,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 
,SELF-,GOV]NM5T & ! ,CITIZ5-,/ATE 

#aifc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,%AWN ,P4 ,WILBUR 

,TEXT 3 

.<,! ,/ATE.> IS ITSELF1 IF ,I MAY PUT IT ?IS WAY1 A SORT ( CITIZ54440 

--,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON.<#b.> 

,= MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ YE>S1 ANTI-/ATISM HAS BE5 A KEY PR9CIPLE ( AN>*ISM4 ,BUT ?IS WAS NOT ALWAYS ! CASE4 ,A SE>* ( ,5GLI%- & ,FR5*-LANGUAGE S\RCES SUGGE/S ?AT = MU* ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ! T]M 0/ATISM0 7OR 0ETATISME07 DID NOT HAVE ITS PRES5T MEAN+4 ,9 ! POLITICAL REALM1 IT SIMPLY MEANT 0/ATESMAN%IP40 ,AS LATE AS ! #a#h#gS1 ! ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ ,/EPH5 ,PE>L ,&REWS US$ ! T]M TO MEAN 0A T5D5CY TO IMMOBILITY10 )\T APP>5T FE> ( CONFUSION1 & ! ,AM]ICAN ,D5TAL ,ASSOCIATION CONSID]+ ADOPT+ ,&REWS' CO9AGE1 APP>5TLY )\T FE> ( 5T]+ POLITICAL T]RITORY4.<#c.> 

,AN>*ISM EM]G$ AS A POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :5 MU* ( ! MOD]N POLITICAL LEXICON WAS /ILL BE+ E/ABLI%$4 0,9DIVIDUALISM10 0SOCIALISM10 & 0CAPITALISM0 ALL SEEM TO DATE FROM ! #a#h#bS OR #a#h#cS1 & !IR E>LY HI/ORIES >E 5TANGL$ ) ?AT ( 0AN>*ISM10 A T]M WE G5]ALLY DATE FROM #a#h#d1 & :I* WAS 9ITIALLY DEF9$ 9 T]MS ( ITS ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN OR ANTI-GOV]NM5TAL CRITIQUE4 ,( C\RSE1 ! RELATIVELY LATE APPE>ANCE ( ! T]M ANTI-/ATISM DOES NOT ITSELF TELL US MU* AB\T ! HI/ORY ( ! ASSOCIAT$ CRITIQUE4 ,WE KN[1 H[EV]1 ?AT AT LEA/ SOME ( ! P>TICIPANTS 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T CONSID]$ ! EM]G5CE ( ANTI-/ATISM AS BO? A REAL DEP>TURE FROM ! EXI/+ ANTI-GOV]NM5TAL CRITIQUE--& AS A MIS/EP4 ,9 #a#h#h#g1 = EXAMPLE1 MORE ?AN TW5TY YE>S AFT] ! DEA? ( AN>*I/ PIONE] ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ,FR$]IC ,TUFF]D WROTE3 

,! MO/ 9CR$IBLE CONFUSION IS ?AT BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ! ,/ATE4 ,I AM AN AN>*I/1 AS ,PR\DHON WAS1 = LIKE HIM ,I WANT TO ABOLI% GOV]NM5T1 ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY 9 ! ,/ATE1 9 ORD] TO REPLACE IT BY AN RESPONSIBLE & CONTROLLABLE ADM9I/RATION ( ! PUBLIC 9T]E/S2 BUT ,I DO NOT WANT1 ) ,BAKUN91 TO ABOLI% ! ,/ATE4 ,! WORD ,/ATE COMES FROM />E1 TO HOLD1 TO P]SI/2 ! ,/ATE IS ?US ! ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVITY4 ,JU/ AS ! COMMUNE IS ! LOCAL COLLECTIVITY1 ! ,/ATE IS ! NATIONAL COLLECTIVITY :I* HAS LA/$1 LA/S1 & WILL LA/ AS LONG AS ! NATION ITSELF4.<#d.> 

,= ,TUFF]D1 SOCIALI/S FAC$ A *OICE BETWE5 DIVID+ OV] SPECULATIONS ON ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE1 ,GOD1 ETC41 OR UNIT+ >\ND A SCI5CE FOCUS$ ON SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,AS HE UND]/OOD ! T]MS ( ! 0CONFUSION10 GOV]NM5T WAS ANY RELATION ON ! BASIS ( ! 0PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY10 :I* C\LD1 9DE$1 %APE P>TICUL> ,/ATES1 BUT :I* WAS ULTIMATELY SEP>ABLE FROM ! ,/ATE AS SU*4 ,! ,/ATE WAS M]ELY A P]SI/5T MANIFE/ATION ( SOCIETY4 

,?IS WAS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! VIEW :I* ULTIMATELY UNIT$ MU* ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 OPPOSITION TO ! ,/ATE AS SU*4 ,ALMO/ FROM ! BEG9N+ !RE HAD BE5 ?OSE :O FELT ?AT A DECISIVE BREAK HAD TO BE MADE ) EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,NOT ALL W]E AS EXTREME AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ,]NE/ ,COEURD]OY1 :O CLAIM$ ?AT LIB]TY C\LD NOT COME TO ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION UNLESS IT WAS FIR/ DE/ROY$ BY ! ,COSSACKS1 BUT MANY 9 ! MOVEM5T BELIEV$ ?AT V]Y LITTLE ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORGANIZATION C\LD BE ALL[$ TO P]SI/4 ,C]TA9LY ,BAKUN9--! REPRES5TATIVE FIGURE1 = ,TUFF]D1 ( ! ANTI-/ATI/ S*OOL--HELD GOV]NM5T & ! ,/ATE TO BE 5TW9$1 & BO? TO BE IMP$IM5TS TO AN>*Y4.<#e.> 

,DESPITE !IR DIFF]5CES1 H[EV]1 BO? S*OOLS ( ?\<T C\LD CLAIM1 ) AT LEA/ SOME JU/IFICATION1 A DESC5T FROM ! WORK ( ,PR\DHON4 ,!IR SPECIFIC 9SPIRATIONS W]E SIMPLY DRAWN FROM DIFF]5T P]IODS ( HIS C>E]4 ,PR\DHON'S ?\<TS AB\T ! ,/ATE APPE>1 AT LEA/ AT FIR/ GLANCE1 TO HAVE RUN A WIDE GAMUT4 ,AT TIMES1 HE HAD BE5 ITS /AUN*E/ OPPON5T1 CALL+ = ITS 5TIRE ABOLITION4 ,9 #a#h#d#h1 DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC1 HE ASK$3 0,:Y DO WE BELIEVE 9 ,GOV]NM5T8 ,FROM :5CE COMES1 9 HUMAN SOCIETY1 ?IS IDEA ( ,AU?ORITY1 ( ,P[]2 ?IS FICTION ( A SUP]IOR ,P]SON1 CALL$ ! ,/ATE80.<#f.> ,YET1 9 #ahfa HE CLAIM$ ?AT 0! ,/ATE1 AS ! ,REVOLUTION HAS CONCEIV$ IT1 IS NOT A PURELY AB/RACT ?+1 AS SOME1 ,R\SSEAU AMONG !M1 HAVE SUPPOS$1 A SORT ( LEGAL FICTION2 IT IS A REALITY AS POSITIVE AS SOCIETY ITSELF1 AS ! 9DIVIDUAL EV540.<#g.> ,HE W5T SO F> AS TO DESCRIBE ! ,/ATE AS 0A SPECIES ( CITIZ540 

,C\LD ! ,/ATE BE 9 SOME S5SE A FICTION8 ,&1 IF SO1 C\LD ! SAME ,/ATE ALSO BE1 9 SOME S5SE1 A REALITY1 A BE+ ( SORTS1 AS REAL AS ! HUMAN 9DIVIDUAL8 ,PR\DHON ANSW]$ BO? QUE/IONS 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE1 & 9 T]MS :I* ONLY REQUIRE SOME CL>IFICATION TO R5D] CONSI/5T4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC1 HE >GU$ ?AT ! REAL P[] ATTRIBUT$ TO ! ,/ATE WAS LEGITIMAT$ BY A FALSE ACC\NT ( RELATIONS )9 SOCIETY1 & HE WAG$ AN UNREL5T+ W> AGA9/ ?AT FUNDAM5TAL POLITICAL FICTION--BUT ALSO AGA9/ ALL O!R GOV]NM5TALI/ ACC\NTS1 :I* POSIT$ ! NECESSITY ( A RUL+ AU?ORITY \TSIDE & ABOVE ! EQUAL ASSOCIATIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,!N1 DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE1 HAV+ SWEPT ASIDE1 AT LEA/ TO HIS [N SATISFACTION1 ?AT FALSE ACC\NT ( ! COMPOSITION & REALIZATION ( SOCIETY1 HE BEGAN TO ADVANCE AN ALT]NATE ACC\NT1 9 :I* HE F\ND ?AT GOV]NM5T & ! ,/ATE W]E 9DE$ SEP>ABLE1 & ?AT ! NON-GOV]NM5TAL FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE1 ?\< MODE/ 9 COMP>ISON TO ?OSE ATTRIBUT$ TO ITS AU?ORIT>IAN =MS1 S]V$ VITAL ROLES 9 SOCIETY--EV5 :5 ! POLITICAL =MS ( SOCIETY APPROA*$ AN>*Y4 

,BETWE5 ! TWO P]IODS1 ,PR\DHON HIMSELF ID5TIFI$ A WAT]%$ CORRESPOND+ TO HIS [N 0COMPLETE TRANS=MATION30 0,FROM #ahci TO #a#h#e#b1 ,I HAVE HAD :AT IS CALL$ MY CRITICAL P]IOD1 TAK+ ?IS WORD 9 ! L(TY S5SE IT IS GIV5 9 ,G]MANY4 ,AS A MAN MU/ NOT REPEAT HIMSELF & ,I /RIVE ESS5TIALLY NOT TO \TLIVE MY USEFULNESS1 ,I AM ASSEMBL+ ! MAT]IAL = NEW /UDIES & ,I READY MYSELF TO SOON BEG9 A NEW P]IOD ,I %ALL CALL1 IF Y\ LIKE1 MY POSITIVE P]IOD OR P]IOD ( CON/RUCTION40.<#h.> 

,PR\DHON'S CLAIM WAS P]HAPS HYP]BOLIC1 S9CE TRANS=MATION WAS = HIM SOME?+ ( A CON/ANT PROCESS4 ,ELSE:]E1 9 :AT IS P]HAPS A MORE SATISFACTORY ACC\NT1 HE *>ACT]IZ$ HIMSELF AS 0! MAN :OSE ?\<T ALWAYS ADVANCES1 :OSE PROGRAM WILL NEV] BE ACCOMPLI%$40.<#i.> ,BUT HE WAS QUITE CORRECT 9 PO9T+ TO SEP>ATE CRITICAL & CON/RUCTIVE ANALYZES1 EA* PR$OM9AT+ AT DIFF]5T TIMES 9 HIS WORK1 :I* CAN S]VE US TO DI/+UI%--& ULTIMATELY TO EXPLORE ! RELATIONS--BETWE5 TWO ASPECTS ( HIS !ORY ( ! ,/ATE4 

