$ AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ,D5IK91 ! ,:ITE LEAD]1 9 ! FALL4 ,! AN>*I/ FI<T]S PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 HIS DEFEAT & AFT]W>DS ! ,BOL%EVIKS DIDN'T HAVE AS MU* NE$ = AN ALLIANCE ) ! AN>*I/S444 UNTIL ,COMMUNI/ 9COMPET5CE PRODUC$ A NEW ?REAT TO ! ,SOVIET REGIME JU/ ONE YE> LAT]4 

,BETWE5 ,MAY #a & #c1 #a#i#b1 A PEASANT & AN>*I/ 9SURRECTION BROKE \T 9 ! REGIONS ( ,ALTAI & ,TOMSK1 ) ! EV5TUAL P>TICIPATION ( #a1 COMBATANTS4 ,IT WAS PR9CIPALLY DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,:ITE ,>MY1 BUT !IR SUPPORT = DEC5TRALIZ$1 LOCAL CONTROL RAN !M AF\L ( ! ,COMMUNI/S1 :O S\<T TO CRU% ! REBELLION1 ILLEGALIZ+ & DE/ROY+ ! ,ALTAI ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION4 ,! RESI/ANCE CONT9U$ UNTIL ! 5D ( #a#i#b#a4 

,9 ,JUNE ( #a#i#b1 WOM5 WORK]S 9 ,TULA W5T ON /RIKE = ! RI<T TO HAVE A DAY (F ON ,SUNDAYS4 ,!Y W]E S5T TO ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 

,ON ,AUGU/ #a#i1 #a#i#b1 ! ,TAMBOV PEASANT REBELLION BEGAN :5 A 0REQUISITION+0 SQUAD ( ! ,R$ ,>MY BEAT ! OLD M5 ( A SMALL VILLAGE TO =CE ! 9HABITANTS TO SURR5D] MORE GRA9 TO ! GOV]NM5T4 ,BY ,OCTOB]1 ! PEASANTS HAD FIELD$ #e1 COMBATANTS TO FI<T ! ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORITY4 ,!Y FUNCTION$ AS AN AUTONOM\S1 SELF-ORGANIZ$ =CE FI<T+ ! ,:ITES & ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,!RE W]E ALSO SEV]AL VET]AN REVOLUTION>IES FROM ! LEFT ,S,RS :O ROSE TO LEAD]%IP POSITIONS 9 ! REBELLION4 ,BY ,JANU>Y #a#i#b#a1 ! UPRIS+ HAD EXT5D$ TO 9CLUDE ,SAM>A1 ,A/RAKHAN1 ,S>ATOV1 & P>TS ( ,SIB]IA4 ,) #g1 COMBATANTS1 !Y DEF5D$ !IR T]RITORY FROM ! ,COMMUNI/S UNTIL VICTORIES ON O!R FRONTS 5ABL$ ! DEPLOYM5T ( #a1 ,R$ ,>MY SOLDI]S4 ,TO CRU% ! REVOLT1 ! ,COMMUNI/S US$ *EMICAL WEAPONS = APPROXIMATELY ?REE MON?S 9 #a#i#b#a1 KILL+ MANY CIVILIANS4 ,!Y S5T #e1 PEASANTS--MO/LY WOM5 & ! ELD]LY--TO CONC5TRATION CAMPS AS HO/AGES4 ,! MAJORITY DI$4 ,BETWE5 ! W>1 ! CONC5TRATION CAMPS1 & ! EXECUTIONS1 ! REGION LO/ SOME #b#d1 9HABITANTS1 ! GREAT MAJORITY PEASANTS & NONCOMBATANTS4 

,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9ITIAT$ A MAJOR CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,MAKHNO'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5T ,>MY 9 ,UKRA9E1 MOBILIZ+ T5S ( ?\S&S ( TROOPS1 MANY ( :I* DES]T$ TO JO9 ! AN>*I/S4 ,! CAMPAIGN BEGAN AS A SURPRISE ATTACK4 ,! DAY AFT] AN>*I/ =CES MANAG$ TO SEIZE ! ,P]EKOP ,I/HMUS1 ! =TIFI$ PASS 9TO ! ,CRIMEAN ,P59SULA :]E ,WRANGEL WAS BAS$1 & :I* ! ,R$ ,>MY HAD BE5 UNABLE TO TAKE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS BEGAN >RE/+ & EXECUT+ !IR SUPPOS$ ALLIES1 ! AN>*I/S4 ,!IR TREA*]Y BEGAN T5 MON?S ( 9T5SE GU]RILLA W>F>E BE=E ! ,COMMUNI/S F9ALLY CRU%$ ! 9SURG5T PEASANTS4 

,ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #a#i#b#a1 DELEGATES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SAILORS & WORK]S FROM ! ,KRON/ADT NAVAL BASE PUBLI%$ A DECL>ATION 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! WORK]S ( ,PETROGRAD1 REC5TLY REPRESS$ AFT] GO+ ON /RIKE AGA9/ ! />VATION CONDITIONS4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS RESPOND$ ) MORE REPRESSION1 PROVOK+ A REBELLION ON ,KRON/ADT4 ,! ,KRON/ADT REBELS1 LONG RECOGNIZ$ AS ! HE>T ( ! REVOLUTION1 DEM&$ FREE SOVIETS1 AN 5D TO ! ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP1 & ! RECOV]Y ( ! ,REVOLUTION'S PR9CIPLES4 ,TROTSKY1 0! BUT*] ( ,KRON/ADT10 L$ A MILIT>Y EXP$ITION ?AT 5D$ ) ! TOTAL SUPPRESSION ( ! SOVIET ON ! #a#i? ( ,M>*1 ! DAY BE=E ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,! ,R$ ,>MY PLAY$ ! ROLE ( ! ,V]SAILLES TROOPS1 EXECUT+ MORE ?AN #b PEOPLE4 ,!Y S5T SEV]AL ?\S& MORE TO ! GULAG1 :]E ! MAJORITY DI$4 ,AFT]W>DS1 ! ,BOL%EVIK REPRESSION ONLY 9CREAS$4 ,AT ! ,P>TY CONGRESS 9 ,APRIL ( ?AT SAME YE>1 AS ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN RELAT$ 9 A LETT]1 ,L59 PROMOT$ ! TOTAL LIQUIDATION ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 9CLUD+ ?OSE P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! SOVIET GOV]NM5T :O HAD ALLI$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,9 ,M>* #a#i#b#a1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS ADOPT$ ! 0,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY10 PUTT+ AN 5D TO 0,W> ,COMMUNISM40 ,AS ,L59 HIMSELF RECOGNIZ$1 ! ,N,E,P REPRES5T$ 0/ATE CAPITALISM10 A 0FREE M>KET & CAPITALISM1 BO? SUBJECT TO /ATE CONTROL04 ,! ,N,E,P GAVE RISE TO A NEW SOCIAL CLASS1 ! NEPMANI--M5 ( ! ,N,E,P OR N\VEAUX RI*ES--:O 5RI*$ !MSELVES ?ANKS TO ! NEW CONDITIONS & AT ! EXP5SE ( ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ALL ( !M W]E ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY BUREAUCRATS4 ,! ,N,E,P ALSO RESULT$ 9 TREATIES & TRADE RELATIONS ) ! MA9 CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 />T+ ) ,GREAT ,BRITA9 7#a#i#b#a7 FOLL[$ BY ,G]MANY 7#a#i#b#b71 & !N ! ,U,S & ,FRANCE4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY AT NO PO9T 9/ALL$ COMMUNISM4 ,!IR FIR/ ]A CON/ITUT$ A BUREAUCRATIC MONOPOLY BAS$ ON ! HYP]-EXPLOITATION ( WORK]S & PEASANTS1 :]EAS ! ]A ( ! ,N,E,P CON/ITUT$ A CAPITALI/ SY/EM ) A HI<] DEGREE ( PLANN+ & C5TRALIZATION ?AN ! ,WE/]N CAPITALI/ SY/EMS4 ,?AT IS1 ! ,COMMUNI/S UNLEA%$ AN 9SANE LEVEL ( REPRESSION AGA9/ ALL ! O!R REVOLUTION>Y CURR5TS1 DR[N+ WORK] & PEASANT /RUGGLES 9 BLOOD & LEAD1 & 9 ! 5D1 ALL ?AT SACRIFICE DIDN'T S]VE = ANY?+ MORE ?AN E/ABLI%+ CAPITALISM4 ,9 A C\NTRY :]E ! CAPITALI/S !MSELVES HAD BE5 UNABLE TO IMPLANT CAPITALISM1 ! ,COMMUNI/S DID1 ?ANKS TO !IR OBSESSION ) HOLD+ P[] AT ANY PRICE4 

,& CONTR>Y TO LAT] LEFTI/ REVISIONISM1 ALL ?IS BRUTALITY & EXPLOITATION WASN'T ! FAULT ( ,/AL92 IT />T$ E>LI]1 FROM !IR V]Y FIR/ WEEKS 9 P[] & ALWAYS UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,L59 & ,TROTSKY4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS OP]AT$ AS AN 9TELLECTUAL VANGU>D 9DEP5D5T ( ! SOVIETS & ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' /RUGGLES4 ,!Y US$ ! SOVIETS AS A TOOL TO CONQU] P[]1 & :5 ! SOVIETS W]E NO LONG] CONV5I5T1 !Y SUPPRESS$ !M1 JU/ AS !Y HAD REPRESS$ ANY EXPRESSION ( POPUL> /RUGGLES4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS--A CURR5T ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,RUSSIAN ,WORK]S' ,P>TY1 :O W5T ON TO BECOME ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY--W]E ! PR9CIPAL 9C>NATION ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION )9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,U,S,S,R3 ,=CE = ,GLOBAL ,C\NT]REVOLUTION & ,ACCOMPLICE ( ,FASCISM 

