,*APT] #g ,HUMAN ,ECOLOGY #aifbaifb ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,TEXT 3 ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,*,A,P,T,] ,S,E,V,53 ,H,U,M,A,N ,E,C,O,L,O,G,Y ,SURVIVAL & ,HEAL? ,DESPITE M\NT+ PROBLEMS & DIFFICULTIES1 MO/ (FICIAL /ATEM5TS ON 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE T5D TO BE REASSUR+ & OPTIMI/IC4 ,WE >E TOLD REPEAT$LY1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ! AM\NT ( /RONTIUM-#i 9 A QU>T ( MILK OR ! QUANTITY ( ,D,D,T 9 A FRUIT IS 0TRIVIAL02 ?AT 9 ORD] TO +E/ H>MFUL DOSES ( A RADIOACTIVE ELEM5T OR A PE/ICIDE RESIDUE1 AN 9DIVIDUAL W\LD HAVE TO CONSUME 5ORM\S QUANTITIES ( A CONTAM9AT$ FOOD AT A S+LE SITT+4 ,!SE PIECEMEAL EXPLANATIONS >E LITTLE MORE ?AN SUBT]FUGES4 ,MANY TOXICANTS APPE> 9 ALL ! FRUITS & VEGETABLES WE CONSUME2 9 FACT1 /RONTIUM-#i & ,D,D,T >E 9 ALMO/ EV]Y FOOD 9 ! MOD]N DIET4 ,WE +E/ !SE SUB/ANCES DAILY ) NE>LY EV]Y GLASS & SPOON WE RAISE TO \R LIPS4 ,!Y APPE> 9 ! AIR WE BREA! & ! WAT] WE DR9K4 ,S9CE ! #a#i#dS1 /RONTIUM-#i & ,D,D,T HAVE BECOME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( MAN'S 5VIRONM5T2 ! TOXICANTS >E ALMO/ AS WIDESPREAD AS BACT]IA & DU/ P>TICLES4 ,AN OV]ALL VIEW ( \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T1 EV5 IF CURSORY & SUP]FICIAL1 REVEALS A PICTURE WORSE ?AN ?AT DISCLOS$ BY ! MO/ EXHAU/IVE SPECIALIZ$ 9VE/IGATIONS4 ,FOODS >E SPRAY$ NOT ONLY ) ,D,D,T BUT ) A L>GE ASSORTM5T ( 9ORGANIC & ORGANIC 9SECTICIDES2 !Y CONTA9 NOT ONLY /RONTIUM-#i BUT ADDITIONAL RADIOISOTOPES CREAT$ BY MAN4 ,A L>GE P>T ( ! MOD]N DIET CONSI/S ( HITIFICIAL MAT]IALS HAVE BE5 ADD$4 ,AL?\< ! AV]AGE MAN IS 5GAG+ 9 LESS & LESS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY1 HIS 9TAKE ( C>BOHYDRATES & FATS IS V]Y HI<4 ,! GR[? ( URBAN C5T]S HAS BE5 ACCOMPANI$ BY 9CREAS+ AIR & WAT] POLLUTION4 ,! ANXIETIES & T5SIONS ( MOD]N LIFE PROMOTE ! CONSUMPTION ( CIG>ETTES1 DRUGS & ANALGESICS4 ,MOD]N MAN +E/A & APPALL+ V>IETY ( TOXIC MAT]IALS EV]Y DAY1 MANY ( :I* >E ADDITIVE OR 9T]ACT 9 ! BODY TO PRODUCE A SYN]GI/IC EFFECT4 7,TWO WIDELY US$ ORGANOPHOSPHORUS 9SECTICIDES1 ,E,P,N & MALA?ION1 = EXAMPLE1 >E KN[N SYN]GI/S2 EA* IS TOXIC :5 +E/$ S+LY1 BUT :5 !Y >E TAK5 TOGE!R1 ,E,P,N 9HIBITS ! HYDROLYZ+ 5ZYME ?AT DETOXIFIES MALA?ION1 ?US PRODUC+ A TOXIC EFFECT ?AT IS MORE ?AN ADDITIVE4 ,IONIZ+ RADIATION1 TO CITE ANO!R EXAMPLE1 IS NOT ONLY C>C9OG5OG5IC 9 ITS [N RIC9OG5S 9 TOBACCO SMOKE4 ,AS ,JOHN ,W4 ,B]G1 ASSOCIATE $ITOR ( ,CANC]1 NOTES30444:AT WE GA9 ) CIG>ETTE FILT]S WE PROBABLE LOSE TO FALL\T FROM ATOMIC EXPLOSIONS407 ,! 9ITIAL DAMAGE CREAT$ BY !SE TOXICANTS IS LIKELY TO BE DISREG>D$1 P>TLY BECAUSE ! MORE IMM$IATE SYMPTOMS ( L[-LEVEL1 *RONIC POISON+1 SU* AS P]SI/5T FATIGUE & CONT9UAL S5SE ( ILL-BE+1 >E SO COMMON ?AT !Y >E NO LONG] TAK5 S]I\SLY4 ,H[ DOES ?IS CONCLUSION COMP>E ) EVID5CE ?AT HUMAN LONGEVITY HAS BE5 9CREAS+8 ,ACTUALLY1 ! CLAIM ?AT MAN IS LIV+ LONG] TODAY ?AN HE DID A HALF C5TURY AGO REQUIRES QUALIFICATION4 0,IT IS IMPORTANT TO REALIZE ?AT MO/ ( ! GA9S 9 LONGEVITY HAVE COME AB\T ?R\< PREV5TION ( MORTALITY AT Y\NG AGES10 OBS]VES ,JAMES ,M4 ,HUNDLEY1 ( ! ,NATIONAL ,9/ITUTE ( ,HEAL?4 0,GREAT PROGRESS HAS BE5 MADE 9 ?IS SECTOR4 ,RELATIVELY LITTLE HAS BE5 GA9$ 9 OLD] AGE GR\PS40 ,S9CE #ai AB\T #ai YE>S HAVE BE5 ADD$ TO ! LIFE EXPECTANCY ( NEWLY BORN :ITE MALE *ILDR54 ,A :ITE MALE BORN AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY HAD A LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIR? ( #d#h4#b YE>S2 BY #a#i#e#h1 NEWLY BORN :ITE MALES HAD A LIFE EXPECTANCY ( #f#g4#b YE>S4 ,BUT ! GA9 DIM9I%ES %>PLY AFT] ! SECOND DECADE ( LIFE & VIRTUALLY DISAPPE>S AFT] ! SIX?4 ,A MAN :O IS #b YE>S ( AGE CAN EXPECT TO LIVE #g4#h YE>S LONG] ?AN HIS C\NT]P>T 9 #a#i2 A MAN ( #de YE>S ( AGE1 ONLY #b4#i YE>S2 A MAN #fe YE>S ( AGE1 M]ELY #a4#b YE>S4 ,A *ILD TODAY HAS A BETT] *ANCE ( REA*+ ! AGE ( #d1 BUT AFT] ?AT HIS LIFE EXPECTANCY IS NOT APPRECIABLY GREAT] ?AN :AT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 ,MOREOV]1 IT %\LD NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT 9 #ai MILLIONS ( ,AM]ICANS LIV$ 9 AN 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* SURVIVAL WAS ALMO/ MIRACUL\S BY PRES5T-DAY /&>DS4 ,! MAJORITY ( URBAN DWELL]S LIV$ 9 SLUMS ) A M9IMUM ( SANITATION & M$ICAL C>E4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( *ILDR5 WORK$ 9 FACTORIES4 ,!IR P>5TS W]E %ACKL$ TO A GRIM 9DU/RIAL R\T9E = T5 OR TWELVE H\RS A DAY 9 PAT5TLY UNHEAL?FUL SURR\ND+S4 ,ALMO/ ANY IMPROVEM5T 9 SOCIAL CONDITIONS OR M$ICAL TE*NIQUES W\LD HAVE RESCU$ L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE FROM PREMATURE DEA? & ADD$ SUB/ANTIALLY TO !IR LIFE SPAN4 ,TODAY1 SANITATION1 H\S+1 WORK+ CONDITIONS1 & 9COME HAVE BE5 IMPROV$ GREATLY1 :ILE M$IC9E & SCAL$ UNDREAM$-( HEIY M$ICAL ADVANCES & GREAT IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 TODAY'S ADULT MI5TS HAD4 ,?IS IS A REM>KABLE 9DICATION ( FAILURE4 ,IT SUGGE/S ?AT MOD]N MAN W\LD F9D IT V]Y DIFFICULT TO SURVIVE \TSIDE A M$ICAL & PH>MACEUTICAL HO?