,*APT] #h 
,HEAL? & ,SOCIETY 

#aifbaifb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 

  
,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

  
,*,A,P,T,] ,E,I,<,T3 ,H,E,A,L,? ,& ,S,O,C,I,E,T,Y 

  
,9DIVIDUAL & ,SOCIAL ,ASPECTS ( ,HEAL? 

  

,A NEW APPROA* IS LIKELY TO GA9 EASI] ACCEPTANCE IF IT 9VOLVES 9DIVIDUAL RA!R ?AN SOCIAL ACTION4 ,! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE T5D TO LOOK = IMM$IATE1 PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS ?AT !Y CAN ADOPT )\T HAV+ TO FACE MAJOR SOCIAL & 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS4 ,!Y SE>* = P]SONAL RECIPES & =MULAS = PHYSICAL WELL-BE+4 ,?IS ATTITUDE IS UND]/&ABLE4 ,HEAL? & ILLNESS >E 9TIMATE PROBLEMS1 9VOLV+ ! ABILITY TO SURVIVE & 5JOY FULL LIVES4 ,HEAL? IS 5JOY$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL1 NOT BY SU* AB/RACTIONS AS 0MAN0 & 0! COMMUNITY40 ,ANY DISCUSSION ( HEAL? USUALLY EVOKES ! QU]Y3 0,:AT CAN ,I DO RI<T N[ TO REMOVE HAZ>DS TO MY HEAL? & ASSURE MY PHYSICAL WELL-BE+80 

,?IS QUE/ION HAS BE5 ANSW]$1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 BY AU?ORITIES CIT$ 9 ! PREVI\S *APT]S - IMPLICITLY IF NOT ALWAYS DIRECTLY4 ,DIET %\LD BE HI<LY V>I$4 ,IF AT ALL POSSIBLE1 IT %\LD BE BAS$ ON FOODS ?AT RECEIVE M9IMAL OR NO TREATM5T BY PROCESSORS1 SU* AS :OLE-:EAT BREADS1 FRE% MEAT1 VEGETABLES1 & FRUIT4 ,WEI<T CONTROL IS DESIRABLE 9 ALL /AGES ( LIFE1 NOT ONLY 9 MIDDLE AGE4 ,URBAN MAN %\LD PUT HIS BODY TO FREQU5T USE1 ) AN EMPHASIS ON MILD DAILY EX]CISE1 SU* AS WALK+1 RA!R ?AN ON SPORADIC SESSIONS ( COMPETITIVE SPORTS4 ,C]TA9LY SMOK+ IS UTT]LY 9COMPATIBLE ) GOOD HEAL? & %\LD BE R$UC$ OR ELIM9AT$4 

,!RE IS A GOOD DEAL ( EVID5CE TO 9DICATE ?AT A HI< 9TAKE ( />*ES1 SUG>S1 & POLYSATURAT$ FATS PR$ISPOSES ! 9DIVIDUAL TO CORON>Y HE>T DISEASE4 ,AT ANY RATE1 A DIET ?AT IS ORD9>ILY REG>D$ AS SUITABLE = ACTIVE GR[+ *ILDR5 SEEMS TO BE V]Y UNDESIRABLE = ADULTS4 7,LET US PAUSE TO NOTE ?AT AS LITTLE AS FIFTE5 OR TW5TY YE>S AGO ANY PLEA = A R$UCTION 9 ! 9TAKE ( EGGS & DAIRY FATS W\LD HAVE BE5 FURI\SLY D5\NC$ BY MO/ NUTRITIONI/S AS 0CULTISM0 & 0FOOD FADDISM40 ,NUTRITIONI/S T5D TO =M IRONCLAD OP9IONS ?AT >E DIFFICULT TO ALT] )\T LONG1 (T5 HEAT$ CONTROV]SY1 IT IS NOT UNCOMMON TO F9D NUTRITIONI/S :O /ILL REG>D ! DIET>Y SUGGE/IONS ( ,ANCEL & ,M>G>ET ,KEYS 9 ,EAT ,WELL & ,/AY ,WELL AS BE+ A HAIRBREAD? AWAY FROM 0QUACK]Y40 ,! /UDY ( ! HUMAN DIET & ITS EFFECTS ON HEAL? W\LD B5EFIT IMM5SELY IF MORE 9VE/IGATORS W]E WILL+ TO FOLL[ LESS CONV5TIONAL & MORE 9DEP5D5T L9ES ( 9QUIRY47,! FOOD 9TAKE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL %\LD BE C>EFULLY SCAL$ TO HIS AGE1 TO HIS WORK LOAD1 & TO HIS ACTIVITIES DUR+ LEISURE H\RS4 

,! 9DIVIDUAL %\LD ATTEMPT TO CULTIVATE A S]5E ATTITUDE T[>D ! SURR\ND+ WORLD1 AN \TLOOK BAS$ NOT ON A PSY*OANALYTIC ACCOMMODATION TO ! ILLS ( SOCIETY1 BUT RA!R ON A CRITICAL S5SE ( VALUES ?AT PLACES ! TRIVIA ( DAILY LIFE 9 A MANAGEABLE P]SPECTIVE4 ,TO SEEK AN UNCRITICAL1 BRA9LESS /ATE ( EUPHORIA IS SELF-DEBAS+4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 TO RESPOND ) EQUAL S5SITIVITY TO EV]Y DISQUIET+ ASPECT ( DAILY LIFE IS SPIRITUALLY P>ALYZ+ & PHYSICALLY H>MFUL4 ,9 TRY+ TO R$UCE ! T5SIONS ?AT AN OV]LY URBANIZ$1 BITT]LY COMPETITIVE SOCIETY 5G5D]S 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL1 !RE IS NO SUB/ITUTE = A TRULY HUMANI/IC PHILOSOPHY ?AT HELPS US TO DISCRIM9ATE BETWE5 PROBLEMS ?AT W>RANT A /RONG EMOTIONAL RESPONSE & ?OSE ?AT %\LD BE DISMISS$ AS 9CONSEQU5TIAL4 ,TO LIVE A LIFE )\T 9T5SE FEEL+ IS AS DEHUMANIZ+ AS TO LIVE ONE ?AT IS FILL$ ) ILL-DEF9$1 P]SI/5T AGITATION4 

,HEAL? IS ! RESULT ( A LIFELONG PROCESS4 ,IT CANNOT BE ACQUIR$ BY A PILL OR BY A 0MAGIC0 FOOD4 ,PHYSICAL WELLBE+ PRESUPPOSES A R\ND$ MODE ( LIFE & A COMPREH5SIVE DIET GE>$ TO ! NE$S ( ! BODY4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO PRESCRIBE A S+LE 0HEAL?-GIV+0 RECIPE ?AT FAILS TO 5COMPASS ! TOTALITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL - HIS PA/ AS WELL AS HIS PRES5T - IS IRRESPONSIBLE4 ,NEI!R 0ROYAL JELLY0 AT ONE EXTREME NOR A 0MIRACLE DRUG' AT ! O!R WILL PROVIDE AN 9DIVIDUAL ) HEAL? IF HIS 5VIRONM5T & MANN] ( LIFE >E DET]IORAT+4 ,ATTEMPTS TO RESOLVE HEAL? 9TO A S+LE =MULA MAY BE WELL-MEAN+1 BUT !Y >E WOEFULLY 9COMPLETE4 

,! NE$ = A COMPREH5SIVE APPROA* TO HEAL? IS /RESS$ 9 ,IAGO ,GALD/ON'S CRITIQUE ( MOD]N M$IC9E & HIS >GUM5T = SOCIAL M$IC9E4 ,MOD]N M$IC9E HAS FAIL$1 9 ,GALD/ON'S OP9ION1 NOT BECAUSE IT HAS 0NO CURE = CANC]1 = ESS5TIAL HYP]T5SION1 OR = MULTIPLE SCL]OSIS4 ,W]E IT TO A*IEVE !SE & O!R CURES BESIDES1 IT /ILL W\LD HAVE FAIL$40 ,ITS FAILURE IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT 0MOD]N M$IC9E IS ALMO/ 5TIRELY PREOCCUPI$ ) DISEASES & ) !IR TREATM5T1 & V]Y LITTLE1 IF AT ALL1 ) HEAL?4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT AN 9DIVIDUAL SICK ) PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA CAN BE EFFECTIVELY TREAT$ BY *EMO-!RAPEUTIC AG5TS1 OR BY ANTIBIOTICS4 ,BUT SU* AN 9DIVIDUAL1 ?\< CUR$ ( HIS PNEUMONIA1 MAY1 & MO/ LIKELY WILL1 REMA9 A SICK MAN UNLESS1 9 ADDITION1 EF=TS >E MADE TO HELP HIM REGA9 HIS HEAL?40 ,GALD/ON ADVOCATES MORE ?AN CONVALESC5T C>E4 ,HE PROPOSES A *ANGE 9 M$ICAL $UCATION1 M$ICAL \TLOOK1 & M$ICAL ME?ODS4 ,A PHYSICIAN TRA9$ ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL M$IC9E 0W\LD NOT BE MOV$ TO 9QUIRE ':AT'S HE GOT & :AT'S GOOD = IT1' BUT1 CONFRONT$ BY AN AIL+ 9DIVIDUAL1 HE W\LD ATTEMPT TO DET]M9E ! NATURE & EXT5T ( ! DISABILITY AS IT IS MANIFE/1 NOT M]ELY 9 ! PRES5T+ SYMPTOMS1 BUT 9 ! OV]ALL P]=MANCE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ACCORD+ TO HIS POSITION 9 LIFE2 ?AT IS1 9 ! LI<T ( HIS AGE1 $UCATIONAL1 VOCATIONAL1 SOCIAL1 & O!R PR]OGATIVES & OBLIGATIONS4 ,HE W\LD NOT AFFIRM '?IS MAN HAS A PEPTIC ULC]1' & UND]TAKE TO TREAT ! ULC]1 BUT W\LD BY ! PRES5CE ( ! ULC] RECOGNIZE ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL IS SICK & SEEK TO DET]M9E & TO CORRECT1 OR AM5D1 :AT AILS ! 9DIVIDUAL2 :AT1 9 O!R WORDS1 IMP$ES ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! FULFILLM5T ( HIS ADV5TURE 9 LIV+40' 

