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,BURK9I ,BANS1 ,NEW ,A!ISM1 & ,/ATE ,WOR%IP3 ,RELIGION 9 ,POLITICS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

,BURK9I ,BANS1 ,NEW ,A!ISM1 & ,/ATE ,WOR%IP3 ,RELIGION 9 ,POLITICS 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,9 ! C\RSE ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 RELIGION HAS PROVID$ RELIEF FROM PA9 & SUFF]+ TO POOR & OPPRESS$ PEOPLE >\ND ! WORLD1 :I* IS PROBABLY :AT ,M>X MEANT :5 HE SAID1 0,RELIGION IS ! OPIUM ( ! PEOPLE40 ,BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 UNSPEAKABLE ATROCITIES HAVE BE5 COMMITT$ 9 ! NAME ( ,GOD1 & RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS (T5 FUNCTION AS ! GU>DIANS ( TRADITION4 ,:AT >E Y\R [N VIEWS ON ! ROLE ( RELIGION 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,! G5]AL PICTURE IS QUITE UGLY & TOO FAMILI> TO REC\NT4 ,BUT IT IS WOR? REMEMB]+ ?AT !RE >E SOME EXCEPTIONS4 ,ONE /RIK+ EXAMPLE IS :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA AFT] ,VATICAN ,I,I 9 #a#i#f#b1 CALL$ AT ! 9ITIATIVE ( ,POPE ,JOHN ,X,X,I,I,I4 ,! PROCE$+S TOOK SIGNIFICANT /EPS T[>D RE/OR+ ! RADICAL PACIFI/ MESSAGE ( ! ,GOSPELS ?AT HAD BE5 L>GELY AB&ON$ :5 ! ,EMP]OR ,CON/ANT9E1 9 ! F\R? C5TURY1 ADOPT$ ,*RI/IANITY AS ! (FICIAL DOCTR9E ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE--TURN+ ! *UR* ( ! P]SECUT$ 9TO ! *UR* ( ! P]SECUTORS1 AS HI/ORIAN ( ,*RI/IANITY ,HANS ,KUNG DESCRIB$ ! TRANS=MATION4 ,! MESSAGE ( ,VATICAN ,I,I WAS TAK5 UP 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA BY BI%OPS1 PRIE/S1 LAY P]SONS :O DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO HELP+ POOR & BITT]LY OPPRESS$ PEOPLE TO ORGANIZE TO GA9 & DEF5D !IR RI<TS--:AT CAME TO BE CALL$ 0LIB]ATION !OLOGY40 

,!RE W]E1 ( C\RSE1 E>LI] ROOTS & C\NT]P>TS 9 MANY ,PROTE/ANT D5OM9ATIONS1 9CLUD+ EVANGELICAL ,*RI/IANS4 ,!SE GR\PS =M$ A CORE P>T ( A REM>KABLE DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ! #a#i#hS :51 = ! FIR/ TIME EV] TO MY KN[L$GE1 A GREAT MANY PEOPLE NOT ONLY PROTE/$ ! T]RIBLE CRIMES ?AT !IR GOV]NM5T WAS COMMITT+ BUT W5T TO JO9 & HELP ! VICTIMS TO SURVIVE ! ONSLAU<T4 

,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES LAUN*$ A VIRTUAL W> AGA9/ ! *UR*1 MO/ DRAMATICALLY 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA 9 ! #a#i#hS4 ,! DECADE WAS FRAM$ BY TWO CRUCIAL EV5TS 9 ,EL ,SALVADOR3 ! ASSASS9ATION 9 #aih ( ,>*BI%OP ,OSC> ,ROM]O1 ! 0VOICE = ! VOICELESS10 & ! ASSASS9ATION ( SIX LEAD+ ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUALS1 ,JESUIT PRIE/S1 9 #a#i#h#i4 ,ROM]O WAS ASSASS9AT$ A FEW DAYS AFT] HE S5T AN ELOQU5T LETT] TO ,PRESID5T ,C>T] PLEAD+ ) HIM NOT TO S5D AID TO ! MURD]\S MILIT>Y JUNTA1 :O W\LD USE IT 0TO DE/ROY ! PEOPLE'S ORGANIZATIONS FI<T+ TO DEF5D !IR FUNDAM5TAL HUMAN RI<TS10 9 ,ROM]O'S WORDS4 ,SO ! SECURITY =CES DID1 9 ! ,U,S-DOM9AT$ /ATES ( ! REGION1 LEAV+ MANY RELIGI\S M>TYRS ALONG ) T5S ( ?\S&S ( ! USUAL VICTIMS3 POOR PEASANTS1 HUMAN RI<TS ACTIVI/S1 & O!RS SEEK+ 0TO DEF5D !IR FUNDAM5TAL HUMAN RI<TS40 