,:AT FOLL[S IS A R\<LY *RONOLOGICAL EXAM9ATION ( ,PR\DHON'S DEVELOP+ UND]/&+ ( ! ,/ATE1 9CLUD+ ACC\NTS ( ! TWO ANALYZES ALREADY NOT$4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE IS AN ACC\NT ( CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( ! GOV]NM5TALI/ ,/ATE1 AS ,PR\DHON PRES5T$ IT 9 A S]IES ( PUBLI%$ DEBATES ) ,L\IS ,BLANC 9 #a#h#d#i4 ,! SECOND IS AN EXPLORATION ( SOME ( ! DEVELOPM5TS ?AT HE GAVE TO HIS !ORY ( ! ,/ATE 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S--9 HIS #aheh MA/]WORK1,JU/ICE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION & 9 ! ,*UR*1 & 9 A NUMB] ( O!R TEXTS FROM ! #a#h#fS1 9CLUD+ ,W> & ,PEACE1 ,! ,!ORY ( ,PROP]TY1 & ,! ,F$]ATIVE ,PR9CIPLE4 ,BETWE5 !SE TWO /UDIES IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO PAUSE1 AS ,PR\DHON DID 9 HIS [N C>E]1 = AN EXAM9ATION ( HIS E>LY /UDIES1 9 ORD] TO CL>IFY ! EXT5T TO :I* HIS LAT] CONCEPTION ( ! ,/ATE GREW DIRECTLY FROM ! E>LI] WORK4 ,WE'LL 5D BY REVISIT+ ! 0CONFUSION0 ?AT CONC]N$ ,TUFF]D1 & CONSID] ! POT5TIAL LESSONS ( ! L>GELY NEGLECT$ CONCLUSIONS ( ,PR\DHON'S SECOND ANALYSIS ( ! ,/ATE4 

,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON EM]G$ AS A PUBLIC FIGURE--& LAUN*$ ! MOD]N AN>*I/ MOVEM5T--9 #a#h#d1 :5 HE PUBLI%$ ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 ,TO ! QUE/ION POS$ 9 ! TITLE1 HE PROPOS$ ! 9FAM\S RESPONSE3 0,PROP]TY IS !FT60 ,! WORK WAS H>DLY A POLITICAL MANIFE/O1 & IT W\LD1 9 ANY EV5T1 BE SOME YE>S BE=E ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T CONSI/$ ( MORE ?AN A SMALL1 HET]ODOX COLLECTION ( ,PR\DHON'S FELL[-TRAVEL]S4 ,9/EAD1 IT WAS A COLLECTION ( CRITIQUES ( EXI/+ PROP]TY CONV5TIONS1 & ! 0,PSY*OLOGICAL ,EXPOSITION ( ! ,IDEA ( ,JU/ICE & ,9JU/ICE1 & A ,DET]M9ATION ( ! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,GOV]NM5T & ( ,RI<T10 9 :I* ,PR\DHON DECL>$ 0,I AM AN AN>*I/10 WAS NOT EXACTLY AN AFT]?\<T1 BUT IT WAS C]TA9LY WRITT5 = NON-AN>*I/ CONTEMPOR>IES1 RA!R ?AN ?OSE :O W\LD EV5TUALLY BE HIS IDEOLOGICAL HEIRS4 ,/ILL1 ,PR\DHON DEF9$ AN>*Y 9 FAIRLY CLE> & SIMPLE T]MS1 AS ! 0ABS5CE ( MA/]1 ( SOV]EIGN10 & DECL>$ ?AT IT WAS 0! =M ( GOV]NM5T :I* WE APPROA* EV]Y DAY40 ,AN>*Y W\LD COME BY MEANS ( A %IFT FROM RULE BY AU?ORITY1 OR WILL1 TO A CONDITION 9 :I* 0! LEGISLATIVE P[] BELONGS TO REASON ALONE1 ME?ODICALLY RECOGNIZ$ & DEMON/RAT$40 ,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 0AS ! OP9ION ( NO ONE IS ( ANY VALUE UNTIL ITS TRU? HAS BE5 PROV51 NO ONE CAN SUB/ITUTE HIS WILL = REASON1--NOBODY IS K+40.<#a.>,PR\DHON DI/+UI%$ ?IS POLITICAL ORD]--SOMETIMES DESIGNAT$ BY ! ,5GLI% T]M SELF-GOV]NM5T--FROM EV5 ?OSE SORTS ( DEMOCRACY = :I* IT IS CLAIM$ ?AT 0EV]YONE IS K+10 AS HE BELIEV$ ?AT ! MULTIPLICATION ( SOV]EIGN WILLS /ILL DIFF]$ FROM ! DE?RON+ ( WILL 9 POLITICS ALTOGE!R4 

,PR\DHON FOLL[$ HIS BOOK ON PROP]TY ) O!RS ON ! SAME SUBJECT1 & SOON F\ND HIMSELF ! OBJECT ( BO? CONSID]ABLE NOTORIETY & GOV]NM5T PROSECUTION4 ,HE WAS ONLY SAV$ FROM IMPRISONM5T BECAUSE IT WAS >GU$ ?AT HE WAS M]ELY A PHILOSOPH]4 ,= MU* ( ! #a#h#dS1 HE DID 9DE$ CONC5TRATE ON PHILOSOPHY & SOCIAL SCI5CE1 E/ABLI%+ HIMSELF AS SOME?+ ( A RIVAL TO ! 0UTOPIAN0 SOCIALI/S ,H5RI DE ,SA9T-,SIMON1 ,*>LES ,F\RI]1 ,PI]RE ,L]\X & ,ETI5NE ,CABET4 ,BUT EV5TS 9 ,FRANCE W\LD EV5TUALLY LEAD HIM TO AN ACTIVE POLITICAL LIFE4 

,DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC1 ,PR\DHON HAD DIRECT 9C5TIVES TO ?9K AB\T ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE ITSELF4 ,9 ! DEBATES SURR\ND+ ! =M & DIRECTION ( ! ,FR5* REPUBLIC MANY REVOLUTION>Y OPTIONS NO D\BT SEEM$ POSSIBLE1.<#a#a.> AS WELL AS ANY NUMB] ( CATA/ROPHIC FAILURES1 & ,PR\DHON WAS NOT ONLY DRAWN 9TO ! POLITICAL CONV]SATION BUT 9TO ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF1 S]V+ 9 ! CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY FROM ,JUNE #ahdi UNTIL ,M>* #a#h#d#i4 ,HE PROPOS$ PROGRAMS & LEGISLATION4 ,HIS WORK ON PROP]TY LANGUI%$ SOME:AT1 :ILE HE E/ABLI%$ ! !ORETICAL BASIS & EV5TUALLY ! 9/ITUTIONAL APP>ATUS = HIS ,BANK ( ! ,PEOPLE1 A CURR5CY RE=M PROJECT BAS$ ON 0FREE CR$IT40.<#a#b.> ,HE 5JOY$ A WIDE NOTORIETY1 BUT FAC$ CONSI/5T OPPOSITION ON MO/ FRONTS4 ,HIS C>E] AS A /ATESMAN 5D$ :5 HIS IMMUNITY FROM PROSECUTION WAS LIFT$ & HE WAS IMPRISON$ = 9SULTS TO PRESID5T ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON ,BONAP>TE4 ,9 PRISON1 HE CONT9U$ TO BE 9T5SELY 9VOLV$ 9 ! POLITICAL DISCUSSION1 WRIT+ BOOKS & >TICLES ANALYZ+ ! FAILURE ( ! #ahdh REVOLUTION1 & IT WAS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ?AT HE 5GAG$ 9 ! V]Y PUBLIC DEBATE ) FELL[ SOCIALI/S ,L\IS ,BLANC & ,PI]RE ,L]\X ON ! 0NATURE1 OBJECT & DE/9Y0 ( ! ,/ATE4 

,! #ahdi DEBATE ON ! ,/ATE WAS A SURPRIS+LY PUBLIC AFFAIR1 A DEBATE BETWE5 SOCIALI/ PHILOSOPH]S SO WELL PUBLICIZ$ ?AT E>LY 9 #ahe ,LA ,MODE1 A POPUL> MAGAZ9E1 C\LD PUBLI% A ONE-ACT PLAY1 0,! ,FEUD+ ,BRO!RS10 :I* WAS LITTLE MORE ?AN A P>ODIC REPORT ( ! DEBATE1 COBBL$ TOGE!R FROM QUOTES 9 ! POPUL>4 ,! ANONYM\S AU?OR ( ! F>CE C\LD ASSUME A FAIRLY HI< DEGREE ( FAMILI>ITY ) ! DETAILS1 9 L>GE P>T BECAUSE ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #ahdh HAD TRANS=M$ SOCIALI/ PHILOSOPH]S 9TO M5 ( /ATE4 ,! :OLE WORLD WAS WAT*+ ! DEVELOPM5TS )9 ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ! ,SECOND ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC1 :]E ! MO/ IMPORTANT SORTS ( QUE/IONS W]E BE+ DISCUSS$ AMONG REPRES5TATIVES :OSE PREF]R$ SY/EMS RANG$ FROM AN>*Y TO ! RE/ORATION ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 

,BETWE5 ,PR\DHON & ,L]\X1 !RE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ALMO/ COMPLETE AGREEM5T ON MO/ ( ! SUB/ANTIVE ISSUES1 AL?\< ?IS DIDN'T PREV5T !M FROM MAK+ \TRAGE\S ACCUSATIONS & CALL+ ONE O!R ! MO/ BIZ>RE NAMES4 ,BETWE5 ,BLANC & ,PR\DHON1 H[EV]1 ! L9ES W]E CLE>LY DRAWN4 ,= MOD]N READ]S1 ! MO/ /RIK+ ASPECT ( ! EX*ANGE MI<T BE ! OBVI\S ANIMOSITY BETWE5 ! TWO M54 ,PR\DHON REF]R$ TO ! 0! 0! AV[$1 CORDIAL HATR$ ( ,L\IS ,BLANC10.<#a#c.> :ILE ,L\IS ,BLANC1 REPR9T+ HIS CONTRIBUTIONS SOME YE>S LAT]1 FELT ! NE$ TO SUPPRESS SOME PASSAGES ?AT 0WAS M>K$ BY TOO MU* VEHEM5CE & DOES NOT DES]VE TO FIGURE 9 A DISCUSSION DE PR9CIPLES40.<#a#d.> ,BUT !RE W]E ALSO A CLE> CLA% ( PR9CIPLES4 

,BLANC'S ACC\NT ( ! ,/ATE WAS A PROGRESSIVE ONE1 ASSUM+ AN EVOLUTION ?R\< =MS ( 0TYRANNY10 FOLL[$ BY A DEMOCRATIC TRANS=MATION TO ! 0REIGN ( LIB]TY40 

0,:AT IS ! ,/ATE80 ASKS ,L\IS ,BLANC4 ,& HE REPLIES3-- 

0,! ,/ATE1 UND] MON>*ICAL RULE1 IS ! P[] ( ONE MAN1 ! TYRANNY ( A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL4 

0,! ,/ATE1 UND] OLIG>*IC RULE1 IS ! P[] ( A SMALL NUMB] ( M51 ! TYRANNY ( A FEW4 

0,! ,/ATE1 UND] >I/OCRATIC RULE1 IS ! P[] ( A CLASS1 ! TYRANNY ( MANY4 

0,! ,/ATE1 UND] AN>*ICAL RULE IS ! P[] ( ! FIR/ COM] :O HAPP5S TO BE ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & ! /RONGE/2 IT IS ! TYRANNY ( *AOS4 