  

,! \TCOME ( O!R PUTATIVELY COMMUNI/ /ATES DEMON/RATES ?AT1 :ILE ,L59'S P>TY WAS ESPECIALLY BLOOD?IR/Y1 ! PROBLEM WAS ! MODEL ITSELF4 ,F> FROM A*IEV+ COMMUNISM ?R\< /ATE P[]1 EA* ATTEMPT AT AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM MANAG$ TO IMPLANT CAPITALISM 9 A C\NTRY :]E ! B\RGEOISIE HADN'T BE5 ABLE TO4 ,*9A1 TODAY1 IS ! L>GE/ CAPITALI/ M>KET 9 ! WORLD & MAY SOON BE ! LEAD+ CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ON ! PLANET1 AN EVOLUTION AID$ 9 L>GE P>T ?ANKS TO ! 9DU/RIALIZATION & BUREAUCRATIZATION C>RI$ \T UND] ,MAO'S LEAD]%IP4 ,VIETNAM IS FOLL[+ ! SAME PA? ON A SMALL] SCALE4 ,AS = ,CUBA1 9 ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! REVOLUTION 7AFT] EXECUT+ ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S & DISSID5T SOCIALI/S71 ,*E & ,FIDEL AB&ON$ ! PLAN ( CREAT+ TRUE COMMUNISM 9 ORD] TO CON/RUCT A SORT ( EXPORT COLONY ) A MORE EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES 7LIKE A ,CO/A ,RICA ) A ,SW$I% GOV]NM5T74 ,!Y MA9TA9$ ! ISL&'S OLD ROLE AS A PRODUC] & EXPORT] ( SUG> = ! 9T]NATIONAL M>KET4 

,AS ! FIR/ ( !SE CAPITALI/ REVOLUTIONS1 ! ,U,S,S,R /&S \T = ! H>M IT CAUS$ TO ANTI-CAPITALI/ MOVEM5TS WORLDWIDE4 ,IT'S TRUE ?AT !Y SUPPORT$ MANY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 BUT ALWAYS PRIORITIZ+ !IR 9T]E/S ABOVE ! 9T]E/S ( ! REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,IT'S A SIGNIFICANT FACT ?AT MO/ COMMUNI/ MOVEM5TS DI/ANC$ !MSELVES FROM ! ,U,S,S,R ! MOM5T !Y NO LONG] DEP5D$ ON ,SOVIET AID1 AS WAS ! CASE ) ,*9A & 9 C]TA9 P]IODS ) ,CUBA4 ,SOVIET 9T]V5TION 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> DEMON/RATES H[ BADLY ,SOVIET 0AID0 C\LD DE/ROY A /RUGGLE4 

,! 9T]NATIONAL POLICY ( ! ,COM9T]N CAN BE DIVID$ 9TO TWO PHASES4 ,9 ! FIR/ PHASE1 !Y AIM$ TO EXPORT REVOLUTION1 BUT ONLY IF !Y C\LD MONOPOLIZE IT4 ,BETWE5 #aiai & >\ND #a#i#b#f1 ,COM9T]N AG5TS W]E *>G$ ) IMPOS+ ,BOL%EVIK CONTROL OV] ALL WORK] & ANTI-COLONIAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!Y DID ?IS ) FUND+1 05TRYISM0 7IMPLANT+ *>ISMATIC AG5TS :O CLIMB$ ! RANKS 9 A P>TICUL> ORGANIZATION )\T REVEAL+ !IR AFFILIATION ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY71 ATTACKS AGA9/ NON-,BOL%EVIK CURR5TS1 & O!R TACTICS4 ,ONE PREF]R$ ME?OD WAS TO ORGANIZE APP>5TLY NEUTRAL 9T]NATIONAL CONF]5CES1 ) FAKE DELEGATES 7!Y SOMETIMES PAID PEOPLE TO ACT AS DELEGATES FROM SUPPOS$LY MASSIVE ORGANIZATIONS ?AT DIDN'T ACTUALLY EXI/71 A SCRIPT & A *OREOGRAPHY 9 ORD] TO APPROVE DECISIONS ?AT HAD ALREADY BE5 MADE4 