,! ,U,S MILIT>Y TAKES PRIDE 9 HELP+ TO DE/ROY ! DANG]\S H]ESY ?AT ADOPT$ 0! PREF]5TIAL OPTION = ! POOR10 ! MESSAGE ( ! ,GOSPELS4 ,! ,S*OOL ( ! ,AM]ICAS 7R5AM$ ,! ,WE/]N ,HEMISPH]E ,9/ITUTE = ,SECURITY ,COOP]ATION71 FAM\S = TRA9+ ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN KILL]S1 ANN\NCES PR\DLY ?AT LIB]ATION !OLOGY WAS 0DEFEAT$ ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! ,U,S >MY40 

,DO Y\ BELIEVE 9 ! SPIRITUAL FACTOR BEH9D RELIGION OR F9D SOME?+ USEFUL 9 IT8 

,= ME1 P]SONALLY1 NO4 ,I ?9K IRRATIONAL BELIEF IS A DANG]\S PH5OM5ON & ,I TRY TO AVOID IT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,I RECOGNIZE ?AT IT'S A SIGNIFICANT P>T ( ! LIVES ( O!RS1 ) MIX$ EFFECTS4 

,:AT >E Y\R VIEWS ON ! RISE ( 0NEW A!ISM10 :I* SEEMS TO HAVE COME AB\T 9 RESPONSE TO ! #i_/#a#a T]RORI/ ATTACKS8 ,:O >E ?IS MOVEM5T'S T>GET AUDI5CES1 & DOES IT HAVE A DI/+UI%ABLE POLITICAL AG5DA >\ND :I* ! PROGRESSIVE & LEFT =CES %\LD RALLY8 

,IT'S (T5 NOT V]Y CLE> :O ! T>GET AUDI5CES >E1 & AG5DAS NO D\BT V>Y4 ,IT'S F9E TO C>RY \T $UCATIONAL 9ITIATIVES AIM$ AT 5C\RAG+ PEOPLE TO QUE/ION BASELESS & IRRATIONAL BELIEFS1 :I* CAN (T5 BE QUITE DANG]\S4 ,& P]HAPS1 SOMETIMES SU* EF=TS HAVE POSITIVE EFFECTS4 ,BUT QUE/IONS >ISE4 

,TAKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,GEORGE ,W4 ,BU%1 :O 9VOK$ HIS FUNDAM5TALI/ ,*RI/IAN BELIEFS 9 JU/IFY+ HIS 9VASION ( ,IRAQ1 ! WOR/ CRIME ( ! C5TURY4 ,IS HE P>T ( ! 9T5D$ AUDI5CE1 OR HIS V>IETY ( EVANGELICAL ,*RI/IANS8 ,OR ! PROM95T RABBIS 9 ,ISRAEL :O CALL = VISIT+ ! JUDGM5T ( ,AMALEK ON ALL ,PALE/9IANS 7TOTAL DE/RUCTION1 D[N TO !IR ANIMALS78 ,OR ! RADICAL ,ISLAMIC FUNDAM5TALI/S 9 ,SAUDI ,>ABIA :O HAVE BE5 ,WA%+TON'S HI<LY VALU$ ALLIES 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ = SEV5TY-FIVE YE>S1 :ILE !Y HAVE BE5 IMPLEM5T+ ! ,WAHHABIZATION ( ,SUNNI ,ISLAM8 ,IF GR\PS LIKE !SE >E ! 9T5D$ AUDI5CES ( 0NEW A!ISM10 ! EF=T IS NOT V]Y PROMIS+1 TO SAY ! LEA/4 ,IS IT PEOPLE ) NO P>TICUL> RELIGI\S BELIEFS :O ATT5D RELIGI\S C]EMONIES REGUL>LY & CELEBRATE HOLIDAYS SO ?AT !Y CAN BECOME P>T ( A COMMUNITY ( MUTUAL SUPPORT & SOLID>ITY1 & TOGE!R ) O!RS 5JOY A TRADITION & RE9=CE VALUES ?AT HELP OV]COME ! ISOLATION ( AN ATOMIZ$ WORLD LACK+ SOCIAL BONDS8 ,IS IT ! GRIEV+ MO!R :O CONSOLES H]SELF BY ?9K+ ?AT %E WILL SEE H] DY+ *ILD AGA9 9 HEAV58 ,NO ONE W\LD DELIV] SOLEMN LECTURES ON EPI/EMOLOGY TO H]4 ,!RE MAY 9DE$ BE AN AUDI5CE1 BUT ITS COMPOSITION & B\NDS RAISE QUE/IONS4 

,FUR!RMORE1 TO BE S]I\S1 ! 0NEW A!ISM0 %\LD T>GET ! VIRUL5T SECUL> RELIGIONS ( /ATE WOR%IP1 (T5 DISGUIS$ 9 ! RHETORIC ( EXCEPTIONALISM & NOBLE 9T5T1 ! S\RCE ( CRIMES SO FREQU5T & IMM5SE ?AT REC\NT+ !M IS H>DLY NECESS>Y4 

,)\T GO+ ON1 ,I HAVE RES]VATIONS4 ,?\<1 AGA91 EF=TS TO OV]COME FALSE & (T5 EXTREMELY DANG]\S BELIEFS >E ALWAYS APPROPRIATE4 

,ONE C\LD MAKE ! >GUM5T ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS 9 REALITY A DEEPLY FUNDAM5TALI/ C\NTRY :5 IT COMES TO ! ISSUE ( RELIGION4 ,IS !RE A HOPE = TRUE PROGRESSIVE *ANGE 9 ?IS C\NTRY :5 ! OV]:ELM+ BULK ( ! POPULATION SEEMS TO BE 9 ! GRIP ( RELIGI\S F]VOR8 

,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS BE5 A DEEPLY FUNDAM5TALI/ C\NTRY S9CE ITS ORIG9S1 ) REPEAT$ ,GREAT ,AWAK5+S & \TBUR/S ( RELIGI\S F]VOR4 ,IT /&S \T TODAY AMONG ! 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES 9 ! P[] ( RELIGION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ALSO FROM ITS ORIG9S !RE HAS BE5 SIGNIFICANT PROGRESSIVE *ANGE1 & IT HAS NOT NECESS>ILY BE5 9 CONFLICT ) RELIGI\S COMMITM5TS4 

,ONE ?9KS1 = EXAMPLE1 ( ,DORO?Y ,DAY & ! ,CA?OLIC ,WORK] MOVEM5T4 ,OR ( ! P[]FUL ROLE ( RELIGION 9 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN COMMUNITIES 9 ! GREAT CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T--& AS A P]SONAL ASIDE1 IT WAS DEEPLY MOV+ TO BE ABLE TO TAKE P>T 9 MEET+S ( DEMON/RATORS 9 *UR*ES 9 ! ,S\? AFT] A DAY ( BRUTAL BEAT+S & SAVAG]Y1 :]E ! P>TICIPANTS W]E RE9=C+ BONDS ( SOLID>ITY1 S++ HYMNS1 GA!R+ /R5G? TO GO ON ! NEXT DAY4 ,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 BY NO MEANS ! NORM1 & COMMONLY ! IMPACT ( FUNDAM5TALI/ RELIGI\S COMMITM5T ON SOCIAL POLICY HAS BE5 H>MFUL1 IF NOT P]NICI\S4 