0,! ,/ATE1 UND] DEMOCRATIC RULE1 IS ! P[] ( ALL ! PEOPLE1 S]V$ BY !IR ELECT1 IT IS ! REIGN ( LIB]TY 0.<#a#e.> 

,AT ! 5D ( ITS EVOLUTION1 ,BLANC CLAIM$1 ! ,/ATE W\LD BE 0NO?+ O!R ?AN SOCIETY ITSELF1 ACT+ AS SOCIETY1 TO PREV5T444 :AT8 ,OPPRESSION2 TO MA9TA9444 :AT8 ,LIB]TY40.<#a#f.> ,!RE HAD BE5 MA/]-,/ATES1 HE SAID1 BUT 9 ! DEMOCRATIC REGIME ! ,/ATE W\LD BE A S]VANT4 

,PR\DHON NATURALLY *ALL5G$ ! *>ACT]IZATION ( ! AN>*IC REGIME1 BUT HE ALSO QUE/ION$ ! APP>5T SLEI<T ( H& BY :I* ! TYRANNY ( ! ,/ATE 9 ALL ITS O!R =MS BECAME LIB]TY :5 9 ! H&S ( DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ (FICIALS4 ,HE CLAIM$ ?AT ,BLANC1 & ! O!R PROPON5TS ( ! ,/ATE1 DID NOT REALLY BELIEVE 9 A SOCIETY ?AT C\LD ACT AS SOCIETY1 9SI/+ 9/EAD ON ! NECESSITY ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* HE *>ACT]IZ$ AS 0! EXT]NAL CON/ITUTION ( ! SOCIAL P[]40 ,HIS OPPON5TS BELIEV$ 0?AT ! COLLECTIVE BE+1 ?AT SOCIETY1 BE+ ONLY A BE+ ( REASON1 CANNOT BE R5D]$ S5SIBLE EXCEPT BY MEANS ON A MON>*IC 9C>NATION1 >I/OCRATIC USURPATION1 OR DEMOCRATIC M&ATE40.<#a#g.> ,PR\DHON1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BELIEV$ ?AT ?IS 0COLLECTIVE BE+0 HAD A REAL EXI/5CE1 /RONGLY ANALOG\S TO ?AT ( ! HUMAN 9DIVIDUAL3 09 BO? CASES1 ! WILL1 ACTION1 S\L1 M9D1 & LIFE1 UNKN[N 9 !IR PR9CIPLE1 ELUSIVE 9 !IR ESS5CE1 RESULT FROM ! ANIMAT+ & VITAL FACT ( ORGANIZATION40.<#a#h.> ,?IS WAS NOT SIMPLY AN ANALOGY = ,PR\DHON1 BUT AN 5DUR+ P>T ( HIS SOCIAL SCI5CE1 :I* HE WAS PREP>$ TO /ATE 9 NO UNC]TA9 T]MS3 0,WE AFFIRM1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT ! PEOPLE1 ?AT SOCIETY1 ?AT ! MASS1 CAN & \<T TO GOV]N ITSELF BY ITSELF2 TO ?9K1 ACT1 RISE1 & HALT1 LIKE A MAN2 TO MANIFE/ ITSELF1 9 F9E1 9 ITS PHYSICAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL 9DIVIDUALITY1 )\T ! AID ( ALL !SE SPOKESM51 :O =M]LY W]E DESPOTS1 :O N[ >E >I/OCRATS1 :O FROM TIME TO TIME HAVE BE5 PRET5D$ DELEGATES1 FAWN]S ON OR S]VANTS ( ! CR[D1 & :OM WE CALL PLA9LY & SIMPLY POPUL> AGITATORS1 DEMAGOGUES40.<#a#i.> 

,9 HIS RESPONSE1 ,BLANC DID NOT *ALL5GE ,PR\DHON'S ACC\NT ( SOCIETY AS A COLLECTIVE BE+1 BUT HE OBJECT$ ?AT IT WAS 9COMPLETE3 0,IF ?IS COLLECTIVE BE+ ( :I* ! CITIZ5 ,PR\DHON DECL>ES ! EXI/5CE IS ANY?+ BUT A COLLECTION ( S5SELESS SYLLABLE1 IT MU/ BE REALIZ$4 ,BUT ! COLLECTIVE BE+ REALIZ$ IS PRECISELY ! ,/ATE40 ,ALT]+ ! >GUM5T SLI<TLY1 ,BLANC SAID ?AT SOCIETY MI<T =M AN ORGANIZ$1 UNIFI$ BODY1 BUT ?AT IT W\LD LACK UNITY IF IT LACK$ ! ,/ATE1 :I* HE LIK5$ TO ! HUMAN HEAD4 

,! ANALOGY WAS NOT P>TICUL>LY APT4 ,WE PROBABLY W\LDN'T SAY ?AT ! HUMAN BODY IS 0REALIZ$0 BY ! HEAD1 OR ?AT ! HEAD WAS ! SITE ( ITS UNITY1 EV5 IF WE W]E CONV9C$ ?AT ! ,/ATE WAS A REAL 0ORGAN0 ( SOCIETY--UNLESS1 ( C\RSE1 WE BELIEV$ ?AT ! BODY WAS UNORGANIZ$ )\T ! DIRECTION ( SOME?+ LIKE A S\L4 ,PR\DHON SEIZ$ ON ?IS ELEM5T ( ! >GUM5T1 REF]5C+ ,DESC>TES' ATTEMPTS TO F9D A SITE = ! S\L 9 P9EAL GL&4 

,= ,PR\DHON1 !RE C\LD BE NO EQUIVOCATION BETWE5 BE+S CAPABLE ( SELF-GOV]NM5T & ?OSE ANIMAT$ BY SOME EXT]NAL =CE OR PR9CIPLE4 ,EV]Y ATTEMPT TO COMB9E ! TWO ACC\NTS W\LD 9VOLVE A FATAL CONTRADICTION1 & ?IS WAS 9EVITABLE 9 ANY DEF5SE ( ,/ATES ORGANIZ$ ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY4 ,NO D\BT1 ,PR\DHON ADMITT$1 ?OSE CONTRADICTORY ,/ATES W]E 9EVITABLE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY1 BUT 9 ! 5D ! FICTION ( AU?ORITY W\LD BE OV]COME4 0,AN>*Y10 HE SAID1 0IS ! CONDITION ( EXI/5CE ( ADULT SOCIETIES1 AS HI]>*Y IS ! CONDITION ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES3 !RE IS AN 9CESSANT PROGRESS1 9 HUMAN SOCIETIES1 FROM HI]>*Y TO AN>*Y40.<#b.> 

,! DEBATE OV] ! AIM OR OBJECT ( ! ,/ATE SIMPLY CL>IFI$ ! >GUM5TS CONC]N+ ITS NATURE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,PR\DHON1 ! GOV]NM5TALI/S BELIEV$ ?AT 9 ! ABS5CE ( A ,/ATE SOCIETY W\LD BE 9 A CON/ANT /ATE ( 9T]NAL W>F>E4 ,= ,PR\DHON1 A COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 CON/ANT W>F>E W\LD SIMPLY NOT CON/ITUTE A SOCIETY4 ,9 ?IS 9/ANCE IT W\LD 9DE$ BE SOCIETY :I* WAS FICTIVE1 & WE MI<T ASK \RSELVES H[ ?IS W>F>E MI<T GIVE RISE TO ! PEACEFUL IMPULSES :I* PRESUMABLY W\LD 9=M ! RULE OR 0REALIZATION0 ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,! DIVIDE BETWE5 ,PR\DHON & ,BLANC REVOLV$ >\ND A *OICE BETWE5 09T]NAL0 & 0EXT]NAL CON/ITUTION0 ( ! SOCIETY4 ,)\T ! 0REALIZ+0 ELEM5T ( ! ,/ATE1 ,BLANC >GU$1 SOCIETY W\LD JU/ BE A GR\P ( ELEM5TS4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ,PR\DHON >GU$ ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL IS ESS5TIALLY A GR\P ( ELEM5TS--BUT ?AT 9 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL WOR?Y ( ! NAME ! PR9CIPLE ( ASSOCIATION OR REALIZATION1 ! ONLY LAW ! AN>*I/ ,PR\DHON WAS PREP>$ TO RECOGNIZE1 IS 9H]5T 9 & DEMON/RAT$ BY ! ASSOCIATION ITSELF4 ,!RE IS SELF-GOV]NM5T OR !RE EXT]NAL IMPOSITION1 & IT MATT]S LITTLE1 9 ! LONG RUN1 :E!R ! IMPOS+ =CE IS VE/$ 9 ONE 9DIVIDUAL OR MANY1 OR :AT WE CALL ?OSE :O WIELD ! =CE4 ,IT IS /ILL TYRANNY4 

,ON ! QUE/ION ( ! DE/9Y ( ! ,/ATE & ! POSSIBILITIES = ITS RE=M1 ,PR\DHON HAD V]Y LITTLE ROOM = OPTIMISM4 ,:AT HE OBJECT$ TO 9 ! ,/ATE WAS NOT1 ACCORD+ TO HIS PRES5T UND]/&+ ( ! T]MS1 AN 9ESS5TIAL P>T ( IT1 BUT ITS V]Y ESS5CE1 ITS EXT]NAL POSITION ) REG>D TO SOCIETY4 ,SOME ,/ATES MI<T BE MORE OR LESS OBJECTIONABLE 9 !IR IMPOSITIONS ON SOCIETY1 BUT ! PO9T1 = ,PR\DHON1 WAS TO CEASE IMPOS+ ANY ORD] ON SOCIETY :I* WAS NOT ITS [N ORD]1 D]IV$ FROM ITS [N 9T]NAL LAW4 ,PR\DHON WANT$ NEI!R MA/]-,/ATES NOR S]VANT-,/ATES1 JU/ AS HE WANT$ NEI!R MA/]S NOR S]VANTS4 ,AS HE HAD NOT YET F\ND ! GR\NDS ON :I* TO DEAL SEP>ATELY ) GOV]NM5T & ! ,/ATE1 ?AT LEFT HIM ) NO OPTION BY TO REJECT ! ,/ATE 5TIRELY4 

,IMPRISON$ UNTIL AFT] ! C\P D'ETAT1 ,PR\DHON WAS POORLY POSITION$ TO EFFECT ! C\RSE ( ! REPUBLIC1 BUT1 LIKE MANY POLITICAL PRISON]S1 HE MADE ! MO/ ( HIS 9C>C]ATION4 ,HIS DEBATE ) ,L]\X & ,BLANC HAD BE5 PREC$$ BY ! ,CONFESSIONS ( A ,REVOLUTION>Y1 A CRITICAL HI/ORY & P]SONAL 9DICTM5T ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 & IT WAS FOLL[$ BY ,! ,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 9 :I* HE S\<T TO >GUE = ! POSSIBILITY1 EV5 ! NECESSITY ( A NEW REVOLUTION4 ,HIS ANTI-GOV]NM5TALI/ CRITIQUE--& P]HAPS HIS 5TIRE 0CRITICAL0 PHASE--REA*$ ITS CRESC5DO 9 ! 0,EPILOGUE0 ( ! LATT] WORK1 9 :AT HAS BECOME ONE ( HIS MO/ FAM\S PASSAGES3 