,GALD/ON'S REM>KS CON/ITUTE A MU*-NE$$ ATTEMPT TO WID5 ! CONTEMPOR>Y M$ICAL \TLOOK4 ,EF=TS TO EXP& PREVAIL+ NOTIONS ( ILLNESS1 TREATM5T1 & HEAL? BEYOND ! G]M !ORY & ! EMPHASIS ON SPECIFIC CURES = SPECIFIC DISEASES W]E ?W>T$ AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY4 ,?IS DEFEAT CULM9AT$ 9 TRAG$Y :5 ,MAX VON ,PETT5K(]1 ! GREAT ,G]MAN SANIT>IAN1 TOOK HIS LIFE 9 #aia 9 DESPAIR OV] ! REJECTION ( HIS VIEWPO9T4 ,PETT5K(] HAD NEV] D5I$ ! G]M !ORY ( DISEASE1 REG>DLESS ( POPUL>IZATIONS ( M$ICAL HI/ORY TO ! CONTR>Y4 ,! CONTROV]SY 9 HIS TIME C5T]$ >\ND :E!R G]MS ALONE CAUS$ DISEASE OR :E!R 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS & ! CON/ITUTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL %\LD ALSO BE CONSID]$ 9 ! /UDY ( 9DIVIDUAL ILLNESS & EPIDEMICS4 ,AS ,JOHN ,%AW ,BILL+S1 ! GREAT ,AM]ICAN AU?ORITY ON PUBLIC HEAL?1 PUT IT 9 #a#h#h#c3 0,IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMB]444 ?AT ! M]E 9TRODUCTION ( G]MS 9TO ! LIV+ ORGANISM DOES NOT 5SURE !IR MULTIPLICATION1 OR ! PRODUCTION ( DISEASE4 ,! CONDITION ( ! ORGANISM ITSELF HAS MU* 9FLU5CE ON ! RESULT444 ,PA/EUR HAS C]TA9LY MADE A HA/Y G5]ALIZATION 9 DECL>+ ?AT ! ONLY CONDITION :I* DET]M9ES AN EPIDEMIC IS ! GREAT] OR LESS ABUNDANCE ( G]MS40 

,TODAY1 ?REE G5]ATIONS LAT]1 ! ISSUE IS BE+ RAIS$ AGA9 - & 9 :AT APPE>S TO BE A MU* BROAD] S5SE ?AN EV5 ,GALD/ON HAS SUGGE/$4 ,MANY ( ! BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY POOR SANITATION & SLUMS HAVE BE5 RESOLV$1 AT LEA/ 9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD4 ,WE >E NO LONG] AS DEEPLY CONC]N$ ) KILL+ EPIDEMICS ( ,ICOMMUNICABLE DISEASES AS W]E ,PA/EUR1 ,PETT5K(]1 & ,BILL+S4 ,BUT WE >E V]Y MU* CONC]N$ ) H>MFUL 5VIRONM5TAL 9FLU5CES ON SOME ( ! MO/ 9TIMATE ASPECTS ( 9DIVIDUAL LIFE4 ,! NECESSITIES ( LIFE1 EV5 ITS PLEASURES1 >E N[ BE+ MANUFACTUR$ = ! MILLIONS4 

,AS A NATION ( URBAN DWELL]S 9 A MASS SOCIETY1 WE >E BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY DEP5D5T UPON ! DECISIONS ( O!RS = ! QUALITY ( \R FOOD1 CLO?+1 & %ELT]4 ,!SE DECISIONS AFFECT NOT ONLY \R DIET & \R PRIVATE LIVES2 !Y AFFECT ! WAT] WE DR9K & ! AIR WE BREA!4 ,TO SPEAK ( AN 5VIRONM5TAL 09FLU5CE0 ON HEAL? IS AN UND]/ATEM5T2 !RE IS A DI/9CT 5VIRONM5TAL & SOCIAL DIM5SION TO EV]Y ASPECT ( HUMAN BIOLOGY4 ,MAN TODAY IS MORE DOME/ICAT$ ?AN HE HAS EV] BE5 9 ! LONG C\RSE ( HIS HI/ORY4 

,IT IS H]E ?AT WE 5C\NT] ! LIMITS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S ABILITY TO ATTA9 HEAL? ON HIS [N4 ,! AV]AGE MAN F9DS IT EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO REORGANIZE HIS MODE ( LIFE ALONG L9ES ?AT FAVOR WELL-BE+ & FITNESS4 ,IF HE LIVES 9 ! CITY1 HE CANNOT POSSIBLY AVOID EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTANTS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 !RE >E H>DLY ANY RURAL >EAS 9 ,AM]ICA :]E ! 9DIVIDUAL IS NOT EXPOS$ TO ! ASSORTM5T ( PE/ICIDES ?AT >E CURR5TLY EMPLOY$ 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,ANY S]I\S ATTEMPT TO LIMIT ! DIET TO PURE FOODS1 FREE ( PE/ICIDE RESIDUES1 >TIFICIAL COLOR+ & FLAVOR+ MATT]1 & SYN!TIC PRES]VATIVES1 IS WELL BEYOND ! F9ANCIAL MEANS ( ! AV]AGE P]SON4 ,BUT EV5 IF ! 9DIVIDUAL CAN AF=D IT1 HE WILL F9D ?AT UNTREAT$ FOODS >E DIFFICULT TO OBTA91 = RELATIVELY FEW PURE FOODS >E GR[N 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ?OSE ?AT REA* URBAN C5T]S >E R>ELY SOLD 9 L>GE RETAIL M>KETS4 ,! LAY\T ( ! MOD]N CITY & ITS R\T9E DEM&S ON ! URBAN DWELL] T5D TO DISC\RAGE A PHYSICALLY ACTIVE WAY ( LIFE4 ,MOVEM5T 9 ! L>GE CITY IS ORGANIZ$ >\ND ! AUTOMOBILE & PUBLIC MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION4 ,MO/ ( \R OCCUPATIONS & RESPONSIBILITIES DEM& M5TAL DEXT]ITY1 A R\T9E ( LIMIT$ PHYSICAL WORK1 OR RAPID COMMUNICATION4 ,IT REQUIRES A H]OIC EF=T TO WALK 9/EAD ( RIDE1 TO DO 9/EAD ( SEE1 TO MOVE 9/EAD ( SIT4 ,AL?\< A FEW EXCEPTIONAL 9DIVIDUALS MAY SUCCE$ 9 MODIFY+ !IR MODE ( LIFE 9 A WAY ?AT PROMOTES HEAL?1 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( URBAN DWELL]S CAN BE EXPECT$ TO GO ALONG ) ?+S AS !Y >E4 

,DOES ?IS MEAN ?AT MOD]N MAN WILL NEV] ATTA9 OPTIMAL HEAL?1 ?AT IT IS1 9 FACT1 A 0MIRAGE08 ,R5E ,DUBOS HAS >GU$ RA!R P]SUASIVELY ?AT HEAL? IS A RELATIVE CONCEPT4 ,MAN'S CRIT]IA ( HEAL? *ANGE ) ! ECONOMIC1 CULTURAL1 & POLITICAL GOALS ( EA* SOCIAL P]IOD4 0,CLE>LY1 HEAL? & DISEASE CANNOT BE DEF9$ M]ELY 9 T]MS ( ANATOMICAL1 PHYSIOLOGICAL1 OR M5TAL ATTRIBUTES10 ,DUBOS WRITES4 0,!IR REAL MEASURE IS ! ABILITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO FUNCTION 9 A MANN] ACCEPTABLE TO HIMSELF & TO ! GR\P ( :I* HE IS P>T444 ,= SEV]AL C5TURIES ! ,WE/]N WORLD HAS PRET5D$ TO F9D A UNIFY+ CONCEPT ( HEAL? 9 ! ,GREEK IDEAL ( A PROP] BALANCE BETWE5 BODY & M9D4 ,BUT 9 REALITY ?IS IDEAL IS MORE & MORE DIFFICULT TO CONV]T 9TO PRACTICE4 ,POETS1 PHILOSOPH]S1 & CREATIVE SCI5TI/S >E R>ELY F\ND AMONG ,OLYMPIC LAUREATES4 ,IT IS NOT EASY TO DISCOV] A =MULA ( HEAL? BROAD 5\< TO FIT ,VOLTAIRE & ,JACK ,DEMPSEY1 TO 5COMPASS ! REQUIREM5TS ( A /EV$ORE1 A ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY BUS DRIV]1 & A CONTEMPLATIVE MONK40 

,P]HAPS SO4 ,BUT ! TRU? IS NOT EXHAU/$ BY ! LIMIT$ NOTIONS M5 =M ( A GIV5 EV5T OR SITUATION4 ,?AT :I* 9DIVIDUALS1 CLASSES1 OR COMMUNITIES REALLY BELIEVE TO BE HEAL? 9 A GIV5 HI/ORICAL P]IOD - ALL PRET5SIONS ASIDE - DOES NOT TELL US :AT HEAL? C\LD BE OR :AT IT %\LD BE 9 A BROAD] BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,IT IS ONE ?+ TO SAY ?AT HI/ORICAL NOTIONS ( HEAL? HAVE BE5 LIMIT$2 IT IS QUITE ANO!R TO CONT5D ?AT !Y WILL ALWAYS BE LIMIT$4 ,AL?\< ,DUBOS MAY BE CORRECT 9 DESCRIB+ LIFE AS A S]IES ( IDEALS = :I* M5 CAN BE EXPECT$ TO SACRIFICE !IR HEAL? & EV5 !IR LIVES1 !RE IS NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT HEAL?1 DEF9$ PRIM>ILY 09 T]MS ( ANATOMICAL1 PHYSIOLOGICAL1 OR M5TAL ATTRIBUTES10 IS 9COMPATIBLE ) A RATIONAL MANN] ( LIFE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 A MANN] ( LIFE ?AT PROMOTES HEAL? IS LIKELY TO BE MORE SATISFY+ CULTURALLY & SOCIALLY ?AN ONE ?AT MILITATES AGA9/ ! ATTA9M5T ( FITNESS & WELL-BE+4 ,HEAL? IS N\RI%$ BY ALL ! 5VIRONM5TAL & SOCIAL FACTORS ?AT ADVANCE ?\<T1 CREATIVE EF=T1 & A R\ND$ P]SONALITY4 ,! SOCIAL FACTORS ?AT PROMOTE HEAL? ALSO PROMOTE ! ADV5TURE ( LIFE4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! MORE CLOI/]$ ! MAN1 ! MORE CLOI/]$ ! M9D4 ,! MORE ONE-SID$ ! WAY ( LIFE1 H[EV] 0*ALL5G+0 OR 0ADV5TUR\S0 IT MAY SEEM ON ! SURFACE1 ! MORE LIMIT$ ! RANGE ( ?\<T & >T4 ,VOLTAIRE WAS A BRILLIANT WRIT] BUT A SUP]FICIAL ?9K]4 ,HIS LIFE1 SP5T = ! MO/ P>T AT ! *ATEAU ( ,CIREY & 9 HIS '#aAIRS0 ON ! ,FRANCO-,SWISS BORD]1 %[S 9 HIS WORK4 ,ONE IS 5TITL$ TO WOND] :E!R HE W\LD HAVE ACQUIR$ GREAT] DEP? HAD HE BE5 EXPOS$1 LIKE HIS MORE PR(\ND CONTEMPOR>Y1 ,DID]OT1 TO AN E>?I] LIFE 9 ! /REETS ( ,P>IS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,OLYMPIC LAUREATES SELDOM BECOME POETS & PHILOSOPH]S BECAUSE !IR LIMIT$ NOTIONS ( 0ADV5TURE0 >E FOCUS$ 5TIRELY ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY = ITS [N SAKE4 ,F> FROM *ALL5G+ ! 0,GREEK IDEAL ( A PROP] BALANCE BETWE5 BODY & M9D10 ! V]Y 9COMPLET5ESS ( !IR LIVES & ?\<T IS EVID5CE ( ITS VALIDITY4 

