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,AN>*ISM1 ,COMMUNISM1 & ,REVOLUTIONS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T ,I,I,I 

  
,AN>*ISM1 ,COMMUNISM1 & ,REVOLUTIONS 

  

,C4 ,J4 ,P,O,L,Y,*,R,O,N,I,\3 ,NOAM1 FROM ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY TO ! MID- OR EV5 LATE TW5TIE? C5TURY1 AN>*ISM & COMMUNISM REPRES5T$ LIVE & VITAL MOVEM5TS ?R\<\T ! ,WE/]N WORLD BUT ALSO 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & C]TA9 P>TS ( ,ASIA & ,AFRICA4 ,H[EV]1 ! POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL L&SCAPE SEEMS TO HAVE %IFT$ RADICALLY BY ! E>LY TO LATE #a#i#hS TO ! PO9T ?AT1 :ILE RESI/ANCE TO CAPITALISM REMA9S EV] PRES5T1 IT IS L>GELY LOCALIZ$ & DEVOID ( A VISION AB\T /RATEGIES = ! F\ND+ ( A NEW SOCIOECONOMIC ORD]4 ,:Y DID AN>*ISM & COMMUNISM FL\RI% AT ! TIME !Y DID1 & :AT >E ! KEY FACTORS = !IR TRANS=MATION FROM MAJOR IDEOLOGIES TO M>G9ALIZ$ BELIEF SY/EMS8 

,N,O,A,M ,*,O,M,S,K,Y3 ,IF WE LOOK MORE CLOSELY1 ,I ?9K WE F9D ?AT !RE >E LIVE & VITAL MOVEM5TS ( RADICAL DEMOCRACY1 (T5 ) ELEM5TS ( AN>*I/ & COMMUNI/ IDEAS & P>TICIPATION1 DUR+ P]IODS ( UPHEAVAL & TURBUL5CE1 :5--TO P>APHRASE ,GRAMSCI--! OLD IS TOTT]+ & ! NEW IS UNBORN BUT IS (F]+ TANTALIZ+ PROSPECTS4 ,?US1 9 LATE N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,AM]ICA1 :5 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM WAS DRIV+ 9DEP5D5T F>M]S & >TISANS TO BECOME AN 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 EVOK+ PL5TY ( BITT] RESI/ANCE1 A P[]FUL & MILITANT LABOR MOVEM5T >OSE D$ICAT$ TO ! PR9CIPLE ?AT 0?OSE :O WORK 9 ! MILLS %\LD [N !M0 ALONGSIDE A MASS RADICAL F>M]S' MOVEM5T ?AT S\<T TO FREE F>M]S FROM ! CLUT*ES ( BANKS & M]*ANTS4 ,! DRAMATIC ]A ( DECOLONIZATION ALSO GAVE RISE TO RADICAL MOVEM5TS ( MANY K9DS1 & !RE >E MANY O!R CASES1 9CLUD+ ! #a#i#fS4 ,! NEOLIB]AL P]IOD S9CE ! '#hS HAS BE5 ONE ( REGRESSION & M>G9ALIZATION = MU* ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION1 BUT ,K>L ,M>X'S OLD MOLE IS NEV] F> FROM ! SURFACE & APPE>S 9 UNEXPECT$ PLACES4 ,! SPREAD ( WORK]-[N$ 5T]PRISES & COOP]ATIVES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :ILE NOT LIT]ALLY AN>*I/ OR COMMUNI/1 C>RIES SE$S ( F>-REA*+ RADICAL TRANS=MATION1 & IT IS NOT ALONE4 

,AN>*ISM & COMMUNISM %>E CLOSE AFF9ITIES BUT HAVE ALSO BE5 MORTAL 5EMIES S9CE ! TIME ( ,M>X & ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN94 ,>E !IR DIFF]5CES PURELY /RATEGIC AB\T ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM1 OR DO !Y ALSO REFLECT DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVES AB\T HUMAN NATURE & ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RELATIONS8 

