,PET] ,KROPOTK93 ,HIS ,F$]ALI/ ,IDEAS 

#aibb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I 

,TEXT 3 

,FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #aibb UND] ! TITLE 0,UN F$]ALI/A ,RUSSO ,PIETRO ,KROPOTK904  ,FIR/ ,5GLI% TRANSLATION PUBLI%$ 9 0,W> ,COMM5T>Y01 ,MAY #a#i#d#b4  ,REPR9T$ 9 ,JULY #aidb & ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#d#c4  ,?IS IS FROM MY COPY ( ! ,FRE$OM ,PRESS PAMPHLET V]SION :I* ORIG9ALLY SOLD = #bD4 

,P,E,T,] ,K,R,O,P,O,T,K,9 

,HIS ,F$]ALI/ ,IDEAS 

,C4 ,B]N]I 

  

,PHOTO BY LIBORIUS1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,ONE ( ! MO/ 9T]E/+ ASPECTS ( ,KROPOTK9'S POLITICAL ?\<T IS ! F$]ALI/ IDEA :I* CON/ANTLY RECURS 9 HIS WRIT+S & =MS ONE ( ! BASIC FACTORS 9 HIS AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY4 ,AL?\< ,KROPOTK9'S F$]ALISM IS NOT A SY/EMATIC !ORY & CANNOT BE V]Y CLE>LY DIFF]5TIAT$ FROM ?AT ( ,PR\DHON OR ,BAKUN91 IT NEV]!LESS PRES5TS V>I\S *>ACT]I/ICS :I* MAKE ITS /UDY ( 9T]E/4 

    ,= SU* A /UDY A BIOGRAPHICAL EXCURSUS IS NE$$ 9 ORD] TO ILLUM9ATE = US ! BEG9N+S ( ,KROPOTK9'S F$]ALI/ ?\<T 9 RELATION TO ! SURR\ND+S 9 :I* IT =M$ ITSELF & DEVELOP$4 ,TIL<]1 WRIT+ AB\T ,KROPOTK9 RI<TLY REM>KS3 0,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& ! 9TIMATE SPIRIT ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T IF ONE DOES NOT CONSID] IT HI/ORICALLY AS A RADICAL & VIOL5T REACTION AGA9/ ! PR(\ND TRANS=MATION UND]GONE DUR+ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BY ! 9/ITUTION ( ! ,/ATE40 

    ,KROPOTK91 ! AN>*I/-PR9CE1 PROVIDES ! BE/ EXAMPLE ( ?IS ASS]TION4 

    ,KROPOTK9'S CLE> & DETAIL$ BIOGRAPHY 5ABLES US TO FOLL[ ! DIFF]5T PHASES 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS F$]ALI/ ?\<T /EP BY /EP4 

    ,AT ! AGE ( N9ETE51 :5 HE WAS AN (FIC] ( ! ,COSSACKS1 HE W5T TO ,TRANSBAIKALIA :]E HE TOOK A PASSIONATE 9T]E/ 9 ! GREAT RE=MS UND]TAK5 BY ! GOV]NM5T 9 #a#h#f#b1 & C>RI$ \T BY ! ,HI<] ,ADM9I/RATION ( ,SIB]IA4 ,AS SECRET>Y TO GOV]NM5T COMMITTEES HE WAS 9 T\* ) ! BE/ ( ! CIVIL S]VANTS & BEGAN TO /UDY ! V>I\S PROJECTS ( LOCAL GOV]NM5T ADM9I/RATION4 ,BUT HE V]Y SOON SAW ?AT ! RE=MS PROPOS$ BY ! ,DI/RICT ,*IEFS & PROTECT$ BY ! ,GOV]NORS ,G5]AL1 W]E SUBMITT$ TO ! ORD]S & 9FLU5CE ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,ADM9I/RATIVE LIFE REVEAL$ TO HIM EV]Y DAY ABSURDITIES 9 SY/EM & ME?OD4 ,SEE+ ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( A*IEV+ ANY K9D ( RE=MS1 HE TOOK P>T 9 #ahfc 9 AN EXP$ITION ALONG ! ,AMUR4 

    ,DUR+ A /ORM =TY B>GES W]E SUNK ) ! LOSS ( #b1 TONS ( FL\R4 ,?IS CATA/ROPHE GAVE HIM AN OPPORTUNITY ( GETT+ TO KN[ ! BUREAUCRATIC SY/EM /ILL BETT]4 ,! AU?ORITIES REFUS$ TO BELIEVE 9 ! DISA/]1 :ILE ! CIVIL S]VANTS CONC]N$ ) ,SIB]IAN AFFAIRS 9 ,PETROGRAD REVEAL$ A COMPLETE IGNORANCE ( ALL ?AT CONC]N$ !IR P>TICUL> SPECIALTY4 ,A HI< FUNCTION>Y SAID TO HIM3 0,BUT MY DE> FELL[1 H[ W\LD IT BE POSSIBLE = #d B>GES TO BE DE/ROY$ ON ! ,NEVA )\T SOMEONE JUMP+ 9 TO SAVE !M60 ,:5 ,KROPOTK9 REPLI$ ?AT ! ,AMUR IS F\R TIMES AS BIG AS ! ,NEVA1 ! A/ONI%$ FUNCTION>Y ASK$3 0 ,BUT IS IT REALLY AS BIG AS ALL ?AT80 - & PASS$ ON1 ANNOY$1 TO TALK ( SOME FRIVOLITY4 

    ,KROPOTK9 W5T TO ,MAN*URIA MORE ?AN EV] DI/RU/FUL ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,HE PROBABLY ?\<T ( ! ,PETROGRAD BUREAUCRATS :5 AT ! ,*9ESE FRONTI] AN (FICIAL ( ! ,CELE/IAL ,EMPIRE REFUS$ HIS PASSPORT BECAUSE IT WAS ONLY COMPOS$ ( A MODE/ %EET ( /AMP$ PAP]1 BUT %[$ ! GREATE/ RESPECT = AN OLD COPY ( ! BULKY ,MOSC[ GAZETTE :I* WAS %[N TO HIM AS A PASSPORT4 

    ,AS AN ATTA*E ( ! 0,GOV]NOR ,G5]AL = ,COSSACK AFFAIRS10 ,KROPOTK9 MADE AN ACCURATE 9QUIRY 9TO ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( ! ,COASACKS ( ! ,USURI4 ,ON HIS RETURN TO ,PETROGRAD HE WAS CONGRATULAT$1 PROMOT$1 & GOT SPECIAL REW>DS4 ,BUT HIS PROPOSALS W]E NOT PUT 9TO PRACTICE BECAUSE ( ! (FICIALS :O /OLE MONEY & CONT9U$ TO FLOG ! PEASANTS1 9/EAD ( FURNI%+ !M ) CATTLE &1 BY PROMPT & SUITABLE ASSI/ANCE1 RELIEV+ ! EFFECTS ( FAM9E4 0,& ?US IT W5T ON 9 ALL DIRECTIONS1 BEG9N+ ) ! W9T] PALACE AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & 5D+ ) ! ,USURI & ,KAM*ATKA ,! HI<] ADM9I/RATION ( ,SIB]IA WAS 9FLU5C$ BY EXCELL5T 9T5TIONS1 & ,I CAN ONLY REPEAT ?AT1 EV]Y?+ CONSID]$1 IT WAS F> BETT]1 F> MORE 5LI<T5$1 & F> MORE 9T]E/$ 9 ! WELF>E ( ! PEOPLE ?AN ! ADM9I/RATION ( ANY O!R PROV9CE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT IT WAS AN ADM9I/RATION--A BRAN* ( ! TREE :I* HAD ITS ROOTS AT ,/4 ,PET]SBURG--& ?AT WAS 5\< TO P>ALYZE ALL ITS EXCELL5T 9T5TIONS1 5\< TO MAKE IT 9T]F]E ) & KILL ALL ! BEG9N+S ( LOCAL LIFE & PROGRESS4 ,:ATEV] WAS />T$ = ! GOOD ( ! C\NTRY BY LOCAL M5 WAS LOOK$ AT ) DI/RU/1 & WAS IMM$IATELY P>ALYZ$ BY HO/S ( DIFFICULTIES :I* CAME1 NOT SO MU* FROM ! BAD 9T5TIONS ( ! ADM9I/RATORS1 BUT SIMPLY FROM ! FACT ?AT !SE (FICIALS BELONG$ TO A PYRAMIDAL1 C5TRALIZ$ ADM9I/RATION4 ,! V]Y FACT ( !IR BELONG+ TO A GOV]NM5T :I* RADIAT$ FROM A DI/ANT CAPITAL CAUS$ !M TO LOOK UPON EV]Y?+ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( FUNCTION>IES ( ! GOV]NM5T1 :O ?9K FIR/ ( ALL AB\T :AT !IR SUP]IORS WILL SAY1 & H[ ?IS OR ?AT WILL APPE> 9 ! ADM9I/RATIVE MA*9]Y4 ,! 9T]E/S ( ! C\NTRY >E A SECOND>Y MATT]4 