,DUBOS1 9 EFFECT1 T5DS TO EQUATE HEAL? ) ADAPTATION4 ,! 5VIRONM5TS TO :I* M5 >E EXPECT$ TO ADAPT >E CONCEIV$ ( AS DYNAMIC1 EM]G5T PH5OM5A - A RA!R AMBIGU\S APPROA* ?AT SEEMS TO TAKE ! 5VIRONM5T TOO MU* = GRANT$4 ,UNLIKE O!R ANIMALS1 MAN CAN CONSCI\SLY REMAKE HIS 5VIRONM5T1 )9 C]TA9 LIMITS1 & ! REAL ISSUE TO BE FAC$ IS :E!R IT IS MAN OR HIS UNSATISFACTORY 5VIRONM5T ?AT %\LD BE *ANG$4 ,VIEW$ FROM ?IS /&PO9T1 ! PROBLEM BECOMES MU* CLE>]4 ,ONE CAN CONCEIVE ( MANY CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* HEAL? IS NOT AN 5D 9 ITSELF & EV5 ( CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* ! A*IEVEM5T ( C]TA9 5DS IS WOR? ! LOSS ( HEAL?4 ,BY & L>GE1 H[EV]1 A HEAL?-PROMOT+ 5VIRONM5T 5C\RAGES SOCIAL & CULTURAL PROGRESS4 ,!RE NE$ BE NO CONFLICT BETWE5 HEAL? & A TRULY CREATIVE1 RATIONAL CIVILIZATION4 

,ON ! :OLE1 H[EV]1 ,DUBOS HAS P]=M$ A NOTABLE S]VICE 9 FOCUS+ ATT5TION ON ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMAN FITNESS & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,WE CANNOT CONCEIVE ( PROGRESS 9 ! FIELD ( PUBLIC HEAL? )\T ADVANCES 9 SOCIETY4 ,MANAGEM5T ( ! SOIL HAS ALWAYS DEP5D$ UPON ! PREVAIL+ =MS ( L& T5URE4 ,! QUALITY ( TODAY'S FOOD IS P>TLY DET]M9$ BY :E!R ! 9T]E/S ( FOOD MANUFACTUR]S OR ! 9T]E/S ( CONSUM]S DET]M9E TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES 9 ! 9DU/RY4 ,! =M & DIRECTION TAK5 BY URBAN LIFE >E GUID$ BY ! K9D ( SOCIAL RELATIONS M5 E/ABLI% 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( !IR AFFAIRS4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO PRES]VE ! HEAL? ( 9DIVIDUALS :I* DOES NOT ALSO AIM AT CREAT+ SOCIAL PATT]NS ?AT WILL FAVOR ! HEAL? ( MANK9D AS A :OLE MAY RESULT 9 LIMIT$ IMPROVEM5T BUT NOT LONG-RANGE SOLUTIONS4 ,! MAJORITY ( 9DIVIDUALS :O SEEK OPTIMAL HEAL? AS SOLOI/S 9 A DET]IORAT+ 5VIRONM5T HAVE F> TOO MU* TO COPE ) 9 ATTA9+ !IR 5DS4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 TODAY1 MORE ?AN AT ANY O!R TIME 9 HI/ORY1 EV]Y SOCIAL *ANGE HAS DEEP-SEAT$ BIOLOGICAL CONSEQU5CES4 ,MAN HAS DEVELOP$ EXTREMELY EFFECTIVE ME?ODS = *ANG+ ! WORLD >\ND HIM4 ,! RESULTS ( HIS ACTIVITY OV] ! FACE ( ! E>? >E F>-REA*+4 ,! NATURAL WORLD CAN NO LONG] SUCCESSFULLY OPPOSE D5SE =E/S1 VA/ BODIES ( WAT]1 & CLIMATIC RIGORS TO HIS P5ETRATION4 ,! DEVELOPM5TS ( MOD]N TE*NOLOGY HAVE DEPRIV$ NATURE ( ITS OLD DEF5SES AGA9/ ! 9VASION ( MAN4 ,BUT ! NATURAL WORLD CAN /RIKE BACK 9 ! =M ( DISEASE1 EXHAU/ION ( ! SOIL1 & DESICCATION ( ! L&4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( CAUTION & ! NE$ = EX]CIS+ REASON 9 *ANG+ ! WORLD >\ND US CAN H>DLY BE GIV5 TOO MU* EMPHASIS4 ',:AT IS NEW IS NOT NECESS>ILY GOOD10 ,DUBOS OBS]VES1 0& ALL *ANGES1 EV5 ?OSE APP>5TLY ! MO/ DESIRABLE1 >E ALWAYS FRAU<T ) UNPR$ICTABLE CONSEQU5CES4 ,! SCI5TI/ MU/ BEW>E ( HAV+ TO ADMIT1 LIKE ,CAPTA9 ,AHAB 9 ,MELVILLE'S ,MOBY ,DICK1 ',ALL MY MEANS >E SANE2 MY MOTIVES & OBJECTS MAD4'0 

,! ,PROBLEMS ( ,REM$IAL ,LEGISLATION 

,H[ MU* PROGRESS CAN WE EXPECT FROM ATTEMPTS TO IMPROVE ! HEAL? ( ! ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC BY MEANS ( LEGISLATION8 ,MORE1 C]TA9LY1 ?AN WE CAN EXPECT FROM ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL EF=TS4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS BY NO MEANS EXHAU/$ ALL ! POSSIBILITIES ( WELF>E LEGISLATION2 IT HAS LAGG$ BEH9D MANY ,EUROPEAN NATIONS 9 FULFILL+ ITS RESPONSIBILITIES TO ! SICK & ! 9FIRM4 ,ITS NATIONAL HEAL? PROGRAMS CONSI/ ( AD HOC AID & A PAT*WORK ( LABORATORIES & CL9ICS TO MEET ! M\NT+ NE$S ( RESE>* & !RAPY4 ,FOOD & DRUG LAWS HAVE NOT KEPT PACE ) ! RAPID *ANGES 9 FOOD TE*NOLOGY1 & ! OP]ATIONS ( F$]AL AG5CIES RESPONSIBLE = ADM9I/]+ !M LEAVE MU* TO BE DESIR$4 ,AN ACC\NT ( ! ADVANCES1 CONFLICTS1 & RETREATS 9 ! FIELD ( FOOD & DRUG CONTROL (F]S A VALUABLE P]SPECTIVE ON :AT REM$IAL LEGISLATION CAN & CANNOT BE EXPECT$ TO DO4 

,! PROBLEMS ( FOOD & DRUG CONTROL HAVE BE5 SURR\ND$ BY SU* A D5SE FOG ( (FICIAL OV]/ATEM5T ?AT ALMO/ ANY CRITICISM ( EXI/+ LAWS & AG5CIES 9VITES C\NT]*>GES ( 0QUACK]Y0 & 0FADDISM40 ,CONSID] ! FOLL[+ BLURB1 MADE UP 9 P>T ( (FICIAL /ATEM5TS1 :I* ! PUBLIC IS EXPECT$ TO ACCEPT AS GOOD CO93 

',:5 ! ,AM]ICAN H\SEWIFE PU%ES H] %OPP+ C>T ?R\< ! SUP]M>KET1 %E CAN SELECT ATTRACTIVELY PACKAG$ FOODS & DR9KS ) ! CONFID5CE ?AT !Y >E HONE/LY LABEL$1 PURE & :OLESOME4 ,H] CONFID5CE IS BAS$ ON ! EXI/5CE ( GOOD LAWS ?AT >E VIGILANTLY 5=C$4 ,MO/ ,AM]ICAN FOOD MANUFACTUR]S TODAY HAVE ! WILL & ! KN[-H[ TO PRODUCE ! PURE FOODS ?AT %E WANTS4 ,!Y ACCEPT ! ,FOOD1 ,DRUG1 & ,COSMETIC ,ACT AS A BLUEPR9T ( !IR OBLIGATIONS TO ! ,NATION'S CONSUM]S4 ,! ADDITIVES ?AT GO 9TO FOOD >E !RE TO IMPROVE ! FOOD & BR+ IT TO ! H\SEWIFE 9 BETT] CONDITION & 9 A MORE CONV5I5T =M4 ,RELIABLE FOOD PROCESSORS HAVE NOT R$UC$ ! NUTRITIONAL QUALITY ( \R FOODS OR CREAT$ 9F]IOR PRODUCTS ?R\< ! USE ( *EMICAL ADDITIVES4 ,ACTUALLY1 ! QUALITY & SANIT>Y *>ACT]I/ICS ( \R FOOD HAVE BE5 IMPROV+40 

,MO/ ( !SE COMPLAC5T REM>KS CAN BE DISMISS$ AS RUBBI%4 ,)\T DO+ ANY 9JU/ICE TO ! FACTS1 ! BLURB MI<T BE REWRITT5 AS FOLL[S3 

0,:5 ! ,AM]ICAN H\SEWIFE PU%ES H] %OPP+ C>T ?R\< ! SUP]M>KET1 %E 5C\NT]S MANY PRODUCTS :OSE PACKAG+ (T5 MISLEADS H] CONC]N+ ! QUALITY1 QUANTITY1 & NUTRITIVE VALUE ( !IR CONT5TS4 ,G5]ALLY1 ! 5=CEM5T ( FOOD-LABEL+ LAWS & REGULATIONS HAS BE5 H&L$ 9 A V]Y SLOV5LY FA%ION BY F$]AL & /ATE AU?ORITIES4 ,MO/ PROCESS$ FOODS >E C]TA9LY NOT 'PURE1' IF BY A PURE PRODUCT IS MEANT ONE ?AT DOES NOT CONTA9 *EMICAL ADDITIVES4 ,FOOD & DRUG CONTROL IS F> FROM SATISFACTORY1 & IT HAS (T5 BE5 NECESS>Y TO PROD F$]AL AG5CIES 9TO DIS*>G+ !IR RESPONSIBILITIES TO ! CONSUM]4 ,! ,F4,D4,A4 HAS %[N AN UNUSUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO 9FLU5CE FROM ! FOOD 9DU/RY2 ! AG5CY'S P]=MANCE HAS BE5 DI/+UI%$ BY ITS L5I5CY & PATI5CE ) FOOD MANUFACTUR]S4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 FOOD PROCESSORS & DRUG MANUFACTUR]S HAVE BITT]LY OPPOS$ IMPROVEM5TS 9 REGULATORY LEGISLATION4 ,AL?\< SOME ( ! *EMICALS ?AT >E ADD$ TO FOOD MAY POSSIBLY IMPROVE !M1 ! SAFETY ( MANY FOOD ADDITIVES IS V]Y D\BTFUL4 ,F9ALLY1 RELIABLE FOOD MANUFACTUR]S HAVE DEF9ITELY R$UC$ ! NUTRITIVE VALUE ( C]TA9 COMMON FOODS1 & ADDITIVES HAVE (T5 S]V$ TO CONCEAL 9F]IOR PRODUCTS40 