\SE4 ,:AT DOES LIFE 9 A M$ICAL & PH>MACEUTICAL HOT H\SE 5TAIL8 ,! ANSW]1 9 COLD /ATI/ICS1 IS %OCK+4 ,NE>LY #da P]C5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE HAVE SOME =M ( *RONIC ILLNESS4 70,AB\T #d4#i P]C5T ( P]SONS LIV+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W]E REPORT$ TO HAVE ONE OR MORE *RONIC CONDITIONS10 REPORTS ! ,U4 ,S4 ,PUBLIC ,HEAL? ,S]VICE4 0,:ILE SOME ( !SE CONDITIONS W]E RELATIVELY M9OR1 O!RS W]E S]I\S CONDITIONS SU* AS HE>T DISEASE1 DIABETES1 OR M5TAL ILLNESS40 ,T5 P]C5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN POPULATION >E =C$ TO LIMIT !IR ACTIVITY BECAUSE ( *RONIC CONDITIONS47,MANY ( !SE 9DIVIDUALS >E CONF9$ TO :EEL *AIRS1 NURS+ HOMES1 & HOSPITAL B$S1 FAC$ ) LIFELONG PA9 & 9ACTIVITY4 ,! /ATI/ICS 9CLUDE NUM]\S VICTIMS ( HE>T DISEASE1 :OSE EXI/5CE IS M>R$ BY CONT9UAL APPREH5SION & FE>4 ,!Y 9CLUDE HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( CANC] VICTIMS1 A L>GE P]C5TAGE ALL BUT DEP>T$ FROM ! PALE ( ! LIV+4 ,WORSE /ILL1 H[EV]1 ! LIKELIHOOD EXI/S ?AT ! HO?\SE WILL BEG9 TO FALL AP>T AS ! PACE ( *EMICALIZATION1 URBANIZATION1 & POLLUTION IS 9CREAS$4 ,WE HAVE YET TO FEEL ! FULL BURD5 ( DISEASE SL[LY BE+ CREAT$ BY NUCLE> WEAPONS TE/S1 MOTORC> EXHAU/S1 & ! NEW] *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 \R FOOD4 ,WE >E EX*ANG+ HEAL? = M]E SURVIVAL4 ,WE HAVE BEGUN TO MEASURE MAN'S BIOLOGICAL A*IEVEM5TS1 NOT 9 T]MS ( HIS ABILITY TO LIVE A VIGOR\S1 PHYSICALLY UNTR\BL$ LIFE1 BUT 9 T]MS ( HIS ABILITY TO PRES]VE HIS M]E EXI/5CE 9 AN 9CREAS+LY DI/ORT$ 5VIRONM5T4 ,TODAY1 SURVIVAL (T5 5TAILS ILL HEAL? & RAPID PHYSICAL DEG5]ATION4 ,WE >E PREP>$ TO ACCEPT ! FACT ?AT A RELATIVELY Y\NG 9DIVIDUAL WILL SUFF] FROM FREQU5T HEADA*ES & DIGE/IVE DI/URBANCES1 CONT9UAL N]V\S T5SION1 9SOMNIA1 A P]SI/5T 0CIG>ETTE C\<10 A M\?FUL ( DECAY+ TEE?1 & RESPIRATORY AILM5TS EV]Y W9T]4 ,WE EXPECT HIS PHYSIQUE TO ACQUIRE ! ROTUNDITY ( A B>REL %ORTLY AFT] ! ONSET ( MIDDLE AGE2 WE F9D NO?+ EXTRAORD9>Y 9 ! FACT ?AT HE IS 9CAPABLE ( RUNN+ MORE ?AN A FEW Y>DS )\T SUFF]+ LOSS ( BREA? OR WALK+ A FEW MILES )\T SUFF]+ EXHAU/ION4 ,:AT1 !N1 IS HEAL?8 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 HEAL? MU/ BE REG>D$ AS ! ABS5CE ( ALL ! P]SI/5T PA9S1 A*ES1 T5SIONS1 & PHYSICAL DI/URBANCES N[ ACCEPT$ AS A 0NORMAL0 P>T ( LIFE4 ,A HEAL?Y BODY IS NOT A BURD52 IT DOES NOT PROVOKE AN IRRITAT+ AW>5ESS ( ITS PRES5CE )\T REASON4 ,:5 WE >E 9 GOOD HEAL?1 WE S5SE ?AT \R BODIES >E COMPLETELY AT \R COMM&1 ?AT !Y >E 9 ! S]VICE ( \R PURPOSES & DESIRES4 ,NORMALLY ! 0S\ND BODY LIVES 9 SIL5CE10 OBS]VES ,ALEXIS ,C>REL4 0,WE DO NOT HE>1 WE DO NOT FEEL1 ITS WORK+4 ,! RHY?MS ( \R EXI/5CE >E EXPRESS$ BY C5ES!SIC IMPRESSIONS :I*1 LIKE ! S(T :IRR+ ( A SIXTE5-CYL9D] MOTOR1 FILL ! DEP?S ( \R CONSCI\SNESS :5 WE >E 9 SIL5CE & M$ITATION4 ,! H>MONY ( ORGANIC FUNCTIONS GIVES US A FEEL+ ( PEACE40 ,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 A M9IMUM DEF9ITION ( HEAL? - A DEF9ITION ?AT MIREL ADDS1 MANY PEOPLE1 0AL?\< !Y >E NOT ILL1 >E NOT 9 GOOD HEAL?4 ,P]HAPS ! QUALITY ( SOME ( !IR TISSUES IS DEFECTIVE4 ,! SECRETIONS ( SU* GL&1 OR SU* MUCOSA1 MAY BE 9SUFFICI5T OR TOO ABUNDANT4 ,! EXCITABILITY ( !IR N]V\S SY/EM1 EXAGG]AT$4 ,!IR ORGANIC FUNCTIONS1 NOT EXACTLY CORRELAT$ 9 SPACE OR 9 TIME4 ,OR !IR TISSUES1 NOT AS CAPABLE ( RESI/+ 9FECTIONS AS !Y %\LD BE40 ,C>REL IS OBVI\SLY CONC]N$ ) COMPLEX1 9T]ACT+ BIO*EMICAL FACTORS ?AT >E (T5 DIFFICULT TO P9PO9T & MEASURE 9 ! LABORATORY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 MANY 9DIVIDUALS :OSE RESPONSE TO CONV5TIONAL DIAGNO/IC TE/S 9DICATES ?AT !Y >E 0NORMAL0 & H5CE 0HEAL?Y0 UND\BT$LY LACK ! 5]GY1 RECUP]ATIVE P[]S1 & 0H>MONY ( ORGANIC FUNCTIONS0 REQUIR$ = ! FULL 5JOYM5T ( LIFE4 ,AL?\< !SE 9DIVIDUALS >E CONSID]$ 0HEAL?Y0 BY CURR5T M$ICAL /&>DS1 !Y >E NOT GETT+ :AT !Y %\LD \T ( LIFE4 ,9 MANY CASES1 !Y CAN BE EXPECT$ TO SUCCUMB PREMATURELY TO *RONIC DISEASES4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO =MULATE A COMPLETE DEF9ITION ( HEAL? 9 G5]AL T]MS4 ,TODAY1 0GL[+ HEAL?10 TO USE AN OLD PHRASE1 IS V]Y UNCOMMON AMONG ADULTS4 ,AS A RESULT1 WE >E USUALLY CON/RA9$ TO ?9K ( IT NOT AS ! ATTRIBUTE ( A POPULATION BUT RA!R AS ?AT ( A FEW 9DIVIDUALS4 ,WE HAVE NOT YET DET]M9$ ! POT5TIALITIES ( PHYSICAL DEVELOPM5T = ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S & PHYSICIANS HAVE EXPLOR$ ! RELICS ( ! PA/ & TRAVEL$ TO REMOTE PRIMITIVE >EAS 9 AN ATTEMPT TO F9D EVID5CE ( ROBU/1 HEAL?Y COMMUNITIES4 ,!SE EXPLORATIONS HAVE YIELD$ A GREAT DEAL ( USEFUL 9=MATION1 BUT V]Y FEW ( ! REPORTS