    ,P>ALLEL ) HIS KN[L$GE ( ! 9EFFICI5CY ( ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION BODIES4 HIS OBS]VATIONS ON ! FREE ASSOCIATION ( ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 COMMON 9T]E/S :I* HE MADE ?R\<\T HIS LONG J\RNEYS 9 ,SIB]IA & ,MAN*URIA ALSO CONTRIBUT$ TO ! =MATION ( HIS AN>*I/ P]SONALITY4 ,HE SAW CLE>LY ! ROLE PLAY$ BY ! ANONYM\S MASSES 9 GREAT HI/ORIC EV5TS & 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CIVILIZATION4 ,?IS REALIZATION1 AS WE %ALL SEE LAT]1 9FLU5C$ ! :OLE ( HIS SOCIOLOGICAL CRITICISM1 & WAS FUNDAM5TAL TO HIS ME?OD ( HI/ORICAL RESE>*4 

    ,:5 ,KROPOTK9 W5T TO ,SWITZ]L&1 HIS LIB]T>IAN & F$]ALI/ T5D5CIES W]E GREATLY 9FLU5C$ BY HIS CONTACT ) ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION1 :I* 9 #ahgb HAD ASSUM$ M>K$ AN>*I/ & ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CIES4 ,ONE %\LD NOTE ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( !SE T5D5CIES WAS 9 GREAT P>T DUE TO ! /RONGLY C5TRALIZ$1 NOT TO SAY TYRANNICAL1 DOM9ATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 

     ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO ADD ?AT ! MILITANTS ( ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION W]E IMBU$ ) ! AN>*ISM ( ,BAKUN9 :I* WAS ESS5TIALLY F$]ALI/4 ,KROPOTK91 AS HE HIMSELF /ATES1 WAS NEV] 9 DIRECT CONTACT ) ,BAKUN94 

    ,ON HIS RETURN TO ,RUSSIA1 HE GOT 9 T\* ) ! GR\PS ( LEFT-W+ 9TELLECTUALS1 & HE REALIZ$ ANEW ! USELESSNESS ( ! ATTEMPTS MADE BY ?OSE :O TRI$ TO REG5]ATE ! C\NTRY ?R\< ! ZEM/VOS4 ,SU* WORK WAS SUSPECT$ ( BE+ SEP>ATI/1 ( TRY+ TO =M A ,/ATE )9 ! ,/ATE1 & WAS P]SECUT$ TO SU* A PO9T ?AT ANY ATTEMPT TO IMPROVE ! RURAL ADM9I/RATION ) REG>D TO HEAL? S]VICES OR S*OOLS WAS A MIS]ABLE FAILURE1 & C>RI$ ) IT ! RU9 ( 5TIRE GR\PS ( MEMB]S ELECT$ TO ! ZEM/VOS4 

    ,NOT)/&+ ! DISAPPO9TM5TS ATT5DANT ON HIS ADM9I/RATIVE EXP]I5CE1 BE=E HE LEFT ,RUSSIA1 ,KROPOTK9 SET TO WORK ONCE MORE4 ,HAV+ 9H]IT$ HIS FA!R'S PROP]TY AT ,TAMBOV1 HE W5T TO LIVE !RE & DEVOT$ ALL HIS 5]GIES TO ! LOCAL ZEM/VO4 ,BUT HE WAS COMPELL$ ONCE MORE TO REALIZE ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( SETT+ UP S*OOLS1 COOP]ATIVES1 OR MODEL FACTORIES )\T CREAT+ NEW VICTIMS ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 

"9 

    ,FROM ! >TICLES ?AT ,KROPOTK9 PUBLI%$ BETWE5 #ahgi & #ahhb 9 ! ,REVOLTE ( ,G5EVA1 IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT ! ADM9I/RATIVE SY/EM ( ! ,WE/ ONLY PROVID$ HIM ) NEW MAT]IAL = HIS CRITICISMS AGA9/ ! ,/ATE1 & CONFIRM$ HIM /ILL FUR!R 9 HIS F$]ALI/ & LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4 ,:]EV] C5TRALISM EXI/$ HE F\ND A P[]FUL BUREAUCRACY4 

    0,IT CREATES AN >MY ( (FICE-HOLD]S1 SITT+ LIKE SPID]S 9 !IR WEBS1 :O HAVE NEV] SE5 ! WORLD EXCEPT ?R\< ! D+Y PANES ( !IR (FICE W9D[S & ONLY KN[ IT FROM !IR FILES & ABSURD =MULAS--A BLACK B&1 :O HAVE NO O!R RELIGION EXCEPT MONEY1 & NO O!R ?\<T BUT ( /ICK+ TO ANY P>TY1 BLACK1 PURPLE OR :ITE1 SO LONG AS IT GU>ANTEES A MAXIMUM SAL>Y = A M9IMUM ( WORK40  @&NBSP    ,P4 ,KROPOTK91 ,P>OLES D'UN REVOLTE 

    ,C5TRALISM1 RESULT+ 9 EXCESSIVE BUREAUCRACY1 APPE>$ TO ,KROPOTK9 AS ONE ( ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM4 ,HE SAW 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y REGIME ! TRIUMPH ( 9COMPET5CE1 & HE DESCRIB$ ) PICTURESQUE IRONY ! ADM9I/RATIVE & LEGISLATIVE ACTIVITIES ( ! ,M4,P4 :O IS NOT CALL$ UPON TO JUDGE & DEAL ) MATT]S = :I* HE IS SPECIALLY FITT$1 BUT IS ASK$ TO VOTE ON A S]IES ( QUE/IONS1 ( AN 9F9ITE V>IETY1 >IS+ FROM ?OSE ELEPHANT9E MA*9ES ?AT >E  ! C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE4 

    0,HE WILL HAVE TO VOTE TAXES ON DOGS & ! RE=M ( UNIV]SITY $UCATION1 )\T EV] HAV+ SET FOOT 9 A UNIV]SITY OR EV] KN[+ A C\NTRY DOG4 ,HE WILL HAVE TO GIVE HIS OP9ION ON ! ADVANTAGES ( ! ,GRAS RIFLE & ON ! SITE = ! ,/ATE /ABLES4 ,HE WILL HAVE TO VOTE ON ! PHYLLOX]A ON GRA91 TOBACCO1 PRIM>Y $UCATION & URBAN SANITATION2 ON ,CO*91 ,*9A & ,GUIANA1 ON *IMNEYS & ! ,P>IS ,OBS]VATORY4 ,HE HAS NEV] SE5 SOLDI]S EXCEPT ON MANEUV]S1 BUT HE WILL DISPOSE >MY CORPS2 NEV] HAV+ MET AN ,>AB1 HE WILL MAKE & RE-MAKE ! ,MUSSULMAN LEGAL CODE 9 ,ALG]IA4 ,HE WILL VOTE = ! %AKO OR ! KEPI ACCORD+ TO ! TA/ES ( HIS WIFE4 ,HE WILL PROTECT AUG] & SACRIFICE GRA94 ,WILL DE/ROY ! V9E UND] ! IMPRESSION ?AT HE IS PROTECT+ IT4 ,WILL VOTE = AF=E/ATION AGA9/ PA/URAGE1 & PROTECT PA/URAGE AGA9/ ! =E/4 ,HE WILL HAVE TO %[ HIS ABILITY 9 BANK+4 ,HE WILL SACRIFICE A CANAL OR A RAILWAY )\T KN[+ 9 :AT P>T ( ,FRANCE !Y >E SITUAT$4 ,HE WILL ADD NEW >TICLES TO ! LEGAL CODE )\T EV] CONSULT+ IT4 ,A V]ITABLE ,PROTEUS1 OMNISCI5T & OMNIPOT5T1 TO-DAY A SOLDI] & TO-MORR[ A PIG-MAN1 SUCCESSIVELY A BANK]1 AN ACADEMICIAN1 A /REET-SWEEP]1 DOCTOR1 A/RONOM]1 DRUG-MANUFACTUR]1 TANN]1 OR CONTRACTOR ACCORD+ TO ! ORD]S ( ! DAY 9 ,P>LIAM5T1 HE NEV] KN[S A MOM5T'S HESITATION4 ,ACCU/OM$ 9 HIS CAPACITY AS LAWY]1 J\RNALI/ OR PUBLIC ORATOR1 TO SPEAK ( ?+S HE KN[S NO?+ (1 HE VOTES = ALL !SE & O!R QUE/IONS AS WELL ) ONLY ?IS DIFF]5CE2 :ILE 9 ! NEWSPAP]S HE M]ELY AMUS$ ) HIS GOSSIP1 & 9 ! C\RT ROOM HIS VOICE ONLY AWOKE ! SLEEP+ JUDGES1 9 ,P>LIAM5T HE WILL MAKE LAWS = ?IRTY OR =TY MILLION 9HABITANTS40 ,P ,KROPOTK91 ,P>OLES D'UN REVOLTE4 