,! FIR/ /ATEM5T ATTEMPTS TO EVADE ! PROBLEMS ( MOD]N FOOD CONTROL2 ! SECOND1 TO FACE !M4 ,IT IS ALMO/ BEGG+ ! QUE/ION TO CLAIM ?AT PRODUC]S ( FOOD ACCEPT ! ,FOOD1 ,DRUG1 & ,COSMETIC ,ACT AS 0A BLUEPR9T ( !IR OBLIGATIONS TO ! ,NATION'S CONSUM]S0 :5 ! LAW IS NOT AS DEM&+ AS IT %\LD BE & ?OSE :O ADM9I/] IT >E SATISFI$ ) A SECOND-RATE A*IEVEM5T4 ,NOR IS ! CASE = ! LAW /R5G!N$ BY SMUGGL+ ! H\SEWIFE'S 0WANTS0 9TO ! ISSUE4 ,! WANTS ( MANY CONSUM]S >E CREAT$ BY HI<-PRESSURE ADV]TIS+ & SALESMAN%IP4 ,! AV]AGE CONSUM] KN[S F> TOO LITTLE AB\T NUTRITION TO EVALUATE ADV]TIS+ CLAIMS4 ,FOOD PUR*ASES >E GUID$ P>TLY BY SALES TE*NIQUE1 P>TLY BY ! APPE>ANCE ( ! FOOD4 ,?US1 ! FOOD 9DU/RY T5DS TO G5]ATE ! V]Y WANTS IT PR(ESSES TO SATISFY1 & CONV5TIONAL BOOKS & >TICLES ON NUTRITION T5D TO EQUATE ! SATISFACTION ( !SE 9DU/RY-CREAT$ WANTS ) IMPROVEM5TS 9 ! QUALITY & PURITY ( \R FOOD4 

,! TRU? IS ?AT F$]AL FOOD & DRUG LEGISLATION HAS ALWAYS BE5 A POOR1 UN/ABLE COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! 9T]E/S ( ! FOOD 9DU/RY & ! DEM&S ( AN >\S$ PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,MORE ?AN A QU>T] ( A C5TURY SEP>ATES ! FIR/ UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO 5ACT A G5]AL ANTI-ADULT]ATION LAW 7#a#h#g#i7 & ! ADOPTION ( ! BASIC ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,LAW ( #a#i#f4 ,! /ORY BEH9D !SE & LAT] CONFLICTS 9 ! FIELD ( PURE-FOOD LEGISLATION 9DICATES ! AM\NT ( EF=T ?AT HAS BE5 REQUIR$ TO PRES]VE ! 9TEGRITY ( \R FOOD SUPPLY4 ,! NE$S ( 9DU/RY W]E CONSI/5TLY GIV5 PRIORITY OV] ?OSE ( ! PUBLIC2 DUR+ ?IS 5TIRE P]IOD1 ,CONGRESS WAS QUICK TO FAVOR SPECIAL 9T]E/S4 ,IT PUT AN 5D TO ! EXPORT ( ADULT]AT$ PRODUCTS ONLY :5 ! REPUTATION ( ,AM]ICAN FOOD BEGAN TO DECL9E ON ! WORLD M>KET4 ,IT 5ACT$ LEGISLATION AGA9/ OLEOM>G>9E 9 BEHALF ( DOME/IC DAIRY 9T]E/S4 ,ON ! :OLE1 ! PUBLIC 9T]E/ WAS S]V$ ONLY 9DIRECTLY4 ,AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 ! MO/ FLAGRANT CASES ( ADULT]ATION W]E ! WORK ( SMALL-SCALE PRODUC]S1 :OSE ADULT]AT$ GOODS PLAC$ MAJOR PRODUC]S AT A COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGE4 ,9 !SE CASES1 BO? ,CONGRESS & MO/ ( ! FOOD MANUFACTUR]S RESPOND$ READILY TO ! NE$ = SPECIFIC ANTI-ADULT]ATION LEGISLATION1 BUT ! FOOD 9DU/RY'S SUPPORT = A G5]AL FOOD LAW WAS1 AT BE/1 HESITANT1 & 9 ! HALLS ( ,CONGRESS SUPPORT = A PURE-FOOD LAW GA!R$ V]Y SL[LY4 

,IT IS EXTREMELY D\BTFUL :E!R ANY G5]AL FOOD & DRUG LEGISLATION W\LD HAVE BE5 ADOPT$ 9 #aif W]E IT NOT = ! EF=TS ( ,H>VEY ,W4 ,WILEY & ! UNEXPECT$ SUPPORT HIS EF=TS RECEIV$ FROM ! PUBLICATION ( ,UPTON ,S9CLAIR'S ,! ,JUNGLE1 A NOVEL :I* CRITICIZ$ ! SOCIAL & SANIT>Y CONDITIONS 9 ! ,*ICAGO /OCKY>DS4 ,WILEY WAS A GIFT$ PHYSICIAN & *EMI/ :OSE PIONE]+ RESE>* 9 SUG>1 SOIL1 & FOOD ANALYSIS BR\<T HIM TO ! POSITION ( *IEF ( ! ,U4 ,S4 ,DEP>TM5T ( ,AGRICULTURE'S ,BUREAU ( ,*EMI/RY4 ,HIS PRE/IGE AS A SCI5TI/1 HIS ,HOOSI] WIT1 & HIS 5GAG+ P]SONALITY GA9$ HIM WIDE PR(ESSIONAL & PUBLIC ADMIRATION4 ,! TASK ( 5SUR+ A PURE FOOD SUPPLY = ! ,AM]ICAN CONSUM] BECAME ,WILEY'S LIFE WORK4 ,HIS LECTURES1 >TICLES1 REPORTS1 & CONGRESSIONAL TE/IMONY MOBILIZ$ WIDELY DISP>ATE GR\PS - FROM URBAN CIVIC CLUBS TO F>M ORGANIZATIONS - BEH9D ! DEM& = A G5]AL ANTI-ADULT]ATION LAW4 ,! FOOD 9DU/RY AT FIR/ FOLL[$ ,WILEY CAUTI\SLY1 LAT] RELUCTANTLY1 & F9ALLY1 ) FEW EXCEPTIONS1 TURN$ AGA9/ HIM4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#f1 :5 ! ISSUE REA*$ ITS CLIMAX 9 ,CONGRESS1 OPPOSITION FROM ! FOOD 9DU/RY NE>LY SUCCE$$ 9 PREV5T+ ! 5ACTM5T ( AN EFFECTIVE PURE FOOD & DRUG LAW4 ,AS LATE AS ,JUNE #a#i#f1 AFT] MU* WRANGL+ 9 ! ,H\SE ( ,REPRES5TATIVES1 ,WILEY DESPAIR$ ( GETT+ A LAW4 0,NO S]I\S ATTEMPTS1 SO F> AS ,I KN[10 HE WROTE1 0HAVE BE5 MADE TO SET A DATE = ITS CONSID]ATION40 

,! PUBLICATION ( ,! ,JUNGLE 9 BOOK =M 7,JANU>Y #a#i#f71 H[EV]1 HAD >\S$ WIDESPREAD PUBLIC 9DIGNATION AGA9/ ! MEAT-PACK+ 9DU/RY4 ,! SCALES W]E TIPP$ 9 FAVOR ( ! LAW :5 ,PRESID5T ,!ODORE ,ROOSEVELT RELEAS$ P>T ( A REPORT BY A F$]AL 9VE/IGAT+ COMMISSION :I* FULLY CORROBORAT$ ! DETAILS 9 ,S9CLAIR'S NOVEL4 ,! NATIONAL UPRO> ?AT FOLL[$ !SE DISCLOSURES ?REW ! 9DU/RY 9TO RETREAT1 & ON ,JUNE #c1 #a#i#f1 ! FIR/ F$]AL ,PURE ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ACT WAS SIGN$ 9TO LAW4 ,ITS ADM9I/RATION WAS PLAC$ L>GELY 9 ! H&S ( ,WILEY & HIS ,BUREAU ( ,*EMI/RY4 ,AL?\< ! LAW HAD MANY %ORTCOM+S1 SOME ( :I* W]E CORRECT$ 9 LAT] YE>S1 ! HI< /&>DS ( FOOD & DRUG CONTROL :I* ,WILEY S\<T TO E/ABLI% DUR+ HIS T5URE 9 (FICE HAVE NEV] BE5 EQUAL$ BY HIS SUCCESSORS4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! FI<T = PURE FOOD AFT] ,WILEY'S DEP>TURE FROM GOV]NM5T S]VICE READS LIKE AN ANTICLIMAX TO ! VIGILANCE & D$ICATION ?AT M>K$ E>LI] POLICIES4 

,!SE POLICIES W]E GUID$ BY TWO BASIC PR9CIPLES4 ,! FIR/ WAS ?AT ! CONSUM] %\LD KN[ PRECISELY :AT HE IS GETT+ & ?AT HE %\LD GET PRECISELY :AT HE WANTS4 ,WILEY BITT]LY OPPOS$ LABELS OR CLAIMS ?AT MISREPRES5T$ A PRODUCT TO ! BUY]1 EV5 IF ! USE ( A SPURI\S DESCRIPTION WAS H>MLESS TO PUBLIC HEAL?4 ,HE /UBBORNLY F\<T ATTEMPTS BY FOOD MANUFACTUR]S TO DESCRIBE GLUCOSE AS 0CORN SYRUP0 OR TO REPRES5T :ISKEY MADE P>TLY ( NEUTRAL GRA9 SPIRITS AS 0BL5D$ :ISKEY10 A NAME ?AT G5]ALLY D5OT$ A BL5D ( SEV]AL G5U9E :ISKEYS4 ,= ,WILEY1 A LABEL HAD TO BE COMPLETE & TRU?FUL4 ,HE EXPECT$ ! FOOD MANUFACTUR] TO DISCLOSE ALL ! >TIFICIAL +R$I5TS ADD$ TO A PRODUCT4 ,! NAME ON A PACKAGE1 CAN1 OR BOTTLE HAD TO CONVEY ! NATURE ( ! PRODUCT )\T ANY AMBIGUITY OR MISREPRES5TATION4 

,WILEY'S SECOND PR9CIPLE WAS ?AT IF ANY D\BT EXI/S AB\T ! TOXICITY ( A *EMICAL ADDITIVE1 ! D\BT %\LD BE RESOLV$ 9 FAVOR ( ! CONSUM]4 ,AS IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PROVE A NEGATIVE SU* AS 0H>MLESSNESS10 ,WILEY >GU$1 IT IS NOT P]MISSIBLE TO USE ANY QUE/IONABLE ADDITIVE ?AT IS NOT 9DISP5SABLE TO ! PRODUCTION1 /ORAGE1 OR DI/RIBUTION ( FOOD4 ,IF AN ADDITIVE CONTRIBUT$ NO?+ TO HEAL? OR TO ! AVAILABILITY ( A FOOD1 & IF ITS USE MI<T CONCEIVABLY PROVE H>MFUL1 ! ,BUREAU ( ,*EMI/RY S\<T TO HAVE IT REMOV$4 ,WILEY SELDOM WAV]$ ON ?IS SCORE2 HIS DECISIONS ALMO/ 9V>IABLY FAVOR$ ! PUBLIC 9T]E/4 