,9 ! CASE ( ORGANIZATIONS ?AT REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ,COMMUNI/ DOM9ATION1 ,COM9T]N AG5TS W]E D$ICAT$ TO NEUTRALIZ+ !M VIA FALSE RUMORS1 ! PROVOCATION ( 9T]NAL CONFLICTS1 TURN+ ! AU?ORITIES AGA9/ !M ?R\< SNIT*+1 & EV5 MURD]4 ,9 ?IS WAY !Y DE/ROY$ A NUMB] ( WORK]S' MOVEM5TS4 

,9 ! SECOND PHASE1 REPRES5T+ ! TRIUMPH ( ! L9E PROMOT$ BY ,/AL9 & ,BUKH>91 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY AB&ON$ ! PRET5SE ( EXPORT+ REVOLUTION & ADOPT$ ! WAT*WORD 0,SOCIALISM 9 ,ONE ,C\NTRY40 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ALL ANTICAPITALI/ MOVEM5TS WORLDWIDE S]V$ ONLY TO PROTECT ! GEOPOLITICAL 9T]E/S ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 

,9 EFFECT1 !RE WASN'T ?AT MU* DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO PHASES4 ,BO? ( !M RESULT$ 9 FAIL$ 9SURRECTIONS & REVOLUTIONS--9 ! FIR/ PHASE1 BECAUSE ! ,COMMUNI/S' LACK ( SOLID>ITY & OBSESSION ) P[] OB/RUCT$ REVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 & 9 ! SECOND1 BECAUSE ! ,U,S,S,R CONT9U$ 5C\RAG+ UNVIABLE 9SURRECTIONS 9 O!R C\NTRIES :5 IT MI<T WEAK5 AN 5EMY P[]4 

,= ! FIR/ PHASE1 WE HAVE ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,HAMBURG ,UPRIS+ ( #a#i#b#c4 ,SOVIET LEAD]S LIKE ,TROTSKY W]E PRESSUR+ ! ,K,P,D--! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ! /RONGE/ 9 ! WORLD \TSIDE ( ! ,U,S,S,R--TO /AGE AN 9SURRECTION1 BUT ! ,G]MAN LEAD]S ?\<T IT WAS TOO E>LY4 ,DUE TO POOR ORGANIZATION1 ! PLAN WAS 9ITIAT$ ONLY 9 ONE DI/RICT ( ,HAMBURG4 ,! FAIL$ ATTEMPT UNLEA%$ A /RONG REPRESSION & WORS5$ RELATIONS BETWE5 ,COMMUNI/S & ,SOCIALI/S 9 ,G]MANY4 

,!RE'S ALSO ! EXAMPLE ( ! FAIL$ REVOLUTION 9 ,9DONESIA4 ,9 #a#i#b#e1 ! ,COM9T]N ORD]$ ! ,9DONESIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO JO9 ) ANTI-COLONIAL BUT NOT ANTI-CAPITALI/ =CES 7!Y IMPOS$ ! SAME /RATEGY 9 ,*9A & ELSE:]E74 ,9 #a#i#b#f1 ! ,COMMUNI/ UNIONS W]E ORD]$ TO SP>K A REVOLUTION1 BUT ! PLAN WAS GRE5 & ! COORD9ATION ) O!R SECTORS ( ! UNIT$ FRONT FAIL$4 ,! REPRESSION CLAIM$ MANY LIVES4 

,( ! SECOND PHASE1 WE HAVE ! EXAMPLE ( ! MUT9Y ON ! ,DUT* W>%IP1 ,DIE ,ZEV5 ,PROV9CI51 PROVOK$ BY A ,COMMUNI/ CELL1 :ILE ! %IP WAS SAIL+ NE> ! ,9DONESIAN COLONIES4 ,! 9T5TION WAS TO DE/ABILIZE ! COLONIAL P[]4 ,!RE IS ALSO ! SIMIL> EXAMPLE ( ! MUT9Y & FAIL$ REVOLUTION 9 ,*ILI 9 #a#i#c#a4 

,A ,G]MAN ,COM9T]N AG5T DESCRIB$ H[ HIS BOSSES ORD]$ HIM TO ORGANIZE A DOCKWORK]S' & SAILORS' /RIKE 9 ! MAJOR ,G]MAN PORT CITIES LIKE ,BREM5 & ,HAMBURG4 ,ONCE ALL ! PORT WORK]S W]E ON /RIKE1 ! ,COM9T]N 9/RUCT$ TRU/$ AG5TS TO SCAB1 SABOTAG+ ! /RIKE4 ,MANY WORK]S :O DEMON/RAT$ SOLID>ITY LO/ !IR JOBS1 BUT ! ,COM9T]N GOT !IR AG5TS 9 KEY POSITIONS ON MANY BOATS & PORTS1 9CREAS+ ! EFFICI5CY ( !IR SMUGGL+ NETWORK 7:I* !Y US$ TO SUPPLY ! ,U,S,S,R1 TRANSPORT AG5TS1 & SMUGGLE MAT]IALS TO C\NTRIES ACROSS ! WORLD74 ,MANEUV]S LIKE ?AT 9CREAS$ ! CYNICISM ( ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS1 CO/ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY A GOOD DEAL ( SUPPORT1 & GAVE MORE LEGITIMACY TO ! ,NAZI >GUM5T ?AT ALL ! 0R$S0 W]E AG5TS ( ,MOSC[4 

,! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY AID$ ! ,NAZI ,P>TY 9 MU* MORE DIRECT WAYS1 AS WELL4 ,BETWE5 #aibh & #a#i#c#e--! CRITICAL ]A 9 ! RISE ( ! ,NAZI MOVEM5T1 :5 IT GREW FROM A SMALL P>TY 9TO ONE CAPABLE ( TAK+ P[]--! ,COM9T]N1 FOLL[+ ,/AL9'S DIRECTIVES1 DECL>$ ?AT SOCIAL DEMOCRACY WAS EQUAL TO FASCISM1 BUT ?AT COMMUNI/S HAD TO IGNORE FASCISM 9 ORD] TO D$ICATE ALL !IR EF=TS TO COMBAT+ O!R LEFT-W+ CURR5TS4 ,! ,K,P,D FOLL[$ ?IS L9E ) 5?USIASM4 ,ON MANY OCCASIONS1 ,COMMUNI/ MILITANTS JO9$ ) ,NAZI /ORMTROOP]S TO SMA% UP ! EV5TS ( ,SOCIALI/S4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/S US$ /ATE P[] :]EV] !Y W]E 9 ! GOV]NM5T TO REPRESS ! ,COMMUNI/S1 JU/ AS ! ,S,RS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ALSO MANEUV]$ TO TRY & GA9 P[]1 JU/ AS LEFTI/ /ATI/S ACROSS ! PLANET SEEK TO DOM9ATE O!RS4 ,BECAUSE ! /ATE IS A TOOL ( DOM9ATION & REPRESSION4 ,BUT1 ON ! ONE H&1 COLLABORATION ) ! ,NAZIS REPRES5T$ AN EXTREME ( REPREH5SIBLE PRACTICES1 SURPASS+ ! DIRTY TRICKS US$ BY ! ,SOCIALI/S4 ,& ON ! O!R H&1 ! CURR5TS ?AT DIDN'T SEEK TO CONQU] /ATE P[]--AN>*I/S & O!RS--REJECT$ SU* TACTICS4 

,9 ,PRUSSIA1 ! L>GE/ /ATE 9 ,G]MANY1 ! ,COMMUNI/S OP5LY COLLABORAT$ ) ! ,NAZIS 9 #aica TO TRY TO REVOKE ! ,SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y SAID ! ,NAZIS W]E 0WORK+ CLASS COMRADES40 ,9 #a#i#c#c1 ! YE> ! ,NAZIS ROSE TO P[]1 ! ,COMMUNI/S EFFECTIVELY LET !M W94 ,IF !Y HAD JO9$ =CES ) O!R LEFT-W+ =CES1 ! ,NAZIS W\LD NOT HAVE A*IEV$ A MAJORITY4 ,BUT !Y W]E OBSESS$ ) DE/ROY+ ! ,LEFT 9 ORD] TO MONOPOLIZE IT1 BELIEV+ ?AT !Y W\LD RISE TO P[] AFT] A ,NAZI GOV]NM5T4 ,?ALMANN1 LEAD] ( ! ,K,P,D1 CO9$ ! SLOGAN1 0,AFT] ,HITL]1 IT'S \R TURN60 

,CONTR>Y TO ! SLOGAN D5\NC+ 0SOCIAL FASCISM10 IT WASN'T ! ,SOCIALI/S :O HAD MU* 9 COMMON ) ! ,NAZIS1 BUT ! ,COMMUNI/S !MSELVES4 ,! ,NAZIS' RACIAL IDEOLOGY WAS AN IMPORT FROM ! ,U,S1 AS IS WIDELY KN[N4 ,BUT NOT SO MANY PEOPLE REMEMB] ?AT ! ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL ( ! ,NAZI DICTATOR%IP CAME FROM ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ITSELF4 ,9 ORD] TO SET UP !IR ,GE/APO--! SECRET POLICE *>G$ ) POLITICAL REPRESSION & C\NT]ESPIONAGE--! ,NAZIS /UDI$ ! ,*EKA & ! ,N,K,V,D 7SUCCESSOR TO ! ,*EKA E/ABLI%$ BY ,/AL974 ,! ,SOVIET SECRET POLICE1 :I* 9H]IT$ MANY TE*NIQUES FROM ! CZ>I/ ,OKHRANA1 W]E ! MO/ ADVANC$ 9 ! WORLD1 ) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( ! ,BRITI% 9TELLIG5CE AG5CIES4 ,BUT !SE US$ TE*NIQUES ?AT W]E MU* TOO S(T = ,NAZI NE$S4 ,MANY TIMES1 ! ,NAZIS >RE/$ & TORTUR$ ,SOVIET AG5TS 9 ORD] TO LE>N H[ !IR C\NT]ESPIONAGE APP>ATUS FUNCTION$1 ) ! PURPOSE ( COPY+ ! MODEL4 