,MY FEEL+ IS ?AT ! PICTURE IS MORE NUANC$4 ,?US LEFT ANTI-,BOL%EVIK ,M>XISM (T5 WAS QUITE CLOSE TO AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 ,PROM95T LEFT ,M>XI/S1 LIKE ,K>L ,KORS*1 W]E QUITE SYMPA!TIC TO ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ REVOLUTION4 ,DANIEL ,GU]9'S BOOK ,AN>*ISM V]GES ON LEFT ,M>XISM4 ,DUR+ HIS LEFT P]IOD 9 MID-#a#i#a#g1 ,L59'S WRIT+S1 NOTABLY ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 HAD A K9D ( AN>*I/ T+E4 ,!RE SURELY W]E CONFLICTS OV] TACTICS & MU* MORE FUNDAM5TAL MATT]S4 ,5GELS'S CRITIQUE ( AN>*ISM IS A FAM\S ILLU/RATION4 ,M>X HAD V]Y LITTLE TO SAY AB\T PO/CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 BUT ! BASIC ?RU/ ( HIS ?9K+ AB\T LONG-T]M GOALS SEEMS QUITE COMPATIBLE ) MAJOR /RA9S ( AN>*I/ ?9K+ & PRACTICE4 

,C]TA9 AN>*I/ TRADITIONS1 9FLU5C$ BY ,BAKUN91 ADVOCATE VIOL5CE AS A MEANS ( BR++ AB\T SOCIAL *ANGE1 :ILE O!RS1 9FLU5C$ BY ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 SEEM TO REG>D VIOL5CE NOT ONLY POLITICALLY 9EFFECTIVE 9 SECUR+ A JU/ SOCIAL ORD] BUT MORALLY 9DEF5SIBLE4 ,! COMMUNI/ TRADITION HAS ALSO BE5 DIVID$ OV] ! USE ( VIOL5CE EV5 9 SITUATIONS :]E ! CONDITIONS SEEM TO HAVE BE5 RIPE = REVOLUTIONS4 ,CAN SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS TAKE PLACE )\T VIOL5CE8 

,I DON'T SEE H[ !RE CAN BE A G5]AL ANSW]4 ,/RUGGLES TO OV]COME CLASS P[] & PRIVILEGE >E SURE TO BE RESI/$1 SOMETIMES BY =CE4 ,P]HAPS A PO9T WILL COME :]E VIOL5CE 9 DEF5SE AGA9/ =CEFUL EF=TS TO MA9TA9 P[] IS W>RANT$4 ,SURELY IT IS A LA/ RESORT4 

,9 Y\R WRIT+S1 Y\ HAVE MA9TA9$ ! VIEW ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS NEV] A SOCIALI/ /ATE4 ,DO Y\ ACCEPT ! VIEW ?AT IT WAS A 0DE=M$ WORK]S /ATE0 OR DO Y\ BELIEVE ?AT IT WAS A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM8 

,! T]MS ( POLITICAL DISC\RSE >E NOT MODELS ( PRECISION4 ,BY ! TIME ! SOVIETS & FACTORY C\NCILS W]E ELIM9AT$--QUITE E>LY ON--!RE WAS H>DLY A TRACE ( A 0WORK]S /ATE40 .<,FACTORY C\NCILS W]E =MS ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION 9 :I* ! PLACE ( WORK IS CONTROLL$ COLLECTIVELY BY ! WORK]S4.> ,! SY/EM HAD WAGE LABOR & O!R FEATURES ( CAPITALISM1 SO ,I SUPPOSE ONE C\LD CALL IT A K9D ( TYRANNICAL /ATE CAPITALISM 9 SOME RESPECTS4 

,9 C]TA9 COMMUNI/ CIRCLES1 A DI/9CTION HAS BE5 DRAWN BETWE5 ,L59ISM & ,/AL9ISM1 :ILE ! MORE OR?ODOX COMMUNI/S HAVE >GU$ ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION BEGAN A GRADUAL AB&ONM5T ( SOCIALISM ) ! RISE ( ,NIKITA ,KHRU%*EV TO P[]4 ,CAN Y\ COMM5T ON !SE TWO PO9TS ( CONT5TION1 ) SPECIAL EMPHASIS 9 ! ALLEG$ DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,L59ISM & ,/AL9ISM8 

,I W\LD PLACE ! AB&ONM5T ( SOCIALISM MU* E>LI]1 UND] ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 AT LEA/ IF SOCIALISM IS UND]/OOD TO MEAN AT A M9IMUM CONTROL BY WORK+ PEOPLE OV] PRODUCTION4 ,! SE$S ( ,/AL9ISM W]E PRES5T 9 ! E>LY ,BOL%EVIK YE>S1 P>TLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO ! EXIG5CIES ( ! CIVIL W> & =EIGN 9VASION1 P>TLY TO ,L59I/ IDEOLOGY4 ,UND] ,/AL9 IT BECAME A MON/ROSITY4 