,MANY PEOPLE 9 ! FOOD & *EMICAL 9DU/RIES FELT DIFF]5TLY1 H[EV]1 & !IR COMPLA9TS EVOK$ A SYMPA!TIC RESPONSE FROM ! GOV]NM5T4 ,BY #a#i#a#b1 ,WILEY'S ATTEMPTS TO EXECUTE HIS POLICIES W]E BE+ FRU/RAT$ TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT HE LEFT GOV]NM5T S]VICE4 ,) HIS DEP>TURE1 ! LAW UND]W5T /EADY RE9T]PRETATION4 ,AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( D\BTS AB\T ! TOXICITY ( NEW *EMICAL ADDITIVES W]E RESOLV$ 9 FAVOR ( FOOD GR[]S & FOOD PROCESSORS4 ,! ,BUREAU ( ,*EMI/RY & ITS SUCCESSOR 9 ! 5=CEM5T ( ! LAW1 ! ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ADM9I/RATION1 BEGAN TO EXHIBIT UNDUE S5SITIVITY TO ! F9ANCIAL WELF>E ( 9DU/RY4 ,! IMPROVEM5T ( FOOD WAS EQUAT$ ) L[] CO/S1 ATTRACTIVE PACKAG+1 & SALES-PROMOTION DEVICES4 ,WILEY HAD COMB9$ ! ZEAL ( A CRUSAD] ) ! KN[L$GE ( A PHYSICIAN2 ) HIS DEP>TURE1 ! POLICIES ( ! F$]AL REGULATORY AG5CIES W]E GUID$ 9CREAS+LY BY LAWY]S & PR(ESSIONAL ADM9I/RATORS :O BEGAN TO GIVE PRIORITY TO LEGAL CONSID]ATIONS 9/EAD ( PROBLEMS ( PUBLIC HEAL?4 

,! CONSUM] C\LD ILL AF=D ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,AL?\< AN OV]HAUL ( ! FOOD & DRUG LAW WAS MADE 9 #a#i#c#h1 ! SITUATION BEGAN TO DET]IORATE TO AN APPALL+ EXT5T4 ,AFT] ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ! ,AM]ICAN FOOD SUPPLY WAS DELUG$ ) AN UNPREC$5T$ V>IETY ( NEW *EMICAL ADDITIVES4 ,D,D,T & O!R ORGANIC 9SECTICIDES1 UNKN[N 9 #a#i#c#h1 W]E BE+ US$ EXT5SIVELY 9 AGRICULTURE & ! HOME4 ,! RESPONSIBILITY = PROV+ ?AT A *EMICAL ADDITIVE WAS H>MFUL TO ! CONSUM] RE/$ ) ! ,F4,D4,A4 ,FOOD GR[]S & FOOD PROCESSORS W]E FREE TO USE :AT !Y *OSE UNTIL SU* TIME AS ! GOV]NM5T C\LD E/ABLI% ?AT ! ADDITIVES 9VOLV$ W]E TOXIC SUB/ANCES4 ,TE/+ /&>DS 9 MANY LABORATORIES W]E 9ADEQUATE2 EXP]IM5TAL WORK ON NEW ADDITIVES WAS (T5 LIMIT$ TO SIXTY - & N9ETY-DAY FE$+ TRIALS ON ONE OR TWO SPECIES ( ROD5TS4 

,9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#e#h1 ,CONGRESS *ANG$ ! LAW DRA/ICALLY2 IT MADE ! MANUFACTUR] RESPONSIBLE = E/ABLI%+ ! SAFETY ( A FOOD ADDITIVE & 9S]T$ ! ,DELANEY ANTI-CANC] CLAUSE1 A PROVISION ?AT FLATLY PROHIBITS ! USE ( ADDITIVES 0F\ND TO 9DUCE CANC] :5 +E/$ BY MAN OR ANIMAL4440 ,AL?\< ! ANTI-CANC] CLAUSE WAS /RONGLY SUPPORT$ BY ! ,AM]ICAN ,CANC] ,SOCIETY & BY LEAD+ CANC] SPECIALI/S1 IT WAS OPPOS$ BY ! ,F4,D4,A4 ,TE/IFY+ 9 ,APRIL #aieh BE=E A ,H\SE COMMITTEE /UDY+ P5D+ REVISIONS ( ! LAW1 ,F4,D4,A4 ,COMMISSION] ,GEORGE ,P4 ,L>RICK OBS]V$3 0,TWO ( ! BILLS BE=E Y\ MAKE SPECIFIC M5TION ( CANC]40 ,! ,F4,D4,A4-SUPPORT$ BILL1 ,H4,R4 #f#g#d#g1 DOES 0NOT M5TION IT SPECIFICALLY444 ,?IS BILL B>S ! USE ( AN ADDITIVE UNLESS IT IS E/ABLI%$ ?AT IT IS )\T HAZ>D TO HEAL?4 ,?US1 ! BILL W\LD PROHIBIT ! ADDITION ( ANY *EMICAL ADDITIVE TO ! FOOD SUPPLY UNTIL ADEQUATE EVID5CE1 ACCEPTABLE TO COMPET5T SCI5TI/S1 %[S ?AT IT WILL NOT PRODUCE CANC] 9 MAN UND] ! CONDITIONS ( USE PROPOS$40 ,AL?\< ,L>RICK 5DORS$ ! GOAL ( 0SEE+ ?AT CANC]-PRODUC+ FOODS >E NOT ON ! ,AM]ICAN M>KET10 ,CONGRESSMAN ,DELANEY REM9D$ ! ,NATIONAL ,HEAL? ,F$]ATION ?AT 09 #aief AN ,F,D,A RUL+ P]MITT$1 AT A C]TA9 CONC5TRATION1 RESIDUES ( A PE/ICIDE TO REMA9 ON M>KET$ FRUITS & VEGETABLES1 EV5 ?\< IT HAD BE5 %[N TO 9DUCE CANC] 9 TE/ ANIMALS4 ,LAT] TE/S %[$ ?IS *EMICAL TO BE EV5 MORE 9JURI\S ?AN ! E>LI] TE/S DEMON/RAT$1 & ! ,F,D,A HAS N[ TAK5 ACTION TO PROHIBIT ANY ( ITS RESIDUES ON RAW AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES40 

,! CR$IT = F9ALLY ADD+ AN ANTI-CANC] CLAUSE TO ! #aieh LAW MU/ BE GIV5 TO ,DELANEY1 :O SAW TO ITS 5ACTM5T DESPITE /RONG OPPOSITION FROM ! FOOD 9DU/RY & ! ,F4,D4,A4 ,BY #a#i#f1 ! ,F4,D4,A4 HAD REV]S$ ITS POSITION &1 AT ! HE>+S ON FOOD COLORS CONDUCT$ BY ! ,H\SE ,COMMITTEE ON ,9T]/ATE & ,=EIGN ,COMM]CE1 EXPRESS$ ITS F]V5T SUPPORT = ! ,DELANEY CLAUSE4 ,PRESUMABLY ALL IS WELL ?AT 5DS WELL1 BUT ! ,F4,D4,A4 REFUSES TO LET ! CLAUSE REMA9 AS IT IS4 ,AT ! FOOD-COLOR HE>+S1 ! ,SECRET>Y ( ,HEAL?1 ,$UCATION1 & ,WELF>E1 ,>?UR ,S4 ,FLEMM+1 BEGAN TO NIBBLE AT ! ,DELANEY CLAUSE BY SUGGE/+ ?AT IT 0%\LD BE MODIFI$ TO PROVIDE ?AT ADDITIVES US$ 9 ANIMAL FE$ :I* LEAVE NO RESIDUE EI!R 9 ! ANIMAL AFT] SLAU<T] OR 9 ANY FOOD PRODUCT OBTA9$ FROM ! LIV+ ANIMAL BE EXEMPT FROM ! PROVISIONS ( ! CLAUSE4 ,A COMP>ABLE AM5DM5T TO ! ANTI-CANC] CLAUSE 9 ! COLOR ADDITIVE LEGISLATION UND] CONSID]ATION W\LD BE APPROPRIATE40 ,EXP]I5CE ) ,YELL[ ,O,B & ,YELL[ ,A,B SUGGE/S ?AT SU* /&>DS ( PURITY >E IMPOSSIBLE TO A*IEVE 7SEE PAGE#a#c#i74 

,! SWEEP+ LEGISLATIVE REVISIONS ( #aieh W]E NOT GA9$ )\T A SACRIFICE4 ,= ALL ITS %ORTCOM+S1 ! #ai* LAW HAD ONE R$EEM+ FEATURE3 ,IT FLATLY PROHIBIT$ ! USE ( ANY TOXIC *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 FOOD O!R ?AN ?OSE ?AT W]E CLE>LY 9DISP5SABLE TO FOOD PRODUCTION4 ,AL?\< ! BURD5 ( PRO( RE/$ ) ! ,F4,D4,A4 9/EAD ( ! MANUFACTUR]S1 ! #ai* LAW SET A NEW FUNCTIONAL /&>D = *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 FOOD4 ,?IS CRIT]ION WAS DROPP$ 9 ! #aieh REVISIONS ( ! LAW1 L>GELY ON ! URG+ ( ! FOOD 9DU/RY & ! ,F4,D4,A4 ,! BURD5 ( PROV+ ?AT ! ADDITIVES >E SAFE HAS BE5 %IFT$ TO ! MANUFACTUR]S1 BUT TOXIC *EMICALS CAN N[ BE ADD$ TO FOOD PROVID$ !Y >E US$ 9 AM\NTS ?AT >E DEEM$ TO BE 0H>MLESS0 TO CONSUM]S4 

,?US1 AFT] ! PASSAGE ( A HALF C5TURY1 ! LAW MAKES NO ATTEMPT TO RESOLVE ,WILEY'S ORIG9AL PROBLEM3 ,DOES AN ADDITIVE CONTRIBUTE TO ! NUTRITIVE VALUE & AVAILABILITY ( A FOOD OR DOES IT M]ELY FUNCTION AS A DISP5SABLE TE*NOLOGICAL AID8 ,MOD]N REFRIG]ATION & CANN+ TE*NIQUES HAVE ELIM9AT$ ! NE$ = MANY >TIFICIAL PRES]VATIVES 9 \R FOOD SUPPLY4 ,H>DLY ANYONE WILL CONT5D ?AT COLOR+ & FLAVOR+ MATT] >E 9DISP5SABLE TO FOOD PRODUCTION4 ,IF CONSUM]S REALLY DESIR$ >TIFICIAL COLORS & FLAVORS1 !Y C\LD BE M>KET$ AS 9DEP5D5T PRODUCTS & ! PUBLIC C\LD USE !M AT ITS [N DISCRETION4 ,! FOOD 9DU/RY C\LD MODIFY ITS PRODUCTION ME?ODS SO AS TO OP]ATE ) A M9IMUM NUMB] ( *EMICAL ADDITIVES & ) A VIEW T[>D RETA9+ MANY NUTRI5TS ?AT >E N[ LO/ BECAUSE ( AN OV]EMPHASIS ON MASS PRODUCTION & HI<LY PROCESS$ FOODS4 ,MANY SYN!TIC ADDITIVES ?AT HAVE NO NUTRITIVE FUNCTION C\LD EASILY BE REPLAC$ ) VALUABLE NUTRI5TS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ASCORBIC ACID 7VITAM9 ,C7 IS A GOOD ANTIOXIDANT & AN EXCELL5T FL\R BLEA*1 BUT AS IT IS RELATIVELY CO/LY1 IT W\LD BE UNPR(ITABLE TO USE IT4 