,9 #a#i#c#e1 :5 ! ,K,P,D HAD BE5 ALMO/ COMPLETELY DE/ROY$1 SUFF]+ ?\S&S ( >RE/S & EXECUTIONS1 ! ,COM9T]N 9AUGURAT$ !IR NEXT /RATEGY )\T EV] ACCEPT+ RESPONSIBILITY = ! ,NAZIS' RISE TO P[]4 ,! NEW /RATEGY WAS ! 0,POPUL> ,FRONT40 ,BUT ?IS WAS JU/ AS DISA/R\S = REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 

,! PRIME EXAMPLE W\LD BE ! ,SOVIET 9T]V5TION 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,! ,U,S,S,R WAS SL[ TO BEG9 S5D+ AID TO ! ANTI-FASCI/ SIDE4 ,?IS WAS DUE 9 P>T TO ! FACT ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,SPA9 WAS T9Y1 EV5 SMALL] ?AN ! NON-,/AL9I/ ,WORK]S' ,P>TY = ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION1 OR ,P,\,M4#b ,!Y W]5'T ATT5TIVE TO ! FASCI/ ?REAT 9 ,SPA9 BECAUSE !Y HAD FEW 9T]E/S 9 ,SPA94 ,BE=E S5D+ AID1 !Y WANT$ TO MAKE SURE !Y C\LD CONTROL ! SITUATION & PR(IT FROM IT 9 SOME WAY4 ,TO BE PRECISE1 !Y DIDN'T GIVE MILIT>Y AID TO ! ,REPUBLIC2 RA!R1 !Y SOLD IT1 APPROPRIAT+ ! 5TIRETY ( ! ,SPANI% GOLD RES]VES1 ! F\R? L>GE/ 9 ! WORLD AT ! TIME4 ,& TO A L>GE EXT5T1 !Y SABOTAG$ ! W> EF=TS4 ,= ! ,/AL9I/S1 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> WAS AN OPPORTUNITY TO DE/ROY :AT WAS !N ! /RONGE/ AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! WORLD 7!Y & ! ,JAPANESE IMP]IALI/S HAD ALREADY DE/ROY$ ! MOVEM5T 9 ,KOREA71 & ALSO TO LIQUIDATE DISSID5T COMMUNI/ CURR5TS1 ABOVE ALL ! ,TROTSKYI/S4 ,GIV5 ?AT FASCISM HAD ALREADY >RIV$ 9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY1 ,SPA9 WAS AN IMPORTANT REFUGE & A FIELD ( ACTION = COMMUNI/S :O HAD FL$ ?OSE C\NTRIES4 

,= ?AT REASON1 ! ,N,K,V,D--! ,SOVIET SECRET POLICE--BEGAN A FEV]I% ACTIVITY 9 ,SPA91 LIQUIDAT+ ?\S&S ( ,TROTSKYI/S1 O!R DISSID5T COMMUNI/S1 & AN>*I/S4 ,F> FROM ! ROMANTIC LEG5DS1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES W]E 9 L>GE P>T A MA*9E = ATTRACT+ !SE DISSID5TS & KILL+ !M 9 ! MO/ DISCREET CONTEXT POSSIBLE3 ON ! BATTLEFIELD4 ,! ,BRIGADES W]E ALSO US$ TO REPRESS PEASANT COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON4 

,:AT'S MORE1 ! ,COMMUNI/S DIRECTLY SABOTAG$ AN>*I/ & ,TROTSKYI/ MILITIAS ) ! PURPOSE ( R$UC+ !IR 9FLU5CE & FE$+ !IR PROPAG&A CAMPAIGNS 9 FAVOR ( 0MILIT>IZATION03 ! IMPOSITION ( ELITI/ & C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y HI]>*IES 9 ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT SPH]ES ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! OB/RUCTION & )HOLD+ ( WEAPONS C>RI$ \T BY ALL ! =CES ON ! ,LEFT W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! MILITIAS GETT+ BOGG$ D[N ON ! ,HUESCA & ,T]UEL FRONTS4 ,IF ?OSE CITIES HAD BE5 TAK5--A REASONABLE ACCOMPLI%M5T GIV5 SUFFICI5T WEAPONS--!N ,Z>AGOZA PROBABLY ALSO W\LD HAVE FALL5 TO ! ANTIFASCI/S1 POT5TIALLY TURN+ ! TIDE ( ! W>4 ,DIRTY TRICKS & LACK ( SOLID>ITY ON ! P>T ( ! ,COMMUNI/S ALSO PLAY$ A P>T 9 ! FALL ( ,MALLORCA1 ANO!R DECISIVE MOM5T 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN DEFEAT4 