GIVE US AN ADEQUATE IDEA ( :AT HEAL? C\LD BE IF SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY W]E PLAC$ COMPLETELY 9 ! S]VICE ( HUMAN NE$S4 ,MAN IS CAPABLE ( BE+ A GREAT DEAL MORE ?AN HE IS TODAY - PHYSICALLY AS WELL AS 9TELLECTUALLY - IF HIS RES\RCES >E EMPLOY$ 9 A RATIONAL MANN]4 ,! T]M 0RATIONAL0 %\LD NOT BE TAK5 TO MEAN NATURAL OR PRIMITIVE4 ,MAN C\LD NOT HAVE ADVANC$ BEYOND A LEVEL ( PREC>I\S SUBSI/5CE IF HE HAD NOT CONSCI\SLY ALT]$ HIS NATURAL 5VIRONM5T & HAMM]$ IT 9TO A =M ?AT FAVOR$ HUMAN LIFE4 ,! *ANGE WAS MADE AT ! EXP5SE ( O!R SPECIES &1 TO SOME EXT5T1 BY VIOLAT+ TIME-HONOR$ ECOLOGICAL RELATION%IPS4 ,CIVILIZATION WAS A*IEV$ BY CLE>+ =E/S1 DRA9+ SWAMPS1 RE/RICT+ ANIMAL PR$ATORS1 REPLAC+ MANY WILD BOTANICAL SPECIES ) FOOD PLANTS1 F]TILIZ+ ! SOIL1 CULTIVAT+ CROPS1 PROB+ ! E>? = FUELS & METALS - 9 %ORT1 BY RE>RANG+ ! NATURAL WORLD TO SATISFY HUMAN NE$S = FOOD1 %ELT]1 & LEISURE4 ,MOD]N MAN N[ HAS ! P[]1 KN[L$GE1 & RES\RCES TO DO SUB/ANTIALLY BETT] ?AN BO? HIS ANCE/ORS & HIS PRIMITIVE CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,HIS TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE HAVE GIV5 HIM AN 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE OV] MANY NATURAL =CES4 ,*EMI/RY HAS ILLUM9AT$ P>T ( ! D>KNESS ?AT ONCE SURR\ND$ IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( SOIL DEVELOPM5T1 NUTRITION1 & PHYSIOLOGY4 ,9 CONJUNCTION ) RESE>* 9 MICROBIOLOGY & PHYSIOLOGY1 IT HAS GIV5 SOCIETY P[]FUL !RAPEUTIC AG5TS1 SU* AS ANTIBIOTICS & HORMONES4 ,TE*NOLOGY CAN REMOVE MU* ( ! DRUDG]Y ?AT BURD5S HUMAN LIFE & LEAVE M5 FREE TO USE !IR BODIES & M9DS = HIE AS EFFECTIVE AS BIOLOGICAL RESI/ANCE TO DISEASE2 NO SY/EM ( TE*NOLOGY IS LIKELY TO FREE MAN FROM HIS DEP5D5CE ON SOIL1 PLANTS1 & ANIMALS4 ,! TWO SPH]ES1 NATURAL & SYN!TIC1 MU/ BE BR\Y RELATION%IP BAS$ ON A CLE> UND]/&+ ( MAN'S NE$S AS AN ANIMAL ORGANISM & ! EFFECTS ( HIS BEHAVIOR ON ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,A /UDY ( ! 9T]ACTION BETWE5 MAN & NATURE MAY BE CALL$ HUMAN ECOLOGY4 ,\R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T IS ! PRODUCT ( MAN'S 9T]ACTION ) ! NATURAL WORLD1 JU/ AS A DAM IS ! PRODUCT ( A BEAV]'S 9T]ACTION ) A /REAM & =E/4 ,! IMPOV]I%M5T & DE/RUCTION ( ! SOIL1 REPEAT$ 9SECT 9FE/ATIONS1 & ! RIS+ 9CID5CE ( C]TA9 DISEASES REPRES5T ! REACTION ( ! NATURAL WORLD TO MAN'S ADV]SE 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES4 ,TO BECOME :AT BIOLOGI/S T]M A 0DOM9ANT ORGANISM10 MAN IS COMPELL$ TO MAKE SWEEP+ DEM&S UPON NATURE1 BUT NATURE1 9 TURN1 MAKES DEM&S ?AT MAN MU/ FULFILL IF HE IS TO 5JOY HEAL? & WELL-BE+4 ,:E!R HE LIKES IT OR NOT1 !RE >E 0RULES ( ! GAME10 :I* MU/ BE OBEY$ IF AN 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE IS TO ADVANCE HUMAN VIGOR1 RESI/ANCE TO DISEASE1 & LONGEVITY4 ,:5 !SE RULES1 SIMPLE AS !Y MAY BE1 >E TRANSGRESS$1 NATURE TAKES ITS REV5GE 9 ! =M ( ILL HEAL? & DISEASE4 ,:5 !Y >E OBEY$1 MAN'S LIFE CAN BE FULL1 CREATIVE1 & REM>KABLY FREE ( PHYSICAL IMPAIRM5T4 ,ECOLOGY & ,HEAL? ,9 A WITTY REVIEW ( POPUL> ATTITUDES T[>D FOOD1 ,DAVID ,CORT REM>KS ?AT HE HAS 5C\NT]$ ABSURDLY CONFLICT+ DIET>Y RECOMM5DATIONS 9 BOOKS & >TICLES ON NUTRITION4 ,ONE AU?ORITY ADVISES HIS READ]S TO AVOID FAT2 ANO!R ADVISES ?AT IT %\LD BE EAT51 ON ! !ORY ?AT FAT IS ! LEA/ FATT5+ ( ALL FOODS4 ,POTATOES HAVE BE5 ALT]NATELY DAMN$ & PRAIS$2 MIX$ MEALS HAVE BE5 BO? FR[N$ UPON & APPROV$2 ! CONSUMPTION ( ALCOHOL1 CRITICIZ$ & RECOMM5D$4 0,! CRUELTY & IRRESPONSIBILITY ( (F]+ ONE S+LE1 /&>D DIET>Y SOLUTION = EV]YBODY IS OBVI\S10 ,CORT ADDS4 0,:AT A P]SON EATS IS1 9 MANY IMPORTANT RESPECTS1 HIS LIFE4 ,BUT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL IS DIFF]5T FROM EV]Y O!R 9DIVIDUAL4 ,NO DOCTR9AIRE SOLUTION WILL WORK = !M ALL4 ,EA* 9DIVIDUAL HAS CONDITION$ HABITS ( EAT+1 ( TA/E1 ( APPETITE1 ( EXP5DITURE ( 5]GY1 ( N]V\S RHY?MS &1 MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL1 ( METABOLISM4 ,FEW MOD]N DOCTORS HAVE ! 9T]E/1 TIME OR G5IUS TO F9D \T ALL AB\T ANY ONE 9DIVIDUAL2 & MANY >E !MSELVES OV]WEIKS >E CONF9$ TO NUTRITION1 !Y >E QUITE RELEVANT TO A NUMB] ( PROBLEMS 9 HUMAN ECOLOGY4 ,IT W\LD BE AN ]ROR TO =M RIGID CONCEPTS ( A NORMAL MAN1 A NORMAL DIET1 OR A NORMAL WAY ( LIFE4 ,ANY SU* IMAGE W\LD BE WOEFULLY LACK+ 9 BIO*EMICAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL SUPPORT4 ,! BIOLOGI/ & PHYSICIAN MU/ /ILL ADMIT1 AS ,C>REL DID NE>LY A QU>T] ( A C5TURY AGO1 ?AT 0MO/ ( ! QUE/IONS PUT TO !MSELVES BY ?OSE :O /UDY HUMAN BE+S REMA9 )\T ANSW]4 ,IMM5SE REGIONS ( \R 9N] WORLD >E /ILL UNKN[N40 ,IMPRESSIVE ADVANCES1 TO BE SURE1 HAVE BE5 MADE DUR+ ! PA/ TWO DECADES 9 SOLV+ MAJOR PROBLEMS ( CELLUL> BIO*EMI/RY1 5DOCR9OLOGY1 & PHYSIOLOGY4 ,KN[L$GE ( ! TRANS=MATION ( 5]GY 9 ! CELL IS V]Y F> ADVANC$1 = EXAMPLE1 & GREAT /RIDES HAVE BE5 MADE 9 UND]/&+ ! *EMI/RY ( ! G5ETIC MAT]IAL 9 ! CELL'S NUCLEUS4 ,DESPITE ?IS NEWLY ACQUIR$ KN[L$GE1 H[EV]1 NUTRITIONI/S HAVE AN EXTREMELY LIMIT$ UND]/&+ ( ! FUNCTION ( MANY TRACE ELEM5TS 9 ! BODY & ( ! WAY 9 :I* VITAM9S PREV5T DEFICI5CY DISEASES4 ,! NUTRITIONAL REQUIREM5TS ( ! V>I\S TISSUES1 ESS5TIAL DETAILS ( ! BLOOD-=M+ SY/EM1 ! ME*ANISMS ( RESI/ANCE TO DISEASE1 & MANY KEY RELATION%IPS )9 ! BODY AWAIT CLE>] UND]/&+4 ,! HUMAN ORGANISM IS EXTREMELY S5SITIVE TO V]Y SMALL QUANTITIES ( HORMONES & NUTRI5TS4 ,A V>IATION BY ONLY A FEW DROPS 9 ! DAILY \TPUT ( 9SUL91 A PANCREATIC HORMONE1 WILL DET]M9E :E!R AN 9DIVIDUAL WILL H&LE SUG> PROP]LY OR SUCCUMB TO DIABETES4 ,A DIFF]5CE ( A FEW ?