,TO BE GOV]N$ IS TO BE KEPT 9 SI<T1 9SPECT$1 SPI$ UPON1 DIRECT$1 LAW-DRIV51 NUMB]$1 5ROLL$1 9DOCTR9AT$1 PREA*$ AT1 CONTROLL$1 E/IMAT$1 VALU$1 C5SUR$1 COMM&$1 BY CREATURES :O HAVE NEI!R ! RI<T1 NOR ! WISDOM1 NOR ! VIRTUE TO DO SO4444 ,TO BE GOV]N$ IS TO BE AT EV]Y OP]ATION1 AT EV]Y TRANSACTION1 NOT$1 REGI/]$1 5ROLL$1 TAX$1 /AMP$1 MEASUR$1 NUMB]$1 ASSESS$1 LIC5S$1 AU?ORIZ$1 ADMONI%$1 =BIDD51 RE=M$1 CORRECT$1 PUNI%$4 ,IT IS1 UND] ! PRETEXT ( PUBLIC UTILITY1 & 9 ! NAME ( ! G5]AL 9T]E/1 TO BE PLAC$ UND] CONTRIBUTION1 TRA9$1 RANSOM$1 EXPLOIT$1 MONOPOLIZ$1 EXTORT$1 SQUEEZ$1 MY/IFI$1 ROBB$2 !N1 AT ! SLI<TE/ RESI/ANCE1 ! FIR/ WORD ( COMPLA9T1 TO BE REPRESS$1 F9$1 DESPIS$1 H>ASS$1 TRACK$1 ABUS$1 CLUBB$1 DIS>M$1 *OK$1 IMPRISON$1 JUDG$1 CONDEMN$1 %OT1 DEPORT$1 SACRIFIC$1 SOLD1 BETRAY$2 &1 TO CR[N ALL1 MOCK$1 RIDICUL$1 \TRAG$1 DI%ONOR$4 ,?AT IS GOV]NM5T2 ?AT IS ITS JU/ICE2 ?AT IS ITS MORALITY4 ,& TO ?9K ?AT !RE >E DEMOCRATS AMONG US :O PRET5D ?AT !RE IS ANY GOOD 9 GOV]NM5T2 ,SOCIALI/S :O SUPPORT ?IS IGNOM9Y1 9 ! NAME ( ,LIB]TY1 ,EQUALITY1 & ,FRAT]NITY2 PROLET>IANS :O PROCLAIM !IR C&IDACY = ! ,PRESID5CY ( ! ,REPUBLIC6 ,HYPOCRISY6.<#b#a.> 

,?IS IS ! ANTI-GOV]NM5TALI/ FAI? ?AT HE NEV] AB&ON$1 & ! ASPECT ( ,PR\DHON'S ?\<T :I* HAS BE5 CONSI/5TLY HONOR$ BY ! AN>*I/ TRADITION4 ,BUT ! ,REPUBLIC WAS NE>+ ITS F9AL CRISES 9 #a#h#e#a1 & ! CONTEXT = ,PR\DHON'S CRITIQUE W\LD *ANGE DRAMATICALLY ) ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE4 

,) ! C\P D'ETAT1 ! LEGISLATIVE CONV]SATION WAS ABRUPTLY CLOS$1 & ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON'S REGIME WAS NOT ACCOMMODAT+ TO DISS5T+ VOICES1 REW>D+ !M NOT JU/ ) C5SOR%IP1 BUT SOMETIMES ) IMPRISONM5T OR EXILE4 ,LIKE MANY O!RS1 ,PR\DHON GRADUALLY ADAPT$1 OR1 AS HE PUT IT1 HE 0TRANS=M$40 

,HE HAD SAID ?AT 0A MAN %\LD NOT REPEAT HIMSELF10 BUT ! TRU? IS ?AT BY #aheb HE HAD PROBABLY REPEAT$ HIS CRITIQUE TO JU/ AB\T EV]Y AUDI5CE AVAILABLE TO HIM3 ! PEOPLE & HIS FELL[ SOCIALI/S1 9 A S]IES ( PUBLICATIONS2 HIS FELL[ LEGISLATORS2 ! B\RGEOISIE1 9 ,! ,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY2 & EV5 ! EMP]OR ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON1 9 ,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ,DEMON/RAT$ BY ! ,C\P D',ETAT ( ,DECEMB] #b4 ,BUT ,PR\DHON F\ND HIMSELF 9CREAS+LY LIMIT$ 9 :AT HE C\LD PUBLI% 9 ,FRANCE1 & FAIRLY QUICKLY F\ND HIMSELF 9 EXILE 9 ,BELGIUM4 

,IT W\LD NOT BE H>D TO IMAG9E1 GIV5 ! EV5TS SURR\ND+ ,PR\DHON'S DEVELOPM5T1 H[ SOMEONE :O ID5TIFI$ AS AN AN>*I/ 9 #ahd MI<T HAVE COME TO T]MS ) ! ,/ATE 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC1 & !N COME TO REJECT IT AGA9 AS A RESULT ( POLITICAL DISAPPO9TM5T & P]SECUTION4 ,WE C\LD ALSO1 NO D\BT1 UND]/& IF IMPRISONM5T & EXILE HAD DAMP5$ ! >DOR ( A POLITICAL ACTIVI/4 ,PR\DHON'S EVOLUTION IS P]HAPS A LITTLE MORE DIFFICULT TO UND]/&4 

,BY #a#h#e#h1 HE HAD DEF9$ ! T]MS ( HIS CON/RUCTIVE PROJECT3 

,I 9T5D TO SUPPRESS NONE ( ! ?+S ( :I* ,I HAVE MADE SU* A RESOLUTE CRITIQUE4 ,I FLATT] MYSELF ?AT ,I DO ONLY TWO ?+S3 ?AT IS1 FIR/1 TO TEA* Y\ PUT EA* ?+ 9 ITS PLACE1 AFT] HAV+ PURG$ IT ( ! ABSOLUTE & BALANC$ IT ) O!R ?+S2 !N1 TO %[ Y\ ?AT ! ?+S ?AT Y\ KN[1 & ?AT Y\ HAVE SU* FE> ( LOS+1 >E NOT ! ONLY ONES ?AT EXI/1 & ?AT !RE >E CONSID]ABLY MORE ( :I* Y\ /ILL MU/ TAKE ACC\NT4.<#b#b.> 

,BUT ?IS APP>5TLY MILD-MANN]$ PROGRAM APPE>$ 9 ! MID/ ( HIS ,JU/ICE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION & 9 ! ,*UR*1 A MASSIVE FRONTAL ASSAULT ON ! ,*UR* & CONT9U$ CRITIQUE ( GOV]NM5TALISM1 = :I* HE ONCE AGA9 FAC$ PROSECUTION--A WORK 9 :I* HE DECL>$1 DEFIANTLY & A BIT DRAMATICALLY1 0,I AM A SANS-CULOTTE06 

,)\T SPECULAT+ UNNECESS>ILY ON ! FACTORS :I* DROVE ! 0COMPLETE TRANS=MATION0 ( ! E>LY #a#h#eS1 WE CAN PO9T TO CIRCUM/ANCES :I* UND\BT$LY PLAY$ A ROLE4 ,JU/ AS HE WAS BE+ =C$ 9TO ,BELGIAN EXILE1 ,PR\DHON UND]TOOK A REVIEW ( HIS PHILOSOPHY1 & 9 ! C\RSE ( ?AT WORK QUIETLY CORRECT$ SOME PROBLEMS FROM ! CRITICAL P]IOD4 

,9 #a#h#e#c1 ,PR\DHON PUBLI%$ ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,PROGRESS4 ,! WORK TOOK ! =M ( TWO LONG LETT]S TO A ,FR5* J\RNALI/ :O HAD ASK$ HIM = A SUMM>Y ( HIS IDEAS1 & !Y AF=D$ AN OPPORTUNITY = ,PR\DHON TO BR+ TOGE!R ! V>I\S ASPECTS ( HIS PREVI\S WORK 9 A WAY :I* HE HAD NOT DONE BE=E4 ,MU* ( ! WORK WAS DEVOT$ TO A CONSID]ATION ( 0! CRIT]ION ( C]TA9TY0 9 SCI5CE & PHILOSOPHY1 &1 TO NO D\BT OV]-SIMPLIFY A LONG & V]Y 9T]E/+ /UDY1 HIS CONCLUSION WAS ?AT LITTLE1 IF ANY?+1 WAS C]TA9 BUT *ANGE4 

,9DE$1 F9ALLY PRESS$ TO EXPLA9 HIMSELF1 HE COND5S$ HIS PROJECT D[N TO A S+LE OPPOSITION & A S+LE AFFIRMATION3 0,ALL ?AT ,I HAVE EV] WRITT51 ALL ?AT ,I HAVE D5I$1 AFFIRM$1 ATTACK$1 & COMBAT$1 ,I HAVE WRITT51 ,I HAVE D5I$ OR AFFIRM$ 9 ! NAME ( ONE S+LE IDEA3 ,PROGRESS4 ,MY ADV]S>IES1 ON ! CONTR>Y--& Y\ WILL SOON SEE IF !Y >E NUM]\S-->E ALL P>TISANS ( ! ABSOLUTE4440.<#b#c.> 

,?IS OPPOSITION1 HE BELIEV$1 WAS A SORT ( SKELETON KEY1 NOT ONLY TO ! WORKS HE HAD WRITT51 BUT TO ANY WORK HE MI<T PURSUE3 

,IF1 !N1 ,I C\LD ONCE PUT MY F+] ON ! OPPOSITION ?AT ,I MAKE BETWE5 !SE TWO IDEAS1 & EXPLA9 :AT ,I MEAN BY ,PROGRESS & :AT ,I CONSID] ,ABSOLUTE1 ,I W\LD HAVE GIV5 Y\ ! PR9CIPLE1 SECRET & KEY TO ALL MY POLEMICS4 ,Y\ W\LD POSSESS ! LOGICAL L9K BETWE5 ALL ( MY IDEAS1 & Y\ C\LD1 ) ?AT NOTION ALONE1 S]V+ = Y\ AS AN 9FALLIBLE CRIT]ION ) REG>D TO ME1 NOT ONLY E/IMATE ! 5SEMBLE ( MY PUBLICATIONS1 BUT =ECA/ & SIGNAL 9 ADVANCE ! PROPOSITIONS ?AT SOON] OR LAT] ,I MU/ AFFIRM OR D5Y1 ! DOCTR9ES ( :I* ,I WILL HAVE TO MAKE MYSELF ! DEF5D] OR ADV]S>Y4.<#b#d.> 

,?IS DI/ILLATION ( HIS PROJECT GAVE HIM A CLE> SET ( PR9CIPLES ) :I* TO SET \T ON ! NEXT PHASE ( HIS C>E]S1 & ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,PROGRES%I<LI<T$ ELEM5TS ( HIS E>LY WORKS :I* MI<T HAVE O!RWISE GONE UNREM>K$4 ,BUT AS ,PR\DHON CONSOLIDAT$ HIS PROJECT >\ND ! NOTIONS ( PROGRESS & ! OPPOSITION TO ! ABSOLUTE1 SOME %ORTCOM+S ( HIS E>LY WORKS MAY HAVE PRES5T$ !MSELVES4 