,FAC$ ) ! *ALL5GES & ?REATS 7BO? 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL7 ?AT IT DID FACE FOLL[+ ! TAKEOV] ( P[]1 DID ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAVE ANY O!R OPTION ?AN C5TRALIZ+ P[]1 CREAT+ AN >MY1 & DEF5D+ ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION BY ANY MEANS NECESS>Y8 

,IT IS MORE APPROPRIATE1 ,I ?9K1 TO ASK :E!R ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD ANY O!R OPTION = DEF5D+ !IR P[]4 ,BY ADOPT+ ! MEANS !Y *OSE1 !Y DE/ROY$ ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! POPUL> REVOLUTION4 ,W]E !RE ALT]NATIVES8 ,I ?9K SO1 BUT ! QUE/ION TAKES US 9TO DIFFICULT & CONTE/$ T]RITORY4 ,IT'S POSSIBLE1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT 9/EAD ( IGNOR+ ,M>X'S IDEAS 9 HIS LAT] YE>S AB\T ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTRY1 !Y MI<T HAVE PURSU$ !M & (F]$ SUPPORT = PEASANT ORGANIZ+ & ACTIVISM 9/EAD ( M>G9ALIZ+ IT 7OR WORSE74 ,& !Y C\LD HAVE 5]GIZ$ RA!R ?AN UND]M9$ ! SOVIETS & FACTORY C\NCILS4 ,BUT ALL ?AT RAISES MANY QUE/IONS1 BO? ( FACT & ( SPECULATION AB\T POSSIBILITIES--= EXAMPLE1 AB\T CREAT+ A DISCIPL9$ & EFFECTIVE ,R$ ,>MY1 *OICE ( GU]RILLA V]SUS CONV5TIONAL MILIT>Y TACTICS1 POLITICAL V]SUS MILIT>Y W>F>E1 & MU* ELSE4 

,W\LD Y\ ACCEPT ! VIEW ?AT ! LABOR CONC5TRATION CAMPS & ! O!R HORRIBLE CRIMES ?AT TOOK PLACE UND] ,/AL9'S REIGN >E UNLIKELY TO HAVE TAK5 PLACE IF EI!R ,L59 OR ,TROTSKY W]E 9 P[] 9/EAD8 

,I /RONGLY D\BT ?AT ,L59 OR ,TROTSKY W\LD HAVE C>RI$ \T CRIMES ANY?+ LIKE !SE4 

,& H[ DO Y\ SEE ! ,MAOI/ REVOLUTION8 ,WAS ,*9A AT ANY PO9T A SOCIALI/ /ATE8 

,! 0,MAOI/ REVOLUTION0 WAS A COMPLEX AFFAIR4 ,!RE WAS A /RONG POPUL> ELEM5T 9 E>LY ,*9ESE ,M>XISM1 DISCUSS$ 9 ILLUM9AT+ WORK BY ,MAURICE ,MEISN]4 ,WILLIAM ,H9TON'S REM>KABLE /UDY ,FAN%5 CAPTURES VIVIDLY A MOM5T ( PR(\ND REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 NOT JU/ 9 SOCIAL PRACTICES BUT 9 ! M5TALITY & CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PEASANTS1 ) P>TY CADRES (T5 SUBMITT+ TO POPUL> CONTROL1 ACCORD+ TO HIS ACC\NT4 ,LAT] ! TOTALIT>IAN SY/EM WAS RESPONSIBLE = HORR5D\S CRIMES1 NOTABLY ! 0,GREAT ,LEAP ,=W>D10 ) ITS HUGE DEA? TOLL 9 ! T5S ( MILLIONS4 ,DESPITE !SE CRIMES1 AS ECONOMI/S ,AM>TYA ,S5 & ,JEAN ,DREZE DEMON/RATE1 FROM 9DEP5D5CE UNTIL #a#i#g#i1 :5 ! ,D5G RE=MS BEGAN1 ,*9ESE PROGRAMS ( RURAL HEAL? & DEVELOPM5T SAV$ ! LIVES ( #a MILLION PEOPLE 9 COMP>ISON TO ,9DIA 9 ! SAME YE>S4 ,:AT ANY ( ?IS HAS TO DO ) SOCIALISM DEP5DS ON H[ ONE 9T]PRETS ?AT BATT]$ T]M4 

