,PIONE]S ( ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM 

#aid 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,GUY ,ALDR$ 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,=EW>D 

      #gee ,WORDS2 #d1#f#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,BAKUN9 

      #b1#c#c#i ,WORDS2 #a#e1#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,SOCIALISM ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

      #f1#d#a ,WORDS2 #c#i1#b#e#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,MALATE/A 

      #e1#f#a#b ,WORDS2 #c#d1#g#h#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,JOHANN ,MO/ 

      #a1#g#g#a ,WORDS2 #a1#i#d#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,R$ ,MAY3 ,TRAG$Y & ,RESURG5CE 

      #e1#b#e ,WORDS2 #c1#h#d#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,*ICAGO'S ,R$ ,M>TYRS 

      #b1#c#e ,WORDS2 #a#e1#d#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,JOSEPH ,DIETZG5'S ,/& 

      #ic ,WORDS2 #e1#g#f#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,P5D+ ,EXECUTION 

      #eai ,WORDS2 #c1#a#d#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,)\T ,PREJUDICE3 ,A ,JUDGE'S ,APOLOGY 

      #b1#h#h#d ,WORDS2 #a#g1#f#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,PHYSIOGNOMY ( ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 

      #a1#i#f#i ,WORDS2 #a#b1#g#h#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #aa 3 ,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON 

      #a1#c#f#b ,WORDS2 #h1#d#f#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #ab 3 ,9 ,WORK+-,CLASS ,MEMORY 

      #bgb ,WORDS2 #b1#d#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #ac 3 ,! ,YELL[ ,*ICAGO 

      #a1#a#a#e ,WORDS2 #g1#a#e#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #ad 3 ,FROM ,KOTOKU ,CORRESPOND5CE 

      #a1#i#f#b ,WORDS2 #a#b1#a#h#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #ae 3 ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T -- ,ROSA ,LUXEMB\RG1 ,LIEBKNE*T & ,SP>TACUS 

      #a1#a#c#g ,WORDS2 #g1#a#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #af 3 ,LIEBKNE*T'S ,APOLOGY 

      #cif ,WORDS2 #b1#e#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #ag 3 ,LIEBKNE*T'S ,MOCK ,TRIALS 

      #a1#a#g#a ,WORDS2 #g1#e#f#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #ah 3 ,MILIT>ISM & ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 

      #a1#b#a#b ,WORDS2 #g1#g#d#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #ai 3 ,BIOGRAPHICAL ,NOTE 

      #gg ,WORDS2 #eb ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS 

      #b1#a#c ,WORDS2 #a#b1#h#f#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #ba 3 ,H]MAN ,GORT] 

      #a1#g#i#g ,WORDS2 #a#a1#b#e#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,AU?OR'S ,APPEAL 

      #dfa ,WORDS2 #b1#g#a#i ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,=EW>D 

 ,?IS BRO*URE IS 9COMPLETE1 DESPITE ITS SIZE4  ,IT \<T TO HAVE 9CLUD$ A REVIEW ( ,M>X'S LIFE & WRIT+S1 & A /UDY ( ,PR\DHON4  ,! LATT] =ECA/$ ! FAILURE ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 ! LIQUIDATION ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 REACTION & EMPIRE1 & ! SUCCESSFUL EM]G5CE ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4  ,HE PREA*$ ! CALM1 UNREL5T+ OPTIMISM ( COMPLETE DEMOCRACY & LIB]TY :I* IS SO NECESS>Y TO HUMAN 5DURANCE TODAY4  ,! ESSAYS ON ,M>X & ,PR\DHON >E WRITT5 & WILL BE PUBLI%$ 9 DUE C\RSE4  

 0,BAKUN9 IS NOTE A BIOGRAPHY ( ! IMMORTAL ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTIONI/4  ,IT DEPICTS HIS =CE & *>ACT]4  ,MY LIFE ( ,BAKUN9 IS F9I%$ ALSO & WILL APPE> AS FUNDS & CONDITIONS P]MIT4  ,AS AN ,AN>*I/1 ,BAKUN9 IS OV]-RAT$4  ,AS A MAN1 ) A TREM5D\S WILL T[>DS LIB]TY1 & A TITANIC =CE ( *>ACT]1 HE HAS NOT RECEIV$ A TI! ( APPRECIATION ?AT IS HIS DUE4 ,BAKUN9 WAS ?OR\<LY HUMAN4  ,! ESSAY ) :I* ?IS WORK OP5S WILL /IMULATE 9T]E/ 9 ! LIFE /RUGGLES ( ?IS GOOD COMRADE4  

 ,! ,*ICAGO /UDIES >E COMPREH5SIVE4  ,:5 9 ,LE$S 9 #aicd ,I SAW ! WOND]FUL 0LIFE0 ( ,P>SONS1 WRITT5 BY HIS WIFE4 ,I WANT$ TO KEEP IT = SOME TIME TO USE IT BUT ! COMRADE WAS JEAL\S ( HIS BOOK4  IT NEV] OCCURR$ TO HIM ?AT1 9 MY H&S1 IT W\LD HAVE A USE-VALUE = ! MOVEM5T & = HI/ORY IT W\LD LOSE1 /OR$ AWAY UNTIL IT FELL 9TO ,PHILI/9E H&S4  ,SU* IS ! S5SE ( PROP]TY AS AGA9/ USEFULNESS4  

 ,ALL !SE ESSAYS >E REPR9T$1 REVIS$ A LITTLE H]E & !RE1 FROM ! COLUMNS ( ,! ,SPUR1 ,! COMMUNE1 OR ,! ,NEW ,SPUR1 & COV] ! YE>S FROM #aiad TO #a#i#c#d4  

 ,! LA/ TWO ESSAYS HAVE BE5 REVIS$ & ABRIDGES BY ME FROM /UDIES BY ,&RE ,LORULOT & ,H4 ,CANNE ,MEIJ]4  ,LORULOT'S ESSAY IS M]ELY A LIV+ PICTURE ( ,NIEUW5HUIS & LEAVES IT NECESS>Y TO WRITE HIS BIOGRAPHY4  ,MEIJ]'S ACC\NT ( ,GORT] IS A BIOGRAPHY WRITT5 BY AN 9TIMATE CONTEMPOR>Y4  ! $IT+ ( !SE ESSAYS HAS BE5 SEV]E & EXPRESSIONS ( POLITICAL OP9ION >E M9E & NOT ?AT ( ! AU?ORS FROM :OM ,I HAVE ABRIDG$ & ADAPT$4 ,SOME ( ! ESSAYS >E WRITT5 AS $ITORIALS & USE ! $ITORIAL 0WE40  ,O!RS EMPLOY ! MORE MODE/ BUT MOT GRAT+ FIR/ P]SONAL S+UL> - 0,I40  ,TO HAVE ALT]$ ?IS TE*NICALLY ( EXPRESSION W\LD HAVE 5TAIL$ TOO MU* WORK4  ,! READ] MU/ =GIVE ! RESULT+ LIT]>Y 9CONSI/5CY ( EXPRESSION4  

 ,! PRES5T CALAMITY E/ABLI%ES1 9 MY M9D1 ! JU/NESS ( MY LONG OPPOSITION TO ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,SOCIALISM4  ,P>LIAM5T>ISM HAS 5D$ 9 MILIT>ISM & W>1 & HAS WA/$ ! LONG /RUGGLE T[>DS A NEW SOCIAL ORD] ( ! WORK+ CLASS ( ! WORLD4  ! ,LABOR ,LEAD]S HAVE SOLD !IR BIR?RI<T1 LOYALTY TO PEACE & FRE$OM1 = A MESS ( POTTAGE1 PLACE & C>E] )9 ! NATIONAL CON/ITUTION ( CAPITALISM4  ,CLAIM+ ?AT !IR WAY WAS ! WAY ( PEACE1 D5\NC+ ,AN>*I/S & !ORIES ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 !Y HAVE COMMITT$ ! WORK+ CLASS TO A CRIM9AL ORGY ( VIOL5CE1 TO PLAGUE & PE/IL5CE4 ,AT SU* TIME1 9 A SPIRIT ( CALM1 & 9 OPPOSITION TO SURR\ND+ CLAMOR1 ,I RECALL ! PIONE]S ( ,UTOPIA - ! PIONE]S ( ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM4  

 ,! WORLD ( !SE PIONE]S IS NOT SO F> AWAY4  #ahhf - ! YE> ( ,*ICAGO - ! YE> ( ! AU?OR'S BIR?4  ,MALATE/A ,I KNEW WELL & HE L9KS TO-DAY ) ,BAKUN94  YET ! DI/ANCE SEEMS TREM5D\S BECAUSE SO MU* AHS HAPP5$1 SO MANY DYNA/IES HAVE FALL51 & EV5 NATIONS HAVE COLLAPS$4  H[EV] VIEW$1 ! ,LABOR MOVEM5T1 ,LEFT OR ,RI<T1 ( ?OSE DAYS IS AN ACTIVITY ?AT BELONGS TO HI/ORY4  IT HAS NO LONG] A PLACE 9 LIV+ REALITY4  

 ,TO MY VIEW1 !SE PIONE]S HAVE FAIL$4  ,I BELIEVE 9 ! PROMISE ( ! PR9CIPLE = :I* !Y /OOD4  ,I BELIEVE ! G5IUS :I* 9SPIR$ !M WILL BE RE9C>NAT$ 9 ANO!R G5]ATION & ?AT ! /RUGGLE WILL BE RESUM$ UNTO TRIUMPH4  ,I BELIEVE ?AT ?IS SMALL VOLUME IS A RECORD ( LI<TS ?AT FAIL$ - ?AT FAIL$ BO? GLORI\SLY1 & MAY BE A LITTLE /UPIDLY1 ! BETT] TO ILLUM9ATE ! WORLD4  

 ,?IS TRIBUTE TO !IR MEMORY MAY BE TAK5 AS AN 9CITEM5T TO ! FUR!R & MORE COMPLETE /UDY ( ! PR9CIPLES ( DEMOCRACY & ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM4  ,IT REASS]TS1 9 OPPOSITION TO SO MU* CONTEMPOR>Y SUBS]VI5CE TO ,NAZISM & ,FASCISM1 ! AU?OR'S UNDIM9I%$ & UNCOMPROMIS+ FAI? 9 ,SOCIALISM1 ! G5U9E ,SOCIALISM ( ! PROLET>IAT4  ,TO ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD 9 !IR /RUGGLE1 & TO ! OV]?R[ ( ! DICTATORS1 ?IS BOOK IS D$ICAT$4  

 ,GLASG[1 ,JULY #b1 #a#i#d4     

,GUY ,A4 ,ALDR$  

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,BAKUN9 

 ,BAKUN9'S LIT]>Y LEGACY IS SMALL4  ,! MAN HAD NO LIT]>Y AMBITIONS4  HE WAS TOO MU* ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTIONI/1 TOO G5U9E1 TO WI% TO /OOP TO LIT]ATURE4  TO PLAY AT DEPICT+ WRONG :]E ONE %\LD AT AT DE/ROY+ WRONGS2 TO SUB/ITUTE WORDS = ACTION1 >T = LIFE3 ?IS WAS NO WORK = A FULL-GR[N LABOR] 9 ! CAUSE ( BREAD & FRE$OM4  ,) ,BAKUN91 WRIT+ WAS BUT A TOOL NOT AN A*IEVEM5T4  ,WORDS W]E ! MEANS TO ACCOMPLI%M5T ITSELF4  ,HIS PURPOSE WAS O!R ?AN ?AT ( WRIT+4  ,HE WROTE AS HE /UDI$ & OBS]V$ - 9 ORD] TO ANSW] QUE/IONS ( ! DAY4  ,HE WROTE UND] ! PRESSURE ( SOME CRISIS 9 SOCIAL /RUGGLE4  ,& ALL HIS WRIT+S ORIG9AT$ 9 ! SAME REALI/IC1 DIRECT1 USEFUL1 UNPREM$ITAT$ WAY4  ,TO ?IS FACT !Y [E MU* ( !IR UNEV5NESS & REPETITION4  ,BAKUN9'S VITALITY1 DESIRE = ACTION1 & C\NSEL TO ACTION1 OV]FL[$ 9TO WRIT+4  9 ?IS WAY1 HIS ESSAYS & PAMPHLETS >OSE4  

 ,AS A RULE1 ,BAKUN9 SAT D[N TO WRITE A LETT] TO A FRI5D DEAL+ ) SOME QUE/ION ( ! MOVEM5T4  ,BUT ! LETT] QUICKLY GREW TO ! SIZE ( A PAMPHLET1 & ! PAMPHLET TO ?AT ( A BOOK4  ! GREATNESS ( ! URGE1 ! IMPELL+ IDEA1 CAUSE ! AU?OR TO WRITE SO FLU5TLY2 ILLU/RATIONS FL[$ SO EASILY FROM HIS VA/ RES]VOIR ( CONTEMPOR>Y KN[L$GE 2 & HE HAD SO CLE> & COMPLETE A CONCEPTION ( ! PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY TO ILLUM9ATE HIS VISION1 ?AT ! PAGES SOON FILL$ !MSELVES4  ! !ME DEVELOP$ EASILY1 EMBELLI%$ ) C\NTLESS DIGRESSIONS1 A V]ITABLE 5CYCLOP$IA REVIEW4  ,BUT ALWAYS 9COMPLETE1 ALWAYS UNF9I%$4  

 ,BAKUN9 WAS ACQUA9T$ ) ,G]Z51 ,OG>EFF1 ,MAZZ9I1 ,L$RU-,ROLL9 & O!RS4  HE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! UPRIS+ ( #a#h#d#h- #a#h#d#i1 ! POLI% 9SURRECTION ( ! E>LY SIXTIES1 & ! SECRET ,ITALIAN MOVEM5TS4  ,HE =ESAW ! FALL ( ! ,FR5* ,EMPIRE & AN UPHEAVAL 9 ,P>IS4  ,?\<TS1 CONCEPTIONS1 FACTS & >GUM5TS BORR[$ FROM ! REALITIES ( A P]IOD ( /RUGGLE1 9VAD$ ,BAKUN9'S SPIRIT & TOOK POSSESSION ( HIS BE+4 ,HIS G5]ALIZATION ( HI/ORICAL PHILOSOPHY1 LEAD+ TO REVOLUTION>Y NEGATION ( CLASS SOCIETY1 WAS RI*LY ADORN$ ) FACTS & WISDOM GA!R$ FROM CONTEMPOR>Y REALITY4  ,?IS EXPLA9S H[1 ) ALL HIS ]RORS1 ,BAKUN9 /&S \T 9 WORK+ CLASS HI/ORY AS 0! FI]CE/ REPRES5TATIVE ( ! IDEA ( REAL REVOLUTION>Y ACTION40  

 ,BAKUN9 WAS UNQUE/IONABLY 9F]IOR TO ,M>X AS A POLITICAL ECONOMI/4  HIS ECONOMICS >E ,M>XI/1 & HE SUBSCRIB$ 5?USIA/ICALLY TO ,M>X'S !ORY ( SURPLUS VALUE & DISSECTION ( ! ,CAPITALI/ SY/EM4  ,BAKUN9 BELIEV$ 9 ! MAT]IALI/IC CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY EV5 MORE ?OR\<LY ?AN ,M>X4  ,BUT :5 ,M>X1 CONTR>Y TO ! LOGIC ( HIS [N WRIT+1 BEGAN TO PLAY ) ,P>LIAM5T>ISM2 :5 ,M>XISM WAS PROCLAIM$ AS ! ONLY SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM AT A TIME :5 IT WAS BECOM+ A !OLOGY & A METAPHYSIC RA!R ?AN A SCI5CE 2 :5 ,M>XISM DEGRAD$ ITSELF 9TO A DULL POLITICAL CLASS SOCIETY ELECTIONE]+1 !N ,BAKUN9 PROCLAIM$ HIS ANTI-,M>XISM 9 OPPOSITION TO ! NEGATION ( ,SOCIALI/ ?\<T 9 ACTION4  

 ,TO ,BAKUN91 EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION W]E MORE ?AN ECONOMIC & POLITICAL GRIEVANCES4  ,H5CE1 A FAIR] DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 EV5 IF POSSIBLE UND] ! SY/EM1 & A SEEM+ P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL P[] 7DEMOCRACY7 W]E 0REM$IES0 ?AT DID NOT MEET ! SITUATION4  ,DEMOCRACY WAS NOT ! CURE = POV]TY BUT ONLY ! P]PETUATION ( ! DISEASE4  ,DEMOCRACY WAS ! CRIM9AL P]PETUATION ( POV]TY4  ,BAKUN9 SAW CLE>LY ?AT !RE WAS ONE PROBLEM ONLY3 ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & SUBMISSION WAS CONNECT$ 9TIMATELY ) ALL =MS ( AU?ORITY1 RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL 3 & ?IS AU?ORITY WAS EMBODI$ 9 ! ,/ATE4  ,H5CE AN>*ISM1 ! NEGATION ( AU?ORITY1 ! NEGATION ( PRIE/CRAFT1 WAS ! ESS5TIAL FACTOR 9 ALL REAL ,SOCIALISM4 ,TO ,BAKUN91 ,AN>*ISM DEF9$ ,SOCIALISM AS ,SUBMISSION DEF9$ ,CAPITALISM4  