\S&?S ( A GRAM 7MILLIGRAMS7 9 ! 9TAKE ( C]TA9 VITAM9S & TRACE ELEM5TS MAKES = EI!R WELL-BE+ OR NUTRITIONAL DISORD]S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,NATIONAL ,RESE>* ,C\NCIL1 A MAN TW5TY-FIVE YE>S ( AGE REQUIRES A DAILY 9TAKE ( #a4#f MILLIGRAMS ( ?IAM9E & RIB(LAV91 #g4#e MILLIGRAMS ( VITAM9 ,C1 & #ab MILLIGRAMS ( IRON TO PRES]VE GOOD HEAL?4 ,HIS M9IMUM DAILY REQUIREM5TS ( IOD9E & COPP] >E BELIEV$ TO BE AS LITTLE AS 4#a & 4#b MILLIGRAMS1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,IF ! DAILY 9TAKE ( !SE NUTRI5TS IS R$UC$ BY A FEW ?\S&?S ( A GRAM OR LESS = A LONG P]IOD ( TIME1 ! RESULT WILL BE A M>K$ IMPAIRM5T ( HEAL?4 ,DESPITE ! M9UTE QUANTITIES 9VOLV$1 DEFICI5CIES ( VITAM9S & M9]ALS OCCUR ON A FAIRLY L>GE SCALE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,IF ,A4 ,F4 ,MORGAN & ,L4 ,M4 ,ODL& >E CORRECT 9 !IR CLAIM ?AT A DRY1 R\<5$ SK9 & LESIONS ( ! EYES & M\? 0MAY BE CONSID]$ A USEFUL PO9T] TO POSSIBLE DIET>Y FAULTS10 AB\T #e P]C5T ( ! ADOLESC5TS EXAM9$ 9 ! AFFLU5T NOR!A/]N /ATES & #b P]C5T 9 ! WE/]N /ATES MAY HAVE NUTRITIONAL DISORD]S4 ,WE T5D TO LOOK UPON DISEASES AS ?\< !Y W]E LOCALIZ$ DI/URBANCES1 CONF9$ TO DEF9ITE P>TS ( ! BODY4 ,AL?\< IT IS CU/OM>Y TO ACKN[L$GE ! BODY'S UNITY 9 SICKNESS & 9 HEAL?1 ! :OLE IS (T5 OV]LOOK$ 9 FAVOR ( ! P>TS1 & VITAL 9T]RELATION%IPS >E IGNOR$ 9 FAVOR ( ISOLAT$ EV5TS4 ,ACTUALLY1 EV]Y MAJOR DEFICI5CY & PHYSICAL IMPAIRM5T HAS F>-REA*+ EFFECTS4 0,DISEASE CONSI/S ( A FUNCTIONAL & /RUCTURAL DISORD]10 ,C>REL NOTES4 0,ITS ASPECTS >E AS NUM]\S AS \R ORGANIC ACTIVITIES4 ,!RE >E DISEASES ( ! /OMA*1 ( ! HE>T1 ( ! N]V\S SY/EM1 ETC4 ,BUT 9 ILLNESS ! BODY PRES]VES ! SAME UNITY AS 9 HEAL?4 ,IT IS SICK AS A :OLE4 ,NO DI/URBANCE REMA9S /RICTLY CONF9$ TO A S+LE ORGAN4 ,PHYSICIANS HAVE BE5 L$ TO CONSID] EA* DISEASE AS A SPECIALTY BY ! OLD ANATOMICAL CONCEPTION ( ! HUMAN BE+4 ,ONLY ?OSE :O KN[ MAN BO? 9 HIS P>TS & 9 HIS 5TIRETY1 SIMULTANE\SLY UND] HIS ANATOMICAL1 PHYSIOLOGICAL1 & M5TAL ASPECTS1 >E CAPABLE ( UND]/&+ HIM :5 HE IS SICK40 ,A CLE> UND]/&+ ( ILLNESS & HEAL? REQUIRES A GREAT] APPRECIATION NOT ONLY ( MAN BUT ( M54 ,PHYSICAL NE$S & RESPONSES V>Y 5ORM\SLY FROM ONE 9DIVIDUAL TO ANO!R4 ,ROG] ,J4 ,WILLIAMS1 ONE ( ,AM]ICA'S MO/ EM95T BIO*EMI/S1 EMPHASIZES ?AT )9 ! SAME RACIAL GR\PS1 EV5 9 ! SAME FAMILIES1 M5 DIFF] FROM ONE ANO!R 9 ! %APE & WEIE ( MAJOR PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE4 ,9DIVIDUAL REQUIREM5TS ( CALCIUM1 TRACE ELEM5TS1 AM9O ACIDS1 & VITAM9S >E HIIABLE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 TWO NORMAL FIVE-YE>-OLD *ILDR5 :O ATE ! SAME FOOD & W]E EXPOS$ TO ! SAME 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS %[$ A GREAT V>IATION 9 ! AM\NT ( CALCIUM !Y RETA9$ FROM !IR DIETS4 ,ONE *ILD RETA9$ #bfd MILLIGRAMS ( CALCIUM P] DAY = #de DAYS1 :]EAS ! O!R RETA9$ #dfi MILLIGRAMS1 A DIFF]5CE ( NE>LY #h P]C5T4 ,A HI< DEGREE ( V>IABILITY IS ALSO F\ND 9 9DIVIDUAL RESPONSES TO COMMON 5VIRONM5TAL TOXICANTS4 ,WILLIAMS CITES AN ACC\NT ( #< M5 :O W]E EXPOS$ TO VAPORS ( C>BON TETRA*LORIDE1 ( :OM #ae SUFF]$ ACUTE POISON+4 ,SIX BECAME SUFFICI5TLY ILL TO REQUIRE HOSPITALIZATION4 0,ALL W]E :ITE M5 )9 #e TO #h YE>S ( ! SAME AGE & 9 G5]AL GOOD HEAL?444 10 OBS]VES ,FR$RI* ,H4 ,H>RIS1 ! S\RCE = ,WILLIAMS'S ACC\NT4 0,ALL #ae ( ! M5 POISON$ W]E EXPOS$ FROM #c TO #h H\RS2 H[EV]1 MANY ( ?OSE :O DEVELOP$ NO SYMPTOMS W]E EXPOS$ = A SIMIL> L5G? ( TIME OR LONG]40 ,! FACT ?AT MAN'S KN[L$GE ( IMPORTANT BODILY PROCESSES IS 9COMPLETE & ?AT MANY 9DIVIDUALS EXHIBIT M>K$ DEVIATIONS FROM 0NORMAL0 RESPONSES & NE$S DOES NOT IMPLY ?AT ! ROLE ( M$IC9E IS 9CONSEQU5TIAL 9 PROMOT+ HEAL? OR ?AT SCI5TIFIC G5]ALIZATIONS >E USELESS4 ,! HEAL?IE/ ( M5 WILL UND\BT$LY REQUIRE M$ICAL ATT5TION AT SOME TIME 9 !IR LIVES1 & EV]Y PHYSICIAN MU/ USE PHYSIOLOGICAL & ANATOMICAL G5]ALIZATIONS AS PO9TS ( DEP>TURE = ! DIAGNOSIS ( A DISORD]4 ,BASIC RESE>* 9 BIO*EMI/RY & PHYSIOLOGY PROMISES TO 9CREASE VA/LY \R UND]/&+ ( ! PRECONDITIONS = HUMAN HEAL? & WELL-BE+4 ,BUT A PH5OM5ON DOES NOT CEASE TO EXI/ BECAUSE IT CANNOT BE READILY EXPLA9$ BY CURR5T ME?ODS & !ORIES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 WE >E (T5 PR(\NDLY AFFECT$ BY PH5OM5A ?AT >E TOO COMPLEX TO L5D !MSELVES TO PRECISE ANALYSIS AT ! PRES5T /AGE ( SCI5TIFIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,! WAY 9 :I* /RESS PRODUCES ILLNESS & ! ROLE ?AT NUTRITION PLAYS 9 ! OCCURR5CE & PREV5TION ( *RONIC DISEASES CON/ITUTE FIELDS ( RESE>* ?AT HAVE SC>CELY BE5 P5ETRAT$4 ,IT W\LD BE A MAJOR SETBACK IF ! ROLES ( !SE FACTORS W]E M9IMIZ$ SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y PRES5T =MIDABLE PROBLEMS TO RESE>*4 ,MAN MU/ TRY TO CONS]VE MANY PRACTICES ?AT1 ON ! BASIS ( LONG EXP]I5CE1 >E KN[N TO PROMOTE GOOD HEAL?1 EV5 IF ! REASONS :Y !Y >E B5EFICIAL CANNOT BE /AT$ 9 PRECISE BIO*EMICAL T]MS4 ,:AT >E SOME ( !SE PRACTICES8 ,AS IT IS CLE> ?AT \R BODILY FUNCTIONS >E 9T]DEP5D5T1 WE %\LD NOT P]MIT ANY P>T ( \R BIOLOGICAL EQUIPM5T TO ATROPHY4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT WE MU/ USE ALL ! P>TS ( \R BODIES4 ,\R MUSCULATURE MU/ BE AS FULLY EMPLOY$ AS \R M9DS4 ,MANY ACTIVITIES & EXP]I5CES ?AT HAVE BE5 RE/RICT$ BY \R %ELT]$ CIVILIZATION SEEM TO PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES 9 PRES]V+ HEAL?4 ,!RE IS A SUSPICION ?AT MOD]N MAN 9DIRECTLY H>MS HIS BODY BY FAIL+ TO USE C]TA9 PHYSIOLOGICAL RES\RCES ?AT ONCE SUPPORT$ HIS ANCE/ORS DUR+ P]IODS ( HUNG] & COLD4 0,!RE EXI/S 9 ! BODY ( MAN1 AS ( ALL ANIMALS1 BIOLOGICAL ME*ANISMS = ! /ORAGE ( FOOD DEVELOP$ = MEET+ ! IRREGUL>ITIES & CYCLICAL *ANGES 9 NATURE10 ,R5E ,DUBOS WRITES4 0,IT MAY /ILL TURN \T ?AT A NUTRITIONAL WAY ( LIV+ P]MITT+ CONT9U\S GR[? AT A MAXIMUM RATE MAY HAVE UN=TUNATE DI/ANT RESULTS4 ,FA/+ FADS MAY HAVE SOME JU/IFICATION AFT] ALL BY PROVID+ AN OPPORTUNITY = ! OP]ATION ( C]TA9 EM]G5CY ME*ANISMS BUILT BY NATURE 9TO ! HUMAN BODY40 ,AL?\< IT REMA9S TO BE SE5 :E!R ?IS CONCLUSION WILL BE ACCEPT$ BY NUTRITIONI/S & PHYSICIANS1 IT IS REASONABLY CLE> ?AT A ONE-SID$ MANN] ( LIFE IS BIOLOGICALLY UNDESIRABLE4 ,AN EXI/5CE AN*OR$ 9 EI!R MUSCUL> EX]TION OR 9ACTIVITY1 SURFEIT OR POV]TY1 /RESS OR AN OV]LY %ELT]$ MANN] ( LIFE1 T5DS TO PRODUCE PHYSIOLOGICAL DISEQUILIBRIUM4 ,A PROLONG$ P]IOD ( MUSCUL> EX]TION CAUSES M>K$ DAMAGE1 :]EAS PROTRACT$ PHYSICAL 9ACTIVITY APPE>S TO 9CREASE BO? ! EFFECT & ! 9CID5CE ( HE>T & CIRCULATORY DISORD]S4 ,:5 ! CORON>Y >T]IES ( DOGS >E SURGICALLY N>R[$ TO SIMULATE A!ROSCL]OSIS1 A LACK ( EX]CISE MAKES IT DIFFICULT = NEW BLOOD VESSELS TO =M & PROVIDE MORE BLOOD TO N\RI% ! DISEAS$ >EA ( ! HE>T MUSCLE4 ,!RE ALSO SEEMS TO BE MORE CORON>Y ILLNESS AMONG M5 :OSE OCCUPATIONS >E S$5T>Y ?AN AMONG ?OSE :O 5GAGE 9 PHYSICAL WORK4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! WELL-EX]CIS$ 9DIVIDUAL1 ! 0PHYSICALLY 9ACTIVE 9DIVIDUAL %[S SIGNS ( AG+ E>LI] 9 LIFE10 EMPHASIZES ,HANS ,KRAUS1 ( ,NEW ,YORK ,UNIV]SITY4 0,HE EXI/S PHYSIOLOGICALLY AT A L[] POT5TIAL & IS LESS WELL-EQUIPP$ TO MA9TA9 HOMEO/ASIS . & TO MEET DAILY /RESSES4 ,?IS L[ LEVEL ( FUNCTION1 COMB9$ ) 5=C$ SUPPRESSION ( ! 'FIE NECESS>Y = ! MA9T5ANCE ( WELL-BE+4 ,ALMO/ ANY K9D ( EXCESS IS H>MFUL4 ,?IS HAS BECOME APP>5T 9 RESPECT TO NUTRITION4 0,9 LABORATORY EXP]IM5TS RATS F$ AN UNLIMIT$ DIET W]E F\ND TO DIE SOON] ?AN ANIMALS PREV5T$ FROM GA9+ WEI5TLY TRUE ALSO 9 ,IMP]IAL ,ROME1 AS DUR+ ALL P]IODS ( GREAT MAT]IAL PROSP]ITY4 7,& 9 P]IODS ( SOCIAL DECL9E & DEMORALIZATION AS WELL4 ,! PURSUIT ( 0PLEASURE10 :I* AFFLU5T ,ROMANS ( ! ,IMP]IAL ,AGE C>RI$ TO ! PO9T ( LIC5SE1 W\LD HAVE BE5 FR[N$ UPON DUR+ ! ,P]ICLEAN ,AGE1 :5 ANCI5T ,A!NS1 TOO1 5JOY$ 0GREAT MAT]IAL PROSP]ITY407 ',9 ! OLD DAYS1' WROTE ,LUCRETIUS 9 ! FIF? BOOK ( ,DE ,R]UM ,NATURA1 LACK ( FOOD GAVE LANGUI%+ LIMBS TO ,LE!2 CONTR>IWISE TODAY SURFEIT ( ?+S /IFLES US4' ,?US1 HI/ORY REPEATS ITSELF4 ,LIKE ! PROSP]\S ,ROMANS ( TWO ?\S& YE>S AGO1 C\NTLESS M5 ( ! ,WE/]N WORLD TODAY >E DIGG+ !IR [N GRAVES ?R\< OV]-EAT+40 ,F9ALLY1 IF MAN IS TO MA9TA9 GOOD HEAL?1 HE REQUIRES DIV]SITY4 ,IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y TO EMPHASIZE ?AT A HEAL?Y PSY*E & A R\ND$ RESPONSE TO /RESS >E N\RI%$ - BY A V>IETY ( EXP]I5CES & BY DIV]SIFI$ SURR\ND+S4 ,H[EV]1 IT DOES NE$ TO BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT V>IETY IS ALSO NECESS>Y = ! SATISFACTION ( MAN'S NUTRITIONAL NE$S4 ,BY LIMIT+ HIS SELECTION ( FOODS1 HE MAY FAIL TO ACQUIRE NUTRI5TS KN[N TO EXI/ 9 NATURAL FOODS BUT NOT YET ID5TIFI$ BY *EMI/S OR NUTRITIONI/S4 0,BECAUSE WE KN[ ?AT UNID5TIFI$ FACTORS EXI/ 9 FOODS ( PLANT & ANIMAL ORIG910 OBS]VES ,GEORGE ,M4 ,BRIGGS1 ( ! ,NATIONAL ,9/ITUTES ( ,HEAL?1 0IT IS WISE/ TO EAT A WIDE V>IETY ( FOODS FROM ! MANY EXCELL5T FOOD GR\PS4440 ,IF ?IS IS DONE REGUL>LY1 ,BRIGGS EMPHASIZES1 IT IS UNNECESS>Y TO SUPPLEM5T ! DIET ) VITAM9S & SO-CALL$ HEAL? FOODS4 ,IT MIY TO 05RI*0 BREAD ) SYN!TIC VITAM9S1 :I* REPLACE ONLY P>T ( ! VALUABLE NUTRI5TS