,ORGANIZ$ ,V5GEANCE ,CALL$ 0,JU/ICE0 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TAGS 3 ELECT$ BY ! PEOPLE1 DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY1 MEMB]S ( SOCIETY1 CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE1 ROMAN LAW1 FREE CITIES1 VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 CIVIL P[]S1 LEAD+ IDEAS1 LEGAL PUNI%M5T4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,MATT ,BR[N1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,9TRODUCTION 

,9 ! YE> #a#h#c#g1 ,ADOLPHE ,BLANQUI 7BRO!R ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LEAD] FROM :OM ! ,BLANQUI/S TOOK !IR NAME7 WROTE A BOOK1 ,! ,HI/ORY ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,HE %[$ 9 IT ! IMPORTANCE :I* ECONOMICS HAD 9 ! HI/ORY ( HUMANITY = ! DET]M9ATION ( POLITICAL =MS & ALSO = ! BUILD+ UP ( CURR5T IDEAS ON ,RI<T1 ,MORALS & ,PHILOSOPHY4 ,SIXTY YE>S AGO1 ,LIB]ALS & ,RADICALS CONC5TRAT$ !IR ?\<TS ON POLITICS1 & W]E ALTOGE!R UNAW>E ( ! NEW 9DU/RIAL CONDITIONS :I* W]E 9 C\RSE ( =MATION \T ( ! RU9S ( ! OLD REGIME4 ,IT WAS FROM ,BLANQUI@&_?#a#d#f2S PO9T ( VIEW QUITE LEGITIMATE ?AT 9 ORD] TO DRAW ATT5TION UPON ECONOMICS & UPON ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T :I* WAS !N BEG9N+1 HE %\LD HAVE GONE SO F> AS TO BUILD ! :OLE HI/ORY UPON ECONOMICS4 ,SOME ONE-SID$NESS WAS NOT TO BE AVOID$1 WAS EV5 P]HAPS DESIRABLE2 O!R FACTORS BE+ UND] 9VE/IGATION1 ALREADY MORE OR LESS KN[N1 HE NE$$ NOT TO SPEAK AB\T !M1 & ALL ! /R5G? ( HIS >GUM5TATION WAS TO BE ?R[N UPON ! HI!RTO UNKN[N FACTOR4 

,HIS EXAGG]ATIONS HAVE BE5 PURSU$ BY ! ,G]MAN S*OOL ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 =GETFUL ( ALL O!R ASPECTS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY4 ,9 \R TURN WE1 ! ,AN>*I/S1 HAVE %[N ! GREAT IMPORTANCE ( ?AT O!R FACTOR1 ! ,/ATE2 & IT RE/S ) US TO HAVE ITS BE>+ UPON SOCIETY CLE>LY E/ABLI%$4 

,H[EV]1 :ILE LAY+ /RESS UPON ! HI]>*ICAL1 C5TRALIZ$1 ,JACOB91 ANTI-LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES ( ! ,/ATE1 WE >E1 P]HAPS1 APT TO NEGLECT \R CRITICISM ( :AT HAS BE5 CALL$ ,JU/ICE4 ,?IS REPORT HAS BE5 WRITT5 ) ! SPECIAL DESIRE TO DRAW ATT5TION ON ! ORIG9 ( ?IS 9/ITUTION & TO 9VITE A DISCUSSION :I* W\LD ?R[ LI<T UPON ?AT SUBJECT4 

,SECTION #a 

,A C>EFUL /UDY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY =CES UPON US ! CONVICTION ?AT ,/ATE & ,JU/ICE >E TWO 9/ITUTIONS :I* NOT ONLY CO-EXI/ 9 SOCIETY D[N ! /REAM ( HI/ORY1 BUT >E CONNECT$ TOGE!R BY ! BOND1 ( CAUSE & EFFECT4 ,:OSOEV] ADMITS ! NECESSITY ( SEP>ATE1 *OS5 MEMB]S ( SOCIETY = ! SPECIAL FUNCTION ( DI/RIBUT+ PUNI%M5TS TO ?OSE :O HAVE BROK5 ! LAW1 NE$S A BODY :I* 5ACTS !SE LAWS1 CODIFIES !M1 E/ABLI%ES /&>DS ( PUNI%M5T@&_?#a#e#a2NE$S SPECIAL S*OOLS = TEA*+ ! MANUFACTURE & 9T]PRETATION ( LAWS@&_?#a#e#a2NE$S JAILS1 JAIL]S1 POLICE1 HANGM5 & >MY@&_?#a#e#a2NE$S ! ,/ATE4 