 ,BAKUN9 DID NOT CONF\ND 0,GOV]NM5T ) 0,ADM9I/RATION40 ,HE DID NOT CONFUSE ! 0,/ATE ) 0,SOCIETY40  ,HE DID NOT PRET5D TO BELIEVE 9 0,COMMUNITY0 9T]E/ 9 A CLASS SOCIETY4  ,HE OPPOS$ CLASS SOCIETY & ALL ITS HYPOCRITICAL MASQU]ADES4  HE PROCLAIM$ ! NE$ = FRE$OM & DEF9$ ,SOCIALISM AS ! PROLET>IAN DET]M9ATION TO REVOLT TO REALIZE FRE$OM4  ,?US1 ,BAKUN9 OPPOS$ AN>*ISM TO ,P>LIAM5T>ISM1 ,M5TAL1 P]SONAL & SOCIAL FRE$OM >E TO HIM 9SEP>ABLE - ,A!ISM1 ,AN>*ISM1 ,SOCIALISM1 AN ORGANIC UNIT4  ,HIS ,A!ISM IS NOT ?AT ( ! ORD9>Y ,FREE?9K]1 :O MAY BE AN AU?ORIT>IAN & AN ANTI-,SOCIALI/2 NOR IS HIS ,SOCIALISM ?AT ( A P>LIAM5T>IAN1 ALBEIT ,M>XI/1 :O MAY BE1 & V]Y (T5 CLAIMS TO BE1 AN ,AU?ORIT>IAN & A ,*RI/IAN1 OR SPEAKS AS ?\< HE W]E BO?2 BUT HIS ,A!ISM & ,SOCIALISM COMPLETE EA* O!R4 ,!Y 9T]P5ETRATE & CON/ITUTE A LIV+ REALIZATION ( FRE$OM1 A SOCIAL CONDITION ( HAPP9ESS4  ,! ?OR\<NESS MAKES ,BAKUN9'S ,SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A UNIQUE4  

 ,IF ,PR\DHON'S VISION WAS BLURR$ BY A K9D ( B\RGEOIS PACIFISM1 ,M>X C]TA9LY SACRIFIC$ HIS [N REVOLUTION>Y UND]/&+ = POLITICAL & P]SONAL DICTATOR%IP4  ,HE LIQUIDAT$ HIS GREAT REVOLUTION>Y WORK 9 AN UNSCRUPUL\S VANITY & AN ALL-CONSUM+ MIS]ABLE PRET5SION TO ABSOLUTE PRIE/HOOD ?AT KNEW NO B\NDS4  ,BUT = HIS DESIRE TO DOM9ATE1 ,M>X W\LD HAVE BE5 ! GREAT WORK+ CLASS EMANCIPATOR4  HIS MI<TY M9D DESC5D$ TO PETTY SPLE5 BECAUSE HIS WILL C\LD BROOK NO QUALIFY+ 9FLU5CES4  ,M>X WAS HIS WORLD - & HIS LIMITATION4 ,! SELF-IMMOLATION ( A GREAT 9TELLECT TO A N>R[ WILL WAS NO?+ LESS ?AN A T]RIBLE DISEASE FROM :I* ,M>X SUFF]$4 ,IT R$UC$ A PROPHET TO A PRIE/ & A GREAT MOVEM5T TO AN IMPOT5CE4  ,IT MADE ,M>X LESS ?AN A POLITICAL REVOLUTIONI/1 A M]E P>LIAM5T>Y TEMPORIZ]1 :]E ! M9D ( ! MAN VISION$ & UND]/OOD & CRI$ \T = ! COMPLETE SOCIAL REVOLUTION4  ,NOT EV5 :5 ONE CONSID]S ! LONG LIFE ( ,LABOR ,JUDAS ,ISC>IOTS ,M4,P4'S1 IS IT POSSIBLE TO DISCOV] ONE P]SON 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK]'S /RUGGLE :O SOLD HIS BIR?RI<T = A MORE MIS]ABLE MESS ( POTTAGE ?AN ,K>L ,M>X4  ,= HE LIV$ & DI$ 9 POV]TY4  ,HE %>$ ALL ! MIS]Y ( ! /RUGGLE4  ONLY HIS SEMI-DISCIPLES1 ! DISCIPLES ( HIS ]ROR & NOT HIS VISION1 PROSP]$ 9TO DEF5D]S ( ,CAPITALISM4  ,!Y PRAIS$ HIM = HIS CONFUSION & HIS NAME GREW TO %AD$ M$IOCRE RESPECTABILITY4 ,:]EAS HE WAS 9T5D$ TO BE A SYMBOL ( PROLET>IAN *ALL5GE1 ! 5EMY ( ,CAPITALISM4  

 ,AS E>LY AS ,JULY1 #a#h#d#h1 POSSIBLY BECAUSE ,BAKUN9 SAW GOOD 9 ,PR\DHON AS WELL AS 9 ,M>X1 ! LATT]'S ,NEUE ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG ACCUS$ ,BAKUN9 ( BE+ PAID SPY 9 ! EMPLOY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,AMBASSADOR4  ,M>X'S PAP] ADD$ ?AT ,GEORGE ,S&1 ! NOVELI/1 POSSESS$ PAP]S ?AT W\LD E/ABLI% ! *>GE4 ,BAKUN9 APPEAL$ TO ,GEORGE ,S& TO CLE> HIS NAME ( ?IS ODI\S ACCUSATION1 & %E WROTE TO ,ZEITUNG 3  

 0,! FACTS RELAT$ TO Y\R CORRESPOND5T >E ABSOLUTELY FALSE4  ,I NEV] HAD ANY DOCUM5TS :I* CONTA9$ 9S9UATIONS AGA9/ ,M4 ,BAKUN94  ,I NEV] HAD ANY REASON1 OR AU?ORITY TO EXPRESS ANY D\BTS AS TO ! LOYALTY ( HIS *>ACT] & ! S9C]ITY ( HIS VIEWS4  ,I APPEAL TO Y\R HONOR & TO Y\R CONSCI5CE TO PR9T ?IS LETT] 9 Y\R PAP] IMM$IATELY40  

 ,M>X PUBLI%$ ?IS LETT] ) ! EXPLANATION ?AT1 9 PUBLI%+ ! *>GE1 ! ,ZEITUNG HAD GIV5 ,BAKUN9 AN OPPORTUNITY TO DISPEL A SUSPICION LONG CURR5T 9 C]TA9 ,P>ISIAN CIRCLES4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#e#c1 ,M>X HAD TO REPUDIATE ?IS *>GE AGA9/ ,BAKUN9 9 ! COLUMNS ( ! ,LONDON ,MORN+ ,PO/4  

 ,M>X KNEW ?AT1 AT ! 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS AT ,BASLE1 9 #a#h#f#i1 ,BAKUN9 DEM&$ AN 9VE/IGATION ( ! *>GE FROM ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T4  ,HE WAS V9DICAT$ COMPLETELY & ,LIEBKNE*T PUBLICLY APOLOGIZ$4  

 ,YET1 9 A 0CONFID5TIAL COMMUNICATION0 S5T TO ! ,BRUNSWICK ,COMMITTEE1 ?R\< ,KUGELMANN1 ,M>X WROTE ( ,BAKUN9 3 -  

 0,BAKUN9 4 4 4 F\ND OPPON5TS !RE :O NOT ONLY W\LD NOT ALL[ HIM TO EX]CISE A DICTATORIAL 9FLU5CE1 BUT ALSO SAID HE WAS A ,RUSSIAN ,SPY40  

 ,LAF>GUE BITT]LY ATTACK$ ,BAKUN9 AD HIS COMRADES FROM #ahgb ONW>DS4  ,YET HIS 5MITY WAS NOT SUFFICI5T TO PLEASE ! CONC5TRAT$ V9DICTIV5ESS ( HIS FA!R-9-LAW4  ,ON ,NOVEMB] #a#a?1 #a#h#h#b1 ,M>X WROTE TO ,5GELS3 -  

 0,LONGUET1 ! LA/ ,PR\DHONI/1 & ,LAF>GE1 ! LA/ ,BAKUN9I/ 6 ,MAY ! ,DEVIL COME TO FET* !M 60  

 ,H[ DIFF]5T WAS ! ATTITUDE ( ,BAKUN96  

 ,E>LY 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#h#d#h1 ,BAKUN9 QU>REL$ ) ,M>X & ,5GLES OV] ,H]WE<'S PLAN TO 9VADE ,G]MANY ) >M$ LEGIONS4  ,WRIT+ ( ?IS QU>REL 9 #a#h#g#a1 ,BAKUN9 CONFESS$3 -  

 0,ON ?IS SUBJECT1 :5 ,I ?9K ( IT N[1 ,I MU/ SAY FRANKLY ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS W]E RI<T4  !Y TRULY E/IMAT$ ! AFFAIRS ( ?OSE DAYS40  

 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION WAS F\ND$ AT ,/4 ,M>T9'S ,HALL1 ,LONDON1 ON ,SEPTEMB]1 #b#i?1 #a#h#f#d1 TO UNITE & WELD TOGE!R ALL WORK]S :O W\LD COME TOGE!R TO WORK = !IR EMANCIPATION FROM ,CAPITALISM1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ! %ADES ( OP9ION ON PR9CIPLES & TACTICS :I* DIVIDE !M4  ?IS BROAD PR9CIPLE WAS RESPECT$ = FIVE YE>S4  ,! ,CONGRESS HELD AT ,BASLE1 ,SWITZ]L&1 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#f#i1 WAS ! LA/ CONF]5CE AT :I* ,M>XI/S1 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COLLECTIVI/S OR ,AN>*I/S1 ,PR\DHONIAN ,MUTUALI/S1 ,TRADE ,UNIONI/S1 COOP]ATORS OR SOCIAL RE=M]S MET 9 FAIR DISCUSSION & TRI$ TO ELABORATE L9ES ( COMMON ACTION1 USEFUL & ACCEPTABLE TO ALL4  ,! CONGRESS ( #a#h#f#h-#a#h#f#i %[$ ?AT ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM WAS SPREAD+ ?R\< ! SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL [+ TO ,BAKUN9'S 9FLU5CE4  ,?IS WAS MORTIFY+ TO ,M>X1 :O1 DESPITE ! ,ANTI- ,P>LIAM5T>Y LOGIC ( HIS ?\<T & WRIT+S1 WORK$1 ?R\< ! ,LONDON ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ASSOCIATION1 = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,P>LIAM5T>ISM4  

 ,[+ TO ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W>1 NO CONGRESS WAS HELD 9 #a#h#g1 & 9 #ahga ,M>X CONV5$ A PRIVATE CONGRESS 9 ,LONDON1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#g-#b#c1 #a#h#g#a4  ,AT ?IS CONGRESS ( CONF]5CE1 ,M>X AL?\< SU* CONDUCT WAS CONTR>Y TO ! OP9ION HE HAD DEVELOP$ 9 HIS ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE1 /RUCK ! BL[ HE MU/ HAVE PREM$ITAT$ FROM SOME TIME1 NAMELY1 ! 5=CEM5T ( ,P>LIAM5T>ISM4  ,HE IMPOS$ UPON ! ,ASSOCIATION ! (FICIAL DOCTR9E ( POLITICAL ACTION1 :I* MEANT ,LABOR ,P>TIES1 ELECTIONE]+1 ! PRACTICAL ,ADM9I/RATION ( ,CAPITALISM1 & ! /EADY NEGATION ( ,SOCIALISM4  

 ,! ,M>XI/ ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,LONDON ,CONF]5CE CAUS$ ! ,JURASSIAN ,F$]ATION TO CONV5E AN ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>Y ,CONF]5CE AT ,SONVILLI]1 ,SWITZ]L&1 ON ,NOVEMB] ! #a#b?1 PROTE/+ AGA9/ ! P>LIAM5T>Y DOCTR9E BE+ IMPOS$ ON ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & CALL+ = A ,G5]AL ,CONGRESS4  ,! CIRCUL> ISSU$ BY !SE SECTIONS WAS KN[N AS ! ,SONVILLI] ,CIRCUL>4  ,M>X REPLI$ TO ?IS CIRCUL> 9 A RECRIM9AT+ DOCUM5T1 TO :I* HE AFFIX$ ! NAMES ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL1 CALL$ ,ON ! ,PRET5D$ ,SPLIT 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4  ,?IS WAS DAT$ ,M>* #e?1 #a#h#g#b4  ,IT WAS PR9T$ & CIRCULAT$ 9 ,MAY1 #a#h#g#b4  ,BAKUN9 & O!RS REPLI$ TO IT 9 ! ,JURA ,BULLET9 ( ,JUNE #a#e?1 #a#h#g#b4  

 ,IT IS QUITE TRUE ?AT ! ,M>XI/ ,CONGRESS WAS CONV5$ AT ! ,HAGUE 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#g#b3 & ?AT A FEW DAYS LAT] ,BAKUN9 & HIS COMRADES CONV5$ AN ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>Y ,CONGRESS AT ,/4 ,IMI]4  ,?IS ,CONGRESS MET ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#c?1 & ACCEPT$ ! RULES & PR9CIPLES ( ! SECRET SOCIETY1 ! ,ALLIANCE ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/S1 ?AT ,BAKUN9 HAD DRAWN UP AT ,ZURI* S9CE ,AUGU/ #c?1 #a#h#g#b4  ,IT IS TRUE ALSO ?AT :IL/ ! ,M>XI/ ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL AT ,NEW ,YORK SIMPLY ABOLI%$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>IANS & ,AN>*I/S REORGANIZ$ ! ,ASSOCIATION ON ! BASIS ( ,/4 ,IMI] PR9CIPLES1 & CONV5$ A ,CONGRESS AT ,G5EVA 7,SEPTEMB]1 #a#h#g#c71 & FUR!R ,CONGRESSES AT ,BRUSSLES1 ,B]NE1 & ,V5I]S4  ,BUT VIRTUALLY ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS DISSOLV$4 ,ONE DOES NOT ID5TIFY ! ,AN>*I/ PROPAG&A ?AT RESULT$ FROM ?OSE CONF]5CES ) ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM1 NECESS>ILY4 ,RA!R ?IS AN>*ISM M]ELY BALANC$ ! ,P>LIAM5T>ISM ?AT CAME 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM REG>DS BO? AS P>ODIES ( ! REAL /RUGGLE4  ,IT DOES NOT %>E ! ,AN>*I/ OBJECTION TO AB/RACT AU?ORITY 3 IT DOES NOT MAKE ! /ATE ! AU?OR ( ECONOMIC SOCIETY 3 IT DOES BELIEVE 9 CLASS /RUGGLE 3 IT DOES NEGATE POLITICAL SOCIETY 3 IT DOES /& = ! LIQUIDATION ( POLITICAL & PROP]TY SOCIETY 9 9DU/RIAL & USEFUL SOCIETY4  

 ,FROM ?IS P]IOD ( ACTIVITY 7#a#h#d#h-#a#h#g#c71 ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM ACCEPTS1 NOT UNCRITICALLY1 BUT GLADLY1 ?\< CRITICALLY1 ALL ,M>X'S WRIT+S ( IMPORTANCE3 HIS ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/ 7AS HE SUGGE/$ CORRECT+ IT72 ,EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE 2 & !  ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE 2 ,REVOLUTION & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 2  ! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY 4 ,! ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>Y MOVEM5T AHS NOT ! SAME 9T]E/ 9 ,M>X'S ,EA/]N ,QUE/ION4  ,BUT IT GR\NDS ITS ,TEA*+ ON ,CAPITAL & ,WAGE-,LABOR & ,CAPITAL4  ,AS A MOVEM5T1 WE W\LD SAY ?AT ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM HAS NOT MU* REG>D = ,VALUE1 ,PRICE1 & ,PR(IT4  ,P]SONALLY1 WE CONSID] ?IS WORK UNSATISFACTORY & 9T5D$ TO JU/IFY PALLIATION & RE=M4  ,OP9ION IS DIVID$ AS TO ITS WOR? BUT1 P]SONALLY1 ! PRES5T WRIT] HAS DEEM$ IT1 EXCEPT = AN ODD P>AGRAPH1 AN ELABORATE JOKE1 AN ATTEMPT$ REPUDIATION ( ,M>XI/ LOGIC WRITT5 BY ,M>X 9 ! SAME SPIRIT1 & TO ! SAME 5D1 AS ,L59 WROTE HIS ,9FANTILE ,SICKNESS ( ! ,LEFT-,W+4  

 ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM ACCEPTS GRATEFULLY MO/ ( ,BAKUN9'S WRIT+S4  ,UNLIKE ! ,AN>*I/ DISCIPL9ES ( ,BAKUN91 IT MAKES ,BAKUN9'S CRITICISM ( ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! ,/ATE ,IDEA1 9 POLITICAL & WORK+ CLASS USEFULNESS1 BEL[ ,M>X'S ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE4  ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM 5DORSES ,BAKUN9'S HEAL?Y OPPOSITION TO ! ,GOD IDEA1 ! DEIFICATION ( ! AB/RACT ,G5]AL ,IDEA4  