,! FOOD 9DU/RY HAS DEM&$ COMPLETE FRE$OM 9 DET]M9+ ! FUNCTION ( *EMICAL ADDITIVES 9 FOOD4 ,! FOLL[+ REM>KS BY ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION ( ,FROZ5 ,FOOD ,PACK]S >E FAIRLY TYPICAL3 ',WE JO9 ) O!R SEGM5TS ( ! FOOD 9DU/RY 9 FUNDAM5TAL OPPOSITION TO PROVISIONS :I* W\LD P]MIT ! ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ADM9I/RATION TO DET]M9E ! COMPOSITION ( FOOD PRODUCTS UPON ! BASIS ( ITS CONCEPTION ( FUNCTIONAL VALUE OR UTILITY ( FOOD +R$I5TS40 ,?IS SEEMS TO BE A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE1 NOT A LACK ( CONFID5CE 9 ! ,F4,D4,A4 ,AFT] ASS]T+ ?AT ! *ANCES >E 0RA!R REMOTE0 ?AT A FOOD PROCESSOR W\LD 5GAGE 9 CO/LY TE/S ( A TOXIC ADDITIVE1 ! ASSOCIATION ADDS3 0,9 ANY CASE1 ! QUE/ION ( USEFULNESS ( AN +R$I5T %[N TO BE SAFE IS ONE :I* ! MANUFACTUR] ( A FOOD IS 5TITL$ TO RESOLVE UPON ! BASIS ( HIS [N EXP]I5CE1 & IS NOT PROP]LY A MATT] ( ! OP9ION ( ! ,FOOD & ,DRUG ,ADM9I/RATION40 

,! ,F4,D4,A4'S SUP]FICIAL APPROA* TO FOOD & DRUG LEGISLATION HAS L>GELY BE5 EXHAU/$4 ,! NEXT OV]HAUL ( ! LAW MU/ RETURN TO ! PR9CIPLES ?AT GUID$ ,WILEY A HALF C5TURY AGO4 ,MOREOV]1 WE REQUIRE NOT ONLY A BETT] FOOD & DRUG LAW BUT COMPREH5SIVE NATIONAL LEGISLATION ?AT WILL CONFRONT ! PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY URBAN & 9DU/RIAL POLLUTION1 RADIOACTIVE CONTAM9ANTS1 ! MISUSE ( ,X RADIATION1 & 9DU/RIAL C>C9OG5S4 ,WAT] POLLUTION CAN BE APPRECIABLY R$UC$ IF ALL SIZABLE COMMUNITIES >E REQUIR$ TO TREAT !IR SEWAGE & IF AN EFFECTIVE NATIONAL PROGRAM IS DEVELOP$ TO RECLAIM & RE-USE WAT] TO MEET 9DU/RIAL NE$S4 ,! HI<E/-QUALITY WAT]1 ?AT :I* REQUIRES A M9IMUM ( *EMICAL TREATM5T1 %\LD BE RES]V$ = DR9K+ PURPOSES4 ,! PROBLEM ( AIR POLLUTION %\LD BE MET RESOLUTELY1 )\T QUALMS AB\T CO/ & )\T FE> ( (F5D+ 9DU/RIALI/S1 MOTORI/S1 OR HOME[N]S4 ,REC5TLY DEVELOP$ CATALYTIC & NON-CATALYTIC BURN]S1 = EXAMPLE1 CAN REMOVE MANY H>MFUL AG5TS FROM AUTOMOBILE EXHAU/S4 0,AUTOMOBILE 5G9E]S KN[ N[ ?AT = P]HAPS @s#a P] C> !Y CAN ELIM9ATE #e P] C5T ( ! HYDROC>BONS2 = SOME?+ OV] @s#c !Y CAN ELIM9ATE !M ALMO/ TOTALLY10 OBS]VES ,GEORGE ,A4 ,W4 ,BOEHM1 ( ,=TUNE MAGAZ9E4 0,ANY CITY OR /ATE ?AT DECIDES TO APPLY AIR-POLLUTION REGULATIONS TO C>S WILL HAVE TO DECIDE H[ MU* ! MOTORI/ CAN BE MADE TO PAY = H[ MU* PURITY1 & H[ F> IT IS PREP>$ TO GO 9 5=C+ PURITY REGULATIONS40 

,BUT LET US NOT DECEIVE \RSELVES2 AN 5VIRONM5T BAS$ ON MAMMO?1 EXP&+ CITIES WILL NEV] BE A HEAL?Y ONE4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! ECOLOGICAL & NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY MONOCULTURE & ! L& FACTORY >E LIKELY TO GR[ WORSE1 & MANY *EMICAL ADDITIVES WILL BE REQUIR$ 9 ! MASS PRODUCTION ( \R FOOD4 ,9SECTICIDAL RESIDUES WILL UND\BT$LY CONT9UE TO P]VADE \R FOOD /APLES4 ,! SUB/ITUTION ( NUCLE> 5]GY = M9]AL S\RCES ( FUEL WILL BE ACCEL]AT$ 9 ! YE>S TO COME1 & MORE RADIOACTIVE SUB/ANCES CAN BE EXPECT$ TO 5T] MAN'S 5VIRONM5T4 ,URBAN LIFE WILL UND\BT$LY BECOME 9CREAS+LY ONE-SID$ AS CITIES EXP& & OCCUPATIONS BECOME MORE S$5T>Y4 ,! IMPROVEM5TS ?AT \R TE*NICIANS1 SANIT>IANS1 & CITY PLANN]S HAVE PROJECT$ = ! 0WORLD ( TOMORR[0 MAY MELIORATE SOME ( !SE PROBLEMS1 BUT !Y >E NOT LIKELY TO ELIM9ATE !M IF \R SOCIETY CONT9UES TO DEVELOP 9 ! PATT]N ( ! GIANT METROPOLIS4 ,WE CAN NO MORE EXPECT 5G9E]+ DEVICES TO GIVE US A HEAL?FUL 5VIRONM5T ?AN WE CAN EXPECT ! !RAPEUTIC AG5TS ( MOD]N M$IC9E TO CREATE A HEAL?Y 9DIVIDUAL4 

,DEC5TRALIZATION 

,)\T HAV+ READ ANY BOOKS OR >TICLES ON HUMAN ECOLOGY1 MILLIONS ( ,AM]ICANS HAVE S5S$ ! OV]-ALL DET]IORATION ( MOD]N URBAN LIFE4 ,!Y HAVE TURN$ TO ! SUBURBS & 0EXURBS0 AS A REFUGE FROM ! BURD5S ( ! METROPOLITAN MILIEU4 ,FROM ALL ACC\NTS ( SUBURBAN LIFE1 MANY ( !SE BURD5S HAVE FOLL[$ !M 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,SUBURBANITES HAVE NOT ADAPT$ TO ! L&2 !Y HAVE M]ELY ADAPT$ A METROPOLITAN MANN] ( LIFE TO SEMI-RURAL SURR\ND+S4 ,! METROPOLIS REMA9S ! AXIS >\ND :I* !IR LIVES TURN4 ,IT IS ! S\RCE ( !IR LIVELIHOOD1 !IR FOOD /APLES1 &1 9 L>GE P>T1 !IR T5SIONS4 ,! SUBURBS HAVE BRAN*$ AWAY FROM ! CITY1 BUT !Y /ILL BELONG TO ! METROPOLITAN TREE4 ,IT W\LD BE WISE1 H[EV]1 TO /OP RIDICUL+ ! EXODUS TO ! SUBURBS & TO TRY TO UND]/& :AT LIES BEH9D ?IS PH5OM5ON4 ,! MOD]N CITY HAS REA*$ ITS LIMITS4 ,MEGALOPOLITAN LIFE IS BREAK+ D[N-PSY*ICALLY1 ECONOMICALLY1 & BIOLOGICALLY4 ,MILLIONS ( PEOPLE HAVE ACKN[L$G$ ?IS BREAKD[N BY 0VOT+ ) !IR FEET02 !Y HAVE PICK$ UP !IR BELONG+S & LEFT4 ,IF !Y HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO SEV] !IR CONNECTIONS ) ! METROPOLIS1 AT LEA/ !Y HAVE TRI$4 ,AS A SOCIAL SYMPTOM1 ! EF=T IS SIGNIFICANT4 ,! RECONCILIATION ( MAN ) ! NATURAL WORLD IS NO LONG] M]ELY DESIRABLE2 IT HAS BECOME A NECESSITY4 ,IT IS A COMPELL+ NE$ ?AT IS S5D+ MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! NE$ HAS CREAT$ A NEW 9T]E/ 9 CAMP+1 H&ICRAFTS1 & HORTICULTURE4 ,9 EV]-9CREAS+ NUMB]S1 ,AM]ICANS >E ACQUIR+ A PASSIONATE 9T]E/ 9 !IR NATIONAL P>KS & =E/S1 9 !IR RURAL L&SCAPE1 & 9 !IR SMALL-T[N AGR>IAN H]ITAGE4 

,DESPITE ITS MANY %ORTCOM+S1 ?IS TR5D REFLECTS A BASICALLY S\ND ORI5TATION4 ,! AV]AGE ,AM]ICAN IS MAK+ AN ATTEMPT1 H[EV] CONFUS$LY1 TO R$UCE HIS 5VIRONM5T TO A HUMAN SCALE4 ,HE IS TRY+ TO RECREATE A WORLD ?AT HE CAN COPE ) AS AN 9DIVIDUAL1 A WORLD ?AT HE CORRECTLY ID5TIFIES ) ! FRE$OM1 G5TL] RHY?MS1 & QUIETUDE ( RURAL SURR\ND+S4 ,HIS ATTEMPTS AT G>D5+1 L&SCAP+1 C>P5TRY1 HOME MA9T5ANCE1 & O!R SO-CALL$ SUBURBAN 0VISES0 REFLECT A NE$ TO FUNCTION )9 AN 9TELLIGIBLE1 MANIPULATABLE1 & 9DIVIDUALLY CREATIVE SPH]E ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,! SUBURBANITE1 LIKE ! CAMP]1 S5SES ?AT HE IS WORK+ ) BASIC1 ABID+ ?+S ?AT HAVE SLIPP$ FROM HIS CONTROL 9 ! METROPOLITAN WORLD-%ELT]1 ! H&IWORK ?AT 5T]S 9TO DAILY LIFE1 VEGETATION1 & ! L&4 ,HE IS =TUNATE1 TO BE SURE1 IF !SE ACTIVITIES DO NOT DESC5D TO ! LEVEL ( C>ICATURE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !Y >E IMPORTANT1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE !Y REFLECT BASIC NE$S ( MAN BUT BECAUSE !Y ALSO REFLECT BASIC NE$S ( ! ?+S ) :I* HE IS WORK+4 ,! HUMAN SCALE IS ALSO ! NATURAL SCALE4 ,! SOIL1 ! L&1 ! LIV+ ?+S ON :I* MAN DEP5DS = HIS NUTRIM5T & RECREATION >E DIRELY 9 NE$ ( 9DIVIDUAL C>E4 