,CUBA UND] ,CA/RO8 

,9 ASSESS+ DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,CUBA S9CE IT A*IEV$ 9DEP5D5CE UND] ,CA/RO 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#e#i1 ONE CANNOT OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT FROM ALMO/ ! FIR/ MOM5T1 ,CUBA WAS SUBJECT$ TO VICI\S ATTACK BY ! GLOBAL SUP]P[]4 ,BY LATE #a#i#e#i1 PLANES BAS$ 9 ,FLORIDA W]E BOMB+ ,CUBA4 ,BY ,M>*1 A SECRET DECISION WAS MADE TO OV]?R[ ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! 9COM+ ,K5N$Y ADM9I/RATION C>RI$ \T ! ,BAY ( ,PIGS 9VASION4 ,ITS FAILURE L$ TO NE> HY/]IA 9 ,WA%+TON1 & ,K5N$Y LAUN*$ A W> TO BR+ 0! T]RORS ( ! E>?0 TO ,CUBA1 9 ! WORDS ( HIS CLOSE ASSOCIATE1 HI/ORIAN ,>?UR ,S*LES+]1 9 HIS SEMI(FICIAL BIOGRAPHY ( ,ROB]T ,K5N$Y1 :O WAS PLAC$ 9 *>GE ( ! OP]ATION AS HIS HI<E/ PRIORITY4 ,IT WAS NO SMALL AFFAIR1 & WAS ONE ( ! FACTORS ?AT L$ TO ! MISSILE CRISIS1 :I* ,S*LES+] RI<TLY DESCRIB$ AS ! MO/ DANG]\S MOM5T 9 HI/ORY4 ,AFT] ! CRISIS1 ! T]RORI/ W> RESUM$4 ,MEAN:ILE1 A CRU%+ EMB>GO WAS IMPOS$1 :I* TOOK A HUGE TOLL ON ,CUBA4 ,IT CONT9UES TO ?IS DAY1 OPPOS$ BY VIRTUALLY ! 5TIRE WORLD4 

,:5 ,RUSSIAN AID 5D$1 ,CL9TON MADE ! EMB>GO H>%]1 & A FEW YE>S LAT]1 ! ,HELMS-,BURTON ,ACT MADE IT H>%] /ILL4 ,! EFFECTS HAVE ( C\RSE BE5 V]Y SEV]E4 ,!Y >E REVIEW$ 9 A COMPREH5SIVE /UDY BY ,SALIM ,LAMRANI4 ,P>TICUL>LY ON]\S HAS BE5 ! IMPACT ON ! HEAL? SY/EM1 DEPRIV$ ( ESS5TIAL M$ICAL SUPPLIES4 ,DESPITE ! ATTACK1 ,CUBA HAS DEVELOP$ A REM>KABLE HEAL? SY/EM1 & HAS AN UNMAT*$ RECORD ( M$ICAL 9T]NATIONALISM--AS WELL AS PLAY+ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 ! LIB]ATION ( ,BLACK ,AFRICA & 5D+ ! AP>!ID REGIME 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,!RE HAVE ALSO BE5 SEV]E HUMAN RI<TS VIOLATIONS1 ?\< NO?+ LIKE :AT HAS BE5 /&>D 9 ! ,U,S-DOM9AT$ C\NTRIES ( ! REGION OR ! ,U,S-BACK$ NATIONAL SECURITY /ATES ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,&1 ( C\RSE1 ! WOR/ HUMAN RI<TS VIOLATIONS 9 ,CUBA 9 REC5T YE>S HAVE BE5 9 ,GUANTANAMO1 :I* ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TOOK FROM ,CUBA AT GUNPO9T 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY & REFUSES TO RETURN4 ,OV]ALL1 A MIX$ /ORY1 & NOT EASY TO EVALUATE1 GIV5 ! COMPLEX CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,OV]ALL1 DO Y\ REG>D ! COLLAPSE ( SO-CALL$ ACTUALLY EXI/+ SOCIALISM AS A POSITIVE \TCOME1 &1 IF SO1 :Y8 ,9 :AT WAYS HAS ?IS DEVELOPM5T BE5 B5EFICIAL TO ! SOCIALI/ VISION8 