 ,:IL/ AGREE+1 9 ! MA91 ) ! ,M>XI/S 9 !IR DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,SCI5TIFIC & ,UTOPIAN ,SOCIALISM1 ,ANTI- ,P>LIAM5T>ISM DOES NOT BELIEVE 9 ! NEGLECT ( ! ,UTOPIAN ,SOCIALI/S4  ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>IANS BELIEVE ?AT ,/4 ,SIMON1 =  EXAMPLE1 CLE>LY UND]/OOD ! TR5D ( ,SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T T[>DS ,9DU/RIAL ,SOCIETY4  ,IT BELIEVES ?AT MU* ( ( ! ,UTOPIAN ?\<T %\LD BE EMBODI$ 9 ! CURR5T LIT]ATURE ( ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T & DISC>D$ RU?LESSLY4  ,NOR IS ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM IMPRESS$ ) 9TRIGUES1 ! P$ANTRY1 ! AB/RACTIONS1 ! ELECTIONE]+S1 & ! CAPITALI/ LOYALTIES ( 0,SCI5TIFIC ,SOCIALISM40  ,9 ! MA91 ! PRACTICAL HI/ORY ( 0,SCI5TIFIC ,SOCIALISM0 HAS BE5 A RECORD1 NEI!R ( ,SCI5CE NOR YET ( ,SOCIALISM4  

 ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM DOES NOT 5DORSE ,PR\DHON4  ,BUT IT BELIEVES ?AT1 ON ! QUE/ION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T & ! EVOLUTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEA1 ,PR\DHON'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,IDEA IS A WOND]FUL & USEFUL WORK & RANKS ) ! WRIT+S ( ,M>X AS A CLASSIC4  ,ON ! SUBJECT ( ! LIQUIDATION ( MILIT>Y & POLITICAL SOCIETY1 ,PR\DHON WRITES USEFULLY & SCI5TIFICALLY & HOLDS A PLACE1 !RE=E1 9 ! RANKS ( PIONE]S ( ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM4  ,! ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>9S >E OPPOS$ TO ,PR\DHON BE+ DISMISS$ ) CONTEMPT UND] ! MI/AK5 IDEA ?AT SU* DISMISSAL IS AN EXPRESSION ( REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T4  

 ,M>X3 ,PR\DHON3 ,BAKUN93 DEAD1 !IR PRIVATE FEUDS =GOTT53 !IR ]RORS NOT$ & OV]-RUL$ BY TIME 3 >E ! ?REE GREAT F\ND]S ( ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>Y ?\<T & ACTION & ! H>B+]S ( ! ,NEW ,SOCIAL ,ORD] ( USEFULNESS1 WEAL?1 HEAL? & FRE$OM4  

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,SOCIALISM ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,SLI<TLY REVIS$ FROM A %OR?& REPORT ( AS LECTURE DELIV]$ AT ! ,SEAMORE ,PICTURE ,H\SE1 ,GLASG[1 ,OCTOB] #b#e?1 #a#i#a#e4 

.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- 

,MY SUBJECT TONI<T IS 0,! ,SOCIALISM ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS40 ,9 'DEAL+ ) ?IS SUBJECT1 ,I MAY SAY A FEW ?+S ?AT WILL COME AS A SURPRISE TO MANY OR?ODOX ,SOCIALI/S :O MAY BE PRES5T1 & TO /RANG]S :O KN[ NO?+ AB\T ,SOCIALISM OR ! MOVEM5T4 ,:AT ,I %ALL SAY WILL NOT BE FROM ! /&PO9T ( WI%+ TO %OCK PEOPLE1 BUT FROM ?AT ( $UCAT+ !M4 ,IF :AT ,I SAY SEEMS A LITTLE /RANGE OR NEW1 !RE=E1 MY HE>]S %\LD REMEMB] ?AT1 FROM TIME TO TIME1 WE COME UP AGA9/ FACTS & IDEALS :I* >E /RANGE4 ,! /RANGE1 H[EV]1 IS NOT TO BE RES5T$ NECESS>ILY4 ,! /RANGE MAY GRADUALLY 5LI<T5 & SO *ANGE =MS & IDEAS4 

,WILLIAM ,MORRIS IS APPRECIAT$ GREATLY 9 ! WORLD ( CAPITALI/ CULTURE4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 HE IS SPOK5 & IS WRITT5 AB\T A GREAT DEAL4 ,:ILE !RE IS QUITE A NUMB] ( PEOPLE :O HAVE MU* EVIL TO URGE AGA9/ ,SOCIALISM1 !RE IS A VA/ NUMB] :O HAVE NO?+ BUT GOOD TO SAY AB\T ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS4 ,?AT IS NOT BECAUSE ,MORRIS WAS GOOD4 ,IT IS PURELY A CU/OM TO SPEAK WELL ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 9 ORD] TO BE REG>D$ AS OCCUPY+ A C]TA9 POSITION 9 ! WORLD ( >T & LETT]S4 ,WILLIAM 0,MORRIS POSSESS$ A C]TA9 AM\NT ( SELF-CONFID5CE1 & BY VIRTUE ( ?AT CONFID5CE1 & HIS MONEY1 HE =C$ ! WORLD TO RECOGNIZE HIS MA/]%IP 9 ! F9E >TS4 

,9 \R RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS1 FOLK TALK AB\T ,JESUS ,*RI/1 MEAN+ ! MY?2 BUT !RE IS NOT A S+LE P>SON :O KN[S OR C>ES AB\T ,JESUS ! MAN1 HIS TYPE1 OR HIS CLASS AMONG ! M9I/]S :O >E PREA*+ 9 ,GLASG[ TO-NI<T4 ,!Y TALK & PRAY1 BECAUSE IT IS ! CU/OM TO DO SO4 

,:5 PEOPLE TALK ( LIT]ATURE1 DISCUSS AU?ORS & POETS1 !Y MO/ FREQU5TLY >E NOT CONC]N$ ) UND]/&+ ! POETS OR AU?ORS1 BUT >E TAK5 UP 5TIRELY ) GETT+ AN EASY POSITION4 ,BY FLATT]+ SOME RECOGNIZ$ 9/ITUTION 9 LIT]ATURE1 !Y HOPE TO BE RECOGNIZ$ AS LITT]ATEURS4 

,?AT IS ! POSITION ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS4 ,?AT IS :Y Y\ F9D CRITICS 9 >TS PRAIS+ HIM1 NOT BECAUSE ( HIS ,SOCIALISM1 BUT TRY+ TO PRAISE HIM 9 SPITE ( HIS ,SOCIALISM1 BY PRET5D+ ?AT >T IS A V]Y IMPORTANT ?+ ITSELF & SOME?+ ?AT HAS NO PLACE 9 ,SOCIALISM4 ,!Y DO NOT REALIZE ?AT >T & LIT]ATURE CAN HAVE NO REALITY )\T ,SOCIALISM3 ?AT ALL CULTURE IS DEVOID ( MEAN+1 IS %AM & HYPOCRISY1 UNLESS Y\ COME D[N TO ! FUNDAM5TAL ECONOMIC QUE/ION4 

,WILLIAM ,MORRIS WAS BORN 9 ! #a#h#c#d4 ,MORE OR LESS ?AT WAS AN EV5TFUL P]IOD 9 ,BRITI% HI/ORY4 ,! YE> #ahcd WAS ! BEG9N+ ( ! PRES5T CON/ITUTIONAL REGIME 9 ,BRITA94 ,IT SAW ! CLOSE ( ?AT P]IOD ( /RUGGLE = ! RI<TS ( POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE ON ! P>T ( ! PEOPLE :I* BEGAN ) ! P]IOD ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & W5T ON ?R\< ! ,NAPOLEONIC ,W>S4 ,ALIVE AT ! TIME :5 ,MORRIS WAS BORN W]E A NUMB] ( P]SONS :O HAD MADE A H>D /RUGGLE = ! FREE PRESS1 = ! ,RI<TS ( ! ,PEOPLE TO UND]/& POLITICS 3 P]SONS :O HAD SUFF]$ YE>S 9 PRISON = BLASPHEMY & S$ITION UND] ABSURD ,ACTS ( ,P>LIAM5T4 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS WAS NOT BORN 9TO AN ATMOSPH]E OR 5VIRONM5T ?AT WAS LIKELY TO MAKE HIM 9T]E/$ 9 ?IS /RUGGLE AT FIR/4 ,HE WAS BORN 9 AN ATMOSPH]E ( MIDDLE-CLASS RESPECTABILITY1 ONE ( RELIGION & CONV5TIONAL ,*>LATANISM4 ,ITS PREVAIL+ IDEA WAS NOT ?AT :I* WORKS ) ! PEOPLE1 BUT ?AT :I* GOES AGA9/4 ! PEOPLE 9 !IR /RUGGLE4 

,9 HIS E>LY YE>S1 ! ONLY ?+ ?AT HE SECUR$ 9 ! WAY ( KN[L$GE & CULTURE :I* 9FLU5C$ HIS ,SOCIALISM1 WAS HIS LOVE ( H]ALDRY1 & A T5D5CY TO WOR%IP ?+S :I* SEEM$ 5TIRELY \T ( DATE ) ! COMM]CIAL P]IOD 9 :I* HE LIV$--A T5D5CY TO PLUNGE 9TO -,GO?IC >*ITECTURE4 ,?IS LA/$ ?R\<\T HIS LIFE1 & 9FLU5C$ HIS LAT] IDEAS4 

,D[N TO ! 0FIFTIES0 !RE WAS NO?+ GREAT 9 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS'S LIFE4 ,9 ?AT YE> HE W5T TO ,OX=D1 :]E1 HE TOOK UP ) ! ,HI< ,*UR* ,P>TY AGA9/ ! ,L[ ,*UR* ,P>TY2 AN ACT :I* AFT]W>DS 9FLU5C$ HIS ,SOCIALISM4 

,MORRIS1 9 HIS LOVE = ,GO?IC ,>*ITECTURE1 WAS EXPRESS+ NOT ! OLD ,PAGAN T5D5CY ( ANCI5T & ,IMP]IAL ,ROME1 BUT /ILL A ,PAGAN T5D5CY2 ! ,PAGAN T5D5CY ( ! ANCI5T B>B>IANS1 ( ! ,GO?S1 & ( ! PEOPLE :O BELIEV$1 NOT 9 P>ASITIC >T OR 9 EFFEM9ATE >T AS ! ,GREEKS BELIEV$1 BUT :O BELIEV$ 9 >T :I* REPRES5T$ ! JOY ( LIFE4 ,?R\<\T HIS LIFE1 ,MORRIS CONSI/5TLY *]I%$ HIS SYMPA?Y = ,GO?IC ,>*ITECTURE ON ?IS ACC\NT2 BECAUSE IT REPRES5T$ LIFE'S B>B>IAN E>NE/NESS AGA9/ MOCK SOCIETY'S CULTUR$ %AM1 & EXPRESS$ ! RI* JOY ( LABOR AS OPPOS$ TO ! MIS]Y ( M]E TOIL4 

,?IS B>B>IAN T5D5CY CAME \T 9 HIS LOVE ( M$IEVALISM & F\ND EXPRESSION 9 HIS ASSOCIATION ) ! ,HI< ,*UR* ,P>TY4 ,! ,L[ ,*UR* ,P>TY 9 ,5GL& HAS MU* 9 COMMON ) ! ,NON-,CON=MI/ ,P>TY1 & IS ALMO/ ID5TICAL ) ! LATT] 9 ITS PREJUDICES AGA9/ SAC]DOTALISM & JOY 9 WOR%IP4 ,LIKE ! ,NONCON=MI/ ,P>TY1 ! ,L[ ,*UR* FACTION BELIEV$ 9 WOR%IP+ ,GOD 9 ! SIMPLE/ =M POSSIBLE4 ,(T51 ?IS MEANT ! UGLIE/ & MO/ SEV]E4 ,?IS VIEW REFLECT$ ! PIETY ( ! TIME ( ,OLIV] ,CROMWELL1 ! P]IOD :5 ! JOYS ( ,K+ ,*>LES' M]RY C\RT & PR(LIGATE PLEASURE CODE W]E ABOLI%$ 9 FAVOR ( /]N1 RIGOR\S1 DISCIPL9E4 ,9 MANY WAYS1 HIS VIRTU\S \TLOOK WAS QUITE GOOD1 BUT IT WAS COMPLETELY JOYLESS4 ,?AT V]Y JOYLESSNESS CONDEMN$ IT TO COLLAPSE1 BECAUSE IT IS NOT NATURAL = A MAN TO WANT TO SP5D ALL HIS LIFE 9 A P5IT5TI>Y4 ,YET ?AT IS :AT ! EVANGELICAL & NONCON=MI/ \TLOOK AM\NTS TO4 

,WILLIAM ,MORRIS CAU<T ! 5?USIASM ( ! ,HI< ,*UR* ,P>TY & ! ,PAGANISM BEH9D IT4 ,! CONSEQU5CE IS ?AT WE F9D HIM OBTA9+ A RI* UND]/&+ ( ! SYMBOLISM ( >T4 

,AFT] SOME TIME1 ,MORRIS DISC>D$ ! IDEA ( BECOM+ A PRIE/ & GO+ 9TO ! S]VITUDE ( ! ,*UR*4 ,HE DET]M9$ TO BECOME AN >*ITECT2 & WE HAVE A4 RECORD ( HIM /UDY+ >*ITECTURE = SOME TIME4 ,BUT COM+ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,ROSSETTI1 HE AB&ON$ ! IDEA 9 FAVOR ( BECOM+ A PA9T]4 ,MEANTIME1 HE HAD BE5 /UDY+ >*ITECTURE BECAUSE ( HIS LOVE = ! ,GO?S & ! ,GO?IC >*ITECTURE4 ,?R\< ?IS AB&ONM5T ( LOVE HE GA9$ A GREAT PRACTICAL KN[L$GE ( >*ITECTURE & ! PURSUIT ( >T-->T WORK$ \T = ITSELF & NOT PURSU$ ) LEISUR$ EASE 9 A M]E P>ASITICAL /UDY4 ,HE WAS A MAN :O C\LD EMBODY = HIMSELF ! ALMO/ =GOTT5 & MISUND]/OOD T5D5CY ( ! ,PAGAN ,GO?S4 

,?IS MAN CAME 9TO CONFLICT ) A WORLD FULL ( %AM1 A WORLD ,*RI/IAN & EVANGELICAL 9 ! WOR/ S5SES ( ?OSE MU* ABUS$ T]MS2 NOT ,*RI/IAN 9 ! ROBU/1 PRIMITIVE S5SE ( GOOD WORKS OR ( RI<TE\SNESS2 BUT ,*RI/IAN 9 ! LAT] POLITICAL E/ABLI%$ S5SE ( ?AT MIS]ABLE CONTEMPTIBLE ,PAGAN COMPROMISE ( ,*UR* & ,CON/ANT9E2 ,*RI/IAN 9 ! S5SE ( ! CORRUPTION ( ! F\R? & FIF? C5TURIES4 

,9 #a#h#g1 ,MORRIS BEGAN TO GET 9T]E/$ 9 POLITICS4 ,PREVI\SLY1 HE HAD KEPT ASIDE FROM POLITICS BECAUSE HE FELT IF HE HAD TO GIVE HIS 5]GY TO POLITICS1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO CA/ ASIDE ALL HIS >T & LIT]ATURE & LOVE ( PA9T+1 & LOVE ( /UDY+ ?IS & ?AT PHASE ( ANCI5T H]ALDRY4 ,IT MEANT ?R[+ AWAY ! V]Y RI* LIFE & *>M ( M$IEVALISM :I* BELONG$ TO HIM4 

,MORRIS WAS IMPELL$ BY ?IS 9T5SE REV]5CE = ! PA/ TO *ALL5GE ! GREAT RE/ORATION MOVEM5T :I* SWEPT OV] ! L& 9 ! 0SEV5TIES40 ,?IS WAS A MOVEM5T TO 0RE/ORE0 ANCI5T *UR*ES1 AGA9/ :I* ,MORRIS PROTE/$1 ON ! GR\ND ?AT ! 0RE/ORATION0 ( ANCI5T *UR*ES MEANT !IR ABOLITION4 ,ACCORD+LY1 HE =M$ A SOCIETY TO PREV5T ?IS 0RE/ORATION10 EXCEPT :]E IT SIGNIFI$ ONLY ! KEEP+ \T ( W9D & RA94 

,I CONFESS ?AT4 P]SONALLY1 ,I AM NOT A GREAT DEAL 9T]E/$ 9 M$IEVALISM4 ,I ?9K ?AT ! FUTURE WILL BE A GREAT DEAL MORE 9SPIR+ ?AN ! PA/1 & ?AT ! PRES5T IS ! MAT]IAL \T ( :I* TO CON/RUCT ?AT FUTURE4 ,BUT ,MORRIS WAS EXPRESS+ TO ! FULL HIS [N P]SONALITY4 ,?AT IS ! GREAT LESSON ( HIS LIFE1 & ?AT %\LD BE ! GREAT AIM ( EV]Y ONE ( US PRES5T H]E TONI<T4 ,WE %\LD BE \RSELVES1 & NOT CLO!S-PROPS1 ELEGANTLY OR %ABBILY >RAY$1 ACCORD+ TO CIRCUM/ANCES1 9 SUITS COMPOS$ ( O!R M5'S ?\<TS & DOGMAS4 