,AS USUAL1 !RE >E NO SIMPLE ANSW]S1 JU/ ! OLD FAMILI> ONES3 SYMPA!TIC CONC]N1 EF=TS TO BR+ \T :AT IS CON/RUCTIVE & WOR?:ILE & TO OV]COME H>MFUL T5D5CIES1 & TO CONT9UE TO DEVELOP ! =CES ( SECUL> HUMANISM & F>-REA*+ & RADICAL COMMITM5TS ?AT >E URG5TLY NE$$ TO DEAL ) ! PRESS+ & URG5T PROBLEMS WE ALL FACE4 

,SO MANY POLITICAL SPEE*ES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 5D )1 0,GOD BLESS Y\1 & ,GOD BLESS ,AM]ICA40 ,DO L+UI/IC EXPRESSIONS LIKE !SE 9FLU5CE POLITICS1 CULTURE1 & SOCIAL REALITY8 

,I PRESUME ! CAUSAL RELATION IS SUB/ANTIALLY 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 ?\< !RE MAY WELL BE FE$BACK4 ,A DRUMBEAT ( PROPAG&A ON H[ 0WE >E GOOD0 & 0!Y >E EVIL10 ) CON/ANT EX]CISES ( SELF-ADMIRATION & ABUSE ( O!RS1 CAN H>DLY FAIL TO HAVE AN IMPACT ON P]CEPTION ( ! WORLD4 

,EXAMPLES AB\ND1 BUT M]ELY TO ILLU/RATE ! COMMON PATT]N1 TAKE A CURR5T EXAMPLE FROM ! PEAK ( ! 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE3 ,SAMAN?A ,P[]'S ,AUGU/ #a#h1 #b#a#f1 >TICLE 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,BOOKS4 ,)\T ANY RELEVANT QUALIFICATION OR COMM5T1 ! AU?OR PRES5TS ,H5RY ,KISS+]'S SAGE REFLECTIONS ON 0,AM]ICA'S TRAGIC FLAW03 NAMELY1 0BELIEV+ ?AT \R PR9CIPLES >E UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLES1 & SEEK+ TO EXT5D HUMAN RI<TS F> BEYOND \R NATION'S BORD]S4444',NO NATION 444 HAS EV] IMPOS$ ! MORAL DEM&S ON ITSELF ?AT ,AM]ICA HAS4 ,& NO C\NTRY HAS SO TORM5T$ ITSELF OV] ! GAP BETWE5 ITS MORAL VALUES1 :I* >E BY DEF9ITION ABSOLUTE1 & ! IMP]FECTION 9H]5T 9 ! CONCRETE SITUATIONS TO :I* !Y MU/ BE APPLI$4'0 

,= ANYONE ) ! SLI<TE/ FAMILI>ITY ) CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORY1 SU* FATU\S MUS+S >E SIMPLY AN EMB>RASSM5T--OR TO BE MORE ACCURATE1 A HORROR4 ,& ?IS IS NOT TALK RADIO1 BUT A LEAD+ J\RNAL ( LEFT-LIB]AL 9TELLECTUALS4 ,PEOPLE BOMB>D$ ) PATRIOTIC DRIVEL FROM ALL CORN]S >E LIKELY TO HAVE A VIEW ( !MSELVES & ! WORLD ?AT POSES MAJOR ?REATS TO HUMANITY4 

,RHETORIC IS WIDELY US$ 9 POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS & IS FREQU5TLY ABUS$ 9 A POLITICAL CONTEXT4 ,DO Y\ HAVE A !ORY ( POLITICAL RHETORIC8 