,>GUABLY1 SOME ( ! APP>5T S+LE-M9D$NESS ( HIS OPPOSITION TO CONCEPTS LIKE PROP]TY & ! ,/ATE1 SO ADMIR$ BY ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 WAS A*IEV$ BY QUE/IONABLE T]M9OLOGICAL GYMNA/ICS4 ,9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY81 HE CONTRA/$ HIS VIEW ) ?AT ( ONE ( PROP]TY'S DEF5D]S3 0,MR4 ,BLANQUI RECOGNIZES ?AT !RE >E A MASS ( ABUSES1 ODI\S ABUSES1 9 PROP]TY2 = MYSELF1 ,I CALL PROP]TY EXCLUSIVELY ! SUM ( ?OSE ABUSES40.<#b#e.> ,:ILE ?IS MADE = A BOLD /ATEM5T1 IT ALSO ?REAT5$ TO R$UCE ! IMPACT ( HIS CLAIM ?AT PROP]TY IS !FT4 ,EV5 :ILE >GU+ = ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! NOTION ( JU/ICE1 HE DREW FIRM L9ES BETWE5 HIMSELF & ?OSE :O W\LD CON/RUCT SIMIL> ACC\NTS AB\T PROP]TY4 ,9 #ahda HE DI/+UI%$ HIS T]M9OLOGICAL APPROA* FROM ?AT ( ,PI]RE ,L]\X3 0,?US1 ACCORD+ TO ,MR4 ,L]\X1 !RE IS PROP]TY & PROP]TY3 ! ONE GOOD1 ! O!R BAD4 ,N[1 AS IT IS PROP] TO CALL DIFF]5T ?+S BY DIFF]5T NAMES1 IF WE KEEP ! NAME 0PROP]TY0 = ! =M]1 WE MU/ CALL ! LATT] ROBB]Y1 RAP9E1 BRIG&AGE4 ,IF1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 WE RES]VE ! NAME 0PROP]TY0 = ! LATT]1 WE MU/ DESIGNATE ! =M] BY ! T]M POSSESSION1 OR SOME O!R EQUIVAL5T2 O!RWISE WE %\LD BE TR\BL$ ) AN ODI\S SYNONYMY40.<#b#f.> ,H[EV]1 HE WAS UNABLE TO ESCAPE ?AT 0ODI\S SYNONYMY0 9 A NUMB] ( HIS WORKS1 & AS HIS ANALYSIS BECAME MORE COMPLEX1 HE EV5 BEGAN TO EXPLOIT IT1 EMPHASIZ+ ! 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS 9 MANY KEY CONCEPTS4 

,BY ! BEG9N+ ( HIS CON/RUCTIVE PHASE HE HAD REA*$ A PO9T 9 HIS BATTLE ) ! REIGN+ CONCEPTS LIKE 0RELIGION1 GOV]NM5T1 & PROP]TY0 :]E HE C\LD ALL[ !M TO RETA9 !IR 0PATRONYMIC NAMES10 EV5 :5 !Y ASSUM$ NEW =MS1 9 ORD] TO HI<LI<T ! ACTION ( PROGRESS4 ,AS A RESULT1 FAMILI> T]MS MAY HAVE MEAN+ ) ONLY A FAMILY RESEMBLANCE TO ?OSE WE KN[4 ,:E!R OR NOT ,PR\DHON HIMSELF UND]W5T A 0COMPLETE TRANS=MATION0 9 ! E>LY #a#h#eS1 WE >E LIKELY TO LEAD \RSELVES A/RAY IF WE DO NOT ACKN[L$GE ?AT AT LEA/ HIS VOCABUL>Y WAS FAIRLY SUB/ANTIALLY TRANS=M$4 

,9 #a#h#e#h1 ,PR\DHON PUBLI%$ HIS ,JU/ICE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION & 9 ! ,*UR*1 A WORK 9 F\R VOLUMES1 LAT] EXP&$ TO SIX4 ,9 A S]IES ( /UDIES )9 IT1 HE CONTRA/$ ! CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE ADVANC$ BY ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* ) AN AN>*IC VISION 9 :I* A VA/ >RAY ( 9T]E/S W\LD BE BALANC$1 )\T POLITICAL HI]>*Y OR GOV]NM5TAL AU?ORITY1 9 RELATIONS CONSI/5T ) REASON & SCI5CE4 ,! /UDIES COMB9$ CRITICAL & CON/RUCTIVE ELEM5TS1 ) ! !ORY ( COLLECTIVE BE+S RECEIV+ A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( DEVELOPM5T4 

,9 HIS E>LY WRIT+S1 ,PR\DHON HAD ADOPT$ A SORT ( SECONDH& ,HEGELIAN DIALECTIC1 )\T HAV+ DIRECT ACCESS TO ,HEGEL'S WRIT+S4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT HUMAN PROGRESS WAS A*IEV$ BY ! PLAY+ \T ( CONTRADICTIONS--:I* HE CALL$ !SES & ANTI!SES1 )\T O!RWISE CON=M+ TO ! DETAILS ( ,HEGEL'S SY/EM--& HE BELIEV$ ?AT :5 !SE T]MS W]E SYN!SIZ$1 ! T5SIONS BETWE5 !M WAS RESOLV$4 ,H[EV]1 HE HAD ALSO 9CORPORAT$ ELEM5TS ( ! S]IAL ANALYSIS ( ,*>LES ,F\RI]1 & ATTEMPT$ TO SYN!SIZE ?OSE 9FLU5CES 9 :AT HE CALL$ A 0S]IAL DIALECTIC40 ,IT IS SAFE TO SAY ?AT SOME T5SIONS REMA9$ 9 HIS [N CON/RUCTION1 UNTIL HE F9ALLY AB&ON$ IT 9 #a#h#e#h1 ASS]T+ ?AT 0,! ANT9OMY DOES NOT RESOLVE ITSELF444 ,! TWO T]MS ( :I* IT IS COMPOS$ ,B,A,L,A,N,C,E1 EI!R BETWE5 !MSELVES1 OR ) O!R ANT9OMIC T]MS40.<#b#g.> ,) ?IS !ORY ( ANT9OMIES AS HIS GUIDE1 !RE WAS NO LONG] ANY QUE/ION ( DRAMATIC VICTORIES OR DEFEATS = IDEAS OR =CES4 ,9/EAD1 ! ONLY =M ( RESOLUTION WAS BALANCE1 & :ILE ,PR\DHON LIK$ TO TALK AB\T ! SCALES.<BASCULE.> ( JU/ICE1 AS HE BEGAN TO BUILD A 0TRUE0 SOCIAL SY/EM BY BR++ MORE & MORE IDEAS 9TO RELATION1 ! V>IETIES ( BALANCE MULTIPLI$4 ,9 ! WORK ON,JU/ICE1 ! /UDY ON 0,GOODS0 5D$ ) AN 9COMPLETE CATALOG ( MORE ?AN A DOZ5 SORTS ( ECONOMIC ANT9OMIES TO BE BALANC$4 

,) NO REC\RSE TO EXT]NAL GOV]NM5TAL CONTROL1 ALL ( ?IS BALANC+ WAS NECESS>ILY TO BE A*IEV$ BY 9DIVIDUALS SITUAT$ 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS COMPLEX1 EVOLV+ WEB ( RELATION%IPS4 ,! 9T]E/$ BE+S W\LD NOT1 ( C\RSE1 BE LIMIT$ TO 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN BE+S4 ,9 ! /UDY ON ! ,/ATE1 ,PR\DHON REAFFIRM$ HIS BELIEF 9 0SOCIAL BE+S10 ON A RANGE ( SCALES FROM FAMILIES & SMALL WORK%OPS TO NATIONS & ,/ATES4 

,HE RETRAC$ ! >GUM5TS ( #a#h#d#i1 >M$ ) A VA/ NEW BODY ( HI/ORICAL DATA & CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL ANALYSIS4 ,ONE BR& NEW ELEM5T WAS1 H[EV]1 FEATUR$ PROM95TLY3 A CON/RUCTIVE NOTION ( ! ,/ATE AS ANO!R COLLECTIVE BE+4 ,! 0,SMALL ,POLITICAL ,CATE*ISM0 :I* SUMM>IZ$ ! /UDY BEGAN ) ! QUE/ION3 0,EV]Y EXPRESSION CONCEALS A REALITY2 ( :AT DOES ! REALITY ( ! SOCIAL P[] CONSI/80 ,! ANSW] WAS3 0,IT IS COLLECTIVE =CE40 ,FUR!RMORE1 0COLLECTIVE =CE BE+ A FACT AS POSITIVE AS 9DIVIDUAL =CE1 ! FIR/ P]FECTLY DI/9CT FROM ! SECOND1 COLLECTIVE BE+S >E AS MU* REALITIES AS 9DIVIDUAL ONES40.<#b#h.> ,?IS NOTION ( COLLECTIVE =CE HAD BE5 P>T ( ,PR\DHON'S !ORETICAL APP>ATUS S9CE ! WORK ON PROP]TY 9 #a#h#d1 :]E HE US$ IT TO DEMON/RATE ?AT 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY C\LD NOT EM]GE SIMPLY FROM SOCIAL LABOR4 ,9 ,! ,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION HE HAD 9VOK$ IT TO SUGGE/ LIMITS ON 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP ( CAPITAL1 BAS$ ON :E!R ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 QUE/ION W\LD BE EMPLOY$ 9DIVIDUALLY OR BY SOME ORGANIZ$ ASSOCIATION ( LABOR]S4 ,BY #a#h#d#i1 ! FAMILY & SOCIETY HAD JO9$ ! LI/ ( COLLECTIVE BE+S MANIFE/+ ONE OR MORE V>IETIES ( SYN]GETIC 0=CE40 ,AS ,PR\DHON'S ?\<T DEVELOP$1 ! RANGE ( BE+S & MANIFE/ATIONS ( =CE TO BE RECKON$ ) CONT9U$ TO MULTIPLY4 ,IT WAS P]HAPS 9EVITABLE ?AT ,PR\DHON W\LD F9DSOME?+ 9 ALL ! MANIFE/ATIONS ASSOCIAT$ ) GOV]NM5T & ! ,/ATE ?AT HE HAD TO CONSID] A REALITY4 

,! !ORY ( ! ,/ATE ?AT EM]G$ 9 #aheh WAS /ILL RA!R VAGUE3 0,! ,/ATE RESULTS FROM ! GA!R+ ( SEV]AL GR\PS1 DIFF]5T 9 NATURE & OBJECT1 EA* =M$ = TO EX]CISE A SPECIAL FUNCTION & = ! CREATION ( A P>TICUL> PRODUCT1 !N ASSEMBL$ UND] A COMMON LAW1 & 9 AN ID5TICAL 9T]E/40.<#b#i.> ,IF ?IS ,/ATE WAS TO BE UND]/OOD AS AN 9DIVIDUAL1 A 0SPECIES ( CITIZ510 !RE WAS /ILL SOME ELABORATION TO BE MADE4 ,PR\DHON1 H[EV]1 WAS MO/ CONC]N$ ) %[+ ?AT ! ROLE ( ! /ATE W\LD BE 0PRIM>ILY COMMUTATIVE10 BUT 0NO LESS REAL0 = ?AT4 ,ALL ( ! USUAL ACTIVITIES ASSOCIAT$ ) /ATES1 ! 0WORKS ( PUBLIC UTILITY10 SEEM$ TO HIM TO BE 0EFFECTS ( ! ORD9>Y COLLECTIVE =CE10 ) NO NATURAL OR NECESS>Y CONNECTION TO ANY /RUCTURE ( EXT]NAL AU?ORITY4 ,AS EXAMPLES ( APPROPRIATE PROJECTS = HIS ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ,/ATE1 HE DISCUSS$ QUE/IONS LIKE G5]AL SECURITY & ! PROVISION ( A CIRCULAT+ M$IUM4 