,! PRIMITIVE TRIBE1 ALWAYS ,COMMUNI/1 DOES NOT KN[ ( ANY JUDGE3 )9 ! TRIBE !FT1 HOMICIDE1 MURD] DO NOT EXI/4 ,CU/OMS >E SUFFICI5T TO PREV5T !M4 ,BUT 9 ! V]Y R>E CASES 9 :I* A MEMB] W\LD DISREG>D ! SACR$ RULES ( ! TRIBE1 HE W\LD BE /ON$ OR BURN$ TO DEA? BY ! TRIBE AS A :OLE4 ,EA* MEMB] ( IT W\LD ?R[ HIS /ONE OR BR+ HIS BUNDLE ( WOOD1 9 ORD] ?AT IT %\LD NOT BE ?IS OR ?AT MAN :O HAS PUT ! CULPRIT TO DEA?1 BUT ! TRIBE 9 ITS 5TIRETY4 

,:5 A MEMB] ( ANO!R TRIBE HAS 9JUR$ SOMEONE1 !N ! :OLE TRIBE ( ! WRONG$ ONE IS RESPONSIBLE = ! C>RY+ \T ( AN EQUAL 9JURY2 & ! :OLE TRIBE ( ! ASSAILANT IS RESPONSIBLE1 SO ?AT ANY ( ITS MEMB]S AS OPPORTUNITY >ISES MAY BE *OS5 BY ANY MEMB] ( ! WRONG$ TRIBE = ! RETALIATION@&_?#a#e#a2ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLE ( LIFE = LIFE1 TOO? = TOO?1 & SO ON2 W\NDS TO BE 9FLICT$ EXACTLY AS !Y W]E RECEIV$1 ! GRA9 ( CORN BE+ ! /&>D ( MEASUREM5T ( EA* W\ND4 

,?AT IS ! PRIMEVAL CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE4 

,LAT] ON1 9 ! VILLAGE LIFE ( ! FIR/ C5TURIES ( \R ]A1 ! CONCEPTION *ANG$4 ,! IDEA ( ,V5GEANCE IS BY & BY LEFT ASIDE@&_?#a#e#a2V]Y SL[LY1 ( C\RSE1 *IEFLY AMONG AGRICULTURAL POPULATIONS1 /ILL SURVIV+ AMONG ! W>RIORS@&_?#a#e#a2& ! IDEA ( ,COMP5SATION IS DEVELOP$2 COMP5SATION TO ! WRONG$ MAN1 OR TO HIS FAMILY OR TO ! TRIBE4 ,AS ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY APPE>S1 9 POSSESSION ( CATTLE & ( SLAVES /OL5 FROM O!R TRIBES1 ,COMP5SATION TAKES MORE & MORE ! *>ACT] ( ,EVALUATION ( ! DAMAGE DONE -- ! VALUE BE+ DIFF]5T ACCORD+ TO ! RANK ( ! WRONG$ ONE3 SO MU* = A SLAVE KILL$1 SO MU* = A PEASANT W\ND$1 SO MU* = A *IEF ABUS$4 ,! SCALES ( VALUATION =M ! FIR/ B>B>IAN CODES4 ,TO FIX ! AM\NT1 ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY MET1 ! B>E FACTS ( ! CASE W]E ASC]TA9$ BY ! 9QUIRY ( JURYM5 *OS5 9 EQUAL NUMB] 7#f OR #a#b7 BY BO? P>TIES OR !IR FAMILIES4 ,! OLD MEMB]S ( ! VILLAGE OR1 BETT] /ILL1 ! B>DS1 TO :OSE MEMORY ! TRADITION IS 5TRU/$1 OR P]HAPS \TSIDE JUDGES 9VIT$ BY ! COMMUNITY1 DECIDE ! COMP5SATION 7SIMPLE RE/ITUTION = !FT7 & ! F9E TO ! COMMUNE OR TO ! GODS4 