,:5 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION COLLAPS$ ,I WROTE AN >TICLE DESCRIB+ ! EV5TS AS A SMALL VICTORY = SOCIALISM1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! FALL ( ONE ( ! MO/ ANTISOCIALI/ /ATES 9 ! WORLD1 :]E WORK+ PEOPLE HAD FEW] RI<TS ?AN 9 ! ,WE/1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE IT FRE$ ! T]M 0SOCIALISM0 FROM ! BURD5 ( BE+ ASSOCIAT$ 9 ! PROPAG&A SY/EMS ( ,EA/ & ,WE/ ) ,SOVIET TYRANNY--= ! ,EA/1 9 ORD] TO B5EFIT FROM ! AURA ( AU!NTIC SOCIALISM1 = ! ,WE/1 9 ORD] TO DEMONIZE ! CONCEPT4 

,MY >GUM5T ON :AT CAME TO BE KN[N AS 0ACTUALLY EXI/+ SOCIALISM0 HAS BE5 ?AT ! ,SOVIET /ATE ATTEMPT$ S9CE ITS ORIG9S TO H>NESS ! 5]GIES ( ITS [N POPULATION & OPPRESS$ PEOPLE ELSE:]E 9 ! S]VICE ( ! M5 :O TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! POPUL> F]M5T 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #aiag TO SEIZE /ATE P[]4 

,S9CE ITS ORIG9S1 SOCIALISM HAS MEANT ! LIB]ATION ( WORK+ PEOPLE FROM EXPLOITATION4 ,AS ! ,M>XI/ !ORETICIAN ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK OBS]V$1 0,?IS GOAL IS NOT REA*$ & CANNOT BE REA*$ BY A NEW DIRECT+ & GOV]N+ CLASS SUB/ITUT+ ITSELF = ! B\RGEOISIE10 BUT CAN ONLY BE 0REALIZ$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES BE+ MA/] OV] PRODUCTION40 ,MA/]Y OV] PRODUCTION BY ! PRODUC]S IS ! ESS5CE ( SOCIALISM1 & MEANS TO A*IEVE ?IS 5D HAVE REGUL>LY BE5 DEVIS$ 9 P]IODS ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 AGA9/ ! BITT] OPPOSITION ( ! TRADITIONAL RUL+ CLASSES & ! 0REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLECTUALS0 GUID$ BY ! COMMON PR9CIPLES ( ,L59ISM & ,WE/]N MANAG]IALISM1 AS ADAPT$ TO *ANG+ CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,BUT ! ESS5TIAL ELEM5T ( ! SOCIALI/ IDEAL REMA9S3 TO CONV]T ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9TO ! PROP]TY ( FREELY ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S & ?US ! SOCIAL PROP]TY ( PEOPLE :O HAVE LIB]AT$ !MSELVES FROM EXPLOITATION BY !IR MA/]1 AS A FUNDAM5TAL /EP T[>D A BROAD] REALM ( HUMAN FRE$OM4 

,! ,L59I/ 9TELLIG5TSIA HAD A DIFF]5T AG5DA4 ,!Y FIT ,M>X'S DESCRIPTION ( ! 0CONSPIRATORS0 :O 0PREEMPT ! DEVELOP+ REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS0 & DI/ORT IT TO !IR 5DS ( DOM9ATION4 0,H5CE !IR DEEPE/ DISDA9 = ! MORE !ORETICAL 5LI<T5M5T ( ! WORK]S AB\T !IR CLASS 9T]E/S10 :I* 9CLUD$ ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,R$ ,BUREAUCRACY ( :I* ,BAKUN9 W>N$1 & ! CREATION ( ME*ANISMS ( DEMOCRATIC CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,= ! ,L59I/1 ! MASSES MU/ BE /RICTLY DISCIPL9$1 :ILE ! SOCIALI/ WILL /RUGGLE TO A*IEVE A SOCIAL ORD] 9 :I* DISCIPL9E 0WILL BECOME SUP]FLU\S0 AS ! FREELY ASSOCIAT$ PRODUC]S 0WORK = !IR [N ACCORD0 7,M>X74 ,LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 FUR!RMORE1 DOES NOT LIMIT ITS AIMS TO DEMOCRATIC CONTROL BY PRODUC]S OV] PRODUCTION1 BUT SEEKS TO ABOLI% ALL =MS ( DOM9ATION & HI]>*Y 9 EV]Y ASPECT ( SOCIAL & P]SONAL LIFE--AN UN5D+ /RUGGLE1 S9CE PROGRESS 9 A*IEV+ A MORE JU/ SOCIETY WILL LEAD TO NEW 9SI<T & UND]/&+ ( =MS ( OPPRESSION ?AT MAY BE CONCEAL$ 9 TRADITIONAL PRACTICE & CONSCI\SNESS4 