,WE HAVE TO REMEMB] ?AT NO MAN CAN BELONG1 TRULY1 TO ANY P>TY OR SECT4 ,EA* ONE ( US %\LD1 & MU/1 BELONG TO \RSELVES4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL IS GREAT] ?AN ! NATION4 ,IF EA* 9DIVIDUAL WILL 9SI/ ON BELONG+ TO HIM OR H]SELF1 & WILL EXPRESS TRULY !IR VIEW ( ?+S1 A TRUE RELATION%IP WILL SPR+ UP & UNITE 9 BONDS ( H>MONY ! M5 & WOM5 ( ALL L&S4 

,WILLIAM ,MORRIS WAS A ,SOCIALI/ AFT] HIS [N K9D1 & WE MU/ BE ,SOCIALI/S AFT] \R K9D4 ,BR\<T BY \R SIMIL> CIRCUM/ANCES TO A C]TA9 COMMON UND]/&+1 WE /ILL CAN F9D OPPORTUNITY = AMPLE EXPRESSION ( \R [N P]SONALITIES4 

,WE KN[ ?AT ,BRITA9 IS ! NOBLE/ C\NTRY ! WORLD EV] HAS SE54 ,WE ALL KN[ ?AT !RE IS NO K+ :O HAS HAD ANCE/ORS :O BELIEV$ SO MU* 9 LIB]TY1 AS \R PRES5T ,K+1 ,GEORGE ,V4 ,WITNESS ,GEORGE ,I,I41 ,GEORGE ,I,I,I41 ,GEORGE ,I,V4 ,WITNESS ?OSE :O PLAC$ ! /AMP-TAX ON KN[L$GE4 ,WITNESS ! SUFF]+ & IMPRISONM5T ( ! WORK]S & ! PIONE]S ( POLITICAL FRE$OM UND] !SE SOV]EIGNS4 

,9 #a#h#g1 ,RUSSIA WAS 9T]E/$ 9 ! ,BULG>IAN ATROCITIES4 ,WE ALL KN[ H[ POLITICIANS LIVE ON ATROCITIES4 ,PRIME ,M9I/]S1 LIT]ALLY ?RIVE ON ATROCITIES4 ,NO S+LE GOV]NM5T W\LD BE ABLE TO KEEP GO+ IF IT WAS NOT = ATROCITIES4 ,! WORK+ M5 ( ALL C\NTRIES >E SO *IVALR\S4 ,!Y NEV] ?9K ( ! SLUMS AT HOME4 OR ( ! />V+ *ILDR5 ?AT 9HABIT !SE CORN]S ( ! HOMEL&2 BUT ANY LITTLE /ORY AB\T PEOPLE ABROAD WILL MAKE !SE SAME WORK]S WEEP COPI\S TE>S4 

,AT ! P>TICUL> P]IOD 9 ! LIFE ( ,MORRIS TO :I* ,I AM REF]R+ N[1 ,BRITA9 WAS ! BE/ FRI5D ( ! ,TURKS4 ,RUSSIA1 9 ! 0SEV5TIES10 GOT (F ON A MORALITY CAMPAIGN1 BUT ,BRITA9 BACK$ UP ,TURKEY 9 H] ATROCITIES 9 ,BULG>IA4 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS CAME 9TO ! POLITICAL >5A & PROTE/$ AGA9/ ?IS4 ,LIB]ALS & ,RADICALS W]E PROTE/+ ALSO4 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS ALLI$ HIMSELF TO ! ,LIB]AL ,P>TY 9 CONSEQU5CE1 BUT GAVE AN 5TIRELY NEW 9T]PRETATION TO ! ,EA/]N ,QUE/ION4 

,HE BEGAN TO DESPISE ! MIDDLE-CLASS4 ,HE SAW ?AT ITS ,LIB]ALISM WAS BUT A MAKE%IFT1 & ?AT HE HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! ,RADICAL ,P>TY4 ,HE CAME TO SEE ?AT HIS [N P]SONAL CLASS W]E ! WOR/ CLASS 9 SOCIETY4 ,HE OBS]V$ ! 5]GY ?AT REPOS$ 9 ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 5]GY ?AT MU/ BE LET LOOSE1 5]GY ?AT MU/ BE DRIV5 OR P]SUAD$ 9 ! RI<T DIRECTION BE=E WE CAN HAVE A DEC5T SOCIETY4 ,SO HE BEGAN TO EXAM9E ! ,EA/]N ,QUE/ION 9 ?IS MOOD4 ,HE VIEW$ IT NOT AS A POLITICAL QUE/ION BUT AS A QUE/ION :I* GAVE EXPRESSION TO ECONOMIC T5D5CIES 9 SOCIETY1 :I*4 WAS P>T ( ONE GREAT QUE/ION -- ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORLD4 ,FROM ?IS TIME =W>D1 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS BECAME A ,SOCIALI/4 

,9 #a#h#h#c1 ,MORRIS TOOK ! GREAT PLUNGE & JO9$ ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION1 :]EBY HE WAS BR\<T 9TO FULL CONTACT ) ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,AT ! HEAD ( ! ,S4,D4,E4 WAS ,H4 ,M4 ,HYNDMAN4 ,MR4 ,HYNDMAN WAS A POLITICIAN PURE & SIMPLE4 ,HE BELIEV$ 9 A C]TA9 IDEA ( ,POLITICAL OR ,P>LIAM5T>Y 

,SOCIALISM--REALLY CAPITALI/ /ATE COLLECTIVISM--:I* HE IMAG9$1 OR PRET5D$ TO IMAG9E1 REPRES5T$ REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALISM4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ,HYNDMAN WAS ACCEPT$ AT HIS [N VALUATION4 

,WORK+ CLASS EXP]I5CE LAYS D[N C]TA9 FIR/ PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIALISM = ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T TO ACCEPT4 ,!SE PR9CIPLES >E EXPRESS$ 9 ! ANALYSIS ( CAPITALISM & ! EXPOSITION ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,HE SAID TO ! WORK]S 9 EFFECT3 0,Y\ HAVE NO RI<TS 9 SOCIETY4 ,Y\ DO NOT C\NT4 ,Y\ HAVE NO P[] :]EBY TO GIVE WEI<T TO Y\R WI%ES OR ?\<TS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 Y\ HAVE NO 9FLU5CE4 ,Y\ HAVE C]TA9 DUTIES TO P]=M 9 ORD] TO LIVE & Y\ >E P]MITT$ TO GO AB\T !SE DUTIES & TO LIVE1 SO LONG AS Y\ CAN SELL Y\R LABOR-P[]4 ,! MOM5T Y\ >E UNABLE TO SELL Y\R LA-H\R-P[]1 Y\ HAVE NO RI<T TO EXI/5CE1 & Y\ MU/ DIE40 

,?AT DICTUM WAS TRUE :5 FIR/ PROP\ND$4 ,! SAME DICTUM IS TRUE TO-DAY4 ,9 ! PRES5T W>1 ?OSE 9 AU?ORITY DO NOT SAY TO US3 0,Y\ >E CITIZ5S6 ,CONSID] N[1 IS W> RI<T8 ,IS IT RI<T = US TO GO TO W>80 ,NO6 !Y SAY3 0,WE >E AT W> & WILL MAKE Y\ GO4 ,COME-- OR BE FET*$60 ,:5 !Y MAKE PEACE1 !Y WON'T SAY3 0,Y\R VALOR MAKES Y\R PRES5CE DESIRABLE AT ?IS DISCUSSION & SETTLEM5T ( T]MS40 ,!Y WILL MAKE PEACE )\T \R AID1 BECAUSE !Y [N & CONTROL US ECONOMICALLY & POLITICALLY & EV]Y O!R WAY4 ,:51 F9ALLY1 WE DO BECOME CITIZ5S IT WILL NOT BE ) ! AID ( ANY K+'S >MY1 BUT WE %ALL BECOME CITIZ5S 9 OPPOSITION & 9 ANTAGONISM TO ! OLD 9FLU5CE ( ?OSE :O LIVE ON SURPLUS VALUE4 ,MEAN:ILE1 WE >E 0,MY ,PEOPLE60 

,K>L ,M>X GAVE EXPRESSION TO ?IS CLASS W> 9 SOCIETY1 ?IS FUNDAM5TAL CLEAVAGE ( ASPIRATION & PURPOSE BEGOTT5 ( ECONOMIC ANTAGONISM1 9 A WAT*WORD :I* HAUNT$ ,EUROPE3 0,WORK]S ( ALL L&S1 UNITE6 ,Y\ HAVE NO?+ TO LOSE BUT Y\R *A9S2 Y\ HAVE A WORLD TO GA960 

,HE ?US PROCLAIM$ A TRU?4 ,?IS TRU? IS TRUE /ILL4 ,M>X1 9 EXPRESS+ IT1 EXPLA9$ ?AT HIS ,SOCIALISM WAS SOME?+ 5TIRELY OPPOS$ TO ALL EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS OPPOS$ TO ! FAMILY IDEA2 IT 9VOLV$ FREE-LOVE2 & IT WAS OPPOS$ TO ! /ATE4 ,M>X SAID1 IF NECESS>Y1 ,SOCIALISM W\LD NOT HESITATE TO HE CONCEIV$ 9 VIOL5CE4 ,HE CALL$ ITS BIR? ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 MEAN+ A COMPLETE *ANGE ( SOCIETY1 NOT M]E P>LIAM5T>Y REVOLUTION1 BUT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 SOME?+ MORE FUNDAM5TAL ?AN A *ANGE ( MA/]S-AN 5TIRE ALT]ATION ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM1 A RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( ITS /RUCTURE4 

,9 #a#h#g#d1 :5 ,HYNDMAN'S ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION1 :I* AFT]W>DS BECAME ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION WAS BORN1 ,WILLIAM ,LIEBKNE*T UNIT$ ! SMALL ,M>X P>TY ) ! L>G] ,LASSALLE P>TY1 ) ! RESULT ?AT A NEW ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY WAS BORN1 OPPOS$ TO REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES1 & UN9T]E/$ 9 ! WAT*WORD ( PROLET>IAN REVOLT4 ,?IS P>TY REPRES5T$ ! SURR5D] ( ! WORK]S TO ! SMALL TRAD]S' 9T]E/S4 ,IT WAS ESS5TIALLY MIDDLE-CLASS1 ESS5TIALLY RE=MI/1 ESS5TIALLY COM=TABLE1 ESS5TIALLY WANT+ 9 ALL G5IUS ( REVOLUTION4 ,ITS WAT*WORD WAS ,LASSALLE'S CRY3 0,?R\< UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE TO VICTORY40 

,?IS WAT*WORD !N REPRES5T$1 & CONT9U$ TO REPRES5T ,HYNDMAN'S IDEAL4 ,HYNDMAN SWUNG 9 ) ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T ORGANIZ$ BY ,LIEBKNE*T1 & BECAME ITS PIONE] 9 ,BRITA91 BECAUSE ! POLITICAL REVOLUTION IT AIM$ AT ACCOMPLI%+ 9 ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES WAS TO E/ABLI% A DIFF]5T GOV]N+ CLASS1 & NOT TO A*IEVE A COMPLETE SOCIAL 9SURRECTION4 

,MORRIS UND]/OOD ECONOMICS BUT DID NOT HAVE AN 9TELLECT ADAPTABLE TO GRAPPLE ) DIALECTICAL ECONOMICS4 ,HE TOOK HIS [N G5IUS1 HIS KN[L$GE ( M$IEVALISM & ! EXPRESSION ( HIS S5SE ( ! JOY ( LABOR 9TO ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,HE GAVE IT HIS POETIC VISION & UND]/&+ ( LIFE1 & ! JOY ( BE+ :I* ,M>X NEV] BR\<T 9TO IT4 ,! CONSEQU5CE WAS ?AT ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS MADE A DI/9CT CONTRIBUTION TO ,SOCIALI/ ?\<T1 BUT PURELY BECAUSE HE WAS HIMSELF & NOT BECAUSE HE TRI$ TO MODEL HIMSELF AFT] SOMEONE ELSE4 

,MORRIS1 ! POET1 A MAN :O SAW ! REAL NATURE ( >TI/IC VALUES2 ,MORRIS1 :O SAW & SAID ?AT TRU? WAS TRU?1 CAME 9TO CONTACT ) ,HYNDMAN & SAW ?AT HE WAS A POLITICIAN /RA9+ ALL HIS FACULTIES TO A C]TA9 5D1 NAMELY1 A POLITICAL SUCCESS UND] A SY/EM :]E ALL SUCCESS MU/ BE %ALL[ & PRET5TI\S2 A POLITICAL SUCCESS :I* MADE ,JOHN ,BURNS POSSIBLE1 :I* ALL[S A POLITICIAN FROM ! RANKS ( LABOR TO GET ON1 BUT LEAVES ! WORK]S AT ! 5D ( ! J\RNEY :]E !Y W]E AT ! BEG9N+ ,MORRIS WAS NOT A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT = A YE> :5 HE BROKE AWAY & F\ND$ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE4 ,HE REALIZ$ ?AT ECONOMIC CONTROL IS BEH9D EV]Y?+ ELSE4 ,HE REALIZ$ ?AT MANY ( HIS LATE FRI5DS W]E M]ELY ,*>LATANS PLAY+ ! GAME = !IR [N 5DS2 ,*>LATANS LIKE ! ,PR(ESSORS ( ,PHILOSOPHY 9 \R UNIV]SITIES1 ! HUMBUGS WE PUT 9TO P[] & 9TO 9TELLECTUAL AU?ORITY OV] US4 ,IF PEOPLE W]E TRUE TO !IR >T1 !Y W\LD NOT TOL]ATE !SE SLEEK PURVEYORS ( UNWISDOM 9 ! POSITION TO :I* !Y HAVE ELECT$ !MSELVES4 

,MORRIS'S ,SOCIALISM1 EXPRESS$ 9 HIS POEMS1 HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO ,! ,COMMONWEAL1 & 9 HIS LECTURES1 WAS ?AT ECONOMIC WAS GREAT] & MORE IMPORTANT ?AN POLITICAL CONTROL4 ,?AT IS ! MESSAGE :I* ,I WANT TO DRIVE HOME TO-NI<T4 ,!RE CAN BE NO TALK ( WORK+-CLASS POLITICAL P[] 9 ?IS1 OR 9 ANY O!R SOCIETY4 ,!RE MU/ BE AN 5D ( POLITICAL P[] 9 SOCIETY IF ! WORK]S >E TO HE FREE4 ,?AT 5D WILL CORRESPOND ) ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION & A CLE> UND]/&+ ( ! ECONOMIC POSITION ( ! PEOPLE1 ?AT WILL COME :5 !Y TRY TO ANALYZE ! CONDITIONS ( SOCIETY1 & ASK !MSELVES :Y MAN IS ! SLAVE ( ! MA*9E4 

,MORRIS WANT$ COMRADE%IP2 COMRADE%IP :]E NO REAL COMRADE%IP C\LD EXI/2 & = ?IS REASON HE WAS NOT AN IDEAL ,SOCIALI/4 

,LAT]1 ,MORRIS WAS TORN BETWE5 ! *>LATAN P>LIAM5T>Y ELEM5T1 :I* DID NOT WANT ACTION1 & ! ,AN>*I/ ELEM5T1 :I* IS SUPPOS$ TO BE V]Y REVOLUTION>Y & EXTREME1 BUT :I* IS LACK+ 9 ! REAL G5IUS ( REVOLUTION AS A CIVIL FACTOR4 ,?IS ,AN>*I/ ELEM5T PREA*$ VIOL5CE & BOMBS & DYNAMITE4 ,IT ATTRACT$ TO ITS CAUSE POLICE SPIES4 ,BUT AFT] ALL1 Y\ DO NOT *ANGE IMAG9ATION & GIVE UND]/&+ TO PEOPLE BY ?R[+ BOMBS4 ,WE ALL BR+ \R CONTRIBUTION ( GUILT & WE ALL BR+ \R CONTRIBUTION ( COMMONS5SE & \R CONTRIBUTION ( SLAV]Y TO ?IS 9TOL]ABLE SY/EM ( SOCIETY1 :I* MAKES SLAVES ( US ALL4 