,I DON'T HAVE ANY !ORY ( RHETORIC1 BUT ,I TRY TO KEEP 9 M9D ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ONE %\LD NOT TRY TO P]SUADE2 RA!R1 ONE %\LD LAY \T ! T]RITORY AS BE/ ONE CAN SO ?AT O!RS CAN USE !IR [N 9TELLECTUAL P[]S TO DET]M9E = !MSELVES :AT !Y ?9K IS TAK+ PLACE & :AT IS RI<T OR WRONG4 ,I ALSO TRY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 POLITICAL WRIT+1 TO MAKE IT EXTREMELY CLE> 9 ADVANCE EXACTLY :]E ,I /& SO ?AT READ]S CAN MAKE JUDGM5TS ACCORD+LY4 ,! IDEA ( NEUTRAL OBJECTIVITY IS AT BE/ MISLEAD+ & (T5 FRAUDUL5T4 ,WE CANNOT HELP BUT APPROA* COMPLEX & CONTROV]SIAL QUE/IONS--ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( HUMAN SIGNIFICANCE--) A DEF9ITE PO9T ( VIEW1 ) AN AX TO GR9D IF Y\ LIKE1 & ?AT AX %\LD BE APP>5T RI<T UP FRONT SO ?AT ?OSE WE ADDRESS CAN SEE :]E WE >E COM+ FROM 9 \R *OICE & 9T]PRETATION ( ! EV5TS ( HI/ORY4 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ,I CAN MONITOR MY [N RHETORICAL ACTIVITIES1 :I* IS PROBABLY NOT A LOT1 ,I TRY TO REFRA9 FROM EF=TS TO BR+ PEOPLE TO REA* MY CONCLUSIONS )\T ?9K+ ! MATT] ?R\< ON !IR [N4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ANY GOOD TEA*] KN[S ?AT CONVEY+ 9=MATION IS ( F> LESS IMPORTANCE ?AN HELP+ /UD5TS GA9 ! ABILITY TO 9QUIRE & CREATE ON !IR [N4 

,IT HAS BECOME POPUL> OV] ! YE>S TO ?9K ( KN[L$GE AS SOME?+ ?AT IS SOCIALLY CON/RUCT$1 & PROPON5TS ( ! IDEA ?AT KN[L$GE IS SIMPLY ! \TCOME ( A CONS5SUS ON ANY SUBJECT MATT] REQUIR+ RESE>* & ANALYSIS SAY ! SAME GOES = REALITY ITSELF4 ,DO Y\ AGREE ) ?IS RELATIVI/IC VIEW ( KN[L$GE & REALITY8 

,I ?9K IT IS MO/LY F> (F TRACK1 ?\< !RE IS AN ELEM5T ( TRU? HIDD5 )94 ,NO D\BT ! PURSUIT ( KN[L$GE IS GUID$ BY PRIOR CONCEPTIONS1 & NO D\BT IT IS (T51 NOT ALWAYS1 BUT TYPICALLY1 A COMMUNAL ACTIVITY4 ,?AT'S SUB/ANTIALLY TRUE ( ORGANIZ$ KN[L$GE1 SAY RESE>* 9 ! NATURAL SCI5CES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A GRADUATE /UD5T WILL COME 9 & 9=M ME ,I WAS WRONG AB\T :AT ,I SAID 9 A LECTURE YE/]DAY = ?IS OR ?AT REASON1 & WE'LL DISCUSS IT1 & WE'LL AGREE OR DISAGREE1 & MAYBE ANO!R SET ( PROBLEMS WILL COME \T4 ,WELL1 ?AT'S NORMAL 9QUIRY1 & :ATEV] RESULTS IS SOME =M ( KN[L$GE OR UND]/&+1 :I* IS1 9 P>T1 SOCIALLY DET]M9$ BY ! NATURE ( !SE 9T]ACTIONS4 