,! WORK ON ,JU/ICE ALSO PRES5T$ AN IMPORTANT EVOLUTION 9 ,PR\DHON'S DISCUSSION ( REASON1 ! SOLE S\RCE ( LEGISLATION 9 HIS AN>*I/ VISION4,COLLECTIVE REASON EM]G$ ALONGSIDE COLLECTIVE =CE AS A MANIFE/ATION ( COLLECTIVE BE+1 & 9 ! /UDY ON 0,IDEAS0 ,PR\DHON DESCRIB$ ! SPECIAL ROLE ?AT IT HAD TO PLAY 9 SAFEGU>D+ 9DIVIDUAL REASON AGA9/ ! CORRUPT+ 9FLU5CE ( ! ABSOLUTE4 ,TO SIMPLIFY :AT IS BO? A WIDE-RANG+ & OCCASIONALLY PUZZL+ DISCUSSION1 WE MI<T SIMPLY OBS]VE1 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ?AT AS ! =CE EX]T$ BY 9DIVIDUALS 9 9DU/RY F9DS EXPRESSION BO? 9 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATIONS & 9 MORE /RICTLY 9DIVIDUAL =MS1 ! 9DIVIDUAL REASON :I* IS SUPPOS$ TO 9=M \R SELF-GOV]NM5T IS EXPRESS$1 IF WE MAY PUT IT ?IS WAY1 BY 9DIVIDUALS AS 9DIVIDUALS1 BY COLLECTIVES AS 9DIVIDUALS1 & BY 9DIVIDUALS AS P>TS ( COLLECTIVES4 ,! AN>*IC SELF-GOV]NM5T ( A GIV5 SOCIETY WILL HAVE TO BE GR\ND$ 9 ! BALANC+ ( ?OSE MANIFE/ATIONS ( REASON1 & ! OV]LAPS BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE GIVE US SOME CLUES TO ! ME*ANISMS LIKELY TO BE 9VOLV$4 

,PR\DHON HIMSELF1 9 TALK+ AB\T ! 0ORGAN0 ( ! COLLECTIVE REASON1 SITUAT$ IT EV]Y:]E ?AT COLLECTIVE =CE MI<T BE F\ND4 ,?IS PROLIF]ATION (REASONS TO BE RECKON$ ) P]HAPS S]V$ TO COMBAT ! ONE REAL DANG] HE =ESAW NE$ TO PROTECT AGA9/3 0,!RE IS ONLY ONE PRECAUTIONTO TAKE3 TO 9SURE ?AT ! COLLECTIVITY CONSULT$ DOES NOT VOTE1 AS ONE MAN1 BY VIRTUE ( AN 9DIVIDUAL S5TIM5T ?AT HAS BECOME COMMON44440.<#c.> ,?AT DANG] WAS APP>5TLY REAL 5\< 9 ,PR\DHON'S M9D ?AT1 9 A PUZZL+ P>AGRAPH1 HE PROPOS$ A 0SPECIAL MAGI/RACY0 TO OP]ATE AS 0POLICE ( CONV]SATIONS & GU>DIAN ( OP9ION40 ,! PROPOSAL WAS1 H[EV]1 )\T DETAILS1 & 9 CONTEXT IT IS H>D TO IMAG9E H[ ?IS 0MAGI/RACY10 :E!R =MAL OR FIGURATIVE1 C\LD HAVE BE5 TASK$ TO DO ANY?+ BUT /AVE (F PREMATURE AGREEM5T4.<#c#a.> ,9 ANY EV5T1 IF ,PR\DHON'S MO/ AMBIGU\S /ATEM5TS RAISE MOM5T>Y QUE/IONS AB\T HIS 5TIRE OPPOSITION TO GOV]NM5T1 !RE IS NO LACK ( UNAMBIGU\S DECL>ATIONS AFFIRM+ IT4 0,JU/ICE ALONE COMM&S & GOV]NS10 HE 9SI/$1 0,JU/ICE1 :I* CREATES ! P[]1 BY MAK+ ! BALANCE ( =CES AN OBLIGATION = ALL4 ,BETWE5 ! P[] & ! 9DIVIDUAL1 !RE IS ?US ONLY RI<T3 ALL SOV]EIGNTY IS REJECT$2 IF IT D5I$ BY ,JU/ICE1 IT IS RELIGION40 ,BEYOND ?IS SELF-GOV]NM5T1 GUID$ BY JU/ICE1 SOCIETY WAS 0UNGOV]NABLE40.<#c#b.> 

,!RE >E A NUMB] ( O!R DETAILS RELEVANT TO ! !ORY ( ! ,/ATE1 SCATT]$ ?R\< ! SPRAWL+ WORK ON ,JU/ICE4 ,9 A SORT ( DELAY$ RESPONSE TO ,BLANC1 ,PR\DHON POK$ FUN AT ! 0MON/R\S IDEA0 ?AT O!RS HAD POSSESS$ ( 0SOCIAL BE+30 0IT IS LIKE AN ANIMAL ( A MY/]I\S SPECIES1 BUT :I*1 9 ! MANN] ( ALL ! KN[N ANIMALS1 MU/ HAVE A HEAD1 A HE>T1 N]VES1 TEE?1 FEET1 ETC4 FROM ?AT *IM]ICAL ORGANISM1 :I* EV]YONE /RIVES TO DISCOV]1 !Y !N D$UCE ,JU/ICE1 ?AT IS TO SAY ?AT WE D]IVE MORALITY FROM PHYSIOLOGY1 OR1 AS WE SAY TODAY1 RI<T FROM DUTY1 SO ?AT ,JU/ICE ALWAYS F9DS ITSELF PLAC$ \TSIDE ( CONSCI\SNESS1 LIB]TY SUBJECT$ TO FATALISM1 & HUMANITY FALL540.<#c#c.> 

,ANO!R /UDY PROVID$ A POSITIVE ACC\NT ( LIB]TY1 SUGGE/+ ?AT FRE$OM IS NOT SIMPLY ! ABS5CE ( PROHIBITION OR RE/RA9T1 BUT A QUALITY 9H]5T TO ! ORGANIZATION ( BE+S1 :I* IS GREAT] OR LESS] TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! RELATIONS BETWE5 !M >E COMPLEX & 5]GETIC--A NOTION ?AT W\LD =M P>T ( ! RATIONALE = ,PR\DHON'S F$]ALISM4 ,LONG SECTIONS DEVOT$ TO G5D] ROLES1 & ! PROP] ROLE & CON/ITUTION ( ! FAMILY HAVE E>N$ ,PR\DHON A REPUTATION = ANTI-FEM9ISM1 BUT EV5 B5EA? ! G5U9ELY REACTION>Y SOCIAL ROLES PROPOS$ !RE IS A CURI\SLY RADICAL NOTION ?AT ! 0ORGAN ( JU/ICE0 IS LOCAT$ 9 A HUMAN RELATION%IP1 RA!R ?AN A HUMAN 9DIVIDUAL4 

,PR\DHON DEVELOP$ HIS !ORY ( ! /ATE 9 ?REE WORKS DUR+ #a#h#f#a4 ,W> & ,PEACE1 PROBABLY ! MO/ 9T]E/+ ( ! ?REE1 WAS A TWO-VOLUME EXAM9ATION ( ! ROLE ( CONFLICT 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 DEMON/RAT+ ! MEANS BY :I* A PROP] UND]/&+ ( W> MI<T LEAD TO A JU/ PEACE4 ,IT IS A DIFFICULT1 SOMETIMES P]PLEX+ WORK1 :I* HAS L$ SOME TO TREAT ,PR\DHON AS A MILIT>I/1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! BOOK 5D$ ) ! DECL>ATION ?AT 0HUMANITY WANTS NO MORE W>40.<#c#d.> ,9 IT WE F9D ,PR\DHON WORK+ \T ! PLAY ( ! ANT9OMIES ON A L>GE POLITICAL /AGE1 DEAL+ ) ! 9T]ACTIONS ( ,/ATES & PEOPLES1 MIX+ LESSONS DRAWN FROM HI/ORY ) MORE OBS]VATIONS APPLICABLE TO ! !ORY ?AT HE WAS 9 ! PROCESS ( CON/RUCT+4.<#c#e.> 

,! WORK CONTA9$ IMPORTANT /ATEM5TS AB\T JU/ICE 9 G5]AL3 0,JU/ICE IS NOT A COMM&M5T MADE KN[N BY A HI<] AU?ORITY TO AN 9F]IOR BE+1 AS IS TAU<T BY ! MAJORITY ( WRIT]S :O HAVE WRITT5 ON ! RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE2 JU/ICE IS IMMAN5T 9 ! HUMAN S\L2 IT IS ITS DEEPE/ P>T1 IT CON/ITUTES ITS HI<E/ P[] & ITS SUPREME DIGNITY40.<#c#f.> ,:]E 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS >E CONC]N$ 0,RI<T1 9 G5]AL1 IS ! RECOGNITION ( HUMAN DIGNITY IS ALL ITS FACULTIES1 ATTRIBUTES & PR]OGATIVES4 ,!RE >E ?US AS MANY SPECIAL RI<TS AS HUMANS CAN RAISE DIFF]5T CLAIMS1 [+ TO ! DIV]SITY ( !IR FACULTIES & ( !IR EX]CISE40.<#c#g.> ,!SE V>I\S CLAIMS1 H[EV]1 >E LIMIT$ TO ! SPECIFIC SPH]ES 9 :I* ! FACULTIES >E EXPRESS$1 & MU/ /ILL BE H>MONIZ$ ?R\< A PROCESS ( BALANC+4 ,IT'S CLE> ?AT BY ?IS P]IOD 9 HIS C>E] ,PR\DHON HAD GIV5 ! CONV5TIONAL LANGUAGE ( POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY SOME FAIRLY 9DIVIDUAL 9T]PRETATIONS4 ,IF1 AS ,PR\DHON CLAIM$1 ALL MANIFE/ATIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVE =CE BE> !IR 0RI<TS0 )9 !M1 !N :AT WE F9D 9 ! !ORY ( RI<TS1 & ! NOTION ( IMMAN5T JU/ICE1 IS REALLY JU/ A RE/ATEM5T ( BASIC ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLES3 EQUALITY IS ! BASIS ( SOCIETY & 9T]E/S MU/ BE BALANC$4 

,IT WAS 9 ,! ,!ORY ( ,TAXATION1 ALSO PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#f#a1 ?AT ! CITIZ5-,/ATE F9ALLY EM]G$4 ,:ILE PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) ME?ODS ( PUBLIC F9ANCE1 ! BOOK CONTA9$ A V]Y BRIEF SECTION ON ! ,RELATION ( ! ,/ATE & ,LIB]TY1 ACCORD+ TO MOD]N RI<TS40 ,DESPITE ITS BREVITY1 H[EV]1 IT IS P]HAPS ! MO/ CONCISE SUMM>Y ( ,PR\DHON'S LAT] !ORY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! MOD]N !ORY ( RI<TS1 HE CLAIM$1 0HAS DONE ONE NEW ?+3 IT HAS PUT 9 ! PRES5CE ( ONE ANO!R1 ON ! SAME L9E1 TWO P[]S UNTIL N[ HAD BE5 9 A RELATION ( SUBORD9ATION4 ,!SE TWO P[]S >E ! ,/ATE & ! ,9DIVIDUAL1 9 O!R WORDS ! ,GOV]NM5T & ,LIB]TY40 ,HE REAFFIRM$ ?AT ! ,/ATE HAD A 0POSITIVE REALITY10 MANIFE/+ ITSELF AS A 0P[] ( COLLECTIVITY10 ISSU+ FROM ! ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVE1 RA!R ?AN IMPOS$ ON IT FROM \TSIDE1 & ?US POSSESS+ RI<TS--( ! SORT 9TRODUC$ 9 ,W> AN ,PEACE--BUT NO AU?ORITY4 ,HE ASS]T$ ?AT 9 A REGIME ( LIB]TY IT TOO MU/ BE RUL$1 LIKE ! CITIZ5S1 ONLY BY REASON & BY JU/ICE--BECAUSE1 AS HE PUT IT1 0IT IS ITSELF1 IF ,I MAY PUT IT ?IS WAY1 A SORT ( CITIZ540.<#c#h.> ,?IS IMAGE ( ! CITIZ5-,/ATE1 NEI!R MA/] NOR S]VANT1 & LOCAT$ 0ON ! SAME L9E0 AS ! O!R CITIZ5S1 MAY BE ! SIMPLE/ *>ACT]IZATION POSSIBLE ( ,PR\DHON'S COMPLEX & ELUSIVE IDEAL = ! ,/ATE4 ,F9ALLY1 ,PR\DHON DECL>$ ! ,/ATE 0! PROTECTOR ( ! LIB]TY & PROP]TY ( ! CITIZ5S1 NOT ONLY ( ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 BORN1 BUT ( ?OSE :O >E TO BE BORN4 ,ITS TUTELAGE EMBRACES ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE1 & EXT5DS TO FUTURE G5]ATIONS3 ?US ! ,/ATE HAS RI<TS PROPORTIONAL TO ITS OBLIGATIONS2 )\T :I*1 :AT USE W\LD ITS =ESI<T S]VE80.<#c#i.> ,! ,/ATE WAS N[ AS ,TUFF]D DESCRIB$ IT1 ! ?+ ?AT P]SI/$ & M$IAT$ ! BALANC+ ( 9T]E/S EV5 BETWE5 G5]ATIONS4 