    ,BUT ! WE/]N C\NTRIES1 TOGE!R ) ! RIDICUL\S ADM9I/RATIONS ( ! C5TRALIZ$ P>LIAM5T>Y REGIMES1 REVEAL$ TO HIM ! IMM5SE /R5G?1 VA/] & MORE COMPLEX1 OBS]V$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,MIR3 ?AT OR ! FREE ASSOCIATIONS :I* 0EXT5D !MSELVES & COV] EV]Y BRAN* ( HUMAN ACTIVITY10 & :I* MADE HIM DECL>E ?AT 0! FUTURE IS 9 ! H&S ( FREE ASSOCIATIONS & NOT ( C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5TS40 ,ESPECIALLY ! YE>S SP5T 9 ,5GL&1 A C\NTRY :]E ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! PEOPLE & ! 5ORM\S DEVELOPM5T ( FREE 9ITIATIVE C\LD NOT FAIL TO /RIKE ! =EIGN] COM+ FROM ,SLAV OR ,LAT9 C\NTRIES1 MADE ,KROPOTK9 ATTA* GREAT1 SOMETIMES EV5 EXCESSIVE1 IMPORTANCE TO ASSOCIATIONS4 

     ,FROM HIS DIRECT KN[L$GE ( ! ,WE/]N WORLD1 ,KROPOTK9 ADD$ A NEW T5D5CY 9 HIS /UDIES4 ,A GEOGRAPH] 9 ,RUSSIA1 HE BECAME AN >D5T HI/ORIAN 9 ,BRITA94 ,HE WI%$ TO UND]/& ! ,/ATE & KNEW ?AT 9 ORD] TO DO SO 0!RE IS ONLY ONE WAY2 ?AT ( /UDY+ IT 9 ITS HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T40 ,HE DISCOV]$ ) 5?USIASM ?AT ! G5]AL T5D5CY ( SCI5CE IS ?AT 0( /UDY+ NATURE NOT FROM ITS L>GE RESULTS & GREAT CONCLUSIONS1 BUT RA!R ?R\< S+LE PH5OM5A1 ?R\< SEP>ATE ELEM5TS40 ,HI/ORY ALSO CEASES TO BE ! HI/ORY ( DYNA/IES1 & BECOMES ! HI/ORY ( PEOPLES4 ,SO MU* ! BETT] = HI/ORICAL ME?OD1 BUT ALSO = ! F$]ALI/ CONCEPTION1 = IT WILL BECOME OBVI\S ?AT GREAT PROGRESSIVE *ANGES HAVE NOT TAK5 PLACE 9 C\RTS & P>LIAM5TS1 BUT 9 ! CITY1 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,DEVOT+ HIMSELF TO HI/ORICAL /UDIES1 ,KROPOTK9 SAW 9 ! EXCESSIVE C5TRALIZATION ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE ! CAUSE ( ITS COLLAPSE1 & 9 ! EPO* ( ! ,COMMUNES ! R5AISSANCE ( ! WE/]N WORLD4 0,IT IS 9 ! 5FRAN*ISEM5T ( ! ,COMMUNES & 9 ! UPRIS+S ( ! PEOPLE & ! ,COMMUNES AGA9/ ! ,/ATE1 ?AT WE F9D ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL PAGES ( HI/ORY4 ,:5 WE LOOK AT ! PA/1 IT IS NOT TO ,L\IS ,X,I1 OR ,L\IS ,X,I,V OR TO ,CA!R9E ,I,I ?AT WE TURN \R EYES1 BUT RA!R TO ! ,COMMUNES OR ! ,REPUBLICS ( ,AMALFI & ,FLOR5CE1 ( ,T\L\SE & ,LAON1 ,LIEGE OR ,C\RTRAI1 ,AUGSBURG & ,NUREMB]G1 ,PSKOV & ,NOVGOROD4 

    ,9 TRY+ TO DRAW EXAMPLES FROM M$IEVAL SOCIETY1 ,KROPOTK9 FELL 9TO V>I\S ]RORS ( 9T]PRETATION1 DUE MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE TO ! FACT ?AT ! TEXTS ?AT HE CONSULT$ 7SU* AS ! WRIT+S ( ,SISMONDI7 W]E NOT SO ADVANC$ AS ! HI/ORICAL /UDIES ( TODAY4 ,!RE IS NO NE$ TO ?9K1 H[EV]1 LIKE C]TA9 SUP]FICIAL PEOPLE1 ?AT ,KROPOTK9 5VISAG$ ! EPO* ( ! COMMUNES AS A K9D ( GOLD5 AGE4 0,IT WILL BE SAID1 NO D\BT1 ?AT ,I =GOT ! CONFLICTS & ! 9T]NAL /RUGGLES ) :I* ! HI/ORY ( ! COMMUNES IS FILL$2 ! EMBITT]$ BATTLES AGA9/ ! NOBLES1 ! 9SURRECTIONS ( ! 0Y\NG >TS0 AGA9/ ! 0OLD >TS10 ! BLOOD%$ & ! REPRISALS :I* ALWAYS OCCURR$ DUR+ ?OSE /RUGGLES4 4 4 ,NO1 ,I =GET NO?+4 ,BUT1 LIKE ,LEO & ,BOTTA -- ! TWO HI/ORIANS ( ,S\!RN ,ITALY -- LIKE ,SISMONDI1 ,F]R>I1 ,G9O ,CAPPONI & SO MANY O!RS1 ,I HOLD ?AT !SE /RUGGLES W]E 9 !MSELVES ! PRO( ( ! FRE$OM ( LIFE 9 ! FREE CITIES40 7SEE 0,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD07 ,IT WAS !SE 9TE/9E /RUGGLES ACCORD+ TO ,KROPOTK91 ?AT P]MITT$ ( ! 9T]V5TION ( ! K+ & ! T5D5CY ( ! ,COMMUNES TO 5CLOSE !MSELVES )9 !IR WALLS 70,P>OLES D'UN ,REVOLTE07 

    ,ANO!R HI/ORICAL FIELD EXPLOR$ BY ,KROPOTK9 WAS ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,HE WAS OPPOS$ TO ! B\RGEOISIE ( #a<i :OSE 0IDEAL WAS TO ABOLI% ALL ! LOCAL P[]S :I* AT ?AT TIME CON/ITUT$ SO MANY AUTONOM\S UNITS 9 ! /ATE4 ,!Y MEANT TO CONC5TRATE ALL GOV]NM5TAL P[] 9 ! H&S ( A C5TRAL EXECUTIVE AU?ORITY1 /RICTLY CONTROLL$ BY ,P>LIAM5T1 BUT ALSO /RICTLY OBEY$ 9 ! ,/ATE1 & COMB9+ EV]Y DEP>TM5T -- TAXES1 LAW C\RTS1 POLICE1 >MY1 S*OOLS1 CIVIC CONTROL1 G5]AL DIRECTION ( COMM]CE & 9DU/RY EV]Y?+40 70,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION07 ,HE REPROA*$ ! ,GIROND9S = ! ATTEMPT TO DISSOLVE ! COMMUNES & DEMON/RAT$ ?AT !IR F$]ALISM WAS M]ELY AN OPPOSITION SLOGAN1 & ?AT 9 !IR ACTIONS !Y %[$ !MSELVES TO BE AS MU* 9 FAVOR ( C5TRALIZATION AS ! ,MONTAGN>DS4 