,!RE IS A GREAT DEAL ?AT WE DON'T UND]/& MU* AB\T1 LIKE H[ SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE IS ACQUIR$ & DEVELOPS4 ,IF WE LOOK MORE DEEPLY AT ! DOMA9S :]E WE DO UND]/& SOME?+1 WE DISCOV] ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( COGNITIVE SY/EMS1 9CLUD+ SY/EMS ( KN[L$GE & UND]/&+1 IS SUB/ANTIALLY DIRECT$ BY \R BIOLOGICAL NATURE4 ,9 ! CASE ( KN[L$GE ( LANGUAGE1 WE HAVE CLE> EVID5CE & SUB/ANTIAL RESULTS AB\T ?IS4 ,P>T ( MY [N P]SONAL 9T]E/ 9 ! /UDY ( LANGUAGE IS ?AT IT'S A DOMA9 9 :I* !SE QUE/IONS CAN BE /UDI$ FAIRLY CLE>LY1 MU* MORE SO ?AN 9 MANY O!RS4 ,ALSO1 IT'S A DOMA9 ?AT IS 9TR9SIC TO HUMAN NATURE & HUMAN FUNCTIONS1 NOT A M>G9AL CASE4 ,H]E1 ,I ?9K1 WE HAVE V]Y P[]FUL EVID5CE ( ! DIRECTIVE EFFECT ( BIOLOGICAL NATURE ON ! =M ( ! SY/EM ( KN[L$GE ?AT >ISES4 

,9 O!R DOMA9S LIKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! 9T]NAL CON/RUCTION ( \R MORAL CODE1 WE JU/ KN[ LESS1 ?\< !RE IS QUITE 9T]E/+ & REVEAL+ CURR5T RESE>* 9TO ! TOPIC4 ,I ?9K ! QUALITATIVE NATURE ( ! PROBLEM FAC$ /RONGLY SUGGE/S A V]Y SIMIL> CONCLUSION3 A HI<LY DIRECTIVE EFFECT ( BIOLOGICAL NATURE4 ,:5 Y\ TURN TO SCI5TIFIC 9QUIRY1 AGA91 SO LITTLE IS KN[N AB\T H[ IT PROCE$S--H[ DISCOV]IES >E MADE--?AT WE >E R$UC$ TO SPECULATION & REVIEW ( HI/ORICAL EXAMPLES4 ,BUT ,I ?9K ! QUALITATIVE NATURE ( ! PROCESS ( ACQUIR+ SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE AGA9 SUGGE/S A HI<LY DIRECTIVE EFFECT ( BIOLOGICAL NATURE4 ,! REASON+ BEH9D ?IS IS BASICALLY ,PLATO'S1 :I* ,I ?9K IS ESS5TIALLY VALID4 ,?AT'S :Y IT'S SOMETIMES CALL$ 0,PLATO'S PROBLEM40 ,! REASON+ 9 ! ,PLATONIC DIALOGUES IS ?AT ! RI*NESS & SPECIFICITY & COMMONALITY ( ! KN[L$GE WE ATTA9 IS F> BEYOND ANY?+ ?AT CAN BE ACC\NT$ = BY ! EXP]I5CE AVAILABLE1 :I* 9CLUDES 9T]P]SONAL 9T]ACTIONS4 ,&1 AP>T FROM ACTS ( ,GOD1 ?AT LEAVES ONLY ! POSSIBILITY ?AT IT'S 9N]-DET]M9$ 9 ESS5TIAL WAYS1 ULTIMATELY BY BIOLOGICAL 5D[M5T4 

,?AT'S ! SAME LOGIC ?AT'S R\T9ELY US$ BY NATURAL SCI5TI/S /UDY+ ORGANIC SY/EMS4 ,SO1 = EXAMPLE1 :5 WE /UDY PHYSICAL GR[?--METAPHORICALLY SPEAK+1 0BEL[ ! NECK10 EV]Y?+ BUT ! M9D--WE TAKE ?IS REASON+ = GRANT$4 ,LET'S SAY ,I W]E TO SUGGE/ TO Y\ ?AT UND]GO+ PUB]TY IS A MATT] ( SOCIAL 9T]ACTION & PEOPLE DO IT BECAUSE !Y SEE O!R PEOPLE DO IT1 ?AT IT'S PE] PRESSURE4 ,WELL1 Y\ W\LD LAU<4 ,:Y8 ,!RE IS NO?+ 9 ! 5VIRONM5T ?AT C\LD DIRECT !SE HI<LY SPECIFIC *ANGES 9 ! ORGANISM4 ,ACCORD+LY1 WE ALL TAKE = GRANT$ ?AT IT IS BIOLOGICALLY DET]M9$1 ?AT GR[+ *ILDR5 >E SOMEH[ PROGRAMM$ TO UND]GO PUB]TY AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,>E SOCIAL FACTORS IRRELEVANT TO PUB]TY8 ,NO1 NOT AT ALL4 ,SOCIAL 9T]ACTION IS C]TA9LY GO+ TO BE RELEVANT4 ,UND] C]TA9 CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL ISOLATION1 IT MI<T NOT EV5 TAKE PLACE4 ,! SAME LOGIC HOLDS :5 9QUIRY PROCE$S 0ABOVE ! NECK40 