,! ,L59I/ ANTAGONISM TO ! MO/ ESS5TIAL FEATURES ( SOCIALISM WAS EVID5T FROM ! V]Y />T4 ,9 REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA1 SOVIETS & FACTORY COMMITTEES DEVELOP$ AS 9/RUM5TS ( /RUGGLE & LIB]ATION1 ) MANY FLAWS BUT ) A RI* POT5TIAL4 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 UPON ASSUM+ P[]1 IMM$IATELY DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO DE/ROY+ ! LIB]ATORY POT5TIAL ( !SE 9/RUM5TS1 E/ABLI%+ ! RULE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY--9 PRACTICE1 ITS ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE & ITS ,MAXIMAL ,LEAD]S--EXACTLY AS ,TROTSKY HAD PR$ICT$ YE>S E>LI]1 AS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & O!R LEFT ,M>XI/S W>N$ AT ! TIME1 & AS ! AN>*I/S HAD ALWAYS UND]/OOD4 ,NOT ONLY ! MASSES BUT EV5 ! P>TY MU/ BE SUBJECT TO 0VIGILANT CONTROL FROM ABOVE10 SO ,TROTSKY HELD AS HE MADE ! TRANSITION FROM REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLECTUAL TO /ATE PRIE/4 ,BE=E SEIZ+ /ATE P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP ADOPT$ MU* ( ! RHETORIC ( PEOPLE :O W]E 5GAG$ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE FROM BEL[1 BUT !IR TRUE COMMITM5TS W]E QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,?IS WAS EVID5T BE=E & BECAME CRY/AL CLE> AS !Y ASSUM$ /ATE P[] 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g4 

,A HI/ORIAN SYMPA!TIC TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ,E4 ,H4 ,C>R1 WRITES ?AT 0! SPONTANE\S 9CL9ATION ( ! WORK]S TO ORGANIZE FACTORY COMMITTEES & TO 9T]V5E 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! FACTORIES WAS 9EVITABLY 5C\RAG$ BY A REVOLUTION :I* L$ ! WORK]S TO BELIEVE ?AT ! PRODUCTIVE MA*9]Y ( ! C\NTRY BELONG$ TO !M & C\LD BE OP]AT$ BY !M AT !IR [N DISCRETION & TO !IR [N ADVANTAGE0 .<MY EMPHASIS.>4 ,= ! WORK]S1 AS ONE AN>*I/ DELEGATE SAID1 0,! FACTORY COMMITTEES W]E CELLS ( ! FUTURE444 4 ,!Y1 NOT ! /ATE1 %\LD N[ ADM9I/]40 

,BUT ! /ATE PRIE/S KNEW BETT]1 & MOV$ AT ONCE TO DE/ROY ! FACTORY COMMITTEES & TO R$UCE ! SOVIETS TO ORGANS ( !IR RULE4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #c1 ,L59 ANN\NC$ 9 A 0,DRAFT ,DECREE ON ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL0 ?AT DELEGATES ELECT$ TO EX]CISE SU* CONTROL W]E TO BE 0ANSW]ABLE TO ! /ATE = ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! /RICTE/ ORD] & DISCIPL9E & = ! PROTECTION ( PROP]TY40 ,AS ! YE> 5D$1 ,L59 NOT$ ?AT 0WE PASS$ FROM WORK]S' CONTROL TO ! CREATION ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL ( ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY10 :I* WAS TO 0REPLACE1 ABSORB & SUP]S$E ! MA*9]Y ( WORK]S' CONTROL0 7,C>R74 0,! V]Y IDEA ( SOCIALISM IS EMBODI$ 9 ! CONCEPT ( WORK]S' CONTROL10 ONE ,M5%EVIK TRADE UNIONI/ LAM5T$4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP EXPRESS$ ! SAME LAM5T 9 ACTION1 BY DEMOLI%+ ! V]Y IDEA ( SOCIALISM4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,TRU?\T1 ,JULY #a#g1 #baf 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #a -- ,UPDAT$4 

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