LO/ 9 ! MILL+ PROCESS4 ,9 G5]AL1 ! MORE A FOOD IS PROCESS$1 ! GREAT] ! LIKELIHOOD ?AT ID5TIFI$ NUTRI5TS AS WELL AS UNID5TIFI$ ONES WILL BE REMOV$4 ,COMPLET5ESS1 BALANCE1 & DIV]SITY %\LD BE REG>D$ AS PRACTICAL ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS - AS IMPORTANT 9 PRODUC+ HEAL?Y HUMAN COMMUNITIES AS !Y >E 9 PRODUC+ /ABLE PLANT-ANIMAL COMMUNITIES4 ,9DE$1 IT IS NOT F>FET*$ TO SAY ?AT :5 !SE CONCEPTS >E CORRECTLY APPLI$1 !Y PROMOTE HUMAN HEAL? BECAUSE !Y PRODUCE A /ABLE ECOSY/EM ( M51 ANIMALS1 & PLANTS4 ,9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ! ECOLOGY ( HEAL? IS GR\ND$ 9 NATURAL ECOLOGY4 ,A COMPLETE WAY ( LIFE = MAN PRESUPPOSES UNRE/RICT$ ACCESS TO ! C\NTRYSIDE AS WELL AS ! T[N1 TO SOIL AS WELL AS TO PAVEM5T1 TO FLORA & FAUNA AS WELL AS TO LIBR>IES & !AT]S4 ,A BALANC$ WAY ( LIFE PRESUPPOSES A LA/+ EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 L& & CITY2 ANIMALS1 M51 & PLANTS2 AIR1 WAT]1 & 9DU/RY4 ,DIV]SITY PRESUPPOSES AN AW>5ESS ?AT NE>LY EV]Y SPECIES P]PETUATES ! /ABILITY ( ! BIOSPH]E1 EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY4 ,AS ! CITY 5CROA*ES ON ! L&1 H[EV]1 HUMAN LIFE BECOMES 9CREAS+LY RE/RICT$ TO A POLLUT$1 N]VE-RACK+ URBAN 5VIRONM5T4 ,AS ! CITY BEG9S TO DOM9ATE ! L&1 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY YIELDS TO S$5T>Y =MS ( WORK4 ,F9ALLY1 AS ! AGGREGATIONS ( POPULATION SWELL TO MASSIVE PROPORTIONS1 FOODS BECOME LAD5 ) *EMICALS & HUMAN ACTIVITIES >E /&>DIZ$4 ,BY OV]SIMPLIFY+ ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T1 WE HAVE CREAT$ AN 9COMPLETE MAN :O LIVES AN UNBALANC$ LIFE 9 A /&>DIZ$ WORLD4 ,SU* A MAN IS ILL - NOT ONLY MORALLY & PSY*OLOGICALLY1 BUT PHYSICALLY4 ,ECOLOGY 9 ,USE ,\R 5VIRONM5T DIFFICULTIES W\LD BE UND]/&ABLE IF WE KNEW NO?+ AB\T ! REQUIREM5TS = A BALANC$ RELATION%IP BETWE5 MAN & NATURE4 ,WE C\LD !N ANSW] EV]Y REPROA* ) A CONFESSION ( IGNORANCE4 ,TODAY1 H[EV]1 WE KN[ TOO MU* AB\T ECOLOGY TO HAVE ANY EXCUSE :ATSOEV] = MANY ( ! ABUSES ?AT >E P]PETRAT$ 9 AGRICULTURE1 FOOD PRODUCTION1 & URBAN LIFE4 ,! TIME IS APPROA*+ :5 ! AD HOC MEASURES ) :I* WE HAVE TRI$ TO /AVE (F ! PROBLEMS ( 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGE WILL HAVE TO BE SUPPLANT$ BY LA/+ ECOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS4 ,ECOLOGY1 AS HAS BE5 NOT$ 9 AN E>LI] *APT]1 DEALS ) ! 9T]RELATION%IPS ( LIV+ ?+S 79CLUD+ MAN7 & !IR 5VIRONM5T4 ,! MORE !SE 9T]RELATION%IPS >E EXPLOR$1 ! MORE EVID5T BECOME ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( MO/ ORGANISMS 9 A GIV5 LOCALITY & ! NE$S ?AT EA* SPECIES FULFILLS = ! O!RS4 ,MO/ ECOLOGICAL /UDIES >E LIMIT$ & HIE RELEVANT TO ! PROBLEMS DISCUSS$ ?US F>1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ( AGRICULTURE & L& USE4 ,A RATIONAL AGRICULTURAL PROGRAM MU/ BEG9 BY TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! NATURAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! SOIL4 0,SOIL PRODUCTIVITY IS NOT SIMPLY A MATT] ( AVAILABLE *EMICALS10 OBS]VES ,$W>D ,HIGBEE1 ( ,CL>K ,UNIV]SITY4 0,IT IS ALSO HEAVILY DEP5D5T UPON GOOD /RUCTURE1 AGGREGATION1 TEXTURE1 MELL[NESS1 & MICRO ORGANIC LIFE40 ,MANY ( !SE *>ACT]I/ICS >E PR$ET]M9$ BY ! NATURAL HI/ORY ( A GIV5 >EA1 9CLUD+ ITS ECOLOGY UND] VIRG9 CONDITIONS1 ITS UND]LY+ ROCK =MATION1 & ITS PREVAIL+ CLIMATE4 ,9 ADDITION1 !RE >E LIKELY TO BE IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES 9 ! SOILS ( 9DIVIDUAL F>MS [+ TO V>IATIONS 9 ! SLOPE ( ! L&1 9 DRA9AGE CONDITIONS1 & 9 ! DEP? ( ! SOLUM1 OR TRUE SOIL1 9 RELATION TO UND]LY+ LAY]S ( CLAY & ROCK4 ,! CONFIGURATION ( ! L& DET]M9ES1 TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ! OPTIMAL CONDITIONS ( GR[? = DIFF]5T K9DS ( VEGETATION1 ESPECIALLY 9 ROLL+ OR HILLY C\NTRY4 ,SOME >EAS WILL BE BE/ SUIT$ = PA/URE1 O!RS = FIELD CROPS4 ,ON MANY F>MS 9 EA/]N SECTIONS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 A SIZABLE ACREAGE ( L& %\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY BE RETURN$ TO TIMB]4 ,ATTEMPTS TO EXPLOIT !SE SOILS = ! CULTIVATION ( FOOD & GRAZ+ (T5 RESULT 9 EXT5SIVE ]OSION & UNSATISFACTORY CROPS4 ,IF NO ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO MODIFY A NATURAL ECOLOGICAL PATT]N1 AGRICULTURE W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE1 &1 9 MANY CASES1 SUP]BLY IMPROV$ CROP L&S W\LD BE RECLAIM$ BY ! =E/ & IRRIGAT$ SOILS W\LD AGA9 BECOME UNPRODUCTIVE4 ,BUT WE CANNOT IGNORE ! ECOLOGICAL FACTORS ?AT CLE>LY LIMIT ! CULTIVATION ( MANY FOODS4 ,L>GE >EAS ( L& >E N[ SUPPORT+ CROPS = :I* !Y >E DEF9ITELY NOT SUIT$1 & SOCIETY W\LD PR(IT MORE BY GIV+ A FRE] RE9 TO NATURE ?AN BY =C+ ! SOIL TO PRODUCE A L[ QUALITY ( VEGETATION4 ,! DRY PLA9S FROM ! ,DAKOTAS TO WE/]N ,TEXAS1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E MEANT TO BE RANGE L&S1 NOT CROP L&S4 ,WEA!R CONDITIONS >E TOO UNC]TA9 = ! CULTIVATION ( GRA91 & ! >EA SUFF]S FROM REPEAT$ SIEGES ( DR\E ONLY AGGRAVAT$ BY ! SY/EMATIC CULTIVATION ( FOOD4 ,! PRODUCTIVITY ( ! >ID PLA9S IS NOTORI\SLY L[1 & ATTEMPTS TO GR[ COMM]CIAL CROPS HAVE RESULT$ 9 WIDESPREAD DET]IORATION ( ! SOIL4 ,9 MO/ CASES1 ! BE/ SOILS ( ! WORLD W]E DEVELOP$ UND] HII$ =MS ( VEGETATION4 ,AL?