    ,ACCORD+ TO ,KROPOTK9 ! COMMUNES W]E ! S\L ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & HE GAVE EXT5SIVE ILLU/RATIONS ( ! COMMUNALI/ MOVEM5T1 SEEK+ TO %[ ?AT ONE ( ! PRIME CAUSES ( ! DECAD5CE ( ! CITIES WAS ! ABOLITION ( ! PL5>Y ASSEMBLIES ( CITIZ5S :I* HELD CONTROL ( ,JU/ICE & ! ,ADM9I/RATION4 

    ,! EPO* ( ! ,COMMUNES & ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION W]E = ,KROPOTK91 AS = ,SALVEM9I1 ! TWO HI/ORICAL FIELDS 9 :I* HE F\ND ! CONFIRMATION ( HIS [N F$]ALI/ IDEAS & ! ELEM5TS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS LIB]T>IAN CONCEPTION ( LIFE & POLITICS4 ,BUT !RE ALWAYS REMA9$ ALIVE 9 HIM ! RECORD ( HIS OBS]VATIONS ON ! ,RUSSIAN MIR & ( ! FREE ASSOCIATIONS AMONG PRIMITIVE PEOPLES1 & !SE RECOLLECTIONS CONFIRM$ 9 HIM HIS F$]ALISM1 :I* SOMETIMES MAKES HIM TURN TO A POPUL> NAIVETE AS 9 ! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD4  

"9 

  ,:5 HE /UDI$ ! V>I\S SOCIALI/ !ORIES1 ,KROPOTK9 ADOPT$ A NEGATIVE ATTITUDE T[>DS ! ,SA9T-,SIMONIANS & ! SO-CALL$ ,UTOPIANS1 9 P>TICUL> ,CABET1 BECAUSE !Y F\ND$ !IR SY/EMS ON AN ADM9I/RATIVE HI]>*Y2 BUT HE %[$ ON ! CONTR>Y GREAT 5?USIASM = ! COMMUNALI/ !ORIES ( ,F\RI] 7SEE 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM074 ,HE OPPOS$ ,/ATE COLLECTIVIZATION BECAUSE AL?\< IT DECID$LY MODIFI$ ! CAPITALI/ REGIME 0IT DOES NOT ABOLI% ! WAGE SY/EM10 BECAUSE 0! ,/ATE1 ?AT IS TO SAY ! REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 NATIONAL OR COMMUNAL1 PUTS ITSELF 9 ! PLACE ( ! BOSS10 SO ?AT ITS REPRES5TATIVES & BUREAUCRATS ABSORB1 & R5D] NECESS>Y1 ! SURPLUS VALUE ( PRODUCTION4 7,SEE 0,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD0 & 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM07 ,ALSO TRUE ( ! SOCIALI/ ,/ATE IS ! FOLL[+ REM>K3 0,H[ MU* WORK DO WE YIELD TO ! ,/ATE8 ,NO ECONOMI/ HAS EV] TRI$ TO WORK \T ! NUMB] ( WORK-DAYS ?AT ! WORK] 9 FIELD OR FACTORY GIVES EV]Y YE> TO ?IS ,BABYLONIAN IDOL4 ,IT IS 9 VA9 ?AT ONE SE>*ES ?R\< BOOKS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY 9 ORD] TO >RIVE AT AN APPROXIMATE E/IMATE ( :AT MAN1 ! PRODUC] ( ALL WEAL?1 GIVES TO HIS LABOR TO ! ,/ATE4 

    0,A SIMPLE E/IMATE BAS$ ON ! ,/ATE BUDGET1 ( A NATION1 ( ! PROV9CES & COMMUNES 7:I* CONTRIBUTE TO ! EXP5SES ( ! ,/ATE7 W\LD HAVE NO SIGNIFICANCE BECAUSE ONE W\LD HAVE TO WORK \T NOT :AT GOES EV]Y YE> 9TO ! ,TREASURY C(F]S1 BUT :AT EV]Y %ILL+ PAID TO ! ,TREASURY REPRES5TS 9 REAL VALUE BY ! TAXPAY]4 ,ALL WE CAN SAY IS ?AT ! AM\NT ( WORK GIV5 EV]Y YE> BY ! PRODUC] TO ! ,/ATE MU/ BE 5ORM\S4  ,IT MU/ REA*1 & = C]TA9 CLASSES EXCE$1 ! ?REE DAYS WORK A WEEK ?AT ! S]F US$ TO GIVE HIS LORD40 70,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM07 ,EV5 ! SOCIALI/ ,/ATE W\LD TRY TO 9CREASE ITS EXACTIONS BECAUSE 0EV]Y P>TY 9 P[] IS OBLIG$ TO CREATE NEW JOBS = ITS SUPPORT]S0 & IT NOT ONLY W\LD BURD5 ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY ) ADM9I/RATIVE EXP5SES1 BUT ALSO SET UP AN OLIG>*Y ( 9COMPET5TS4 0,:AT IS NE$$1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS ! COLLECTIVE SPIRIT ( ! MASSES ACT+ ON CONCRETE AFFAIRS40 

    ,! COLLECTIVE SPIRIT1 IS A G5]IC T]M :I* 9 ! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD BECAME 0! PEOPLE10 0! COMMUNE10 0SOCIETY0 ETC41 :I* ADM9I/]S JU/ICE1 ORGANIZ$ EV]Y?+1 & RESOLVES ! MO/ COMPLEX PROBLEMS4 ,IT IS A K9D ( DIV9ITY :I* ,SAV]IO ,M]L9O DESCRIB$ ) JU/ IRONY AS PLAY+ ! P>T ( ! *ORUS 9 ,GREEK TRAG$Y1 & :I* ! MO/ PR(\ND AN>*I/ !ORETICIANS >E F> FROM ADOR+4  ,BUT IF ,KROPOTK9'S F$]ALISM LACKS PRECISION & PUTS EXCESSIVE FAI? 9 ! POLITICAL CAPACITIES ( ! PEOPLE1 IT IS NEV]!LESS REM>KABLE = ITS BREAD? ( VIEW4 ,NO F$]ATION CAN BE CONSI/5T IF IT IS NOT 9TEGRAL4 ,& IT CAN ONLY BE SU* IF IT IS SOCIALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y4  

    ,! 9TEGRAL NATURE ( ,KROPOTK9'S F$]ALI/ IDEAS IS PROV$ BY MANY PASSAGES 9 HIS WRIT+S4 ,! FOLL[+ DECL>ATIONS >E ! MO/ EXPLICIT ONES2 0,F$]ATION & ,AUTONOMY >E NOT 5\<4 ,!Y >E ONLY WORDS :I* COV] ! AU?ORITY ( ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE40 0,TO-DAY1 ! ,/ATE HAS SUCCE$$ 9 CONTROLL+ EV]Y ASPECT ( \R LIVES4 ,FROM ! CRADLE TO ! GRAVE IT HOLDS US 9 ITS GRIP4 ,SOMETIMES UND] ! GUISE ( ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 SOMETIMES AS A PROV9CIAL OR CANTONAL GOV]NM5T1 SOMETIMES AS A ,/ATE-,COMMUNE1 IT FOLL[S \R EV]Y /EP1 APPE>S AT ! /REET CORN]1 HOLD+ & TORM5T+ US40 ,! FREE COMMUNE IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,KROPOTK91 ! 0POLITICAL =M :I* ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION %\LD TAKE40 ,HE EXALTS ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE BECAUSE ITS COMMUNAL 9DEP5D5CE WAS A MEANS1 & ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ! AIM4 ,! ,COMMUNE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY0 WILL NOT ONLY BE COMMUNALI/1 BUT COMMUNI/6 REVOLUTION>Y 9 POLITICS1 IT WILL ALSO BE SO 9 ! FIELD ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 ,EI!R ! ,COMMUNE WILL BE ABSOLUTELY 0FREE TO GIVE ITSELF ! 9/ITUTIONS IT DESIRES & TO MAKE ALL ! RE=MS & REVOLUTIONS IT F9DS NECESS>Y10 OR ELSE 0IT WILL REMA9 M]ELY A BRAN* ( ! /ATE1 HAMP]$ 9 ALL ITS ACTIONS1 ALWAYS ON ! V]GE ( COM+ 9TO CONFLICT ) ! /ATE1 & C]TA9 TO BE DEFEAT$ 9 ITS /RUGGLE ) IT40 ,= ,KROPOTK91 !N1 ! FREE COMMUNES W]E ! NECESS>Y *ANNELS ?R\< :I* ! REVOLUTION C\LD REA* ITS MAXIMUM DEVELOPM5T4 