,A ?IRD WORK1 ,! ,!ORY ( ,PROP]TY1 WAS SUB/ANTIALLY COMPLET$ 9 #a#h#f#a1 AL?\< IT WAS NOT PUBLI%$ UNTIL AFT] ,PR\DHON'S DEA?4 ,IT WAS CONTROV]SIAL AT ! TIME ( ITS PUBLICATION1 BECAUSE ! $ITORS DID NOT CLE>LY M>K !IR CONTRIBUTIONS TO TWO SUMM>Y SECTIONS LEFT UNF9I%$ BY ! AU?OR4.<#d.> ,IT HAS BE5 CONTROV]SIAL = MORE REC5T READ]S1 BECAUSE IT REPRES5T$ ! F9AL /AGE ( ,PR\DHON'S !ORY ( PROP]TY--A !ORY :I* EVOLV$ 9 SOME ( ! SAME SURPRIS+ WAYS AS HIS !ORY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,9DE$1 ?OSE :O KNEW HIS MANY WRIT+S ON PROP]TY %\LD PROBABLY HAVE BE5 PREP>$ = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS ,/ATE-!ORY4 ,HE HAD H>DLY MADE HIS FIR/1 TRIUMPHANT PRON\NCEM5TS AB\T PROP]TY'S DEFEAT 9 #ahd :5 HE BEGAN TO MAKE :AT WE W\LD PROBABLY RECOGNIZE AS A V]Y E>LY %IFT FROM CRITICAL TO CON/RUCTIVE CONC]NS1 RAIS+ ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! SAME PROP]TY ?AT WAS 0!FT0 WAS ALSO 0LIB]TY10 IF PROP]LY BALANC$ BY O!R =CES10 BY #a#h#d#f4 ,BY #a#h#d#h1 ,PR\DHON BELIEV$ ?AT 0,ALL ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO DO AGA9/ ! ABUSES OR DRAWBACKS ( PROP]TY IS TO M]GE1 SYN!SIZE1 ORGANIZE OR BALANCE IT ) A CONTR>Y ELEM5T4440.<#d#a.> ,9 ,! ,!ORY ( ,PROP]TY HE WAS F9ALLY ABLE TO MOVE BEYOND ?AT IMPASSE1 BY PROPOS+ ! ,/ATE AS ! C\NT]BALANC+ P[] TO 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY4 

,! WORK %[S ?AT HE WAS F> FROM HAV+ OV]COME ALL HIS MISGIV+S AB\T ! ,/ATE4 0,! /ATE1 CON/ITUT$ 9 ! MO/ RATIONAL & LIB]AL MANN]1 ANIMAT$ BY ! MO/ JU/ 9T5TIONS1 IS NONE ! LESS AN 5ORM\S P[]1 CAPABLE ( CRU%+ EV]Y?+1 ALL BY ITSELF1 IF IT IS NOT GIV5 A C\NT]-BALANCE40.<#d#b.>,ONE ( ! USEFUL P[]S ( PROP]TY WAS1 SOME:AT IRONICALLY1 A P[] TO DIVIDE SOCIETY1 A P[] REQUIR$ BECAUSE 0.<T.<HE P[] ( ! /ATE IS A P[] ( CONC5TRATION2 GIVE IT FRE$OM TO GR[ & ALL 9DIVIDUALITY WILL SOON DISAPPE>1 ABSORB$ 9TO ! COLLECTIVITY2 SOCIETY WILL FALL 9TO COMMUNISM2 PROP]TY1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS A P[] ( DEC5TRALIZATION2 BECAUSE IT IS ITSELF ABSOLUTE1 IT IS ANTI-DESPOTIC1 ANTI-UNIT>Y2 IT IS BECAUSE ( ?IS ?AT IT IS ! PR9CIPLE ( ALL F$]ATION2 & IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT PROP]TY1 AUTOCRATIC 9 ESS5CE C>RI$ 9TO POLITICAL SOCIETY1 BECOMES /RAI<TWAY REPUBLICAN40.<#d#c.> 

,BEYOND ! TRANS=MATION ( ! DESPOTIC1 FICTIVE ,/ATE 9TO ! CITIZ5-,/ATE1 DIFFICULTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES /ILL REMA9$4 0,WE HAVE UND]/OOD F9ALLY ?AT ! OPPOSITION ( TWO ABSOLUTES--ONE ( :I*1 ALONE1 W\LD BE UNP>DONABLY REPREH5SIVE1 & BO? ( :I*1 TOGE!R1 W\LD BE REJECT$1 IF !Y WORK$ SEP>ATELY--IS ! V]Y CORN]/ONE ( SOCIAL ECONOMY & PUBLIC RI<T3 BUT IT FALLS TO US TO GOV]N IT & TO MAKE IT ACT ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS ( LOGIC40 

,?R\< ! #a#h#fS1 ONE ( ! DOM9ANT IDEAS 9 ,PR\DHON'S ?\<T WAS ?IS NOTION ( F$]ATION1 :I* 9VOLV$ ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( SOCIETY & ! ORGANIZATION ( ! P>TS 9 A MUTUAL1 HORIZONTAL MANN]1 )\T RELATIONS ( AU?ORITY OV] ONE ANO!R4 ,! ,F$]ATIVE ,PR9CIPLE1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#f#c1 />T$ ) ! PREMISE ?AT BO? ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC REALMS W]E DOOM$ TO CONT5T ) IRR$UCIBLE ANT9OMIES3 0,IT IS A QUE/ION ( KN[+ IF SOCIETY CAN >RIVE AT SOME?+ SETTL$1 EQUITABLE & FIX$1 :I* SATISFIES REASON & CONSCI5CE1 OR IF WE >E CONDEMN$ = ET]NITY TO ?IS ,IXION'S :EEL40.<#d#d.> ,= ,PR\DHON1 ( C\RSE1 IT WAS AGA9 A QUE/ION ( BALANC+ OPPOS+ =CES & T5D5CIES1 & MU* ( ! TEXT IS DEVOT$ TO EXPLOR+ ! DETAILS ( ?AT EQUILIBRATION 9 V>I\S >5AS4 

,ALONGSIDE REIT]ATIONS ( HIS W>N+ TO KEEP ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE 9 *ECK1 HE CL>IFI$ :AT HE TOOK TO BE ! SPECIFIC ROLE ( ! /ATE3 0,9 A FREE SOCIETY1 ! ROLE ( ! ,/ATE OR GOV]NM5T IS P> EXCELL5CE A ROLE ( LEGISLATION1 9/ITUTION1 CREATION1 9AUGURATION1 9/ALLATION2 -- IT IS1 AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE1 A ROLE ( EXECUTION40.<#d#e.> ,IF COLLECTIVE BE+S W]E TO HAVE A SPECIAL ROLE 9 ! DIVISION ( POLITICAL LABOR1 IT IS NATURAL ?AT IT W\LD 9VOLVE ! ID5TIFICATION ( PROBLEMS P]TA9+ SPECIFICALLY TO ! COLLECTIVE ASPECTS ( SOCIETY1 BUT ! NON-GOV]NM5TAL IMPLEM5TATION ( SOLUTIONS TO SU* PROBLEMS C\LD ONLY FALL BACK ON ! 9DIVIDUALS ?AT MADE UP ! COLLECTIVITY4 ,P]PETUAL SOCIAL PROGRESS W\LD GU>ANTEE A P]MAN5T ROLE = 5TITIES LIKE ! ,/ATE1 BUT %\LD !Y BE ALL[$ TO FULFILL BEYOND ?AT TO :I* !Y W]E ESPECIALLY SUIT$1 ! BALANCE ( =CES W\LD BE UPSET1 & ! H>D-WON /ABILITY ( SOCIETY SACRIFIC$4 

,AT ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 ,PR\DHON HAD COME TO ?9K ( F$]ATION AS ! PRACTICAL KEY TO A*IEV+ & MA9TA9+ JU/ICE--UND]/OOD SIMPLY AS BALANCE--9 ALL ASPECTS ( SOCIETY3 

,ALL MY ECONOMIC IDEAS1 DEVELOP$ = TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 CAN BE SUMM>IZ$ 9 !SE ?REE WORDS2 ,AGRO-9DU/RIAL ,F$]ATION4 

,ALL MY POLITICAL VIEWS COME D[N TO A SIMIL> =MULA3 ,POLITICAL ,F$]ATION OR ,DEC5TRALIZATION4 

,& AS ,I MAKE ( MY IDEAS NEI!R A P>TY 9/RUM5T NOR A MEANS ( P]SONAL AMBITION1 ALL MY HOPES = ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE >E EXPRESS$ BY ?IS ?IRD T]M1 COROLL>Y ( ! O!R TWO3 ,PROGRESSIVE ,F$]ATION4.<#d#f.> 

,PR\DHON WORK$ ON HIS SOCIAL SCI5CE TO ! V]Y 5D4 ,9 ,! ,!ORY ( ,PROP]TY1 HE HAD DECL>$ ?AT 0HUMANITY PROCE$S BY APPROXIMATIONS10 POSIT+ A PROGRESS-)\T-5D AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO UTOPIAN BLUEPR9TS1 & HE HAD ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS SKET*$ \T G5]AL 0APPROXIMATIONS0 ( HIS VISION ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 MO/ NOTABLY P]HAPS 9 ,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY4 ,HIS F9AL1 DEA?B$ WORK1 ,! ,POLITICAL ,CAPACITY ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASSES1.<#d#g.> WAS ( A SIMIL> *>ACT]1 BUT WRITT51 ) ! B5EFIT ( ,PR\DHON'S 5TIRE CON/RUCTIVE DEVELOPM5T1 SPECIFICALLY = ! RADICAL WORK]S :O W\LD BE ,PR\DHON'S IMM$IATE IDEOLOGICAL HEIRS4 ,IT PROVID$ CONCRETE EXAMPLES ( H[ ! V>I\S ELEM5TS ( ,PR\DHON'S PROJECT1 9CLUD+ ! RE-IMAG9$ ,/ATE1 MI<T FIT TOGE!R 9 A FREE SOCIETY4 