,?IS ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T MEANT REALLY RESPECT+ NO?+1 NOT EV5 ITS [N PR9CIPLES4 ,AFT] ALL1 MAN IS A SOCIAL PROBLEM & HIS 9TEGRITY MATT]S TO HIMSELF1 BUT !RE IS AN 9TEGRITY :I* BALANCES SOCIETY & ! REAL SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE4 ,MORRIS W\LD NOT APPROA* ! EVIL ?+4 ,HE SAW ?AT M]E VIOL5CE W\LD LEAD NO:]E4 ,HE KNEW1 IF HE C\LD GET ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PEOPLE DIRECT$ T[>DS A S5SE ( ! POETRY & ! DRAMA ( ! REVOLUTION2 IF HE C\LD GET !M TO UND]/& ! POETRY ( EV]Y HOME 9 ,EUROPE2 IF HE C\LD GET !IR IMAG9ATION /IMULAT$ UNTIL !Y SAW ALL ! PA/ DE/9Y ( MAN1 & ! PRES5T SUFF]+S ( ! SLAVES 9 EV]Y ATTIC & 9 EV]Y CELL> ( SLUML&1 !RE W\LD >ISE A4 PEOPLE AGA9/ :OSE LIB]TIES NO ONE W\LD D>E CONSPIRE1 A PEOPLE :O W\LD BE NO MORE A M]E PRO/ITUTE CIVILIZATION4 ,MORRIS ?\<T ?AT IF HE C\LD TAKE ! PEOPLE SELL+ !IR LABOR P[] & %[ !M ! LI<T1 SL[LY LET DRIP 9TO !IR LIVES ! MUSIC ( ! WAT] ( UND]/&+1 ?AT W\LD BE ! BEG9N+ ( A NEW $UCATION4 

,MORRIS W5T BACK TO ! P>LIAM5T>Y P>TY1 MU* TO ! DELI<T ( POLITICIAN & W>-MONG]1 ,H4 ,M4 ,HYNDMAN4 ,REJOIC+ AT ?IS DEVOLUTION 9 HIS 0,FUR!R ,REM9ISC5CES10 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#a#c1 ,HYNDMAN SAYS ?AT1 9 #ahhi !RE WAS -- 

0,AN ACTIVE RIVALRY1 NOT TO SAY ANTAGONISM1 BETWE5 ! ,S4,D4,F4 & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE SIMIL> TO ?AT :I* EXI/$ 9 ,FRANCE BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/S & ! ,POSSIBLI/S40 

,HYNDMAN'S SUGGE/ION IS ?AT ! ,S4,D4,F4 WAS ,M>XI/ & REVOLUTION>Y1 & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE ,POSSIBLI/ & ,RE=MI/4 ,BUT ,HYNDMAN KNEW1 :5 HE P5N$ ?IS SUGGE/ION1 ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE WAS NOT ORGANIZ$ TO BE LESS ADVANC$1 BUT TO BE MORE ADVANC$ ?AN ! ,S4,D4,F4 ,IT WAS ESS5TIALLY A PROPAG&I/ ORGANIZATION4 ,TO COMP>E ,MORRIS'S ,COMMONWEAL ) ,HYNDMAN'S ,JU/ICE W\LD BE TO CL9* ?IS TRUISM4 

,I DO NOT PRET5D TO DRAW ANY GREAT DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/S & ! ,POSSIBLI/S1 BECAUSE ! ,M>XI/S DO NOT GR\ND !MSELVES ON ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,M>X1 BUT ON HIS 9TRIGUES & AMBITIONS :I* F9ALLY BETRAY$ ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATION TO P>LIAM5T>Y COMPROMISE4 

,MORRIS LE>N$ TO DESPISE PALLIATORS & P>LIAM5T>ISM DUR+ HIS MEMB]%IP ( ! ,LEAGUE4 ,HE AGRE$1 9 ?IS1 ) ! CONSI/5T TEA*+ ( ,M>X #ahdh TO #ahga & OPPOS$ NO LESS ! CONSI/5T EXAMPLE ( ,M>X FROM #ahga TO #a#h#h#c4 ,ON HIS RETURN TO ! ,S4,D4,F41 ,MORRIS COMPROMIS$ ALIKE 9 HIS CONTEMPT = PALLIATORS & HIS OPPOSITION TO P>LIAM5T>ISM4 ,& SO PR\D WAS ,JU/ICE1 ! ,S4,D4,F4 ORGAN1 ( ,MORRIS'S REVISIONISM1 ?AT1 9 #a#i#a#c1 IT REPR9T$ FROM ITS COLUMNS ( #a#h#i#d1 0,WAT ,TYL]'S0 9T]VIEW ) HIM1 AFFIRM+ ?IS SORRY RETROGRESSION4 ,AT ,MORRIS'S BLESS+ ( ITS PALLIATIVES & EULOGY ( ! BALLOT-BOX ,JU/ICE REJOICES6 ,YET ,HYNDMAN W\LD LEAD HIS READ]S TO BELIEVE ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE WAS AN ,ANTI-,M>XI/ ORGANIZATION BECAUSE IT /OOD = ,POSSIBLISM4 ,IT MAY HAVE BE5 ,ANTI-,M>XI/ 9 SOME S5SES BUT IT WAS C]TA9LY ALSO AN ,ANTI-,POSSIBLI/1 ?AT IS1 A TRUE REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,HYNDMAN'S PLAC+ %[S H[ HI/ORY IS WRITT54 ,WELL6 ,WELL66 

,MORRIS W5T BACK TO ! P>LIAM5T>Y P>TY1 A BROK5 PROPAG&I/4 ,BUT HE DOES NOT LIVE AS A P>LIAM5T>IAN4 ,RAMSAY ,MAC,DONALD CANNOT QUOTE HIM AS A P>LIAM5T>ISM4 ,MORRIS LIVES = HIS REVOLUTION>Y \TLOOK4 ,HE SURVIVES = HIS BELIEF 9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 = HIS CAU/IC C5SURES ( P>LIAM5T>ISM4 ,REMOVE ,MORRIS'S OPPOSITION TO P>LIAM5T>ISM & Y\ KILL HIS WORK1 Y\ /IFLE HIS G5IUS1 Y\ TRAMPLE D[N HIS VISION & HIS EV]Y A*IEVEM5T AS A PIONE]4 ,MORRIS LIVES 9 ,SOCIALI/ HI/ORY AS AN ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>IAN4 

,TODAY1 :5 C]TA9 0,SOCIALI/0 ADV5TUR]S >E TELL+ US ?AT ,SOCIALISM IS A PURELY SECOND>Y MATT]2 IF ONE CAN MA/] ! MESSAGE ( ,MORRIS1 IT IS TO REALIZE ?AT ,SOCIALISM NOT ONLY DOES MATT]1 BUT ?AT IT IS ! REALITY2 ?AT \R LIVES >E ! REALITY2 & ?AT ,SOCIALISM AGA9/ ! W>1 ,SOCIALISM AGA9/ M]E PACIFISM EV51 ,SOCIALISM AGA9/ CAPITALISM1 IS ! MESSAGE4 

,:AT WE NE$ TODAY IS TO BE A LITTLE MORE EXACT1 A LITTLE MORE DET]M9$4 ,WE CAN HE TRUE TO ,SOCIALISM ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS ONLY BY TAK+ A GR& CONCEPTION ( ! REALITY & NECESSITY ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

,MORRIS DI$ 9 #a#h#i#f4 ,A FEW YE>S HAVE ELAPS$ S9CE ?AT TIME4 ,BUT WE DO NOT SEEM TO BE MAK+ MU* PROGRESS4 ,:AT WE WANT N[ IS NOT ! IDEALI/ BUT ! ,M,A,N4 ,MORRIS IS DEAD4 ,?\< HE DOES NOT LIVE1 HIS EXPRESSION ( ! T5D5CIES ( A C]TA9 P]IOD ( ,BRITI% HI/ORY1 & HIS BR++ TOGE!R ( IDEAS FROM DIFF]5T EPO*S 9 SOCIETY1 WILL 9SPIRE O!RS TO LIVE4 

,!RE >E ?OSE :O WOR%IP ! MAN1 :O RAVE AB\T HIS POETRY4 ,I HAVE SPOK5 ( !M ALREADY4 ,TO O!RS ,I W\LD SAY3 IF WE MU/ RESPECT ! MAN & M5TION HIS NAME1 LET US DO SO TRULY1 ,DON'T LET US M5TION ! MAN & GO ON S]V+ A PRO/ITUTE PHILOSOPHY ( MURD]1 :I* ! PRES5T IS4 ,IF WE MU/ WOR%IP ! MAN1 DON'T LET US M5TION HIS NAME 9 ! SAME BREA? OR 9 ! SAME >TICLE :I* ASKS A MAN TO SLAY HIS FELL[4 ,MORRIS HAS A MESSAGE = ,SOCIALI/S4 ,IT IS TO BELIEVE 9 ,SOCIALISM4 ,ANY MAN :O CAN RECONCILE HIS 7,MORRIS'S7 ,SOCIALISM ) ! PRES5T DAY ,SOCIETY1 DOES NOT UND]/& ,MORRIS1 & DOES NOT RECOGNIZE :AT ,SOCIALISM IS4 

,SOCIALISM IS H]E TO BECOME PRACTICAL4 ,?AT SORT ( 0,SOCIALI/ >MY0 :I* FALLS CL[N BE=E K+S2 :I* 0BELIEVES0 9 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS2 :I* 0BELIEVES0 9 ,SOCIALISM & ! CALL ( >T2 :I* BELIEVES 9 MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E2 :I* BELIEVES 9 NO MAN'S CONSCI5CE & HAS FAI? 9 NO MAN'S CONSCI5CE1 IS IMPOSSIBLE4 

,WILLIAM ,MORRIS'S CALL IS A S]I\S ?+4 ,IF WE ACCEPT ! CALL ( ,SOCIALISM2 IF WE FEEL ITS IMP]ATIVE NECESSITY1 !N WE MU/ TAKE & WE> \R >MOR4 ,SOCIALISM IS SOME?+ S]I\S4 ',:5 ,SOCIALISM AWAK5S 9 US A REAL LOVE IT MU/ COME TO LIFE & PROVE IRRESI/IBLE4 ,!N WE %ALL /&1 ,TRU? AGA9/ ,FALSEHOOD1 ,H>MONY AGA9/ ,DISCORD4 ,! BATTLE WILL PROVE ! CONSUMMATION ( ALL ! PREC$+ /RUGGLES1 ! 5D ( ! MILIT>ISM ( ALL ! C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD1 ( ! ACCURS$ CAPITALI/ SY/EM :I* IS BEH9D MILIT>ISM1 & POLITICAL IMBECILITY4 

,! IDEAL ( REALIZ+ ONESELF 5TIRELY 9 H>MONY ) ONE'S FELL[S1 ?AT IS ! IDEAL ( ! MESSAGE ,I WANT TO DELIV] TO-NI<T4 

,WILLIAM ,MORRIS & ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM 

,WILLIAM ,MORRIS EXPLA9$ HIS ATTITUDE T[>DS P>LIAM5T>ISM 9 A LETT] ?AT HE ADDRESS$ TO ,BRUCE ,GLASI] FROM ,KELMSCOTT ,H\SE1 ,HAMM]SMI?1 ON ,MAY #a#i1 #ahhh 3-- 

0,I QUITE AGREE ) Y\R VIEWS AB\T ! FUTURE ( ! ,LEAGUE & ! DUE POSITION ( A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY ( PR9CIPLE AS TO ITS DEAL+S ) ,P>LIAM5T4 4 4 4 

0,AS TO MYSELF1 Y\ MAY BE SURE ?AT ,I WILL NOT BE P$ANTICALLY /IFF AB\T NON-ESS5TIALS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME !RE >E C]TA9 CONVICTIONS :I* ,I CANNOT GIVE UP4 ,& 9 ACTION1 !RE >E C]TA9 C\RSES :I* ,I CANNOT SUPPORT4 

0,IF Y\ WILL RE-READ ! $ITORIAL TO ! FIR/ NUMB] ( ! WEEKLY ,COMMONWEAL Y\ WILL SEE MY POSITION /AT$ EXACTLY AS ,I %\LD /ATE IT N[1 & :I* WAS ! POSITION TAK5 BY ALL ( US :5 ! 7,SOCIALI/7 ,LEAGUE WAS FIR/ F\ND$4 ,IF ! LEAGUE REV]SES ITS VIEWS ON !SE PO9TS IT /ULTIFIES \R ACTION 9 LEAV+ ! ,S4,D4,F41 & BECOMES A DIFF]5T BODY FROM ?AT :I* ,I FIR/ JO9$4 ,I %\LD1 !RE=E1 BE =C$ TO MY V]Y GREAT SORR[1 TO LEAVE IT1 NOT = ! PURPOSE ( SULK+ 9 MY T5T1 BUT 9 ORD] TO TRY SOME O!R =M ( PROPAG&A4 

0,I \<T N[ TO EXPLA9 :AT W\LD DRIVE ME \T ( ! ,LEAGUE1 & H[ F> ,I C\LD MEET \R FRI5DS :O >E SO ANXI\S TO HAVE US TAKE P>T 9 ,P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION47#a,L4 ,A M]E AB/RACT RESOLUTION ?AT WE MI<T HAVE TO S5D MEMB]S TO ,P>LIAM5T AT SOME TIME OR O!R W\LD NOT DRIVE ME \T4 ,BUT ,I BELIEVE1 ) Y\1 ?AT1 :ATEV] !Y MAY ?9K1 \R P>LIAM5T>Y FRI5DS W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO /OP !RE1 & ?AT A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ! PASS+ ( ! ,CROYDON RESOLUTION W\LD HAVE TO BE ! ISSUE (  A PROGRAM 9VOLV+ ELECTIONE]+ 9 ! NE> FUTURE1 & ! IMM$IATE PUTT+ =W>D ( A PROGRAM ( PALLIATIVE MEASURES TO BE C>RI$ ?R\< ,P>LIAM5T2 SOME SU* PROGRAM1 9 %ORT1 AS ! ',/EPP+ ,/ONES' ( ! ,S4,D4,F41 :I* ,I ALWAYS DISAGRE$ )4 

0,SU* A /EP ,I C\LD NOT SUPPORT2 = ,I C\LD NOT ,DR5* 9 FAVOR ( SU* MEASURES 7S9CE ,I DON'T BELIEVE 9 !IR EFFICACY7 )\T LY+ & SUBT]FUGE1 :I* >E1 SURELY1 ALWAYS ANTI-SOCIAL4 

0,I HOPE Y\ UND]/& MY POSITION4 ,I RECAPITULATE3-- 

0#a4 ,UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES WILL ,I GIVE UP ACTIVE PROPAG&A1 

0#b4 ,I WILL MAKE EV]Y EF=T TO KEEP ! ,LEAGUE TOGE!R4 

0#c4 ,WE %\LD TREAT ,P>LIAM5T AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! 5EMY4 

0#d4 ,WE MI<T1 = SOME DEF9ITE PURPOSE1 BE =C$ TO S5D MEMB]S TO ,P>LIAM5T AS REBELS4 

0#e4 ,BUT UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES TO HELP TO C>RY ON ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ! C\NTRY4 

0#f4 ,&1 !RE=E1 WE \<T NOT TO PUT =W>D PALLIATIVE MEASURES TO BE C>RI$ ?R\< ,P>LIAM5T1 = ?AT W\LD BE HELP+ !M TO GOV]N US4 