,= ONE ?+1 PROP] MA9T5ANCE ( ! SOIL NOT ONLY DEP5DS UPON ADVANCES 9 \R KN[L$GE ( SOIL *EMI/RY & SOIL F]TILITY2 IT ALSO REQUIRES A MORE P]SONALIZ$ APPROA* TO AGRICULTURE4 ,?US F>1 ! TR5D HAS BE5 ! O!R WAY2 AGRICULTURE HAS BECOME DEP]SONALIZ$ & OV]-9DU/RIALIZ$4 ,MOD]N F>M+ IS SUFF]+ FROM GIGANTISM4 ,! AV]AGE AGRICULTURAL UNIT IS GETT+ SO BIG ?AT ! F9] ASPECTS ( SOIL P]=MANCE & SOIL NE$S >E BE+ OV]LOOK$4 ,IF DIFF]5CES 9 ! QUALITY & P]=MANCE ( V>I\S K9DS ( SOIL >E TO RECEIVE MORE ATT5TION1 ,AM]ICAN F>M+ MU/ BE R$UC$ TO A MORE HUMAN SCALE4 ,IT WILL BECOME NECESS>Y TO BR+ AGRICULTURE )9 ! SCOPE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 SO ?AT ! F>M] & ! SOIL CAN DEVELOP TOGE!R1 EA* RESPOND+ AS FULLY AS POSSIBLE TO ! NE$S ( ! O!R4 

,! SAME IS TRUE = ! MANAGEM5T ( LIVE/OCK4 ,TODAY \R FOOD ANIMALS >E BE+ MANIPULAT$ LIKE A LIFELESS 9DU/RIAL RES\RCE4 ,NORMALLY1 L>GE NUMB]S ( ANIMALS >E COLLECT$ 9 ! SMALLE/ POSSIBLE >EA & >E ALL[$ ONLY AS MU* MOVEM5T AS IS NECESS>Y = M]E SURVIVAL4 ,\R MEAT ANIMALS HAVE BE5 PLAC$ ON A DIET COMPOS$ = ! MO/ P>T ( M$ICAT$ FE$ HI< 9 C>BOHYDRATES4 ,BE=E !Y >E SLAU<T]$1 !SE OBESE1 RAPIDLY MATUR$ CREATURES SELDOM SP5D MORE ?AN SIX MON?S ON ! RANGE & SIX MON?S ON F>MS1 :]E !Y >E KEPT ON CONC5TRAT$ RATIONS & GA9 AB\T TWO P\NDS DAILY4 ,\R DAIRY H]DS >E H&L$ LIKE MA*9ES2 \R P\LTRY FLOCKS1 LIKE HO?\SE TOMATOES4 ,! NE$ TO RE/ORE ! TIME-HONOR$ 9TIMACY BETWE5 MAN & HIS LIVE/OCK IS JU/ AS PRON\NC$ AS ! NE$ TO BR+ AGRICULTURE )9 ! HORIZON ( ! 9DIVIDUAL F>M]4 ,AL?\< MOD]N TE*NOLOGY HAS 5L>G$ ! ELEM5TS ?AT 5T] 9TO ! AGRICULTURAL SITUATION1 GIV+ EA* MAN A WID] >EA ( SOV]EIGNTY & CONTROL1 MA*9ES HAVE NOT LESS5$ ! IMPORTANCE ( P]SONAL FAMILI>ITY ) ! L&1 ITS VEGETATION1 & ! LIV+ ?+S IT SUPPORTS4 ,UNLESS PR9CIPLES ( GOOD L& USE P]MIT O!RWISE1 A F>M %\LD NOT BECOME SMALL] OR L>G] ?AN ! 9DIVIDUAL F>M] CAN COMM&4 ,IF IT IS SMALL]1 AGRICULTURE WILL BECOME 9EFFICI5T2 IF L>G]1 IT WILL BECOME DEP]SONALIZ$4 

,) ! DECL9E 9 ! QUALITY ( URBAN LIFE1 ON ! ONE H&1 & ! GR[+ IMBALANCE 9 AGRICULTURE1 ON ! O!R1 \R TIMES >E BEG9N+ TO WITNESS A REM>KABLE CONFLU5CE ( HUMAN 9T]E/S ) ! NE$S ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,M5 ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ASSUM$ A PO/URE ( DEFIANCE T[>D ! =E/S1 PLA9S1 & M\NTA9S4 ,!IR APPLAUSE WAS RES]V$ = ! 5G9E]1 ! TE*NICIAN1 ! 9V5TOR1 AT TIMES EV5 ! ROBB] B>ON & ! RAILROAD]1 :O SEEM$ TO (F] ! PROMISE ( A MORE ABUNDANT MAT]IAL LIFE4 ,TODAY WE >E FILL$ ) A VAGUE NO/ALGIA = ! PA/4 ,TO A L>GE DEGREE ?IS NO/ALGIA REFLECTS ! 9SECURITY & UNC]TA9TY ( \R TIMES1 9 CONTRA/ ) ! E*OES ( A MORE OPTIMI/IC & P]HAPS MORE TRANQUIL ]A4 ,BUT IT ALSO REFLECTS A DEEP S5SE ( LOSS1 A LONG+ = ! FREE1 UNBLEMI%$ L& ?AT LAY BE=E ! EYES ( ! FRONTI]SMAN & E>LY SETTL]4 ,WE >E SEEK+ \T ! M\NTA9S !Y TRI$ TO AVOID & WE >E TRY+ TO RECOV] FRAGM5TS ( ! =E/S !Y REMOV$4 ,\R NO/ALGIA SPR+S NEI!R FROM A GREAT] S5SITIVITY NOR FROM ! WILD] DEP?S ( HUMAN 9/9CT4 ,IT SPR+S FROM A GR[+ NE$ TO RE/ORE ! NORMAL1 BALANC$1 & MANAGEABLE RHY?MS ( HUMAN LIFE - ?AT IS1 AN 5VIRONM5T ?AT MEETS \R REQUIREM5TS AS 9DIVIDUALS & BIOLOGICAL BE+S4 

,MOD]N MAN CAN NEV] RETURN TO ! PRIMITIVE LIFE HE SO (T5 IDEALIZES1 BUT ! PO9T IS ?AT HE DOESN'T HAVE TO4 ,! USE ( F>M MA*9]Y AS SU* DOES NOT CONFLICT ) S\ND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES2 NOR >E 9DU/RY & AN URBANIZ$ COMMUNITY 9COMPATIBLE ) A MORE AGR>IAN1 MORE NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,IRONICALLY1 ADVANCES 9 TE*NOLOGY ITSELF HAVE L>GELY OV]COME ! 9DU/RIAL PROBLEMS ?AT ONCE JU/IFI$ ! HUGE CONC5TRATIONS ( PEOPLE & FACILITIES 9 A FEW URBAN >EAS4 ,AUTOMOBILES1 AIRCRAFT1 ELECTRIC P[]1 & ELECTRONIC DEVICES HAVE ELIM9AT$ NE>LY ALL ! PROBLEMS ( TRANSPORTATION1 COMMUNICATION1 & SOCIAL ISOLATION ?AT BURD5$ MAN 9 PA/ ]AS4 ,WE CAN N[ COMMUNICATE ) ONE ANO!R OV] A DI/ANCE ( ?\S&S ( MILES 9 A MATT] ( SECONDS1 & WE CAN TRAVEL TO ! MO/ REMOTE >EAS ( ! WORLD 9 A FEW H\RS4 ,! OB/ACLES CREAT$ BY SPACE & TIME >E ESS5TIALLY GONE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 SIZE NE$ NO LONG] BE A PROBLEM4 ,TE*NOLOGI/S HAVE DEVELOP$ REM>KABLE SMALL-SCALE ALT]NATIVES TO MANY ( ! GIANT FACILITIES ?AT /ILL DOM9ATE MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,! SMOKY /EEL T[N1 = EXAMPLE1 IS AN ANA*RONISM4 ,EXCELL5T /EEL CAN BE MADE & ROLL$ ) 9/ALLATIONS ?AT OCCUPY AB\T TWO OR ?REE CITY BLOCKS4 7,= EXAMPLE1 BY US+ ,S5DZIMIR'S PLANET>Y ROLL+ MILL1 :I* R$UCES A #b #a_/#d 9* - ?ICK /EEL SLAB TO #a_/#a ( AN 9* 9 A S+LE PASS ?R\< A SET ( WORK ROLLS44 ,! CONV5TIONAL CONT9U\S /RIP MILL 9VOLVES ! USE ( SCALE-BREAK] /&S1 AB\T F\R R\<5+ /&S1 SIX F9I%+ /&S1 LONG ROLL] TABLES1 & O!R MA*9ES -A HUGE & CO/LY 9/ALLATION47 ,MANY ( ! LATE/ MA*9ES >E HI<LY V]SATILE & COMPACT4 ,!Y L5D !MSELVES TO A L>GE V>IETY ( MANUFACTUR+ & F9I%+ OP]ATIONS4 ,TODAY ! MORE MOD]N PLANT1 ) ITS CLEAN1 QUIET1 V]SATILE1 & L>GELY AUTOMAT$ FACILITIES1 CONTRA/S %>PLY ) ! HUGE1 UGLY1 CONGE/$ FACTORIES 9H]IT$ FROM AN E>LI] 9DU/RIAL ]A4 