  ,HIS F$]ALISM ASPIRES TO 0! COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,COMMUNES1 ! ,F$]ATION ( FREE COMMUNES & ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! COMMUNES1 ?AT IS TO SAY ! =MATION ( ASSOCIAT$ PRODUCTIVE GR\PS 9 PLACE ( ! /ATE ORGANIZATION40 

  ,KROPOTK9 SAID TO ! PEASANTS3 0,AT ONE TIME1 ! L& BELONG$ TO ! ,COMMUNES1 COMPOS$ ( ?OSE :O !MSELVES CULTIVAT$ ! L&1 ) !IR [N H&S10 BUT ?ANKS TO FRAUD1 MOLE/ATION1 & VIOL5CE1 ! COMMUNAL L&S HAVE BECOME PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ,! PEASANTS MU/ !RE=E ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9 COMMUNES & TAKE BACK ?IS L& 9 ORD] TO PUT IT AT ! DISPOSAL ( ?OSE :O >E WILL+ TO WORK IT40 ,& AGA91 0,DO Y\ NE$ A ROAD8 ,!N ! 9HABITANTS ( ! NEI<BOR+ COMMUNES WILL REA* AN AGREEM5T BETWE5 !MSELVES & WILL MAKE ONE BETT] ?AN ! ,M9I/] ( ,PUBLIC ,WORKS4 ,DO Y\ NE$ A RAILWAY8 ,! ,COMMUNES CONC]N$ 9 A :OLE REGION WILL MAKE ONE BETT] ?AN ! CONTRACTORS :O PILE UP MILLIONS BUILD+ BAD RAILWAYS4 ,Y\ WILL NE$ S*OOLS8 ,Y\ CAN MAKE !M Y\RSELVES AS WELL AS !SE ,P>IS G5TLEM5 & MAKE !M BETT] ?AN !Y4 ,! ,/ATE HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ALL ?IS2 S*OOLS1 ROADS1 CANALS C\LD BE BUILT BETT] BY Y\RSELVES & AT LESS EXP5SE40 ,!SE PASSAGES FROM 0,P>OLES D'UN REVOLTE0 MAKE IT CLE> ?AT 9 ?OSE PLACES 9 ! 0,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD20 :]E HE SAYS ?AT ! COMMUNE WILL DI/RIBUTE GOODS1 RATION WOOD1 REGULATE ! PA/URE L&1 DIVIDE ! L&1 ETC41 HE DOES NOT MEAN ! ,COMMUNE AS A 0BRAN* ( ! ,/ATE10 BUT ! FREE ASSOCIATION ( ! MEMB]S CONC]N$1 :I* MAY BE EI!R A COOP]ATIVE1 OR A CORPORATE BODY1 OR SIMPLY A PROVISIONAL UNION ( SEV]AL PEOPLE UNIT$ BY A COMMON NE$4 

  ,KROPOTK91 AL?\< HE REALIZES ! S]I\SNESS ( !M IS NOT TOO MU* CONC]N$ ) ! DANG]S 9H]5T 9 ! AUTONOMY ( SMALL GR\PS4 ,!RE IS A *>ACT]I/IC PASSAGE ON ! SUBJECT3 0,EV5 9 \R TIME P>O*IAL FEEL+S MAY GIVE RISE TO MU* JEAL\SY BETWE5 TWO NEI<BOR+ COMMUNES1 PRES5T !IR DIRECT ALLIANCE1 & EV5 GIVE RISE TO /RUGGLES4  ,BUT EV5 IF !SE JEAL\SIES CAN EFFECTIVELY PREV5T DIRECT F$]ATION BETWE5 TWO NEI<BOR+ COMMUNES1 IT IS BY MEANS ( ! GREAT C5T]S ?AT ?IS F$]ATION WILL /ABILIZE ITSELF4  ,TODAY1 TWO V]Y SMALL NEI<BOR+ BOR\<S HAVE NO?+ :I* UNITES !M DIRECTLY2 ! FEW RELATIONS !Y HAVE BETWE5 !MSELVES WILL S]VE MORE LIKELY TO CAUSE CONFLICT ?AN TO DRAW CLOS] ! BONDS ( SOLID>ITY4  ,BUT BO? ( !M HAVE ALREADY A COMMON C5T] ) :I* !Y >E 9 CON/ANT T\* & )\T :I* !Y C\LD NOT EXI/2 9 SPITE ( ALL P>O*IAL JEAL\SIES !Y WILL BE CON/RA9$ T[>DS UNION BY MEANS ( ! GREAT CITY1 :]E !Y PROVISION !MSELVES & :I!R !Y BR+ !IR PRODUCTS2 EA* ( !M MU/ TAKE P>T 9 ! SAME F$]ATION 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 !IR [N RELATIONS ) ?IS C5T] ( COORD9ATION1 & UNITE !MSELVES )9 IT40  

  ,H]E AGA9 WE HAVE A SIMPLIFICATION ( ! F$]ALI/ PROBLEM4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO JUDGE ,KROPOTK9 FAIRLY ONE MU/ TAKE ACC\NT NOT ONLY ( :AT HE HAS WRITT5 BUT ALSO ( :AT HE HAS BE5 UNABLE TO WRITE4 ,SOME HA/Y /ATEM5TS1 SOME LACUNAE1 SOME OV] AMPLIFICATION ( COMPLEX PROBLEMS >E NOT DUE ONLY  TO HIS HABIT ( M9D1 BUT ALSO TO ! MAT]IAL IMPOSSIBILITY ( DEVELOP+ HIS PO9T ( VIEW4  ,KROPOTK9 ALMO/ ALWAYS WROTE = NEWSPAP]S 9T5D$ TO BE READ BY WORK]S4  ,BE+ PR(\NDLY DEMOCRATIC HE ALWAYS VOLUNT>ILY R5\NC$ ! MANTLE ( DOCTR9AIRE 9 ORD] TO ROLL UP HIS %IRT SLEEVES4  ,MAL/E/A1 :O WAS ALSO AN ORIG9AL !ORETICIAN & A CULTIVAT$ MAN1 DID ! SAME4  ,EV5 HIS PAMPHLETS DO NOT REPRES5T ! :OLE EXPRESSION ( HIS IDEAS1 A COMPLETE EXPOSITION ( HIS RESE>*ES4  ,HE HIMSLEF EXPLA9S ! REASON 9 HIS 0,MEMOIRS03 0,I HAD TO ELABORATE A COMPLETELY NEW /YLE = !SE PAMPHLETS4  ,I CONFESS ?AT ,I (T5 REG>D$ ) 5VY ?OSE WRIT]S :O HAD AS MANY PAGES AS !Y LIK$ AT !IR DISPOSAL = ! DEVELOPM5T ( !IR IDEAS1 & ?OSE :O C\LD USE ,TALLEYR&'S EXCUSE1 ',I HAD NO TIME TO BE BRIEF4'  ,:5 ,I HAD TO COND5SE ! WORK ( SEV]AL MON?S1 = EXAMPLE1 ON ! ORIG9 ( LAW1 = A P5NY PAMPHLET1 ,I NE$$ QUITE A LOT ( TIME = ABBREVIATION40 

     
,KROPOTK9 MET ) ?OSE MAT]IAL DIFFICULTIES ONLY T[>DS #a#h#h#d2 AFT]W>DS = ALMO/ ?IRTY YE>S HE WAS ABLE TO WRITE CONSID]ABLE BOOKS4  ,BUT 9 ?IS SECOND P]IOD HE WAS MORE A !ORETICIAN ?AN AN AGITATOR1 & HIS ?\<TS W]E MORE OCCUPI$ ) HI/ORICAL RESE>*ES & SCI5TIFIC /UDIES1 SO ?AT 0,LES ,P>OLES D'UN ,REVOLTE0 REMA9S HIS BE/ AN>*I/ WORK = FRE%NESS ( EXPRESSION & IDEOLOGICAL COH]5CE4  