,BUT GRADUALLY1 DUR+ ! IMMIGRATION ( DIFF]5T TRIBES1 MANY FREE COMMUNITIES >E 5SLAV$4 ,ON ! SAME T]RITORY LIVE1 SIDE BY SIDE1 CONQU]ORS & CONQU]$4 ,!M COME ! PRIE/ & ! BI%OP1 FE>$ SORC]]S1 & BY & BY ! JURYM51 ! B>DS1 ! OLD M5 ( ! TRIBE >E SUP]S$$ 9 ! VALUATION ( ! ,COMP5SATION BY ! DELEGATES ( ! BI%OP OR ( ! LOCAL LORD4 ,! F9E BECOMES MORE & MORE IMPORTANT3 ! COMP5SATION TO ! WRONG$ ONE LESS & LESS2 ! %>E ( ! COMMUNITY 9 ! F9E COMES TO NAU<T2 ! :OLE PAYM5T IS POCKET$ BY ! *IEF4 ,! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T PROVIDES !SE DELEGATES ) ! NECESS>Y TRADITIONAL EXAMPLE ( JUDGM5T4 ,?US WE SEE ! MOD]N JUDGE EVOLV+ \T ( *OS5 JURYM5 AT ! SAME RATE AS ! FEUDAL SY/EM EVOLVES \T ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY4 ,! IDEA ( ,PUNI%M5T IS BORN1 & SOON DRIVES AWAY EV]Y O!R CONCEPTION1 ESPECIALLY UND] ! ACTION ( ! ,*UR*1 :I* TAK+ EXAMPLE BY ITS ,HEBREW PR$ECESSORS WANTS TO REIGN BY T]ROR4 ,AN 9JURY TO A PRIE/ IS NO LONG] AN 9JURY TO A MAN1 IT IS AN 9JURY TO ! DIV9ITY1 & NO PUNI%M5T IS SEV]E 5\< TO *A/ISE SU* A CRIME4 ,! CRUELTY ( ! JUDGM5T 9CREASES AS TIME GOES ON1 & ! SECUL> P[] IMITATES ! CL]ICAL P[]4 

,9 ! #a? & #a#a? C5TURIES ! M$IEVAL CITY APPE>S4 ,REVOLUTION AFT] REVOLUTION1 CITY AFT] CITY EXPEL ! JUDGE ( ! BI%OP1 ( ! LORD1 ( ! DUKE4 ,! CITIES MAKE !IR ,CONJURATION4 ,AT FIR/ ! CITIZ5S SWE> TO DROP ALL CONTE/S >IS+ FROM ! LEX TALIONIS 7LAW ( RETALIATION7 &1 IF NEW CONTE/S >ISE1 NEV] TO APPEAL TO EXT]NAL P[]S1 BUT TO SETTLE EV]Y?+ AMONG !MSELVES4 ,! ,GUILD1 ! ,P>I%1 ! ,T[N ,COMMUNITY >E ! DIFF]5T DEGREES ( JURIDICTION4 ,BAILIES1 *OS5 BY ! MEMB]S ( ! GUILD1 ! /REET1 ! P>I% OR ! T[N1 DECIDE ! COMP5SATION TO BE GRANT$ TO ! WRONG$ P>TY4 ,9 SPECIALLY IMPORTANT CASES1 ! GUILD1 ! /REET1 ! P>I% OR ! T[N1 CONVOK$ TO A G5]AL MEET+1 PRON\NCE ! S5T5CE4 ,BESIDES1 ,>BITRATION 9 ALL ! /AGES BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS1 BETWE5 GUILDS1 BETWE5 P>I%ES & CITIES TAKES A V]Y L>GE EXT5SION4 