0#g4 ,IT ! ,LEAGUE DECL>ES = ?IS LATT] /EP IT CEASES TO HE :AT ,I ?\<T IT WAS1 & ,I MU/ TRY TO DO :AT ,I CAN \TSIDE IT4 

0#h4 ,BUT %ORT ( ?AT ,I WILL WORK 9SIDE4 IT40 

,ITEMS #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 & #g READ TOGE!R >E V]Y DEF9ITE1 & COMPLETELY REFUTE ! ATTEMPT ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO CLAIM ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 9 HIS ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE DAYS1 AS A *AMPION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY POLICY4 ,MORRIS H]E DEF9ITELY REPUDIATES ALL PALLIATIVE PROPOSALS & ! UNIT$ FRONT POLICY ( P>LIAM5T>ISM1 = :I* ! ,C4,P4 /&S4 ,HIS 0REBELS0 >E V]Y DIFF]5T P]SONS FROM ! ,C4,P4 MEMB]S ( ,P>LIAM5T4 ,:AT HE SAYS IS ?AT WE MU/ NOT S5D ,SOCIALI/S TO ,P>LIAM5T AS LEGISLATORS4 ,?AT IS CORRECT4 ,BUT HE HAS NOT ?\<T \T H[ WE %ALL S5D !M4 ,IT IS N[ QUITE CLE>1 ) ! GR[+ COLLAPSE ( P>LIAM5T>ISM1 :AT HAS TO BE DONE4 ,WE CAN WRITE MORE DEF9ITELY1 MORE CLE>LY1 &1 IF LESS BEAUTIFULLY1 YET MORE DI/9CTLY ?AN ,MORRIS4 ,IT IS ALL ! =TUNE ( TIME & CIRCUM/ANCE4 ,WAT* ! EVOLUTION ( ECONOMIC DOCTR9E 3 NOTE ! RESPECTIVE DOCTR9ES ( ! ,PHYSIOCRATS1 ,ADAM ,SMI?1 ,RIC>DO1 & ,MAL?US1 ,SISIMONDI1 & ,/4 ,SIMON1 ON TO ,M>X3 ! GRADUAL YET DEF9ITE EVOLUTION ?AT SO SMOO?LY EFFECTS A COMPLETE REVOLUTION ( VISION & UND]/&+ 9 ! MATT] ( ! DISMAL SCI5CE2 & !N REALIZE ?AT ! VOICE ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 9EVITABLY1 MU/ BE1 H[EV] P[]FUL1 LESS DI/9CT ?AN \RS TO-DAY4 ,!RE IS SOME?+ IMMORTAL 9 EV]Y ?9K]1 YET ! ?9K] IS NOT IMMORTAL4 ,TO-DAY1 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS'S PO9TS #c1 #d1 #e1 & #f CAN ONLY HAVE ONE MEAN+4 ,P>LIAM5T IS ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! 5EMY & MU/ HE TREAT$ AS SU*4 ,UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES MU/ ! WORK]S RETURN MEMB]S TO ,P>LIAM5T TO TALK & TO LEGISLATE4 ,!Y ONLY CAN BE RETURN$1 IF RETURN$ AT ALL1 TO LIQUIDATE & TO ABOLI% P>LIAM5T>ISM3 I4E41 AS REBELS & AMBASSADORS1 TO /ATE ! CASE AGA9/ P>LIAM5T>ISM BE=E ! B> ( ! ,H\SE ( ',COMMONS1 TO REFUSE TO TAKE ANY OA?S OR MAKE ANY DECL>ATIONS ( ALLEGIANCE1 TO DECL9E TO SIT 9 ! ,COMMONS1 TO WORK \TSIDE ON ! /REETS1 PREP>+ WORK]S' OP9ION = ! COM+ SOCIAL *ANGE1 EVOLV+ ! CONCEPTION ( ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]1 BUILD+ UP ! NEW SOCIAL /RUCTURE )9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD4 ,?IS IS ! FUR!/ ONE CAN DEP>T FROM ! COMPLETE BOYCOTT ( ! BALLOT-BOX4 ,& SIDE BY SIDE ) SU* DEP>TURE1 !RE MU/ BE DEVELOP$ A P[]FUL & EFFECTIVE AGITATION = BOYCOTT+ ! BALLOT-BOX SO ?AT ,LABORISM CAN NEV] BE REPRES5T$ 9 P>LIAM5T3 = 9DU/RIALISM1 NOT P>LIAM5T>ISM1 IS ! P>5T ( ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 ,LABOR ,P>LIAM5T>ISM IS ! LA/ BULW>K ( CAPITALISM4 ,ITS NEGATION WILL DE/ROY POLITICAL SOCIETY4 

,! P>LIAM5T>IANS W]E R\T$ & ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS N[ F\ND HIMSELF ! C5T] ( A /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNI/ & ,AN>*I/ ELEM5TS4 ,HE IS PLEAS$ AT ! R\T ( ! P>LIAM5T>IANS1 BUT HAS NO SYMPA?Y ) ,AN>*Y4 ,! DIVISION IS LAM5TABLE BUT NOT DISC\RAG+4 

,MORRIS WRITES TO ,BRUCE ,GLASI] ON ,M>* #a#i1 #a#h#i1 DETAIL+ HIS PESSIMISM & ! GR\NDS = IT4 ,HE ANTICIPATES ! PASS+ ( ! ,COMMONWEAL & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE1 BUT IS NO LONG] TR\BL$ BY IT4 ,HE ADDS 3-- 

0,SOCIALISM IS SPREAD+1 ,I SUPPOSE1 ON ! ONLY L9ES ON :I* IT C\LD SPREAD3 & ! ,LEAGUE IS MORIBUND SIMPLY BECAUSE WE >E \TSIDE !SE L9ES AS ,I1 = ONE1 MU/ ALWAYS BE3 BUT ,I %ALL BE ABLE TO DO JU/ AS MU* WORK 9 ! MOVEM5T :5 ! ,LEAGUE IS GONE -- AS ,I DO N[4 

0,! MA9 CAUSE ( ! FAILURE1 :I* WAS OBVI\S AT LEA/ TWO YE>S AGO1 IS ?AT Y\ CANNOT KEEP A BODY TOGE!R )\T GIV+ IT SOME?+ TO DO 9 ! PRES5T1 & N[1 S9CE PEOPLE4 WILL WILL+LY LI/5 TO ,SOCIALI/ DOCTR9E1 \R RANK & FILE HAVE NO?+ TO DO40 

,?IS SEEMS A /RANGE & RA!R NAIVE CONCLUSION4 ,:AT CAN ! P>LIAM5T>IANS GIVE !IR RANK & FILE TO DO 9 ! PRES5T8 ,:AT HAVE !Y GIV5 ! RANK & FILE TO DO EXCEPT TO TOIL 9 MIS]Y & EMPLOY !IR SP>E TIME 9 SACRIFIC+ TO MAKE A LEAD]'S C>E] & HOLIDAY8 ,!RE IS REAL WORK = ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM & ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>Y ORGANIZATION TO ATT5D TO3 ! REAL WORK ( 5UNCIAT+ ,SOCIALISM1 ( SPREAD+ ! WORD1 ( EXPOS+ ! FUTILITY ( CAPITALI/ RE=MISM1 ( EMANCIPAT+ ! WORK]S FROM !IR SLAVI% REG>D & RESPECT = CAPITALI/ HONORS & HONOR4 ,IT IS A GIANT'S TASK1 L5D+ 9SPIRATION & CONT5T TO ! LIFE ( EA* MAN & WOMAN :O P>TICIPATES 9 IT3 ! COMPLETE UND]M9+ ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ! DEA? ( AN ALLEGIANCE TO IT 9 ! HE>TS ( M54 ,?AT HE /UMBL$ ON ! ?RE%OLD ( GREATNESS1 ?AT HE FAIL$ SO COMPLETELY 9 F9AL CLE>NESS ( VISION1 E>NS = ,MORRIS \R SORR[4 ,SO NE>--& YET SO F>6 

,H[ /RANGE ?AT IT %\LD REQUIRE SO MANY PHILOSOPH]S TO VISION ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]6 ,H[ AWKW>DLY EA* VISIONS6 ,/4 ,SIMON SAW CLE>LY ! IDEA ,MORRIS WAS GROP+ =1 SAW IT YE>S BE=E ,MORRIS WAS BORN3 ! LIQUIDATION ( ALL POLITICAL SOCIETY1 ! COMPLETE 9DU/RIALIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,& ,PR\DHON DISCOV]S ! TRUE EXPLANATION ( ! NON-APPEAL ( ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM3 ! T5D5CY ( ! OPPRESS$ TO EXHAU/ ! P[] ( E/ABLI%$ & 5TR5*$ LAW & CU/OM TO ALLEVIATE SOCIAL MIS]Y1 BE=E SW++ TO ! SIDE ( REVOLUTION = ! SOLUTION BY SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,?IS IS ! LAW ( PROGRESS1 ( EVOLV+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,9EVITABLE 9H]5T CONS]VATISM :I* SECURES F9ALLY ! TRIUMPH ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,MORRIS WRITES TO ,GLASI]1 9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#h#i#a1 EXPLA9+ HIS DET]M9ATION TO /& ALO(1 EQUALLY1 FROM UN9=M$ ,AN>*I/4 AGITATION & FROM P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION4 ,HE DESCRIB$ ! TWO P>TIES /RUGGL+ = SUPREMACY 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE3 0! OLD ,COMMUNI/ ONE1 ) :I* IT BEGAN1 & ! ,AN>*I/40 ,! RESULT IS CON/ANT QU>REL4 ,MORRIS ADDS 3---- 

0,I HAVE GONE ?R\< ?IS1 US Y\ WELL KN[1 BE=E2 & ,I AM DET]M9$ NEV] TO /& IT AGA94 ,AS SOON AS !RE >E TWO P>TIES 9 ANY BODY ,I AM 91 !N \T ,I GO40 

,MORRIS EXPLA9S ! POSITION & /R5G? ( ! ,HAMM]SMI? ,BRAN*1 & CONCLUDES ?AT ! BE/ POLICY IS TO BREAK FROM ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE & =M ! ,HAMM]SMI? ,SOCIALI/ ,SOCIETY1 :I* 0WILL DISCLAIM BO? P>LIAM5T>ISM & ,AN>*ISM40 ,HE EXPLA9S HIS FEEL+S3 

0,CALL A G5]AL CONF]5CE'8 ,TO :AT 5D8  ,:AT MORE C\LD WE DISCOV] AT IT ?AN ?AT WE DIDN'T AGREE8 ,BESIDES1 !SE CONF]5CES >E REALLY BOGUS AFFAIRS4 ,9 %ORT MY DE> BOY1 :5EV] Y\ WANT TO GET RID ( ME1 Y\ NE$ NEV] PUT ON Y\R BOOTS4 ,I NEV] WAIT TO HE KICK$ D[N/AIRS40 

,! TRIUMPH ( ! ,AN>*I/S WAS ! 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE ( ! JU/IFIABLE EXPULSION ( ! ,BLOOMSBURY ,BRAN*1 & ,MORRIS 9T5D$ HIS >TICLE ON ,DAVID ,NICOLL'S FOLLY AS 0F>EWELL0 TO ! ,LEAGUE4 ,HE HAD NO 9T5TION ( REMA9+ 9 ! ,LEAGUE AFT] ?AT & FI<T+ ! ,AN>*I/S & HE C\LD NOT COOP]ATE ) !M3 

0,=1 9 GOOD TRU?1 ,I W\LD ALMO/ AS SOON JO9 A ,:ITE ,ROSE ,SOCIETY AS AN ,AN>*I/ ONE2 SU* NONS5SE AS ,I DEEM ! LATT]40 

,WE KN[ :AT A BROK5 RE$ ,BRUCE ,GLASI] TURN$ \T TO BE4 ,DAVID ,NICOLL1 :OSE ATTACK ON ,SCOTL& ,Y>D ,MORRIS D5\NC$ AS BE+ FOOLI% & 9EFFECTIVE1 DI$ 9 POV]TY & MADNESS1 YE>S AFT] HIS RELEASE FROM PRISON4 ,IT WAS A PA!TIC SI<T TO SEE HIM AT ,SOCIALI/ MEET+S 5DEAVOR+ TO SELL ! PRODUCTS ( HIS 9SANITY1 = HE HAD BE5 BROK5 9 ! WORK]S' CAUSE4 ,WE REMEMB] HIM WELL AS A FIGURE AT ! ,*&OS ,HALL1 ,*>LOTTE ,/REET ,CLUB1 & ,JUBILEE ,/REET MEET+S 9 ,LONDON4 ,HE WILL BE REMEMB]$ TO ! 5D ( ! WORK]S' /RUGGLE BY HIS NEW V]SION ( ! ,M>SEILLAISE1 WRITT5 9 HIS CLAYS ( HOPE & /R5G? & VALOR\S D$ICATION 3- 

,YE SONS ( FRE$OM1 WAKE6 'TIS MORN+1 

     ',TIS TIME FROM SLUMB] TO >ISE1 

 ,ON HI< ! R$D5'D SUN GIVES W>N+ 

     ,?AT DAY IS H]E1 ! BLACK NI<T FLIES4 

     ,?AT DAY LS H]E1 ! BLACK NI<T FLIES4 

 ,& WILL YE LIE ,9 SLEEP = EV]8 

     ,%ALL TYRANTS ALWAYS CRU% Y\ D[N8 

     ,LO1 !Y HAVE REAP$ & YE HAVE S[N4 

 ,! TIME HA? COME Y\R BONDS TO SEV]4 

,*,O,R,U,S4 

,TO >MS6 TO >MS6 AGA96 

     ,! ,R$ ,FLAG WAVES ON HI<6 

 ,M>* ON6 M>* ON6 

     ,A GALLANT B& 

 ,M>* ON--TO LIB]TY4 

,LONG HAVE YEE HE>D Y\R *ILDR5 WEEP+1 

     ,= BREAD !Y CRI$ 9 VA9 TO Y\4 

 ,:Y DO Y\ LIE !RE DREAM+1 SLEEP+4 

     ,:5 !RE IS WORK & DE$S TO DO8 

     ,:5 !RE IS WORK & DE$S TO DO8 

 ,Y\R LORDS & MA/]S PILE !IR PLUND] 

     ,!Y FEA/ & PREY & DO NOT SP>E4 

     ,BUT FROM Y\R WE>Y TOIL & C>E 

 ,!Y WR+ ! WEAL? AT :I* YE WOND]4 

,*ORUS3 

,?O' =CE & FRAUD ALIKE OPPOSE Y\1 

     ,YET 9 Y\R H& IS SKILL & P[]4 

 ,& ?O' ! TYRANT HO/S 5CLOSE Y\ 

     ,& OV]HEAD ! BLACK CL\DS L[]4 

     ,& OV]HEAD ! BLACK CL\DS L[]4 

 ,YET :AT >E =CE & FRAUD BE=E YE 

     ,BUT AS ! LEAVES ( AUTUMN TREES 

     ,BORNE WILDLY =W>D ON ! BREEZE 

 ,:5 ! /ORM RISES 9 ITS FURY4 

,*ORUS3 

,ON EV]Y SIDE AS L\D AS ?UND] 

     ,! TRAMP ( NATIONS N[ IS HE>D 

 ,5LI/+ FRE$OM'S BANN] UND] 

     ,OB$I5T TO H] SOV]EIGN WORD4 

     ,OB$I5T TO H] SOV]EIGN WORD4 

 ,NO DUNGEONS !N OR *A9S %ALL TAME US 

     ,NOR SC\RGE NOR GALL[S TREE AFFRI<T 

     ,= FRE$OM'S 5SIGN WAV+ BRI<T 

 ,) SCORN (  DANG] DO? 9FLAME US4 

,*ORUS3 

,!RE IS ANO!R V]SION1 9 :I* ! FIR/ L9E ( ! *ORUS HAS BE5 ALT]$ TO 0,>ISE6 >ISE6 YE BRAVE6 0 ,BUT :Y %\LD ! BRAVE >ISE1 IF NOT TO DO BATTLE8 0,TO >MS60 DOES NOT NECESS>ILY IMPLY MURD]4 ,IT MEANS /RUGGLE 5D+ 9 TRIUMPH1 )\T DEPICT+ ! EXACT *>ACT] ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,! ALT]ATION SEEMS A LITTLE HYPOCRITICAL OR1 AT LEA/1 P$ANTIC4 

,AU?OR'S ,NOTE4 -- ,DAVID ,NICOLL'S /ORY IS TOLD 9 GREAT] DETAIL 9 AN APP5DIX 9 ,DISC>D$ ,DOGMAS1 ,P>T ,I,I4 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,MALATE/A 

 ,5RICO ,MALATE/A1 BORN 9 ,CAPUA1 ON ,DECEMB] #d?1 #a#h#e#c1 W5T TO ,NAPLES TO /UDY PH>MACOLOGY1 & IMM$IATELY CAME UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,BAKUN91 9 #a#h#g#a4  ,HIS 9T]E/ = ME CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT HE WAS A DIRECT L9K BETWE5 ,BAKUN9 & ! ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y PROPAG&A ?AT ,I COMM5C$ 9 ,LONDON 9 #a#i#f4  ,! /ORY ( MY ASSOCIATION ) ,MALATE/A WAS TOLD 9 ! ,H]ALD ( ,REVOLT = ,JUNE1 #a#i#a#b1 & NE$ NOT BE REPEAT$ H]E4  ,I REMEMB] ,MALATE/A LI/5+ TO ONE ( MY MEET+S AT ! CORN] ( ,G>NAULT ,PLACE1 ,CL]K5WELL1 BE=E ,I BECAME AN ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>IAN4  ,AS ,I WAS GO+ AWAY ) MY PLAT=M1 HE /OPP$ ME & SAID 3 0,Y\ >E A /RANGE P]SON TO BE ,5GLI% BECAUSE Y\ >E DE/9$ TO BE AN ,AN>*I/40  ,AL?\< ,I WAS NEV] P]SONALLY V]Y 9TIMATE ) ,MALATE/A1 HE MADE A PO9T AFT] ?AT ( ATT5D+ A L>GE NUMB] ( ! MEET+S ?AT ,I HELD 9 ,CL]K5WELL4  ,:5 HE DID SPEAK HE /UCK TO ?IS !ORY ?AT ,I WAS DE/9$ TO CONT9UE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,AN>*I/ ?\<T 9 ,BRITA94  ,BECAUSE ( ?IS CONTACT AT ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( MY ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY1 & BECAUSE ( HIS [N ASSOCIATION ) ,BAKUN9 9 HIS [N Y\? BUT A FEW YE>S BE=E ,BAKUN9 DI$1 ,I REG>D HIM AS A NATURAL L9K BETWE5 ! ACTIVITY ( ! GREAT CONTEMPOR>Y ( ,M>X & ! MOVEM5T ?AT ,I HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO DEVELOP 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 V]Y L>GELY 9 FACE ( ! OPPOSITION ( ! ALLEG$ FRI5DS ( ,MALATE/A & ! ALLEG$ DISCIPLES ( ,BAKUN94  