    ,SOME HAVE ?\<T TO SEE 9 KROPOTK9'S ATTITUDE 9 #aiad AN ANALOGY ) ?AT ( ,BAKUN9 9 #a#h#g#a1 ,BAKUN9 WAS 9 FAVOR ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DEF5SE ( ,FRANCE AFT] ! ,P>IS REVOLUTION HAD OV]?R[N ! MON>*Y2 & HE WAS ALSO OPPOS$ TO ! REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ( ,P>IS & URG$ 9SURRECTION AGA9/ IT 9 ORD] TO OPPOSE ! ,G]MAN >MY ONLY ) ! REVOLUTION ( ! PEOPLE4 

   
,) HIS PRO-W> ATTITUDE ,KROPOTK9 SEP>AT$ HIMSELF FROM AN>*ISM1 & HE EV5 W5T SO F> AS TO SIGN ! ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,SIXTE5 9 #a#i#a#f1 A DOCUM5T :I* M>KS ! CULM9ATION ( 9COH]5CE 9 ! PRO-W> AN>*I/S2 HE ALSO SUPPORT$ ,K]5SKY 9 ,RUSSIA ON ! QUE/ION ( PROSECUT+ ! W>4 

   
,KROPOTK9 SAW ! F$]ALI/ PROBLEM AS A TE*NICAL ONE & HE DECL>ES 9 HIS LA/ BOOK ,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM ?AT MAN WILL BE COMPELL$ TO F9D NEW =MS ( ORGANIZATION = ! SOCIAL FUNCTIONS :I* ! ,/ATE FULFILLS ?R\< ! BUREAUCRACY & ?AT 0AS LONG AS ?IS IS NOT DONE NO?+ WILL BE DONE40 

   
,BUT 9 HIS LIFE1 P>TLY ADV5TUR\S1 P>TLY /RICTLY SCI5TIFIC1 HE WAS NOT ABLE SY/EMATICALLY TO DEVELOP  HIS F$]ALI/ CONCEPTION1 & HIS [N CONCEPTION ( AN>*ISM 9 :I* ! VITAL SPIRIT ( ! PEOPLE CON/ITUTES ! ESS5CE ( EVOLUTION1 WAS OPPOS$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS F$]ALI/ IDEAS = ! FUTURE4 

"9 

   
,:AT WAS ,KROPOTK9'S ATTITUDE T[>DS ! ,EUROPEAN W> & ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION8 ,I ?9K IT IS 9T]E/+ TO CONSID] IT BECAUSE HIS F$]ALI/ ?\<T CONTRIBUT$ 9 =M+ HIS ATTITUDE4  ,9 HIS ,MEMOIRS ,KROPOTK9 WROTE3 0,! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/S & ! ,BAKUN9/S WAS NOT A P]SONAL ISSUE4  ,IT WAS ! 9EVITABLE CONFLICT BETWE5 ! PR9CIPLE ( F$]ALISM & ?AT ( C5TRALIZATION1 BETWE5 ! FREE COMMUNES & GOV]NM5T BY ! ,/ATE1 BETWE5 ! FREE ACTION ( ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE ADVANC+ T[>DS !IR EMANCIPATION & ! LEGAL P]FECTION ( EXI/+ CAPITALISM--A CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,LAT9 SPIRIT & ! ,G]MAN SPIRIT40  ,AT ! \TBREAK ( ! W> ,KROPOTK9 REG>D$ ,FRANCE AS ! REPOSITORY ( ! ,LAT9 SPIRIT ?AT IS TO SAY ( ! REVOLUTION & ,G]MANY AS ! TRIUMPH ( ,/ATE WOR%IP ?AT IS TO SAY ( REACTION4  ,HIS ATTITUDE WAS ?AT ( ! 0DEF5D]S ( DEMOCRACY40  ,AT ! BEG9N+ HE JO9$ ) ! *AUV9I/S ( ! ,5T5TE & FELL LIKE ,GUILLAUME#a 9TO EXAGG]ATION4 

   
,BUT 9 ! ONESID$NESS ( HIS POSITION ONE CAN SEE ! CONVICTION ( HIS F$]ALI/ FAI?4 ,HE OPPOS$ ,G]MANY BECAUSE HE SAW 9 H] A DANG] TO ! AUTONOMY ( PEOPLES & ! PR9CIPLES ( DEC5TRALIZATION4  ,9 HIS LETT] TO ! ,SW$I% PR(ESSOR ,G4 ,/EFFAN 7,FRE$OM ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#d7 HE DECL>$3 

   
0,= ! ,/ATES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 & ESPECIALLY = ,RUSSIA1 ,G]MANY WAS ! *IEF SUPPORT & PROTECTION = REACTION4  ,PRUSSIAN MILIT>ISM1 ! MOCK 9/ITUTION ( POPUL> REPRES5TATION (F]$ BY ! ,G]MAN ,REI*/AG1 & ! FEUDAL ,L&TAGS ( ! SEP>ATE PORTIONS ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE1 & ! ILL-TREATM5T ( ! SUBDU$ NATIONALITIES 9 ,ALSACE1 & ESPECIALLY ,PRUSSIAN ,POL&1 :]E ! ,POLES W]E TREAT$ AS BADLY AS 9 ,RUSSIA--)\T PROTE/ FROM ! ADVANC$ POLITICAL P>TIES--!SE FRUITS ( ,G]MAN ,IMP]IALISM W]E ! LESSONS ?AT ! MOD]N ,G]MANY1 ! ,G]MANY ( ,BISM>CK1 TAU<T H] NEI<BORS1 & ABOVE ALL1 ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM4  ,W\LD ABSOLUTISM HAVE MA9TA9$ ITSELF SO LONG 9 ,RUSSIA1 & W\LD ?AT ABSOLUTISM EV] HAVE D>$ TO ILL-TREAT ,PO& & ,F9L& AS IT HAD TREAT$ !M1 IF IT C\LD NOT PRODUCE ! EXAMPLE ( 0CULTUR$ ,G]MANY10 & IF IT W]E NOT SURE ( ,G]MANY'S PROTECTION80 

   
,& =ESEE+ ! CRITICISM3 ,>E Y\ =GETT+ ! ,RUSSIAN AUTOCRACY8 HE WROTE3 

   
0,NO ONE IMAG9ES ?AT AFT] ! PRES5T W>1 9 :I* ALL ! ,RUSSIAN P>TIES HAVE UNANIM\SLY RIS5 AGA9/ ! COMMON 5EMY1 IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO RETURN ONCE MORE TO ! OLD AUTOCRACY2 ?AT IS PHYSICALLY IMPOSSIBLE4  ,?OSE :O HAVE MADE A S]I\S /UDY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #aie KN[ :AT W]E ! DOM9AT+ IDEAS DUR+ ! FIR/ & SECOND ,DUMAS :I* W]E ELECT$ UND] COMP>ATIVELY FREE CONDITIONS4  ,!Y SURELY KN[ ?AT HOME RULE = ALL ! SECTIONS :I* MAKE UP ! ,EMPIRE WAS ! FUNDAM5TAL POLICY ( ALL LIB]AL & RADICAL P>TIES4  ,BUT !RE IS MORE ?AN ?AT4  ,F9L& HAS A*IEV$ H] REVOLUTION 9 ! %APE ( A DEMOCRATIC AUTONOMY1 & ! ,DUMA HAS 5DORS$ IT4 

   
,FUR!RMORE1 ?OSE :O KN[ ,RUSSIA & ! LATE/ T5D5CIES !RE1 C]TA9LY UND]/& ?AT ! OLD AUTOCRACY WILL NEV] BE REE/ABLI%$ 9 ! PRE-#a#i#e =M1 & ?AT A ,RUSSIAN ,CON/ITUTION WILL NEV] BE ABLE TO TAKE ON AN IMP]IALI/ =M1 & ASSUME ! SPIRIT :I* P>LIAM5T>ISM HAS 9 ,G]MANY4  ,9 \R OP9ION1 & KN[+ ,RUSSIA AS WE DO1 WE >E CONV9C$ ?AT ,RUSSIA WILL NEV] BECOME AGGRESSIVE & BELLICOSE LIKE ,G]MANY4 ,NOT ONLY DOES ! :OLE ( ,RUSSIAN HI/ORY %[ ?IS1 BUT ! WAY 9 :I* ! ,RUSSIAN ,F$]ATION IS CON/ITUT$ PRECLUDES ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MILIT>I/ SPIRIT 9 ! V]Y NE> FUTURE40 

   
,= ,KROPOTK91 ,RUSSIA WAS ! C\NTRY ( ! ,MIR1 ! C\NTRY :I* HAD (F]$ HIM A WIDE FIELD = OBS]VATION ( ! RESULTS & POSSIBILITIES ( 9ITIATIVE ON ! P>T ( ! PEOPLE4 