,BUT ! ORGANIZATION LA/S ONLY A FEW C5TURIES4 ,*RI/IANITY & A REVIVAL ( ! /UDY ( ,ROMAN LAW F9D !IR WAY 9TO ! IDEAS ( ! PEOPLE AT L>GE4 ,! PRIE/ H>PS 9CESSANTLY UPON ! ANG] & WRA? ( ,GOD4 ,HIS FAVORITE >GUM5T@&_?#a#e#a2/ILL ! SAME 9 \R DAY@&_?#a#e#a2IS ?AT ET]NAL PUNI%M5T WILL BE 9FLICT$ = TRESPASS AGA9/ ! LAW ( ! ,*UR*2 APPLY+ ! WORDS ( ! ,SCRIPTURE CONC]N+ ?OSE POSSESS$ BY EVIL SPIRITS1 ! ,*UR* DISC]NS A DEMON 9 EV]Y WRONGDO]2 %E 9V5TS ALL SORTS ( TORTURES TO DRIVE ! DEMON FROM ! BODY1 & !N BURNS HIM ?AT HE MAY NOT RELAPSE4 ,FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 ,PRIE/ & ,LORD ACT TOGE!R2 ! PRIE/ IS (T5 HIMSELF A ,LORD2 ! ,POPE IS A ,K+2 !RE=E ! ONE :O HAS BROK5 ! LAW ( CIVIL SOCIETY IS BY & BY TREAT$ AS ! ONE :O HAS TRESPASS$ AGA9/ ! ,*UR*4 ,! CL]ICAL & ! CIVIL P[]S GO H& 9 H&1 ! CL]ICAL ONLY SLI<TLY AHEAD1 !IR LAWS & REF9$ TORTURES 9CREAS+ /EADILY 9 F]OCITY4 ,! ,POPE1 HIMSELF SUPREME UMPIRE1 GA!RS R\ND HIMSELF LAWY]S1 EXP]TS 9 ,ROMAN & FEUDAL LAWS4 ,COMMON S5SE1 KN[L$GE ( USAGE & CU/OMS1 /UDY ( HUMAN NATURE1 >E LEFT MORE & MORE 9 ! BACKGR\ND2 !Y >E SAID TO FO/] BAD PASSIONS1 TO BE AN 9V5TION ( ! DEVIL4 @&_?#a#d#g2,PREC$5T@&_?#a#d#h2 RANKS AS LAW1 &1 ! OLD] A JUDGM5T IS1 ! MORE IMPORTANT1 ! MORE RESPECTABLE IT APPE>S TO BE4 @&_?#a#d#g2,PREC$5TS@&_?#a#d#h2 >E !RE=E S\<T = FROM IMP]IAL ,ROME & FROM ,HEBREW JUDGES4 

,>BITRATION DISAPPE>S1 SL[LY BE=E ! RIS+ P[] ( ! BI%OP1 ! LORD1 ! K+1 ! POPE4 ,AS ! ALLIANCE ( RELIGI\S & CIVIL P[]S BECOMES CLOS]1 AMICABLE SETTLEM5TS ( DISPUTES >E =BIDD52 COMP5SATION TO ! WRONG$ P>TY BECOMES A ?+ ( ! PA/2 -- V5GEANCE 9 ! NAME ( A ,*RI/IAN ,GOD OR ( ! ,ROMAN ,/ATE BE+ ! MA9 PO9T4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ATROCI\S *>ACT] ( ! P5ALTIES 9FLICT$ IS SU* ?AT IT IS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO READ ! DESCRIPTION ( ! JUDICIAL SC5ES ( ?AT P]IOD4 

,! FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS ( ,JU/ICE1 ESS5TIAL TO EV]Y SOCIETY1 HAVE ?US TOTALLY *ANG$ BETWE5 ! #a#a? & #a#f? C5TURIES4 ,9 \R >TICLE ON ,! ,/ATE & ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE WE HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO EXPLA9 H[ ! ,/ATE TOOK POSSESSION ( ! FREE CITIES2 LET IT BE SUFFICI5T = \R PRES5T PURPOSE TO REM>K ?AT1 :5 ! EVOLUTION TOOK PLACE :I* BR\<T ! CITIES UND] ! SWAY ( ! ,/ATE1 ! COMMUNITIES HAD ALREADY =SAK51 EV5 9 IDEAL1 ! PR9CIPLES ( >BITRATION & COMP5SATION :I* W]E ! ESS5CE ( POPUL> JU/ICE 9 ! #a#a? C5TURY4 ,:5 ! ,/ATE LAID ITS H& UPON ! CITIES ! OLD CONCEPTION HAD 5TIRELY GONE4 ,*RI/IANITY & ,ROMAN LAW HAD ALREADY MADE ,/ATES \T ( FREE CITIES4 ,! NEXT /EP WAS SIMPLY ?IS1 ?AT ! ,/ATE E/ABLI%$ ITS EMPIRE UPON ! N[ 5SLAV$ CITIES4 