\< C]TA9 PLANT GR\PS SEEM$ TO DOM9ATE ! L&SCAPE ( P>TICUL> REGIONS1 A CLOS] VIEW USUALLY DISCLOS$ A GREAT DIV]SITY ( SPECIES4 ,! UNI=MITY ( ! ,AM]ICAN PRAIRIES1 LONG REG>D$ AS A 0DES]T ( GRASS10 WAS AN ILLUSION4 0,MANY VIRG9 =E/S CANNOT DISPLAY SO GREAT A V>IETY ( PLANT & ANIMAL LIFE AS ! N[ NE>LY VANI%$ NATIVE GRASSL&S444 10 ,HIGBEE WRITES4 0,= ! PATI5T 9DIVIDUAL :O WALKS SL[LY & WAT*ES CLOSELY IT IS A WORLD ( 9F9ITE V>IETY 9 SMALL =MS & SUBTLE COLORS40 ,AL?\< AGRICULTURE CAN NEV] COMPLETELY RE/ORE ?IS V>IETY1 IT CAN TRY TO APPROXIMATE IT1 NOT ONLY TO PLEASE ! EYE BUT TO CREATE A MORE COMPLEX ECOLOGICAL PATT]N = PURPOSES ( CONTROLL+ PE/S & CONS]V+ ! SOIL4 ,9DE$1 IT W\LD BE WISE TO DIV]SIFY AS WELL AS TO ROTATE CROPS4 ,C]TA9LY NO MOD]ATE-SIZ$ F>M ON =E/ SOILS %\LD BE )\T TIMB]1 & EV5 ON ! PRAIRIES IT IS NO LONG] NECESS>Y TO PROVE TO ! F>M] ?AT HE HAS MU* TO GA9 BY PLANT+ TREES AS %ELT] BELTS AGA9/ ! W9D & AS OASES = BIRD LIFE4 ,TO A*IEVE A LA/+1 /ABLE AGRICULTURE1 WE MU/ RES]VE A PLACE = LIVE/OCK ON ! MOD]N F>M4 ,NOT ONLY >E MEAT & DAIRY CATTLE S\RCES ( MANURE1 BUT !IR M]E PRES5CE T5DS TO RE/RA9 ! EXPLOITATION ( CROP L&S4 ,MO/ F>M]S :O [N H]DS ( CATTLE >E OBLIG$1 9 ORD] TO FE$ ! ANIMALS1 TO CULTIVATE SOIL-PROTECT+ LEGUMES2 WILL+LY OR NOT1 !Y ?US FOLL[ PRACTICES ?AT CONS]VE ! L&4 ,ON ! :OLE1 H[EV]1 ! TR5D HAS BE5 AWAY FROM MIX$ =MS ( AGRICULTURE1 9 :I* BO? FOOD PLANTS & LIVE/OCK >E RAIS$ ON ! SAME AGRICULTURAL UNIT4 ,! SMALL F>M]1 FAC$ ) HEAVY COMPETITION FROM L>G] 5T]PRISES1 HAS BEGUN TO SPECIALIZE2 HE EI!R RAISES LIVE/OCK OR CULTIVATES A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( COMM]CIAL CROPS4 ,DAIRY+1 ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT =MS ( MIX$ AGRICULTURE1 IS MORE OR LESS ON ! DECL9E ?R\<\T ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 EXCEPT 9 P>TS ( ! ,S\?4 ,! NUMB] ( C[S & HEIF]S KEPT = MILK HAS DROPP$ MORE ?AN #b P]C5T S9CE #a#i#d#e4 ,IT NE$ NOT BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! OV]SIMPLIFICATION ( AGRICULTURE CREATES IDEAL CONDITIONS = ! 9VASION & PROLIF]ATION ( PE/S4 ,BUT EV5 V>IETY 9 PLANT LIFE & ! PRES5CE ( LIVE/OCK >E NOT LIKELY TO BE EFFECTIVE 9 HELP+ TO CONTROL PE/S IF ! L& IS BE+ EXPLOIT$4 ,ECOLOGI/S HAVE F\ND ?AT AN OV]GRAZ$ RANGE1 = EXAMPLE1 T5DS TO ATTRACT A L>GE NUMB] ( ROD5TS & 9SECTS4 0,IT IS G5]ALLY OBS]V$444 ?AT JACK RABBITS >E USUALLY MO/ NUM]\S :]E ! RANGE IS POORE/ & ! GRASS MO/ SP>SE10 NOTES ,$W>D ,H4 ,GRAHAM1 ( ! ,U4 ,S4 ,SOIL ,CONS]VATION ,S]VICE4 ,9 A DISCUSSION ON 9SECT PE/S1 ,GRAHAM ADDS3 0,EV5 ! ABUNDANCE ( GRAS%OPP]S1 SO DE/RUCTIVE ( CROPS & RANGE VEGETATION1 CAN BE RELAT$ 9 SOME DEGREE TO 9T5SITY ( L& USE4 ,WEESE444 HAS BE5 CR$IT$ ) ! /ATEM5T ?AT A B>B$ WIRE F5CE IS ! BE/ DEVICE = CONTROLL+ RANGE 9SECTS1 MEAN+ ?AT CONTROLL$ GRAZ+ :I* P]MITS GOOD GRASS WILL AUTOMATICALLY R$UCE ! NUMB] ( 9JURI\S 9SECT =MS40 ,! EFFECTIVE CONTROL ( PE/S REQUIRES AN APPRECIATION ( MANY COMPLEX FACTORS1 SOME ( :I* MAY SEEM2 F> REMOV$ FROM ! \TBREAK ( AN 9FE/ATION BUT PLAY1 AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ITS OCCURR5CE4 ,ALBRE*T HAS PLAC$ A GREAT DEAL ( EMPHASIS ON ! ROLE ( SOIL F]TILITY 9 BUILD+ UP ! RESI/ANCE ( PLANTS TO 9SECT PR$ATORS4 ,RESE>* AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MISS\RI SUGGE/S ?AT C]TA9 SPECIES ( 9SECTS >E ATTRACT$ TO CROPS GR[N ON DEFICI5T SOILS4 ,AS SOIL F]TILITY IS IMPROV$1 ! 9FE/ATION DECL9ES4 ,EA* HO/ PLANT & EA* 9SECT SPECIES1 ( C\RSE1 CON/ITUTES A SEP>ATE PROBLEM ?AT CAN BE SOLV$ ONLY ON ITS [N T]MS4 ,UNWISE ME?ODS ( F]TILIZ+ ! SOIL MAY ACTUALLY MAKE IT EASI] = AN 9FE/ATION TO OCCUR4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF NITROG5 F]TILIZ] IS US$ EXCESSIVELY1 IT PRODUCES HEAVY VEGETATIVE GR[?1 BUT ! MATURITY ( ! PLANT IS DELAY$ & ITS CELL WALLS >E ?9 & >E EASILY P5ETRAT$ BY DISEASE-CAUS+ ORGANISMS4 ,!SE LU%1 IMMATURE PLANTS1 L[ 9 RESI/ANCE TO PA?OG5S1 T5D TO ATTRACT 9SECT PR$ATORS & (T5 PAVE ! WAY = A S]I\S 9FE/ATION4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ H>MFUL MISCONCEPTIONS 9 AGRICULTURE IS ?AT ALL PR$ATORS ( CROPS >E EXCLUSIVELY 9JURI\S & %\LD BE COMPLETELY DE/ROY$4 ,M5TION HAS BE5 MADE ( ! VALUABLE ROLE PLAY$ BY =E/ ROD5TS 9 LIMIT+ 9SECT 9FE/ATIONS 7SEE PAGES #e#f-#g72 SIMIL> EVID5CE CAN BE ADDUC$ FROM >EAS SU* AS ! PLA9S1 :]E ROD5TS HAVE BE5 S+L$ \T = VIGOR\S EXT]M9ATION CAMPAIGNS4 ,9 A /UDY ( ! HI< PLA9S GRAS%OPP]1 ,CLAUDE ,WAKEL& OBS]VES ?AT 9 SOME >EAS1 RATS1 MICE1 & GOPH]S 0HAVE DEV\R$ A GREAT MANY GRAS%OPP] EGGS1 NYMPHS1 & ADULTS4 ,D\BTLESS !Y HAVE DE/ROY$ V>I\S =MS ( ! SPECIES F> MORE EXT5SIVELY ?AN ! MEAG] DATA AVAILABLE 9DICATES40 ,ON ! PLA9S1 ROD5TS HAVE BECOME PE/S AS A RESULT ( OV]GRAZ$ RANGES & ! EXT]M9ATION CAMPAIGNS CONDUCT$ AGA9/ ! COYOTE1 :I* FE$S PRIM>ILY ON C>RION & SMALL MAMMALS4 ,ECOLOGICAL /UDIES %[ ?AT #b P]C5T OR MORE ( ! COYOTE'S DIET CONSI/S ( 9SECTS2 DUR+ P]IODS ( HEAVY 9FE/ATIONS1 IT FE$S ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ON GRAS%OPP]S4 ,TO BE SURE1 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ( PE/S1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM *EMICAL CONTROL1 IS NOT A CUT & DRI$ AFFAIR4 ,MANY DIFF]5T APPROA*ES WILL HAVE TO BE COMB9$ BE=E ! PROBLEMS ( PE/ CONTROL CAN BE EFFECTIVELY RESOLV$4 ,BUT UNLESS !SE ME?ODS >E ADOPT$ &1 ABOVE ALL1 CREATIVELY 9TEGRAT$ TO SUIT ! NE$S ( EA* REGION1 ! USE ( PE/ICIDES WILL 9CREASE /EADILY 9 ! YE>S TO COME4 ,ANO!R PREVAL5T MISCONCEPTION AB\T AGRICULTURE IS ?AT BIGNESS P] SE MAKES = EFFICI5T & RATIONAL USE ( ! L&4 ,! SMALL F>M HAS A POT5TIAL ADVANTAGE ?AT ! L& FACTORY & ITS CLOSE C\S91 ! PLANTATION1 SELDOM 5JOY4 ,A MOD]ATE-SIZ$ F>M IS DIM5SION$ ON A HUMAN SCALE4 ,IT L5DS ITSELF TO CLOSE SCRUT9Y & C>EFUL MANAGEM5T1 TO AN 9TIMACY BETWE5 ! F>M] & ! L& ?AT C\LD 5G5D] A GREAT] S5SITIVITY TO DIFF]5T SOIL NE$S & PROMOTE ! EMPLOYM5T ( S\ND ECOLOGICAL PRACTICES4 ,SMALL-SCALE F>M+ C\LD BE SUCCESSFULLY PURSU$ AS A =M ( APPLI$ ECOLOGY IF BL9D ECONOMIC 9T]E/S W]E REPLAC$ ) A S5SE ( SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 MANY SMALL F>MS 9 ,AM]ICA >E M9IATURE REPLICAS ( ! L& FACTORY4 ,AGRICULTURAL UNITS1 L>GE & SMALL1 T5D TO %>E ! SAME 5DS - ! 0MASS MANUFACTURE0 ( CROPS AT ! LEA/ CO/4 ,A BALANC$ SY/EM ( FOOD CULTIVATION BAS$ ON HIMS IS NOT A UTOPIAN VISION4 ,! SMALL F>M /ILL CON/ITUTES ! BACKBONE ( AGRICULTURE 9 MANY >EAS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,OV] MANY C5TURIES HEAVY =E/ SOILS W]E SL[LY RECON/RUCT$ TO SUPPORT LIVE/OCK1 OR*>DS1 & A L>GE V>IETY ( FIELD CROPS4 ,TODAY1 A DIV]SIFI$ SY/EM ( SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE PREVAILS 9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,SC&9AVIA1 & P>TS ( ,WE/ ,G]MANY4 ,MO/ ,EUROPEAN F>MS1 TO BE SURE1 >E H>DLY MODELS ( GOOD FOOD CULTIVATION2 !Y (T5 FAIL TO MAKE USE ( ! ECOLOGICAL POSSIBILITIES ?AT EXI/ 9 ! MOD]ATE-SIZ$ AGRICULTURAL UNIT4 ,9 CONTRA/ ) MO/ ,AM]ICAN F>MS1 H[EV]1 MANY ,EUROPEAN F>MS HAVE CREAT$ A WORKABLE RELATION%IP BETWE5 MAN & ! SOIL4 ,!SE F>MS 5JOY RELATIVELY HI< SOIL F]TILITY DESPITE C5TURIES ( USE4 ,ORGANIC MATT] IS (T5 C>EFULLY RETURN$ TO ! L&1 & AN 5TR5*$ TRADITION /ILL RESI/S ! COMPLETE *EMICALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE 9 MANY P>TS ( ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 & ,G]MANY4 ,SO MU* = ! DICTATES ( ECOLOGY4 ,IF !SE DICTATES SEEM 0UNREALI/IC10 IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT 9 ,5GL& TODAY AB\T #ge P]C5T ( ! F>MS HAVE LESS ?AN #c ACRES & ! AV]AGE IS AB\T #a ACRES4 ,AGRICULTURE 9 ,5GL& & ,WALES HAS L>GELY BE5 /ABILIZ$ >\ND A SMALL1 HIM+ UNIT1 ALMO/ EQUALLY DIVID$ BETWE5 PA/URE & CROP L&S4 ,AL?\< MANY ( !SE F>MS HAVE BE5 CULTIVAT$ = #e YE>S OR MORE1 !Y HAVE A F> GREAT] YIELD ( :EAT P] ACRE ?AN ! AV]AGE ,AM]ICAN AGRICULTURAL UNIT & COMP>E FAVORABLY ) ! LATT] 9 ! \TPUT ( O!R CROPS4 ,AM]ICAN AGRICULTURE1 DRIV5 BY COMPETITION & AN APPETITE = HI< E>N+S1 IS SO MU* 9 FLUX ?AT IT IS DIFFICULT TO SPEAK ( SANITY1 /ILL LESS ( /ABILITY1 9 MANY RURAL >EAS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,:AT IS ! TR5D8 ,ROB]T ,S4 ,MC,GLO?91 ( ! ,/AN=D ,RESE>* ,9/ITUTE1 SUGGE/S ?AT BY ! 5D ( ! C5TURY1 ! NUMB] ( ,AM]ICAN F>MS WILL HAVE DECL9$ FROM #a4#g MILLION TO BETWE5 #c1 & #d14 ,!SE L>GE AGRICULTURAL UNITS WILL PRODUCE AB\T #i P]C5T ( ! FOOD CULTIVAT$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 0,COMM]CIAL F>M/EADS WILL BE LAID \T & RUN LIKE HIKET+ SY/EM4 ,! 9DEP5D5T FAMILY F>M] WILL HIRE MANAGEM5T C\NSEL+1 :I*1 ) ! AID ( ELECTRONIC COMPUT]S1 WILL HELP HIM PROGRAM ! OP]ATION ( ! 5TIRE F>M SY/EM SO AS TO A*IEVE L[E/ UNIT CO/S ( PRODUCTION4 ,! COMPUT] WILL 9DICATE - = EA* PRODUCTION SEASON - :I* CROPS %\LD BE GR[N1 :]E1 9 :AT QUANTITIES1 :5 !Y %\LD BE F$ TO :AT LIVE/OCK1 & :5 & :]E M>KET$ = GREATE/ RETURN40 ,TO MANY1 ?IS MAY SEEM TO BE PROGRESS4 ,TO ! ECOLOGI/1 H[EV]1 IT REPRES5TS AN ATTEMPT TO BR+ ! LAWS ( ! BIOSPH]E 9TO ACCORDANCE ) ?OSE ( ! M>KET PLACE TO R$UCE ! NATURAL WORLD TO M]*&ISE4 ,NUTRITI\S CROPS CAN NO MORE BE EXPECT$ TO GR[ ACCORD+ TO COMM]CIAL S*$ULES ?AN MAN CAN BE EXPECT$ TO ADJU/ HIS PULSE TO ! RHY?M ( MA*9ES4 ,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aifa 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/