,WE CAN ALSO ADD TO ! LI/ ! ,COMMUNI/S' >RE/ ( ,M>OTO1 AN EFFECTIVE GU]RILLA LEAD] OP]AT+ >\ND ,GRANADA1 & ! ,COMMUNI/S' BLOCK+ ( ! AN>*I/ PROPOSALS TO LAUN* A L>GE SCALE GU]RILLA W> 9 ! FASCI/S' RE> & TO CREATE AN ALLIANCE ) ! ANTICOLONIAL RESI/ANCE 9 ! ,RIF 7,MOROCCO71 :I* W\LD HAVE UND]M9$ ,FRANCO'S MO/ IMPORTANT BASE4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S REJECT$ ! FIR/ PROPOSAL BECAUSE !Y KNEW !Y C\LDN'T CONTROL A GU]RILLA W> & SU* A CONFLICT W\LD HAVE GIV5 ! AN>*I/S AN IMPORTANT ADVANTAGE1 & !Y BLOCK$ ! SECOND TO AVOID UPSETT+ ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T1 :I* ALSO HAD 9T]E/S 9 ,NOR!RN ,AFRICA4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ,COMMUNI/ 9T]E/S W]E NOT DEFEAT+ FASCISM NOR C>RY+ \T ! REVOLUTION1 BUT MA9TA9+ P[] & SABOTAG+ !IR ADV]S>IES4 

,AFT] W9N+ ! C\NT]REVOLUTION & 9/ALL+ A LEAD] :O W\LD BE FAI?FUL TO !M1 ,NEGR91 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ! ,U,S,S,R NO LONG] HAD SIGNIFICANT 9T]E/S 9 ,SPA94 ,= ?AT REASON1 />T+ 9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#g1 !Y BEGAN DRAW+ D[N !IR MILIT>Y ASSI/ANCE TO ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,! TRAGIC TRU? IS ?AT ,/AL9 DIDN'T WANT ! ,REPUBLIC TO W9 ! W>4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 HE DIDN'T WANT TO TR\BLE RELATIONS ) ,FRANCE & ,BRITA91 :O PROMOT$ A 0NON9T]V5TION0 POLICY DESIGN$ TO FAVOR ! FASCI/S4 ,& ON ! O!R H&1 HE WANT$ TO PROLONG ! CONFLICT 9 ORD] TO CONV9CE ,HITL] ( ! NE$ = A NON-AGGRESSION PACT4 

,! NEGOTIATIONS = ! ,MOLOTOV-,RIBB5TROP ,PACT BEGAN 9 ,APRIL ( #a#i#c#i1 JU/ AT ! 5D ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,IT WAS :AT ,/AL9 NE$$ TO PROTECT ! ,U,S,S,R FROM A ,NAZI ATTACK1 & :AT ,HITL] NE$$ TO BE ABLE TO ATTACK ,FRANCE & AVOID A TWO-FRONT W>4 ,! ,NAZI-,SOVIET ,NON-,AGGRESSION ,PACT WAS AN IMPORTANT PR]EQUISITE = ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I & ANO!R EXAMPLE ( ,NAZI-,/AL9I/ COLLABORATION4 

,! ,RELEVANCE ,TODAY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,C\NT]REVOLUTION 

  

,RECOV]+ ?IS HI/ORICAL MEMORY IS IMPORTANT = A V>IETY ( REASONS4 ,TO BEG9 )1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMB] \R DEAD1 TO C>RY !M ) US1 & TO CA/ D[N ! ?RONES !IR MURD]]S HAVE BUILT ATOP !IR GRAVES--TO /OP HONOR+ AS H]OES ?OSE :O BETRAY$ REVOLUTIONS & S]V$ AS EXECUTION] TO ! OPPRESS$4 