   
,! ,EUROPEAN ,W> DREW HIM AWAY FROM HIS POLITICAL FAMILY2 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4  ,! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA DREW HIM BACK TO IT ONCE MORE4 

   
,KROPOTK91 EV5 9 HIS E>LIE/ WRIT+S1 F\<T AGA9/ ! ILLUSION ?AT SECRET REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETIES W\LD BE ABLE1 ONCE ! ,CZ>I/ TYRANNY HAD BE5 DE/ROY$1 TO SUB/ITUTE = ! DEFEAT$ BUREAUCRATIC MA*9E A NEW ADM9I/RATION MADE UP ( HONE/ & 9TRANSIG5T REVOLUTION>IES2 0O!RS--! C>EFUL ONES :O WORK TO MAKE A NAME = !MSELVES :IL/ ! REVOLUTION>IES WORK 9 ! D>K OR P]I% 9 ,SIB]IA2 O!RS--! 9TRIGU]S1 ! DEMAGOGUES1 ! LAWY]S1 ! M5 ( LETT]S :O OCCASIONALLY %$ A SOON-DRI$ TE> OV] ! TOMB ( ! H]OES1 & PASS = FRI5DS ( ! PEOPLE--!SE >E ! PEOPLE :O WILL OCCUPY ! VACANT SEATS 9 ! GOV]NM5T & WILL CRY 0,BACK60 TO ! NAMELESS ONES :O HAVE BR\<T AB\T ! REVOLUTION40 ,KROPOTK9'S PROPHECY  HAS BE5 AMPLY BORNE \T 9 ,RUSSIA1 & \R COMRADE WAS 9 ! OPPOSITION1 AN OPPOSITION :I* W\LD HAVE HAD IMPORTANT REPR]CUSSIONS IF HIS UNQUALIFI$ SUPPORT = ! W> HAD NOT DE/ROY$ HIS POLITICAL PRE/IGE4 

   
,9 AN 9T]VIEW ) ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y PUBLI%$ 9 ,]K5NTNIS ,BEFREIUNG ( ,VI5NA1 ,KROPOTK9 SAID3 0,WE %\LD HAVE COMMUNAL C\NCILS4  ,!SE %\LD WORK 9DEP5D5TLY4  ,!Y %\LD = 9/ANCE SEE TO IT ?AT1 9 ! EV5T ( A POOR H>VE/1 ! POPULATION DID NOT LACK ! B>E NECESSITIES ( LIFE4  ,C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T IS1 9 ?IS CASE1 AN EXTREMELY CUMB]SOME MA*9E#b :]EAS1 ON ! O!R H&1 A F$]ATION ( ! C\NCILS W\LD CREATE A VITAL C5T]40  ,9 HIS 9T]VIEW ) ,>M&O ,BOR<I1 ,KROPOTK9 PLAC$ GREAT /RESS ON ! ROLE ( ! SYNDICATES AS ! CELLS ( ! AUTONOM\S & ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIAL REVOLUTION4  ,9 SOME ( HIS LETT]S 7#b#cRD ,DECEMB] #a#i#b7 ADDRESS$ TO ! ,DUT* AN>*I/ ,DE ,REJG]1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,VRIJE ,SOCIALI/1 ,KROPOTK9 WROTE3 0,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA HAS UN=TUNATELY ASSUM$ A C5TRALIZ$ & AU?ORIT>IAN *>ACT]40 

   
,KROPOTK9'S VIEWS ON ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION >E EXPRESS$ 9 HIS MESSAGE TO ! ,WE/]N ,WORK]S1 H&$ TO ,MISS ,BONFIELD ON #a? ,JUNE1 #a#i#b1 :5 %E & O!R DELEGATES ( ! ,LABOR ,P>TY CAME TO GREET HIM 9 HIS RETREAT AT ,DIMITROV4  ,?IS MESSAGE IS A NOTABLE DOCUM5T 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

   
,KROPOTK9 PO9T$ \T ?AT IF ONE ADMITT$ ?AT ! ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% A NEW SOCIETY ?R\< ! ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT IS DOOM$ TO FAILURE1 ONE CANNOT NEV]!LESS D5Y ?AT ! REVOLUTION 9TRODUC$ NEW CONCEPTIONS 9TO ,RUSSIAN LIFE ON ! SOCIAL FUNCTION & ON ! RI<TS ( ! WORK]1 AS WELL AS ON ! DUTIES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ51 & HE EXPRESS$ HIS IDEA ) A CLE> BUT 9TRANSIGEANT CRITICISM ( ,BOL%EVISM AS A P>TY DICTATOR%IP & C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T4 

   
,! FIR/ G5]AL PROBLEM CONC]NS ! DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES ?AT MAKE UP ,RUSSIA4  ,ON ?IS QUE/ION ,KROPOTK9 WRITES3 

   
0,A REE/ABLI%M5T ( RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROPEAN NATIONS & ,RUSSIA MU/ NOT MEAN AN ADMISSION ( ! SUP]IORITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN NATION OV] ! NATIONS ( :I* ! ,EMPIRE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,CZ> WAS COMPOS$4 

   
,IMP]IAL ,RUSSIA IS DEAD & WILL NEV] BE REVIV$4  ,! FUTURE ( ! V>I\S PROV9CES :I* COMPOS$ ! ,EMPIRE WILL BE DIRECT$ T[>DS A L>GE F$]ATION4  ,! NATURAL T]RITORIES ( ! DIFF]5T SECTIONS ( ! F$]ATION >E 9 NO WISE DI/9CT FROM ?OSE ) :I* WE >E FAMILI> 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA1 ( ITS E?NOGRAPHY & ECONOMIC LIFE4  ,ALL ! ATTEMPTS TO BR+ TOGE!R ! CON/ITU5T P>TS ( ! ,RUSSIA ,EMPIRE1 SU* AS ,F9L&1 ! ,BALTIC PROV9CES1 ,LITUANIA1 ,UKRA9E1 ,GEORGIA1 ,>M5IA1 ,SIB]IA & O!RS1 UND] A C5TRAL AU?ROITY >E DOOM$ TO C]TA9 FAILURE4  ,! FUTURE ( :AT WAS ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE IS DIRECT$ T[>DS A F$RATION ( 9DEP5D5T UNITS4 

   
,CONSEQU5TLY IT W\LD BE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ALL ! WE/]N NATIONS ?AT !Y %\LD DECL>E FIR/ ( ALL !IR RECOGNITION ( ! RI<T ( EA* PORTION ( ! =M] ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE TO GOV]N ITSELF40 

   
,BUT ,KROPOTK9'S F$]ALISM GOES BEYOND ?IS PROPOSAL = E?NOGRAPHIC AUTONOMY4  ,HE PO9TS \T ! NECESSITY TO ANTICIPATE1 9 A NOT DI/ANT FUTURE1 0A TIME :5 EA* COMPON5T ( ! F$]ATION WILL ITSELF BE A F$]ATION1 A FREE F$]ATION ( RURAL COMMUNES & FREE CITIES1 & ,I BELIEVE TOO ?AT ,WE/]N ,EUROPE WILL ALSO MOVE 9 ?IS DIRECTION40 

   
,& !N FOLL[S AN \TL9E ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TACTICS ( ! AUTONOM\S F$]ALI/S & A CRITICISM ( ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE-WOR%IP ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS3 0,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION--! CONT9UATION ( ! TWO GREAT ,5GLI% & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS--IS /RUGGL+ TO PROGRESS BEYOND ! PO9T :]E ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION /OPP$ :5 IT HAD REA*$ ! IDEA ( REAL EQUALITY1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ( ECONOMIC EQUALITY4 