,RETURN+ TO ! SUBJECT ( ! L9K BETWE5 RELIGION & POLITICS1 IT HAS BE5 >GU$ BY QUITE A FEW COMM5TATORS ?AT ! ,ISRAELI-,PALE/9IAN CONFLICT IS A W> ( RELIGION1 NOT T]RITORY4 ,ANY VALIDITY 9 ?IS8 

,! ,ZIONI/ MOVEM5T WAS 9ITIALLY SECUL>1 ?\< RELIGI\S ELEM5TS HAVE BE5 GA9+ A CONSID]ABLY GREAT] ROLE1 P>TICUL>LY AFT] ! #aifg W> & ! ONSET ( ! OCCUPATION1 :I* HAD A MAJOR IMPACT ON ,ISRAELI SOCIETY & CULTURE4 ,?AT'S P>TICUL>LY TRUE 9 ! MILIT>Y1 A MATT] ?AT HAS DEEPLY CONC]N$ ANALY/S ( MILIT>Y AFFAIRS S9CE ! #a#i#hS 7,YORAM ,P]I'S W>N+S AT ! TIME W]E P]CEPTIVE7 & 9CREAS+LY TODAY4 ,! ,PALE/9IAN MOVEM5TS W]E ALSO L>GELY SECUL>1 ?\< RELIGI\S EXTREMISM IS ALSO GR[+--?R\<\T ! ,MUSLIM WORLD1 9 FACT1 AS SECUL> 9ITIATIVES >E BEAT5 BACK & ! VICTIMS SEEK SOME?+ ELSE TO GRASP4 ,/ILL1 IT W\LD BE QUITE MISLEAD+1 ,I ?9K1 TO REG>D IT AS A W> ( RELIGION4 ,:ATEV] ONE ?9KS ( IT1 ,ZIONISM HAS BE5 A SETTL]-COLONIAL MOVEM5T1 ) ALL ?AT ?AT 5TAILS4 

,:AT DO Y\ ?9K ( ! ,FR5* LAW ON SECUL>ITY & CONSPICU\S RELIGI\S SYMBOLS8 ,A /EP =W>D OR BACKW>D ON PROGRESS & UNIV]SALISM8 

,I DON'T ?9K !RE %\LD BE LAWS =C+ WOM5 TO REMOVE VEILS OR PREF]R$ CLO!S :5 SWIMM+4 ,SECUL> VALUES %\LD1 ,I ?9K1 BE HONOR$2 AMONG !M1 RESPECT = 9DIVIDUAL *OICE1 AS LONG AS IT DOES NOT H>M O!RS4 ,SECUL> VALUES ?AT %\LD BE RESPECT$ >E UND]M9$ :5 /ATE P[] 9TRUDES 9 >EAS ?AT %\LD BE MATT]S ( P]SONAL *OICE4 ,IF ,HASIDIC ,JEWS *OOSE TO DRESS 9 BLACK CLOAKS1 :ITE %IRTS1 & BLACK HATS1 ) HAIR 9 OR?ODOX /YLE & ) RELIGI\S G>B1 ?AT'S NOT ! /ATE'S BUS9ESS4 ,SAME :5 A ,MUSLIM WOMAN DECIDES TO WE> A SC>F OR GO SWIMM+ 9 A 0BURK9I40 

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