,LOOK+ BACK OV] ,PR\DHON'S WRIT+S ON ! ,/ATE1 IT IS CLE> ?AT SOME ASPECTS ( HIS !ORY REMA9$ UNF9I%$ OR UNWRITT5 AT ! TIME ( HIS DEA?1 BUT IT IS ALSO /RIK+ H[ MU* ( :AT WAS WRITT5 BY ?IS PIONE]+ AN>*I/ & SOCIAL SCI5TI/ HAS ESS5TIALLY BE5 IGNOR$ BY BO? TRADITIONS = MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,!RE >E ELEM5TS ( ,PR\DHON'S ?\<T :I* >E /RIK+LY CONTEMPOR>Y1 9CLUD+ A SORT ( ANTI-F\NDATIONALISM :I* MANY MAY BE SURPRIS$ TO F9D 9 N9ETE5? WORKS4 ,!RE IS ALSO A NOVEL APPROA* TO QUE/IONS ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE4 ,ABOVE ALL1 P]HAPS1 ! IMPORTANCE ( AN ADEQUATE ANALYSIS ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( PROP]TY & ! ,/ATE1 OR ! PR9CIPLES ( LIB]TY & AU?ORITY1 HAVE NOT DIM9I%$ 9 ! TIME S9CE ,FR$]IC ,TUFF]D CONFRONT$ ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ) A *OICE ( PA?S4 ,TO ACQUA9T \RSELVES ) ,PR\DHON IS1 IF NO?+ ELSE1 TO PROVIDE \RSELVES ) LONG-=GOTT5 OPTIONS4 

.<#a#d.>,L\IS ,BLANC1 ,HI/OIRE DE LA ,REVOLUTION DE #ahdh 7,P>IS3 ,M>PON ET ,FLAMM>ION1 #a#h#h73 #b#c#e4 ,! P]SONAL ASPECTS ( ! DEBATE OCCASIONALLY ALL[ US A GLIMPSE ( ! 9TIMATE LIVES ( ! P>TICIPANTS4 ,9 HIS CORRESPOND5CE1 ,PR\DHON 9CLUDES ?IS CURI\S DETAIL4 0,:ILE ,L\IS ,BLANC ACCUSES ME ( SELL+SOCIALISM1 HIS FRAM$ PORTRAIT S]VES AS ! COMPANION TO M9E 9 MY WIFE'S B$ROOM6 ,C\LD ,I REFUSE ?AT PLACE TO ! MAN :O1 DESPITE ! WEAKNESS ( HIS D$UCTIONS & HIS 9COMPET5CE1 BE/ REPRES5TS ! GOV]NM5TAL PR9CIPLE84440 ,CORRESPONDANCE1 ,VOL4 #e 7,P>IS3 ,LACROIX1 #a#h#g#e73 #a#g4 

.<#b.> ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ,!ORIE DE L'IMPOT1 ,P>IS3 ,D5TU1 #a#h#f#a3 #f#h4 

.<#c.> ,BAKUN9 WAS WRIT+ AB\T 0/ATISM10 OR ITS ,RUSSIAN EQUIVAL5T1 BY #a#h#g4 ,JOSEPH ,LANE'S 0,AN ,ANTI-,/ATI/ ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O0 WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#g1 & 9 ! PREVI\S YE> ! ,AM]ICAN 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/ ,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,TUCK] HAD PUBLI%$ A P>TIAL TRANSLATION ( ,PR\DHON'S 0,RESI/ANCE TO ! ,REVOLUTION0 UND] ! TITLE 0,! ,/ATE40 

.<#d.> ,FR$]IC ,TUFF]D1 0,L',UNION 5 SOCIALISME10 ,SOCIETE N\VELLE #b1 ,NO4 #cc 7SEPTEMBRE #a#h#h#g73 #b#b#d4 

.<#e.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9'S 0,LA SCI5CE ET LA QUE/ION VITALE DE LA REVOLUTION40 

.<#f.> ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ,CONFESSIONS D'UN ,REVOLUTIONNAIRE1 NEW $41 7,P>IS3 ,LACROIX1 #a#h#g#f73 #e4 

.<#g.> ,!ORIE DE L'IMPOT4 #g#g4 

.<#h.> ,PR\DHON1 ,CORRESPONDANCE1 VOL4 #f1 7,P>IS3 ,LACROIX1 #a#h#g#e73 #b#h#e-#b#h#f4 

.<#i.> ,PR\DHON1 ,PHILOSOPHIE DU PROGRES3 PROGRAM1 7,BRUXELLES3 ,LEBEGUE1 #a#h#e#c_>3 #b#b4 

.<#a.> ,PR\DHON1 ,QU'E/-CE QUE LA PROPRIETE8 7,P>IS3 ,PREVOT1 #a#h#d#a73 #c#a-#c#b4 

.<#a#a.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,PI]RE ,L]\X1 ,PROJET D'UNE CON/ITUTION DEMOCRATIQUE ET SOCIALE 7,P>IS3 ,G4 ,S&RE1 #a#h#d#h47 

.<#a#b.> ,PR\DHON'S KEY WRIT+S ON CR$IT >E ASSEMBL$ 9 ,SOLUTION DU PROBLEME SOCIALE 7,P>IS3 ,LACROIX1 #a#h#f#h47 

.<#a#c.> ,MELANGES1 TOME III1 #c4 

.<#a#e.> ,MELANGES1 TOME III1 #i-#a4 

.<#a#f.> ,L\IS ,BLANC1 ,HI/OIRE DE LA ,REVOLUTION DE #ahdh 7,P>IS3 ,M>PON ET ,FLAMM>ION1 #a#h#h73 #b#c#f4 

.<#a#g.> ,MELANGES1 TOME III1 #a#a4 

.<#a#h.> ,MELANGES1 TOME III1 #a#c4 

.<#a#i.> ,MELANGES1 TOME III1 #a#b4 

.<#b.> ,MELANGES1 TOME III1 #i4 

.<#b#a.> ,PR\DHON1 ,IDEE G5]ALE DE LA REVOLUTION AU ,X,I,XEME SIECLE1 7,P>IS3 ,G>NI] ,FR]ES1 #a#h#e#a73 #c#d#a-#c#d#b4 

.<#b#b.> ,PR\DHON1 ,DE LA ,JU/ICE DANS LA ,REVOLUTION ET DANS L',EGLISE1 ,TOME ,I,I,I 7,P>IS3 ,LACROIX1 #a#h#f#h73 #a#a#c4 

.<#b#c.> ,PHILOSOPHIE DU PROGRES1 #a#i4 

.<#b#d.> ,PHILOSOPHIE DU PROGRES1 #b-#b#b4 

.<#b#e.> ,QU'E/-CE QUE LA PROPRIETE1 XVIII4 

.<#b#f.> ,PR\DHON1 ,LETTRE A ,MR ,BLANQUI SUR LA PROPRIETE3 DEUXIEME MEMOIRE1 7,P>IS3 ,PREVOT1 #a#h#d#a73 #a#c4 

.<#b#g.> ,PR\DHON1 ,DE LA ,JU/ICE DANS LA ,REVOLUTION ET DANS L',EGLISE1 TOME ,I 7,P>IS3 ,G>NI] ,FR]ES1 #a#h#e#h73 #c#e#c4 

.<#b#h.> ,OP CIT41 #d#h-#d#h#a4 

.<#b#i.> ,OP4 CIT41 TOME ,I1 #d#h#a4 

.<#c.> ,DE LA ,JU/ICE DANS LA ,REVOLUTION ET DANS L',EGLISE1 TOME ,I,I,I1 #a#a#i4 

.<#c#a.> ,! SUGGE/ION RECALLS ,PR\DHON'S /ATEM5T FROM #a#h#d1 :]E HE PROPOS$ ?AT QUE/IONS ( POLICY MI<T BE DECID$ BY ! ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CES1 TO :OM ALL CITIZ5S C\LD APPEAL1 ON ! BASIS ( 0DEP>TM5TAL /ATI/ICS40 ,! PROPOSAL HAS SOMETIMES BE5 MI/AK5 = ! CREATION ( A 0,DEP>TM5T ( ,/ATI/ICS10 PRESUMABLY ) AU?ORITY TO REGULATE ON ! BASIS ( SCI5CE1 AL?\< ?AT SEEMS CLE>LY AT ODDS ) ! AN>*I/IC SELF-GOV]NM5T ,PR\DHON WAS 9 ! PROCESS ( PROPOS+4 ,:ILE ! MO/ AU?ORIT>IAN READ+S ( !SE TWO PASSAGES >E ALMO/ C]TA9LY 9CORRECT1 !RE IS C]TA9LY SOME?+ PUZZL+ AB\T !M1 & WE KN[ ?AT ,PR\DHON WAS NOT IMMUNE TO PROPOS+ ME*ANISMS >GUABLY AT ODDS ) HIS GOALS4 ,IT WAS1 AFT] ALL1 9 ! CONTEXT ( A V]Y SIMIL> DISCUSSION ( ! 0ORGAN ( JU/ICE0 ?AT HE ELEVAT$ ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY TO A SPECIAL PLACE 9 HIS SOCIAL !ORY4 

.<#c#b.> ,DE LA ,JU/ICE DANS LA ,REVOLUTION ET DANS L',EGLISE1 TOME ,I1 #d#i#e4 

.<#c#c.> ,DE LA ,JU/ICE DANS LA ,REVOLUTION ET DANS L',EGLISE1 TOME ,I,I,I1 #a#a#c4 

.<#c#d.> ,PR\DHON1 ,LA GU]RE ET LA PAIX1 TOME I,I 7,BRUXELLES3 ,H]TZEL1 #a#h#f#a73 #d#b4 

.<#c#e.> ,LACK ( SPACE PREV5TS ME FROM ADDRESS+ SOME 9T]E/+ MAT]IAL ON RELATIONS BETWE5 ,/ATES4 ,READ]S >E 5C\RAG$ TO CONSULT ,ALEX ,PRI*>D1 ,JU/ICE1 ,ORD] & ,AN>*Y 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE1 #b#a#c7 = AN ANALYSIS ( ,LA ,GU]RE ET LA ,PAIX FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS4 

.<#c#f.> ,PR\DHON1 ,LA GU]RE ET LA PAIX1 TOME I 7,BRUXELLES3 ,H]TZEL1 #a#h#f#a73 #a#i#i4 

.<#c#g.> ,OP4 CIT41 #b#h#h4 

.<#c#h.> ,!ORIE DE L'IMPOT1 #f#h4 

.<#c#i.> ,OP CIT41 #g#f-#h#b4 

.<#d.> ,SEE ,AUGU/E ,BEAU*]Y1 ,ECONOMIE ,SOCIALE DE ,P4-,J4 ,PR\DHON 7,LILLE3 ,IMPRIM]IE ,WILMOT-,C\RTECUISEE1 #a#h#f#g47 

.<#d#a.> ,CONFESSIONS1 #b#b#h4 

.<#d#b.> ,PR\DHON1 ,!ORIE DE LA PROPRIETE 7,P>IS3 ,LACROIX1 #a#h#f#f73 #a#c#g4 

.<#d#c.> ,OP CIT41 #a#d#d4 

.<#d#d.> ,PR\DHON1 ,DU ,PR9CIPE F$]ATIF 7,P>IS3 ,LACROIX1 #a#h#f#h73 #d-#d#a4 

.<#d#e.> ,OP CIT41 #e#d4 

.<#d#f.> ,OP CIT44 #h#c-#h#d4 

.<#d#g.> ,PR\DHON1 ,DE LA CAPACITE POLITIQUE DES CLASSES \VRI]ES 7,P>IS3 ,LACROIX1 #a#h#f#h47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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