,?US1 ALMO/ )\T REALIZ+ IT1 WE HAVE BE5 PREP>+ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = A NEW TYPE ( HUMAN COMMUNITY-ONE :I* CON/ITUTES NEI!R A COMPLETE RETURN TO ! PA/ NOR A SUBURBAN ACCOMMODATION TO ! PRES5T4 ,IT IS NO LONG] FANCIFUL TO ?9K ( MAN'S FUTURE 5VIRONM5T 9 T]MS ( A DEC5TRALIZ$1 MOD]ATE-SIZ$ CITY ?AT COMB9ES 9DU/RY ) AGRICULTURE1 NOT ONLY 9 ! SAME CIVIC 5TITY BUT 9 ! OCCUPATIONAL ACTIVITIES ( ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! 0URBANIZ$ F>M]0 OR ! 0AGR>IANIZ$ T[NSMAN0 NE$ NOT BE A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,?IS WAY ( LIFE WAS A*IEV$ = A TIME BY ! ,GREEK POLLS1 BY E>LY REPUBLICAN ,ROME1 & BY ! ,R5AISSANCE COMMUNE4 ,! URBAN C5T]S ?AT BECAME ! WELLSPR+S ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION W]E NOT /RICTLY CITIES1 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,RA!R1 !Y BR\<T AGRICULTURE TOGE!R ) URBAN LIFE1 SYN!SIZ+ BO? 9TO A R\ND$ HUMAN1 CULTURAL1 & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,:E!R MOD]N MAN MANAGES TO REA* ?IS PO9T OR TRAVELS ONLY P>T ( ! WAY1 SOME K9D ( DEC5TRALIZATION WILL BE NECESS>Y TO A*IEVE A LA/+ EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE4 ,URBAN DEC5TRALIZATION UND]LIES ANY HOPE ( A*IEV+ ECOLOGICAL CONTROL ( PE/ 9FE/ATIONS 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,ONLY A COMMUNITY WELL 9TEGRAT$ ) ! RES\RCES ( ! SURR\ND+ REGION CAN PROMOTE AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL DIV]SITY4 ,) C>EFUL PLANN+1 MAN C\LD USE PLANTS & ANIMALS NOT ONLY AS A S\RCE ( FOOD BUT ALSO1 BY PITT+ ONE SPECIES ( LIFE AGA9/ ANO!R1 AS A MEANS ( CONTROLL+ PE/S1 ?US ELIM9AT+ MU* ( HIS NE$ = *EMICAL ME?ODS4 ,:AT IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 A DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITY HOLDS ! GREATE/ PROMISE = CONS]V+ NATURAL RES\RCES1 P>TICUL>LY AS IT W\LD PROMOTE ! USE ( LOCAL S\RCES ( 5]GY4 ,9/EAD ( RELY+ PRIM>ILY ON CONC5TRAT$ S\RCES ( FUEL 9 DI/ANT REGIONS ( ! CONT95T1 ! COMMUNITY C\LD MAKE MAXIMUM USE ( ITS [N 5]GY RES\RCES1 SU* AS W9D P[]1 SOL> 5]GY1 & HYDROELECTRIC P[]4 ,!SE S\RCES ( 5]GY1 SO (T5 OV]LOOK$ BECAUSE ( AN ALMO/ EXCLUSIVE RELIANCE ON A NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 W\LD HELP GREATLY TO CONS]VE ! REMA9+ SUPPLY ( HI<-GRADE PETROLEUM & COAL4 ,!Y W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY PO/PONE1 IF NOT ELIM9ATE1 ! NE$ = TURN+ TO RADIOACTIVE SUB/ANCES & NUCLE> REACTORS AS MAJOR S\RCES ( 9DU/RIAL 5]GY4 ,) MORE TIME AT HIS DISPOSAL = 9T5SIVE RESE>*1 MAN MI<T LE>N EI!R TO EMPLOY SOL> 5]GY & W9D P[] AS ! PR9CIPAL S\RCES ( 5]GY OR TO ELIM9ATE ! HAZ>D ( RADIOACTIVE CONTAM9ATION FROM NUCLE> REACTORS4 

,IT IS TRUE1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT \R LIFE L9ES W\LD BECOME MORE COMPLEX &1 FROM A TE*NOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 LESS 0EFFICI5T40 ,!RE W\LD BE MANY DUPLICATIONS ( EF=T4 ,9/EAD ( BE+ CONC5TRAT$ 9 TWO OR ?REE >EAS ( ! C\NTRY1 /EEL PLANTS W\LD BE SPREAD \T1 ) MANY COMMUNITIES EMPLOY+ SMALL-SCALE FACILITIES TO MEET REGIONAL OR LOCAL NE$S4 ,BUT ! WORD 0EFFICI5CY10 LIKE ! WORD 0PE/10 IS A RELATIVE T]M4 ,AL?\< A DUPLICATION ( FACILITIES W\LD BE SOME:AT CO/LY1 MANY LOCAL M9]AL S\RCES ?AT >E NOT US$ TODAY BECAUSE !Y >E TOO WIDELY SCATT]$ OR TOO SMALL = ! PURPOSES ( L>GE-SCALE PRODUCTION1 W\LD BECOME ECONOMICAL = ! PURPOSES ( A SMALL] COMMUNITY4 ,?US1 9 ! LONG RUN1 A MORE LOCALIZ$ OR REGIONAL =M ( 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY IS LIKELY TO PROMOTE A MORE EFFICI5T USE ( RES\RCES ?AN \R PREVAIL+ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT WE WILL NEV] 5TIRELY ELIM9ATE ! NE$ = A NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR 9 AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY4 ,! ,MIDWE/ WILL ALWAYS REMA9 ! BE/ S\RCE ( \R GRA9S2 ! ,EA/ & ,F> ,WE/1 ! BE/ S\RCES ( LUMB] & C]TA9 FIELD CROPS4 ,\R PETROLEUM1 HI<-GRADE COAL1 & C]TA9 M9]ALS WILL /ILL HAVE TO BE SUPPLI$1 9 L>GE P>T1 BY A FEW REGIONS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT !RE IS NO REASON :Y WE CANNOT R$UCE ! BURD5 ?AT \R NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR CURR5TLY PLACES ON !SE >EAS BY SPREAD+ ! AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL LOADS OV] WID] >EAS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,?IS SEEMS TO BE ! ONLY APPROA* TO ! TASK ( CREAT+ A LONG-RANGE BALANCE BETWE5 MAN & ! NATURAL WORLD & ( REMAK+ MAN'S SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T 9 A =M ?AT WILL PROMOTE HUMAN HEAL? & FITNESS4 

,AN EMPHASIS ON AGRICULTURE & URBAN REGIONALISM IS SOME:AT DISCONC]T+ TO ! AV]AGE CITY DWELL]4 ,IT CONJURES UP AN IMAGE ( CULTURAL ISOLATION & SOCIAL /AGNATION1 ( A J\RNEY BACKW>D 9 HI/ORY TO ! AGR>IAN SOCIETIES ( ! M$IEVAL & ANCI5T WORLDS4 ,ACTUALLY ! URBAN DWELL] TODAY IS MORE ISOLAT$ 9 ! BIG CITY ?AN HIS ANCE/ORS W]E 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! CITY MAN 9 ! MOD]N METROPOLIS HAS REA*$ A DEGREE ( ANONYMITY1 SOCIAL ATOMIZATION1 & SPIRITUAL ISOLATION ?AT IS VIRTUALLY UNPREC$5T$ 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,TODAY MAN'S ALI5ATION FROM MAN IS ALMO/ ABSOLUTE4 ,HIS /&>DS ( COOP]ATION1 MUTUAL AID1 SIMPLE HUMAN HOSPITALITY1 & DEC5CY HAVE SUFF]$ AN APPALL+ AM\NT ( ]OSION 9 ! URBAN MILIEU4 ,MAN'S CIVIC 9/ITUTIONS HAVE BECOME COLD1 IMP]SONAL AG5CIES = ! MANIPULATION ( HIS DE/9Y1 & HIS CULTURE HAS 9CREAS+LY ACCOMMODAT$ ITSELF TO ! LEA/ COMMON D5OM9ATOR ( 9TELLIG5CE & TA/E4 ,HE HAS NO?+ TO LOSE EV5 BY A BACKW>D GLANCE2 9DE$1 9 ?IS WAY HE IS LIKELY TO PLACE HIS PRES5T-DAY WORLD & ITS LIMITATIONS 9 A CLE>] P]SPECTIVE4 

,BUT :Y %\LD AN EMPHASIS ON AGRICULTURE & URBAN REGIONALISM BE REG>D$ AS AN ATTEMPT TO RETURN TO ! PA/8 ,CAN WE NOT DEVELOP \R 5VIRONM5T MORE SELECTIVELY1 MORE SUBTLY1 & MORE RATIONALLY ?AN WE HAVE ?US F>1 COMB9+ ! BE/ ( ! PA/ & PRES5T & BR++ =? A NEW SYN!SIS ( MAN & NATURE NATION & REGION1 T[N & C\NTRY8 ,LIFE W\LD 9DE$ CEASE TO BE AN ADV5TURE IF WE M]ELY ELABORAT$ ! PRES5T BY EXT5D+ URBAN SPRAWL & BY EXP&+ CIVIC LIFE UNTIL IT COMPLETELY ESCAPES FROM ! CONTROL ( ITS 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN ELEM5TS4 ,TO CONT9UE ALONG !SE L9ES W\LD S]VE NOT TO PROMOTE SOCIAL EVOLUTION BUT RA!R TO 0FATT50 ! SOCIAL ORGANISM TO A PO9T :]E IT C\LD NO LONG] MOVE4 ,\R PURPOSE %\LD BE TO MAKE 9DIVIDUAL LIFE A MORE R\ND$ EXP]I5CE1 & ?IS WE CAN HOPE TO ACCOMPLI% AT ! PRES5T /AGE ( \R DEVELOPM5T ONLY BY RE/OR+ ! COMPLEXITY ( MAN'S 5VIRONM5T & BY R$UC+ ! COMMUNITY TO A HUMAN SCALE4 

,IS !RE ANY EVID5CE ?AT REASON WILL PREVAIL 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( \R AFFAIRS8 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO GIVE A DIRECT ANSW]4 ,C]TA9LY WE >E BEG9N+ TO LOOK = QUALITATIVE IMPROVEM5TS 9 MANY ASPECTS ( LIFE2 WE >E GETT+ WE>Y & RES5TFUL ( ! %ODD9ESS 9 \R GOODS & S]VICES4 ,WE >E GA9+ A NEW APPRECIATION ( ! L& & ITS PROBLEMS1 & A GREAT] REALIZATION ( ! SOCIAL PROMISE (F]$ BY A MORE MANAGEABLE HUMAN COMMUNITY4 ,MORE & MORE IS BE+ WRITT5 AB\T \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T1 & ! CRITICISM IS MORE PO9T$ ?AN IT HAS BE5 9 ALMO/ HALF A C5TURY4 ,P]HAPS WE CAN /ILL HOPE1 AS ,MUM=D DID MORE ?AN TWO DECADES AGO 9 ! CLOS+ L9ES ( ,! ,CULTURE ( ,CITIES3 

0,WE HAVE MU* TO UNBUILD1 & MU* MORE TO BUILD3 BUT ! F\NDATIONS >E READY3 ! MA*9ES >E SET 9 PLACE & ! TOOLS >E BRI<T & KE53 ! >*ITECTS1 ! 5G9E]S1 & ! WORKM5 >E ASSEMBL$4 ,NONE ( US MAY LIVE TO SEE ! COMPLETE BUILD+1 & P]HAPS 9 ! NATURE ( ?+S ! BUILD+ CAN NEV] BE COMPLET$3 BUT SOME ( US WILL SEE ! FLAG OR ! FIR TREE ?AT ! WORK]S WILL PLANT AL(T 9 ANCI5T RITUAL :5 !Y CAP ! TOPMO/ /ORY40 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aifa 3 ,*APT] #h -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #h -- ,ADD$4 

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