,C]TA9LY1 IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ TO /UDY H[ ECONOMIC *ANGES HAPP5+ DUR+ ?AT L5G? ( TIME 7FIVE C5TURIES71 H[ DI/ANT COMM]CE1 EXPORTATION1 CREATION ( BANKS & ( COMM]CIAL LOANS1 H[ W>S1 COLONIZATION1 & CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION TAKE ! PLACE ( COMMUNAL PRODUCTION1 CONSUMPTION & COMM]CE@&_?#a#e#a2TO /UDY H[ ALL !SE FACTORS 9FLU5C$ ! LEAD+ IDEAS DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD & HELP$ TO ?AT *ANGE 9 ! CONCEPTION ( ,JU/ICE4 ,SOME SPL5DID RESE>*ES >E H]E & !RE TO BE F\ND 9 ! WORKS ( ! HI/ORIANS ( ! FREE CITIES4 ,A FEW ORIG9AL RESE>*ES UPON ! 9FLU5CE ( ,*RI/IAN & ,ROMAN IDEAS ALSO EXI/ 7?\< SU* /UDIES >E ( A MU* MORE DIFFICULT NATURE & ALWAYS HET]ODOX74 ,BUT IT W\LD BE WRONG TO TRACE EV]Y?+ BACK TO ECONOMICS2 IT W\LD BE JU/ ! SAME SORT ( MI/AKE AS IF1 /UDY+ BOTANY1 WE %\LD SAY ?AT ! AM\NT ( HEAT RECEIV$ BY A PLANT DET]M9$ ITS LIFE & GR[?1 =GETT+ HUMIDITY1 LI<T & O!R IMPORTANT FACTORS4 

,SECTION #b 

,?IS HI/ORICAL RESUME1 %ORT AS IT IS1 %[S NEV]!LESS H[ ! ,/ATE & ! EVOLUTION ( ,V5GEANCE1 CALL$ ,JU/ICE1 >E RELAT$ 9/ITUTIONS@&_?#a#e#a2D]IV$ FROM ONE ANO!R1 SUPPORT+ ONE ANO!R1 BE+ HI/ORICALLY ONE4 

,BUT A MOM5T ( QUIET ?\<T IS SUFFICI5T TO UND]/& H[ BO? 9/ITUTIONS HOLD LOGICALLY TOGE!R1 H[ BO? HAVE A COMMON ORIG9 9 ! SAME IDEA3 ,AU?ORITY LOOK+ AFT] ! SECURITY ( SOCIETY & EX]CIS+ V5GEANCE UPON ?OSE :O BREAK E/ABLI%$ RULES OR LAWS4 ,IF Y\ ADMIT ! EXI/5CE ( JUDGES1 AS SPECIALLY SELECT$ MEMB]S ( SOCIETY 5TRU/$ ) ! C>E ( APPLY+ CODIFI$ TRADITIONS1 IT DOES NOT MATT] BY :OM *OS5 OR ELECT$1 -- Y\ HAVE AN EMBRYO ( ,/ATE R\ND :I* O!R P[]S ?AT MAY BE WILL GA!R4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF Y\ ADMIT ! C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE CALL$ ,/ATE1 ONE ( ITS FUNCTIONS WILL BE TO ADM9I/] JU/ICE4 ,H5CE ! JUDGES4 