 ,AT AN E>LY AGE ,MALATE/A READ ,MIGNET'S 0,HI/ORY0 ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4  ,HE ?RILL$ AT ! POPUL> /RUGGLE & LIKE MO/ Y\NG ,ITALIANS ( ?AT TIME BECAME AN >D5T REPUBLICAN4 ,IT WAS ,MAZZ9I'S D5UNCIATION ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ?AT TURN$ HIM 9TO A ,SOCIALI/4  ,HE DECID$ TO ?R[ 9 HIS LOT ) ?OSE :O DEF5D$ ! ,COMMUNE & HE JO9$ ! ,NAPLES SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4  ,?IS SECTION WAS NOT 9 ! MO/ FL\RI%+ CONDITION4 ,ITS MO/ CONSPICU\S MEMB] WAS ! ILL-FAT$ ,C>LO ,CAFI]O1 AT ?AT TIME A WEAL?Y MAN ( B\NDLESS 5?USIASM & DEVOTION4  ,CAFI]O WAS 9TIMATE ) ,M>X & ,5GELS :]EAS ,MALATE/A WAS ID5TIFI$ ) ! PR9CIPLES ( ,BAKUN94 ,HE UND]TOOK TO DIS5TANGLE ,CAFI]O FROM ALL ,M>X'S 9TRIGUES & TO P]SUADE HIM & ,FANELLI TO MEET ,BAKUN9 AT ,LOC>NO4  ,MALATE/A SUCCE$$ & BO? ( !SE ,ITALIAN COMRADES /AY$ ) ,BAKUN9 ONE MON? FROM ,MAY #b? TO ,JUNE #a#h?1 #a#h#g#b4  ,BAKUN9'S DI>Y RECORDS !IR DAILY DISCUSSION & !IR MAPP+ \T ( A DEF9ITE PLAN ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4  

 ,MALATE/A WAS N[ 9 ! CLOSE/ RELATIONS ) ,BAKUN9 & >RANG$ A CONF]5CE ( ! ,ITALIAN SECTIONS AT ,RIM9I1 ,AUGU/1 #a#h#g#b1 :I* BR\<T 9TO BE+ :AT WAS KN[N AS ! ,ITALIAN ,F$]ATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4  ,?IS WAS ORGANIZ$ DUR+ ! MON? ( ,SEPTEMB] AS A SECRET ALLIANCE AT ,ZURI* :]E ,MALATE/A REJO9$ ,BAKUN9 ON ,SEPTEMB] ! #g?4  ,HE HAD REFUS$ TO ATT5D ! ,HAGUE ,CONF]5CE & W5T DIRECT TO ,ZURI* FROM ,RIM9I4  ,F\R DAYS AFT] HIS >RIVAL1 ,CAFI]O & ! ,SPANI% ,9T]NATIONALI/S >RIV$ FROM ! ,HAGUE4  ,ON ,SEPTEMB] ! #a#b? & #a#c? ! DEF9ITE CON/ITUTION ( ,BAKUN9'S SECRET ALLIANCE WAS EVOLV$4  ,T5 DAYS LAT] ,MALATE/A RETURN$ TO ,NAPLES 9 ORD] TO DEVOTE HIMSELF TO AGITATION & ORGANIZATION4 ,HE WAS ! Y\NGE/ MEMB] ( ! CIRCLE ?AT ASSEMBL$ AT ,ZURI* & WAS NICKNAM$ ,B5JAM9 ON ?AT ACC\NT4  ,TO ?OSE ( US :O KNEW ,MALATE/A 9 HIS AGE1 NOT)/&+ HIS B\NDLESS 5?USIASM & 5]GY1 ! VISION ( HIM AS ,B5JAM9 IS ONE H>D TO CONCEIVE4  ,! ATTEMPT TO DO SO BR+S HOME TO US ! TREM5D\S GULF ( YE>S ?AT SEP>ATES US FROM ! TIME ( ,BAKUN9 & %[S ) :AT PATI5CE ONE MU/ PURSUE ! PA? ( REVOLUTION4  ,A REVOLUTIONI/ IS SOMETIMES DEPICT$ AS A MAN 9 A HURRY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE IS ! MAN :O SURVIVES ! RAVAGES ( TIME4  ,I,T IS ! RE=MI/ :O BELIEVES 9 ! IDEA ( HA/E4  ,! REVOLUTIONI/ WANTS SPE$4  

 ,9 ,M>*1 #a#h#g#c1 ,MALATE/A WAS >RE/$ AS A COMMON CRIM9AL = BE+ A MEMB] ( A SECRET SOCIETY ( ,SOCIALI/S4 ,) HIM W]E >RE/$ ,CAFI]O1 ,ALCE/E ,FAGGIOLI1 & ,&REA ,CO/A4 ,! LATT] WAS RESPONSIBLE = P]SUAD+ ,BAKUN9 TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ABORTIVE ,ITALIAN 9SURRECTION ( #a#h#g#d4  ,FIVE YE>S AFT] ?AT DISA/R\S ACTIVITY ,CO/A 5T]$ ! ,ITALIAN P>LIAM5T AS A ,SOCIALI/ & REPUDIAT$ ,AN>*ISM4  

 ,AFT] FIFTY-F\R DAYS1 ,MALATE/A & HIS COLLEAGUES W]E RELEAS$4  ,CAFI]O W5T TO ,B>LETTA 9 ORD] TO REALIZE MONEY = ! CAUSE4  ,MALATE/A PROCE$$ TO ,LOC>NO :]E HE REJO9$ ,BAKUN9 & !N PASS$ ON TO ,B>LETTA TO JO9 ,CAFI]O 9 REVOLUTION>Y WORK4  ,HE WAS AGA9 >RE/$ & WAS KEPT 9 PRISON FROM ,JULY1 #a#h#g#c1 UNTIL ,JANU>Y1 #a#h#g#d1 )\T EI!R *>GE OR TRIAL4  ,HE WAS !N RELEAS$ )\T EXPLANATION4 ,! SAME MON? ! SECRET APPEALS ( ! ,ITALIAN ,COMMITTEE = ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION BEGAN TO BE CIRCULAT$4  ,?IS ACTIVITY WAS L>GELY SYNDICALI/4  ,! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+-CLASS 9 ,ITALY AT ?IS TIME W]E T]RIBLE4  ,IT C\LD NOT BE SAID ?AT WAGES FOLL[$ PRICES NOR YET ?AT PRICES FOLL[$ WAGES1 = US ! WAGES FELL ! PRICE ( FOOD ROSE & ! PEOPLE W]E PLUNG$ 9TO />VATION4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT WORK+ M5 )\T ,SOCIALI/ OR ,AN>*I/ IDEAS PLUND]$ %OPS EV]Y:]E4  ,! ,BAKUNI/S FELT !Y C\LD NOT DISAV[ !SE POPUL> ACTS SO !Y DECL>$ !IR SOLID>ITY ) !M4  ,MALATE/A JU/IFI$ ?IS 5DORSEM5T ON ! FOLL[+ GR\NDS 3 0,REVOLUTION CONSI/S MORE 9 FACTS ?AN 9 WORDS1 & :5EV] A SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T ( ! PEOPLE TAKES PLACE1 :5EV] ! WORK]S RISE 9 ! NAME ( !IR RI<TS & !IR DIGNITY1 IT IS ! DUTY ( EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALI/ TO DECL>E HIMSELF SOLIT>Y ) ! MOVEM5T 9 QUE/ION4  

 ,IT WAS AT ?IS PO9T ?AT ,CO/A P]SUAD$ ,BAKUN9 TO WORK = A G5]AL 9SURRECTION TO BE TIMES TO OCCUR 9 ,ITALY 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#h#g#d4  ,BAKUN9 HAD HIS BETT] EXP]I5CE ( ,LYONS ( #ahg TO DRAW UPON2 HE KNEW ?AT ,G>IBALDI & ! ,MAZZ9IANS HAS NO TA/E = ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION2 YET HE YIELD$ TO ! P]SUASIONS ( ,CO/A :O WAS DE/9$ TO TURN P>LIAM5T>ISM ( ! WOR/ DESCRIPTION4  ,MALATE/A WAS NOT 9 CONTACT ) ,BAKUN9 AT ! TIME ?AT ?IS DECISION WAS >RIV$ AT4  ,HE WAS CALL$ UPON M]ELY TO =W>D ! 9SURRECTION :5 IT WAS TOO LATE TO *ANGE ! 9T5TION4  ,!RE RESULT$ ! >RE/ ( ! ,MAZZ9IAN ,CONF]5CE 9 ! VILLAGE ,RUFFI1 NE> ,RIM9I1 ON #bND ,AUGU/1 #a#h#g#d1 & ! ILL-FAT$ \TBREAKS NE> ,BOLOGNA1 ,FLOR5CE & ELSE:]E1 :]E ,BAKUN9 PLAY$ HIS P>T4  ,BAKUN9 HAS KEPT A RECORD ( ?IS P]IOD ( ANXIETY1 DI/RESS1 & ]ROR 9 HIS DI>Y FROM ,JULY #a#c? TO ,OCTOB] #a#c?4  ,MALATE/A KEPT NO RECORD BUT HE WORK$ 9 ,APULIA AS A GUN-RUNN]4  ,! RIFLES W]E S5T TO ,T>5T & REPOS$ 9 ! CU/OM H\SE !RE AS H>DW>E4 ,! 9T5TION WAS TO SEIZE ! CU/OM H\SE & SO OBTA9 ! 0:]E- )AL40  ,?IS PROV$ IMPRACTICABLE & ! 0H>DW>E0 WAS =W>D$ FROM CU/OM H\SE TO CU/OM H\SE ALL OV] ,APULIA4 ,! PEASANTS DID NOT RESPOND TO ! 9SURRECTION>Y APPEAL & F9ALLY ! 9T]NATIONALI/S ESCAP$ TO ,NAPLES HIDD5 UND] ! HAY 9 HAY C>TS4  ,MALATE/A REMA9$ 9 HID+ AT ,NAPLES = A FEW DAYS BUT WAS >RE/$ AT ,PES>O1 ON HIS J\RNEY TO ,SWITZ]L&1 9 ,AUGU/1 #a#h#g#d4  ,HE REMA9$ 9 PRISON1 UNTRI$1 UNTIL ,AUGU/ #e?1 #a#h#g#e4  ,ON ?AT DAY HE WAS RELEAS$ FOLL[+ HIS TRIUMPHANT ACQUITTAL AT ! GREAT TRIAL AT ,TRANI4  ,?IS TRIAL L$ TO ACQUITTALS AL OV] ,ITALY & ALSO ANNULL$ ! F]OCI\S S5T5CES :I* HAD BE5 PASS$ ON ! PRISON]S AT ! OP5+ TRIAL ( !SE S]IES ( SUPPRESSIONS = 9T]NATIONALI/ 0CONSPIRACIES10 AT ,ROME1 9 ,MAY1 #a#h#g#e4  ,9 SOME ( ! TRIALS ! ,ASSIZES W]E ( MON/R\S L5G?1 ! ,BOLOGNA TRIAL LA/+ FROM ,M>* #a#e? TO ,JUNE #a#g?1 #a#h#g#f4  ,IT %\LD BE EXPLA9$ ?AT ! PRISON]S HAD BE5 JAIL$ WAIT+ TRIAL S9CE ,AUGU/1 #a#h#g#d4  ,UNTIL ! F9AL ACQUITTAL WAS SECUR$ ! COMRADES :O HAD BE5 ACQUITT$ E>LI] HAD TO RE/RA9 !IR ACTIVITY & REFRA9 FROM PROPAG&A SO AS NOT TO COMPROMISE ! CASE ( ?OSE 9 PRISON4  ,?IS P]IOD ( RE/ PROVE IRKSOME TO ,MALATE/A4  

 ,AFT] HIS RELEASE ,MALATE/A W5T TO ,LOC>NO & /AY$ A FEW DAYS ) ,CAFI]O1 :O WAS N[ BITT]LY OPPOS$ TO ,BAKUN94 ,HE PROCE$$ TO ,LUGANO :]E HE MADE HIS LA/ VISIT TO ,BAKUN94 ,! RUPTURE BETWE5 ,CAFI]O & ,BAKUN9 BEGAN 9 ,JULY1 #a#h#g#d1 & BECOME COMPLETE 9 ,SEPTEMB] ( ?AT YE>1 SUBSID+ 9TO A SIL5T ANIMOSITY AFT] HAV+ RECEIV$ DEF9ITE EXPRESSION ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#e?4  ,BAKUN9'S REVOLUTION>Y EF=TS W]E N[ AT AN 5D [+ TO HIS PHYSICAL SUFF]+S1 HIS T]RIBLE POV]TY1 & ! RESULT+ 9T5SE DEPRESSION FROM :I* HE WAS SUFF]+4 ,BO? ,BAKUN9 & ,CAFI]O P]SUADE ,MALATE/A TO PROCE$ TO ,SPA9 & TO WORK = ! LIB]ATION ( ,AL]9I1 A ,M>SEILLE COMRADE :O HAD BE5 9 PRISON !RE S9CE #ahgc [+ TO HIS ACTIVITY 9  

 ! ,B>CELONA MOVEM5T4  ,AL]9I HAD HELP$ ,BAKUN9 TO ESCAPE FROM ,M>SEILLE TO ,G5OA 9 ! AUTUMN ( #ahg & N[ ! S]VICE WAS TO BE REPAID4  ,MALATE/A MET ,M>AGO AT ,MADRID4  ,! LATT] WAS ! MO/ ADVANC$ ,SPANI% 9T]NATIONALI/ ( HIS TIME4  ,9 ,CADIZ HE WAS WELL RECEIV$ & ALL[$ TO SP5D AN 5TIRE DAY 9 ! PRISON ) ,AL]9I & ?IRTY OR =TY ( ! ,C>TAG5A1 ,ALCOY1 & ,CADIZ PRISON]S ( #a#h#g#c4  ,AS ,I HAVE PO9T$ \T 9 O!R ESSAYS ! UNRE=M$ PRISONS 9 EV]Y C\NTRY 9 ,EUROPE1 9CLUD+ ,BRITA91 W]E F> SUP]IOR TO ! RE=M PRISONS ?AT HAVE COME 9TO EXI/5CE S9CE #a#h#c#b4  ,9 SOME RESPECTS ! CONDITIONS W]E LESS CLEAN & !RE W]E MORE BRUTALITY4  ,BUT !RE W]E LESS CALL\SNESS1 MORE G5]AL FRE$OM1 & ABOVE ALL GREAT] OPPORTUNITIES ( ESCAPE4  ,MALATE/A VISIT$ ! T[N ) ,AL]9I & TWO W>D]S4  ,HE HAD NO DIFFICULTY 9 GETT+ P]MISSION = ?IS TO TAKE PLACE1  ,H]E ! TWO W>D]S W]E MADE DRUNK & ,AL]9I C\LD HAVE HAD ESCAP$ BUT HE REFUSE TO GO AWAY ON PR9CIPLE4  ,! RESULT WAS ?AT HE & ,MALATE/A EXP]I5C$ A GREAT DEAL ( TR\BLE 9 RE/OR+ ! DRUNK5 W>D]S TO ! PRISON4  ,! NEXT DAY ,AL]9I & ,MALATE/A W5T TO T[N AGA91 ?IS TIME ) ONLY ONE W>D]1 ,MALATE/A MADE ?IS W>D] DURNK BUT ,AL]9I REFUS$ TO ESCAPE4  ,SO AGA9 !Y HAD TO TAKE A DRUNK5 W>D] BACK TO PRISON4  ,?IS F9I%$ ,MALATE/A :O DECID$ TO LEAVE ,AL]9I TO HIS PRISON & TO PROCE$ TO ,NAPLES4 ,H]E HE MET ,/EPNIAK4  ,HE PROCE$$ TO ,ROME :]E HE W5T 9TO PRIVATE CONF]5CE ) ,CAFI]O1 ,GRASSI1 & O!R =M] OR ACTUAL ASSOCIATES ( ,BAKUN94  ,?IS CONF]5CE WAS HELD 9 ! SPR+ ( #ahgf & RECEIV$ ,BAKUN9'S LA/ MESSAGE1 :I* WAS TRANSMITT$ BY ,S]AF9O ,MAZZOTTI4  ,! RE-ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ALONG ,AN>*I/ L9ES WAS DECID$ & A CONGRESS WAS >RANG$ = ,FLOR5CE TO TAKE PLACE 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#h#g#f1 ,MALATE/A WAS =C$ TO LEAVE ,ROME & TO LIVE AT ,NAPELS BY ORD] ( ! GOV]NM5T4  