   
,UN=TUNATELY ?IS ATTEPMT HAS BE5 MADE 9 ,RUSSIA UND] ! HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4  ,! SAME ATTEMPT HAD BE5 MADE BY ,BABOEUF & HIS FOLL[]S1 A C5TRALIZ$ & ,JACOB9 ATTEMPT4  ,I MU/ FRANKLY CONFESS ?AT1 AS ,I SEE IT1 ?IS ATTEMPT TO BUILD A COMMUNI/ REPUBLIC ON A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE F\NDATION1 UND] ! /R+5T LAWS ( A P>TY1 IS PROV+ ITSELF A COLOSSAL FAILURE4  ,! ,RUSSIAN EXP]IM5T TEA*ES US H[ COMMUNISM %\LD NOT BE IMPOS$1 EV5 ON A PEOPLE :O >E TIR$ ( ! OLD REGIME & IMPOT5T TO (F] ACTIVE RESI/ANCE TO ! EXP]IM5T ( ! NEW RUL]S4  ,! IDEA ( ! ,SOVIETS1 OR ( ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' C\NCILS1 ALREADY =E%AD[$ DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y EXP]IM5T ( #aie & COMPLETELY A*IEV$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#g1 WAS A WOND]FUL IDEA4  ,! V]Y FACT ?AT !SE C\NCILS MU/ CONTROL ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY ASSUMES ?AT !Y MU/ BE COMPOS$ ( ALL :O P]SONALLY TAKE P>T 9 ! PRODUCTION ( ! NATIONAL WEAL?4 

   
,BUT SO LONG AS A C\NTRY IS SUBMITT$ TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY1 ! C\NCILS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS MU/ OBVI\SLY LOSE ALL MEAN+4  ,!IR ROLE IS R$UC$ TO ! PASSIVE ONE1 REPRES5T$ 9 ! PA/ BY ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL OR ! P>LIAM5TS1 CONVOK$ BY ! MON>* & OBLIG$ TO KEEP UP ) AN ALL-P[]FUL ,ROYAL ,C\NCIL4 

   
,A WORK]S' C\NCIL CANNOT BE A FREE & EFFECTIVE CONSULTATIVE BODY :5 IT LACKS FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 A SITUATION EXI/+ 9 ,RUSSIA = ! PA/ TWO YE>S1 ON ! GR\NDS ?AT A /ATE ( W> EXI/S4  ,& :5 ELECTIONS >E HELD UND] ! AUTOCRATIC PRESSURE ( A P>TY1 ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS'C\NCILS LOSE !IR REPRES5TATIVE /R5G?4 ,ATTEMPTS >E MADE TO JU/IFY ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS BY SAY+ ?AT 9 ORD] TO COMBAT ! OLD REGIME DICTATORIAL LAW IS NECESS>Y4  ,BUT IT CON/ITUTES A RETROGRESSIVE /EP :5 IT CONC]NS ! BUILD+ UP ( A NEW SOCIETY ON A NEW ECONOMIC BASIS4  ,IT IS EQUIVAL5T TO ! DEA? S5T5CE ON RECON/RUCTION4 

   
,! ME?ODS US$ TO OV]?R[1 & TAKE OV] FROM A ,GOV]NM5T :I* IS ALREADY WEAK1 IS KN[N FROM ANCI5T & MOD]N HI/ORY4  ,BUT :5 IT IS REQUIR$ TO RECON/RUCT ON NEW CONCEPTIONS ( LIFE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 REG>D TO PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES1 )\T HAV+ ANY PREVI\S EXAMPLES AS A GUIDE2 :5 EA* PROBLEM MU/ BE SOLV$ 9 A %ORT TIME1 !N AN ALL-P[]FUL & HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T :I* DEALS ) EV]Y SMALL DETAIL WILL ITSELF BE ABSOLUTELY 9CAPABLE ( DO+ ?IS ?R\< ITS FUNCTION>IES4  ,H[EV] NUM]\S !Y MAY BE1 !Y BECOME AN OB/ACLE4  ,! \TCOME IS A VA/ BUREAUCRATIC MA*9E COMP>$ ) :I* ! ,FR5* SY/EM :I* REQUIRES ! 9T]V5TION ( =TY FUNCTION>IES TO SELL A TREE :I* HAS BE5 BL[N D[N 9 ! ROADWAY 9 A GALE1 PALES 9TO 9SIGNIFICANCE4  ,AD Y\1 WORK]S ( ! WE/1 CAN & MU/ AVOID ?IS HAPP5+ ) ALL ! MEANS AT Y\R DISPOSAL1 S9CE ALL ( Y\ M/ BE CONC]N$ ) ! SUCCESS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

   
,! 5ORM\S RECON/RUCTION WORK NE$$ 9 A SOCIAL REVOLUTION CANNOT BE A*IEV$ BY A C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 EV5 IF AS A GUIDE 9 ?IS WORK IT HAD SOME?+ MORE SUB/ANTIAL ?AN A FEW SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ PAMPHLETS4  

   
,:AT IS NE$$ IS ?AT ! MASS ( LOCAL =CES %\LD HAVE ! KN[L$GE1 ! 9TELLIG5CE1 ! WILL TO COOP]ATE :I* ALONE CAN OV]COME ! DIFFICULTIES >IS+ FROM ! V>I\S LOCAL PROBLEMS4 

   
,TO SET ASIDE COOP]ATION & TO TRU/ 9/EAD TO ! G5IUS ( P>TY DICTATORS IS SYNONYM\S ) DE/ROY+ ! 9DEP5D5T GR\PS SU* AS ! SYNDICATES CALL$ PR(ESSIONAL UNIONS 9 ,RUSSIA1 & ! LOCAL CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVES & TRANS=M+ !M 9TO BUREAUCRATIC ORGANS ( ! P>TY AS IS HAPP5+ AT ! PRES5T TIME4  ,?IS IS NOT ! WAY TO A*IEVE ! REVOLUTION1 BUT ! WAY TO R5D] ITS A*IEVEM5T IMPOSSIBLE4  ,= ?IS REASON ,I CONSID] IT MY DUTY TO ADVISE Y\ NEV] TO ADOPT SU* A L9E ( ACTION40 

   
,!SE >E ! OP9IONS ( ,KROPOTK9 ON ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 & ! BASIS ( ALL HIS PROPAG&A4  ,& !SE >E ! IDEAS :I* ANIMAT$ & /ILL 9SPIRE ! ,AN>*I/ OPPOSITION 9 ,RUSSIA4 

   
,! AG$ ,KROPOTK91 SICK & DE/ITUTE1 DI$ DUR+ A P]IOD ( 9ACTIVITY AFT] HAV+ ATTEMPT$ TO SET 9 MOTION A F$]ALI/ MOVEM5T BUT )\T BE+ ABLE TO A*IEVE ANY?+ ON ACC\NT ( HIS LACK ( LIB]TY & BECAUSE HIS UNQUALIFI$ SUPPORT ( ! WORLD W> HAD DE/ROY$ ALL HIS POLITICAL PRE/IGE4  ,BUT ! F$]ALI/ PROBLEM BO? 9 ! FIELD ( NATIONALITIES & 9 ?AT ( POLTICAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION IS ! VITAL PROBLEM 9 ,RUSSIA4  ,:5 EXP]I5CE & ! OPPOSITION HAVE L$ ? ,RUSSIAN COMMUNI/S DEF9ITELY AWAY FROM !IR DOCTR9AIRE S*EMES & ! UNION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ORGANIZATIONS TAKE ! FIR/ /EPS ON ! ROAD TO ! NEW REVOLUTION1 ! P]SONALITY ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 WILL RISE TO ITS FULL HEI<T & HIS ?\<T WILL 9SPIRE ! NEW RECON/RUCTION4  ,9 ,KROPOTK9'S ,F$]ALISM !RE IS EXCESSIVE OPTIMISM1 !RE >E SIMPLIFICATIONS & CONTRADICTIONS1 BUT !RE IS ALSO A GREAT TRU?3 ?AT FRE$OM IS A CONDITION ( LIFE & DEVELOPM5T = ALL PEOPLE3 ?AT ONLY :]E A PEOPLE GOV]NS ITESELF & = ITSELF IS IT SAFE FROM ! SC\RGE ( TYRANNY & C]TA9 ( ITS PROGRESS4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a ,AU?OR ( ! UN=TUNATE PAMPHLET ,K>L ,M>X ,PANG]MANI/E4 
#b,KROPOTK9 EXPRESS$ HIS [N HO/ILITY T[>DS ! CO]CIVE ECONOMY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T 9 AN 9T]VIEW ) ! ,DAILY ,NEWS CORRESPOND5T1 ,W4 ,MEAK94  ,SEE ALSO ! 9T]E/+ 9T]VIEWS ) ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 9 ! ,LIB]TAIRE ( #b#bND ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b#b4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiba 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK93 ,HIS ,F$]ALI/ ,IDEAS -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,SEPTEMB] #a#f1 #bag 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK93 ,HIS ,F$]ALI/ ,IDEAS -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK93 ,HIS ,F$]ALI/ ,IDEAS -- ,UPDAT$4 

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