,BUT CAN WE NOT HAVE JUDGES ELECT$ BY ! PEOPLE8 ,LET US SEE :]E IT LEADS US TO4 ,FIR/ IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT ! IDEA ( LAWS DIRECTLY MADE BY ! PEOPLE HAS NEV] BE5 S]I\SLY 5T]TA9$2 !IR DRAFT+ MU/ ALWAYS BE LEFT TO SOME MORE 5LI<T5$ MAN 7H]O1 ,UB]M5S* .<0SUP]MAN0.>74 ,!N1 BESIDES ! JUDGE & ! LAWMAK] 7LEGISLATOR71 O!R M5 WILL BE NE$$ TO EXPLA9 SU* LAWS1 TO 9T]PRET OLD] ONES1 TO /UDY !IR CONNECTIONS & LEAD+ IDEAS3 LAW UNIV]SITIES ) /AFF ( TEA*]S & /UD5TS1 ACT+ LIKE A DRAG ON SOCIETY ) ALL ! WEI<T ( !IR 9H]IT$ TRADITIONS & !IR HAIRSPLITT+ AB\T ! LETT] ( ! LAW4 ,BUT ?AT IS NO?+ COMP>$ ) ! AUXILI>IES NE$$ BY ! JUDGE3 ON ONE SIDE ! G5D>ME1 ! POLICE1 ! PRO/ITUTE1 ! SPY1 ! AG5T PROVOCATEUR2 ON ! O!R1 ! JAIL]1 ! EXECUTION] & ALL ! SEQUEL ( TURPITUDE :I* NECESS>ILY ACCOMPANIES !M4 ,F9ALLY1 Y\ MU/ SUPPLY SOME SUP]VIS+ BODY TO KEEP ALL ?AT >MY ( FUNCTION>IES GO+4 ,Y\ MU/ NOT =GET TO PROVIDE MONEY = !IR MA9T5ANCE & SO ON4 ,9 %ORT1 !RE IS NOT ONE FUNCTION ( ! ,/ATE TODAY :OSE S]VICES CAN BE DISP5S$ ) IF WE WANT TO KEEP ! JUDGE@&_?#a#e#a2BE HE ELECT$ BY ! PEOPLE OR NOT4 

,BUT :AT AB\T ! ,CODE8 ,! ,CODE1 ALL CODES1 REPRES5TS A GA!R+ ( TRADITIONS1 ( =MULAS BORR[$ FROM OLD CONCEPTIONS ABSOLUTELY REPUGNANT TO ALL ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS ( TODAY2 SURVIVALS ( \R SLAVI% PA/1 SLAVI% 9 ACTION1 SLAVI% 9 SPEE*1 SLAVI% 9 ?\<T4 ,IT IS ( NO CONSEQU5CE ?AT SOME ( ! LEAD+ MORAL IDEAS MAY BE 9 ACCORDANCE ) \R [N2 ! MOM5T A PUNI%M5T IS DECRE$ = ! NON-FULFILLM5T ( A GOOD ACTION WE WILL HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) IT4 ,A ,CODE IS ! PA/ /]EOTYP$ & PUT ACROSS ! PA? ( HUMAN PROGRESS4 

,EV]Y LEGAL PUNI%M5T IS LEGALIZ$ V5GEANCE1 V5GEANCE MADE OBLIGATORY1 & WE MU/ ASK \RSELVES :AT IS ! USE ( V5GEANCE8 ,DOES IT HELP MA9TA9 SOCIAL CU/OMS8 ,DOES IT EV] PREV5T ! SMALL M9ORITIES ( BREAK]S ( GOOD CU/OMS FROM DO+ SO8 ,NEV]4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO PROCLAIM ! DUTIES ( V5GEANCE IS SIMPLY HELP+ ! EXI/5CE ( ANTI-SOCIAL CU/OMS4 ,?9K ( ! AM\NT ( FIL?Y P]V]SITY ?R[N 9TO SOCIETY BY ! POLICE 9/ITUTION1 F> MORE DANG]\S TO SOCIETY ?AN ANY ACT COMMITT$ BY CRIM9ALS4 ,?9K ( ! @&_?#a#d#g2WELL-9T5TION$ LIES@&_?#a#d#h2 ( MAGI/RATES MEANT TO GET ! TRU? \T ( ! CRIM9ALS4 ,?9K ( ALL ?AT HAPP5S R\ND US & Y\ WILL UND]/& :Y ,AN>*I/S HAVE NO HESITATION 9 DECL>+ ?AT ,PUNI%M5T IS WORSE ?AN ,CRIME4 ,& EV]Y ONE /UDY+ ?OSE QUE/IONS & GO+ TO ! ROOT WILL COME TO ! SAME CONCLUSION1 & WILL TRY TO F9D SOME O!R MEANS ( PROTECTION SOCIETY AGA9/ ! EVIL-DO]S4 