,?IS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE HI/ORICAL MEMORY IS \R LIBR>Y ( REVOLUTION>Y LESSONS1 ! COMMUNAL APPR5TICE%IP ?AT BR+S US CLOS] TO FRE$OM4 ,& IF WE /ORE FALSIFI$ VOLUMES )9 ?IS LIBR>Y1 HI/ORIES ( LIES1 VICTORIES ?AT NEV] OCCURR$1 WE WILL REPEAT ! SAME MI/AKES TIME AFT] TIME4 ,BY TURN+ ! PEOPLE & ! P>TIES :O /RANGL$ REVOLUTIONS 9TO H]OES1 WE PRES]VE COMPLETELY UNREALI/IC IDEAS AB\T :AT REVOLUTION IS & H[ TO A*IEVE IT4 ,IF WE ?9K ! /ATE C\LD BE--OR HAS EV] BE5--A TOOL ( ! PEOPLE CAPABLE ( DEFEAT+ CAPITALISM1 WE CREATE ! P]FECT RECIPE = DEFEAT3 A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 :I* IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! NAIVE & 5?USIA/IC & ! OPPORTUNI/S :O >E TRY+ TO CLIMB ! RUNGS ( P[]4 

,A WORRISOME PATT]N EXI/S ON ! ,LEFT4 ,!Y SELL (F ! FUTURE ( ! REVOLUTION BY SIGN+ DEALS ) ! DEVIL4 ,TIME AFT] TIME1 ! AU?ORIT>IAN ,LEFT OB/RUCTS REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS BY IMPLEM5T+ /RATEGIES ?AT >E PR$ICTABLE FAILURES4 ,! ADVANTAGE ( !SE /RATEGIES IS ?AT !Y P]MIT ?OSE :O USE !M TO MONOPOLIZE ! /RUGGLE4 ,IF !Y W9 A P>TIAL VICTORY1 !Y IMPOSE !IR MONOPOLY BY CAPTUR+ /ATE 9/ITUTIONS ?AT CAN S]VE TO BUY \T OR REPRESS ALL ! O!R SECTORS ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,& IF !Y FAIL1 BY HAV+ CREAT$ A SPECTACUL> /RUGGLE 9 :I* !Y >E ! TRAGIC PROTAGONI/S1 !Y CAN TURN EV]YONE ELSE 9TO SPECTATORS WAT*+ A M$IATIZ$ COMBAT BETWE5 TWO HI]>*ICAL POLES4 

,LIB]ATION MU/ BE C>RI$ \T BY ! OPPRESS$4 ,REVOLUTION1 BY DEF9ITION1 MU/ BE SELF-ORGANIZ$1 & ABOVE ALL ! POPUL> CLASSES NE$ TO MA9TA9 ! AUTONOMY ( !IR /RUGGLES ) RESPECT TO ! 9/ITUTIONS ( P[]4 

,WE HOLD CLOSE ALL ! REVOLUTION>IES & FI<T]S :O SACRIFIC$ EV]Y?+ 9 ! /RUGGLES ?AT CAME BE=E US4 ,WE SPIT ON ! MEMORY ( ?OSE :O TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?OSE /RUGGLES TO RISE TO P[]1 & ?OSE :O TRI$ TO IMPOSE !IR UNQUE/IONABLE TRU? ON EV]YONE ELSE1 OB/RUCT+ ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! V]Y CLASS ?AT1 HYPOCRITICALLY1 !Y PRET5D$ TO LIB]ATE4 

,LONG LIVE ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g6 ,D[N ) ALL DICTATORS1 REPRES5TATIVES1 & POLITICIANS6 

,FUR!R ,READ+ 

  

,VOL91 ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION 

,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY? 7DI>Y #a#i#b-#a#i#b#b7 

,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ,MY ,DISILLUSIONM5T 9 ,RUSSIA 

,NGO ,VAN1 ,9 ! ,CROSSFIRE3 ,ADV5TURES ( A ,VIETNAMESE ,REVOLUTION>Y 

,]IK ,B5ITEZ ,M>T9EZ1 ,LA TRAICION DE LA HOZ Y EL M>TILLO 

,AUGU/I ,GUILLAMON1 ,EL T]ROR E/AL9I/A 5 ,B>CELONA #ai* 

,ANGEL ,PE/ANA1 ,SEV5TY ,DAYS 9 ,RUSSIA3 ,:AT ,I ,SAW 

,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 ,L',9T]NATIONALE2 DOCUM5TS ET S\V5IRS 7#a#h#f#d-#a#h#g#h7 

,/EPAN ,MAXIMOVI* ,PETRI*5KO1 ,! ,TRU? AB\T ,KRON/ADT 

,MIGUEL ,AMOROS1 ,LOS 9CONTROLADOS DE #aicg & ,JOSE ,PELLIC]1 EL AN>QUI/A 9TEGRO 

,BLOOD/A9$3 ,ONE ,HUNDR$ ,YE>S ( ,L59I/ ,C\NT]REVOLUTION1 $4 ,FRI5DS ( ,>ON ,B>ON 

,JAN ,VALT91 ,\T ( ! ,NI<T 

.<#a.> ,A C5T ANYS DE LA CONTR>EVOLUCIO BOLXEVIC3 MEMORIA HI/ORICA A PROP DE LA DE/RUCCIO DE LES NO/RES LLUITES40 8 

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,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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