,EV]YONE WILL SEE ?AT >BITRATION1 >BIT]S BE+ *OS5 BY ! CONT5D+ P>TIES1 WILL BE SUFFICI5T 9 ! V]Y GREAT MAJORITY ( CASES TO QUELL >IS+ DISPUTES4 ,EV]YONE WILL ADMIT ?AT ! POLICY ( NON9T]F]5CE N[ SO GREATLY FAVOR$ IS A BAD HABIT ACQUIR$ S9CE ! ,/ATE F\ND IT CONV5I5T TO ASSUME ! DUTY ( KEEP+ ORD]4 ,ACTIVE 9T]V5TION ( FRI5DS1 NEI<BORS1 PASS]SBY W\LD PREV5T A L>GE PROPORTION ( CONFLICTS4 ,LET IT BE EV]YBODY@&_?#a#d#f2S DUTY TO ASSI/ ! WEAK1 ! 9T]F]E BETWE5 FI<T+ PEOPLE1 & POLICE WILL NOT BE REQUIR$ AT ALL4 

,! /UD5T CANNOT HELP BE+ /RUCK BY ! FACT ?AT = A C\PLE ( C5TURIES !RE HAS BE5 A P>ALLEL DEVELOPM5T GO+ ON3 ON ONE SIDE LEGAL PUNI%M5T & V5GEANCE HAVE BE5 LESS & LESS BLOODY1 NOT TO SAY MILD]1 TORTURE HAS BE5 ABOLI%$1 P5ALTY ( DEA? HAS BE5 LIMIT$ TO FEW] CASES & 9 SOME C\NTRIES TOTALLY ABOLI%$2 ON ! O!R H& ANTI-SOCIAL ACTS HAVE DIM9I%$4 ,!RE IS F> GREAT] SECURITY 9 \R EV]YDAY LIFE ?AN 9 ?AT ( \R =EFA!RS4 ,MANY FACTORS HAVE HELP$ T[>DS S(T5+ ( MANN]S1 BUT S(T5+ ( PUNI%M5T IS C]TA9LY ONE ( !M4 ,%\LD WE NOT CONT9UE 9 ! SAME L9E2 OR %\LD WE SUPPOSE ?AT A ,SOCIALI/ OR ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY W\LD BE 9F]IOR 9 ?AT RESPECT OR A CAPITALI/IC GOV]NM5T8 

,WE CAN DO )\T JUDGES 9 SOCIETY1 AS WELL AS WE CAN DO )\T BOSSES 9 PRODUCTION4 

,SECTION #c3 ,CONCLUSIONS4 

,SO-CALL$ ,JU/ICE IS A SURVIVAL FROM A PA/ S]FDOM BAS$1 = ! 9T]E/ ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 ON ! ,ROMAN LAW & ON ! IDEAS ( DIV9E ,V5GEANCE4 

,9 ! HI/ORY ( SOCIETY1 ORGANIZATION ( ,V5GEANCE UND] ! NAME ( ,JU/ICE IS COT]M9\S ) ! ,/ATE2 !Y IMPLY ONE ANO!R2 !Y W]E BORN TOGE!R1 FL\RI%$ TOGE!R & >E DOOM$ TO P]I% TOGE!R4 

,COM+ FROM AN AGE ( S]FDOM IT HELPS TO MA9TA9 S]FDOM 9 PRES5T SOCIETY2 ?R\< ITS POLICE1 PRISONS & ! LIKE1 IT IS AN OP5 SORE1 ?R[+ \T A CON/ANT /REAM ( PURUL5CE 9TO SOCIETY1 A F> GREAT] EVIL ?AN ! ONE IT IS SUPPOS$ TO FI<T AGA9/4 

,ANY SOCIETY F\ND$ ON BETT] ECONOMICS ?AN \RS WILL C]TA9LY COME ALSO TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT IT IS UNWISE TO KEEP ANY PUNITIVE 9/ITUTION4 

,! WAY ( DO+ )\T IT WILL BE F\ND 9 VOLUNT>Y >BITRATION1 9 GREAT] EFFECTUAL SOLID>ITY1 9 ! P[]FUL $UCATIVE MEANS :I* A SOCIETY WILL HAVE ?AT DOES NOT LEAVE TO ! POLICEMAN ! C>E ( ITS PUBLIC MORALITY4 

7,S\RCE3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 ,LONDON47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#a1 #bag 3 ,ORGANIZ$ ,V5GEANCE ,CALL$ 0,JU/ICE0 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a1 #bbb 3 ,ORGANIZ$ ,V5GEANCE ,CALL$ 0,JU/ICE0 -- ,UPDAT$4 

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