 ,?AT ,MALATE/A WAS NOT CLE> 9 HIS ,AN>*I/ OR ,SOCIALI/ IDEAS AT ?IS TIME1 & ?AT HIS 9SURRECTION>Y IMPULSE DEVELOP$ BY HIS ASSOCIATION ) ,BAKUN9 WAS NOT ABSOLUTELY ID5TIFI$ ) ,SOCIALISM1 >E FACTS MADE CLE> BY HIS DESIRE TO FI<T AT ?IS P]IOD 9 ,SIB]IA AGA9/ ! ,TURKS4  ,9 #a#h#g#e1 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONI/S1 ,/EPNIAK1 ,KLEMM5S1 & ,ROSS HAD JO9$ ! ,H]ZEGOV9IAN 9SURG5TS4  ,DESPITE !IR REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CES 9 ,RUSSIA1 !Y W]E PRIM>ILY 9TELLECTUALS & 9 ANY EV5T1 ! CASE ( !SE 9SURG5TS H[EV] ROMANTICALLY APPROA*$ HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ,SOCIALISM4  ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ TO DISCOV] ?AT !Y HAD NO SOON] JO9$ ! 9SURG5TS ?AT !Y DES]T$ !M & RETURN$ TO !IR HAPPI] EXILE 9 ,ITALY4  ,G>IBALDI 5C\RAG$ ?IS MOVEM5T4  ,HIS 5C\RAGEM5T WAS COMMUNICAT$ TO ! ,SOCIALI/S BY ,CELSO ,C]RETTI1 :O WAS A L9K BETWE5 ,G>IBALDIANISM & ,9T]NATIONALISM4  ,?IS CAUS$ NOT$ 9T]NATIONALI/S LIKE ,ALCE/E ,FAGGIOLI TO TAKE ! SIDE ( ! 9SURG5TS4 ,IT WAS V]Y L>GELY A MATT] ( PRE/IGE1 ,! ,G>IBALDIAN F\<T & W\LD NOT /AY AT HOME' IT WAS ! EVE ( ! ,RUSSIAN W>  

 & ANTI-,TURKSIH S5TIM5T RAN HI<2 ,GLAD/ONE HAD RIS5 TO SUP]B HEI<TS ( ORATORY 9 HIS D5UNCIATION ( ! ,TURKS2 ,G>IBALDI HAD DECL>$ AGA9/ !M2 IT WAS ALMO/ LIKE A DAY TO DAY /RUGGLE & ! ,AN>*I/-,SOCIALI/S1 QUITE CONTR>Y TO COMMON S5SE & EV]Y PR9CIPLE ( LOGIC1 FELT ?AT !Y C\LD NOT /& \T ( ! FRAY4  ,!Y MU/ %[ ?AT !Y W]E AT LEA/ AS BRAVE AS O!R PEOPLE4  ,MALATE/A DECID$ TO TAKE UP >MS AGA9/ ,TURKEY4  ,IT MU/ BE CONFESS$ ?AT AT ?IS TIME ,BAKUN9 KEPT HIS HEAD4  ,HE COMMUNICAT$ ! REBUKE TO ,MALATE/A & ALL ! O!R ,AN>*I/S :O W]E = W> ON ,TURKEY & DECL>$ ?AT SU* ABSURD DO+S REM9D$ HIM ( ! GOOD PEOPLE :O MADE SOCKS = ! HEA!N NEGROES !Y NEV] SAW & =GOT ! HALF- NAK$ & MORE ?AN />V$ POOR :O LIV$ AT HOME 9 !IR [N CITY & FROM TIME TO TIME CA/ !M ON ! /REETS4  ,MALATE/A WAS 9DIGNANT & REPLI$ ?AT :5EV] W> IS MADE ON ,C>?AGE1 ,ROME IS DEF5D$4  ,HE SET \T = ,TRIE/E1 & WAS TURN$ BACK4 ,HE SET \T AGA9 & WAS TURN$ BACK AT ,NEUSATZ4  ,AT ,UD9E HE WAS MI/AK5 = A RUNAWAY CU/OMS (FIC] & AFT] BE+ IMPRISON$ = A =TNI<T WAS RETURN$ TO ,NAPLES4  HE SP5T ! SUMM] ( #ahhf H]E & PASS$ ! TIME 9 DISCUSSION ) ,CAFI]O & ,EMILIO ,COVELLI4  ,!Y DECID$ TO REPLACE ! IDEAS ( COLLECTIVI/ ,AN>*ISM ) ?OSE ( ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM4 ,! NEXT CONGRESS HELD AT ,B]NE ON ,OCTOB] #b#f? TO #c?1 IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! CONGRESS AT ,FLOR5CE4  ,?IS CONGRESS OV]1 ,CAFI]O1 !N R$UC$ TO ABSOLUTE POV]TY ?R\< HAV+ GIV5 HIS =TUNE TO ! MOVEM5T & HAV+ BE5 ROBB$ BY COMRADES & O!RS1 ) ,MALATE/A BEGAN TO SE>* = WORK4  

 ,! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 DI%E>T5$ BY ! FAILURE ( 9SURRECTION>Y TACTICS1 & OPPRESS$ BY ! FUTILITY ( P>LIAM5T>Y1 N[ BEGAN TO CONSID] PROPAG&A BY DE$4  ,!RE IS NO MY/]Y AB\T ORIG9 ( SU* PROPAG&A4  ,I HAVE DEALT ) ?IS 9 O!R ESSAYS SPECIALLY DEVOT$ TO ! SUBJECT4  ,IT >ISES QUITE NATURALLY FROM ! S5SE ( WRONG1 FROM ! DESIRE TO REVOLT1 & FROM A G5]AL FEEL+ ( OPPRESSIVE FUTILITY4  ,NOT QUITE 9 ! =M ?AT IT SUBSEQU5TLY ASSUM$ 9 ! CASE ( ,RAVA*OL & O!RS1 BUT 9 A K9D ( TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSION BETWE5 9SURRECTION ON ! ONE H& & ! 9DIVIDUAL DE$ ON ! O!R1 ,CAFI]O & ,MALATE/A N[ SETTL$ UPON SU* AN UND]TAK+4  ,9 #a#h#f#i1 ,BAKUN9 HAD SUGGE/$ TO SOME ,BULG>IAN REVOLUTIONI/S :O HAD CONSULT$ HIM AT ,G5EVA1 A LOCAL 9SURRECTION4  ,:E!R ! ,ITALIANS W]E AW>E ( ?IS ADVICE OR NOT ONE CANNOT SAY1 BUT IT IS A FACT ?AT ,MALATE/A & ,CAFI]O CONSPIR$ TO BR+ AB\T A SMALL 9SURRECTION 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,LET9O & ,GALLO4  ,! 9SURRECTION TOOK PLACE ON ,APRIL #f?1 #a#h#g#g4  ,/EPNIAK WROTE AN 9SURRECTION>Y ,MANUEL = !M4  ,9 ALL1 #c PEOPLE W]E 9VOLV$4 ,BUT AS ! *IEF LOCAL CONSPIRATOR WAS A POLICE AG5T !Y W]E ALL >RE/$ BE=E ! 9SURRECTION TOOK PLACE4  ,S9CE ,MALATE/A & ,CAFI]O ESCAP$ ! PEASANTS MI/RU/$ !M4  AT LA/ ! 9SURRECTION BECAME A FACT4  ,TW5TY-EI<T PEOPLE 9 ALL REVOLT$1 BURN$ ! (FICIAL RECORDS1 & DI/RIBUT$ ! GOODS !Y HAD CONFISCAT$ AMONG ! COMMON PEOPLE4  ,( C\RSE !Y W]E SURR\ND$ BY MILIT>Y & >RE/$4  !Y REMA9$ 9 PREV5TIVE IMPRISONM5T - ?AT IS IMPRISONM5T PRIOR TO BE+ *>G$ - ,AT ,CAPUA1 ,MALATE/A'S BIR?PLACE = ONE YE>4 ,! DEA? ( ,VICTOR ,EMMANUEL ,I1 CAUS$ POLITICAL *ANGES 9 ,APRIL1 #a#h#g#h4  ,!Y W]E RE>RE/$ & 9DICT$ = ! MANSLAU<T] ( TWO G5D>MES :O HAD MET !IR DEA? DUR+ ! 9SURRECTION4 ,!Y W]E BR\<T TO TRIAL 9 ,AUGU/1 #a#h#g#h1 BUT ! JURY ACQUITT$ !M AFT] A WEEK'S HE>+4  ,DUR+ ?IS IMPRISONM5T ,CAFI]O WROTE HIS ABBREVIATION ( ,M>X'S 0,CAPITAL04  ,MALATE/A EXPLA9$ TO ,NETTLAU AT A LAT] DATE ?AT !Y ALL1 ,BAKUN9 9CLUD$1 !ORETICALLY FULLY ACCEPT$ ! CRITICISM ?AT ,M>X APPLI$ TO ! ,CAPITALI/ SY/EM & W]E 5?USIA/IC ,M>XI/S4  

 ,AFT] ! TRIAL ,MALATE/A SP5T A MON? AT ,NAPLES & !N TRAVEL$ TO ,EGYPT4  ,AFT] ,PASSANTE'S ATTEMPT ON ! LIFE ( ,K+ ,UMB]TO1 HE WAS >RE/$ ,P>9I & ,ALV9O & TRANSPORT$ TO ,BEYR\T 9 ,SYRIA4  ,H]E HE WAS RELEAS$1 IT BE+ UND]/OOD ?AT HE W\LD RETURN TO ,ITALY4  ,9/EAD HE WORK$ HIS WAY FROM PORT TO PORT ON A ,FR5* %IP & F9ALLY >RIV$ SAFE AT ,M>SEILLE4  ,! CAPTA9 ( ! VESSEL REFUS$ TO H& HIM OV] TO ! ,ITALIAN AU?ORITIES AL?\< !Y DEM&$ ?IS AT ,SMYRNA1 ,CA/ELLM>E1 & ,LE<ORN4  ,FROM ,M>SEILLE HE TRAVEL$ TO ,G5EVA & ASSI/$ AT ! F\ND+ ( ,KROPOTK9'S PAP]1 ! ,REVOLTE4 ?IS WAS 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#h#g#h4  ,) O!R ,AN>*I/S HE WAS N[ P]PETUALLY EXPELL$ FROM ,SWITZ]L&1 AL?\< HE SUBSEQU5TLY RETURN$ !RE DESPITE ?IS EXPULSION4  ,HE W5T TO ,RUMANIA & H]E F\ND EMPLOYM5T BUT WAS COMPELL$ TO LEAVE [+ TO FEV]4  ,HE RETURN$ TO ,P>IS & ASSI/$ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T :I* HAD BE5 9ITIAT$ !RE 9 #ahgg BY SOME ,FR5* ,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONALI/S :O HAD GOT 9 T\* ) ,&REA ,CO/A4  ,CO/A WAS >RE/$ & IMPRISON$1 :]E HIS IDEAS UND]W5T A *ANGE ON ! SUBJECT ( P>LIAM5T>Y4 ,CAFI]O & ,MALATE/A W]E EXPELL$ FROM ,FRANCE = ,AN>*ISM 9 #a#h#h4  ,UND] A FALSE PASSPORT ,MALATE/A TRAVEL$ TO ,LONDON VIA ,SWITZ]L&4  ,HE RETURN$ TO ,P>IS & WAS S5T5C$ TO F\R & A HALF MON?S SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T4  

 ,ON HIS RELEASE ,MALATE/A W5T TO ,BRUSSELS4  H]E HE *ALL5G$ ,PAUL ,LAF>GE TO A DUEL BECAUSE ,LAF>GE HAD ATTACK$ ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S 9CLUD+ ,MORAGO4  ,MANY ( ! ,SPANI% COMRADES HAD DI$ 9 /RUGGLE & O!RS ) W]E 9 PRISON4  :5 ONE CONSID]S H[ ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S HAVE /RUGGL$ D[N ! YE>S = FRE$OM 9 ,SPA92 :5 ONE REMEMB]S ?AT DUR+ ! TIME ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS W]E PURSU+ !IR USELESS P>LIAM5T>Y FANCIES ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S W]E BE+ JAIL$ & MURD]$ = !IR CAUSE2 & :5 ONE REALIZES ?AT :5 AT LA/ ! ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS W]E DRIV5 BY CIRCUM/ANCE TO FI<T & DIE H]OICALLY = !IR CAUSE AT ! B>RICADES & ON ! /REETS1 ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S W]E ALSO FI<T+ & DY+ 9 ! CAUSE ( LIB]TY2 !N ONE'S SYMPA?IES GO \T TO ,MALATE/A & HIS PROTE/ AGA9/ ,LAF>GE'S 9SULTS4  ,I DO NOT SAY ?AT ONE SYMPA?IZES ) HIS IDEA ( DEULL+4 ,QUITE RI<TLY1 ,LAF>GE REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ! *ALL5GE4  ,BUT HE DID NOT )DRAW HIS ATTACKS ON ! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S4 ,IT IS /RANGE TO ?9K ?AT1 AS PO9T$ \T 9 MY ESSAY ON ,BAKUN91 ,M>X WAS HAUNT$ AT ?IS TIME BY IMAG9ATION ?AT HIS TWO SONS-9- LAW1 ,LAF>GE & ,LONGUET1 W]E ! LA/ ,AN>*I/S1 :IL/ BO? W]E BITT]LY OPPOS$ TO ,AN>*ISM1 & :IL/ ! ,AN>*I/S1 9SPIR$ BY ,BAKUN9 & BY ,CAIF]O FROM HIS PRISON CELL W]E PUTT+ !IR HE>TS & S\LS 9TO ! TAKS ( EXPLA9+ & POPUL>IZ+ ! WORK ( ,M>X4  

 ,FOLL[+ UPON ! ,LAF>GUE EPISODE1 ,MALATE/A WAS EXPELL$ FROM ,BELGIUM & SETTL$ 9 ,LONDON = AB\T ?REE YE>S DAT+ =M ! 5D ( #a#i#i4  HE WAS A DELEGATE AT AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,CONGRESS :I* WAS CONV5$ 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#h#h#a4  H]E HE ASSOCIAT$ ) ,KROPOTK91 ,M]L9O1 ,JOHN ,LANE & ,FRANK ,KITZ4  ,9 #ahhb ! DEA? ( ,G>IBALDI CAUS$ ,MALATE/A TO PUBLI% HIS FIR/ SIGN$ >TICLE 9 ,LO?ROP ,)+TON'S ,DEMOCRATIC ,REVIEW4  ,) HIM 9 EXILE WAS ,CAFI]O4  ,MALATE/A WITNESS$ ! TOTAL DECL9E ( ! LATT]'S 9TELLECT & HIS PASSAGE 9TO IMBECILITY & LUNACY4  

 ,9 ! ,GRIDO DEL ,POPOLO ( ,JULY #b#a/1 #a#h#h#a1 ,CAFI]O PUBLI%$ A LETT] *>G+ ,CO/A ) AMBITION1 VANITY1 & HYPOCRISY = HIS P>LIAM5T>Y 9TRIGUES & REPUDIATION ( ,AN>*ISM4  ,HE COLLECT$ MAT]IALS = ! BIOGRAPHY ( ,BAKUN9 & MISLAID MO/ VALUABLE DOCUM5TS4  ,HE PREP>$ ! PUBLICATION ( 0GOD & ! ,/ATE0 ) ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 & ?IS $ITION WAS PUBLI%$ FROM ,G5EVA 9 #a#h#h#b4  ,HE ALSO PUT BE=E ,MALATE/A1 ,CECC>ELLI & O!R ,AN>*I/S ! \TL9ES ( A PLAN ( P>LIAM5T>Y TACTICS :]EBY ! ,AN>*I/ & ,SOCIALI/S C\LD UNITE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T )\T COMPROMISE & )\T RESORT+ TO ANY FUR!R ABORTIVE ATTEMPTS TO 9SURRECTION OR ABORTIVE PROPAG&A BY DE$4  ,AL?\< HIS ,AN>*I/ COMRADES W]E AGA9/ HIM AT ?IS PO9T1 ,CAFI]O DECL9$ TO BE TURN$ FROM HIS PURPOSE4  ,HE LEFT ,LONDON 9 ,M>*1 #a#h#h#b1 & PROCE$$ TO ,MILAN :]E HE PUBLI%$ ! LETT] PROCLAIM+ HIS POLICY ON ,OCTOB] #b#g?1 #a#h#h#b4  ,HE WAS UNABLE TO DEF5D HIS IDEAS 9 DISCUSSION BECAUSE SOON AFT] HE BECAME 9SANE & WAS PLAC$ 9 ASYLUM4 ,AFT] SEV]AL MON?S ( HORROR H]E ! ,ITALIAN AU?ORITIES DECID$ TO RELEASE HIM & TO CONDUCT HIM TO ! ,SWISS FRONTI]4 ,!Y W]E ANXI\S ?AT AN ,AN>*I/ %\LD NOT DIE 9 ASYLUM 9 CASE !Y %\LD BE SUSPECT$ ( MALTREAT+ HIM4 ,AT ! ,SWISS FRONTI] HE TRI$ TO COMMIT SUICIDE BUT WAS SAV$ BY HIS COMRADES & UND]W5T TREATM5T AT ! H&S ( ,BAKUN9'S ,TESS9ESE FRI5D1 ,E4 ,BELL]IO4  ,HE RECOV]$ SLI<TLY BUT REFUS$ TO /AY \TSIDE ( ,ITALY4  ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#c?1 #a#h#h#c1 HE WAS AGA9 PLAC$ 9 AN ASYLUM BY ! ,ITALIAN ,GOV]NM5T [+ TO HIS GRAVE M5TAL CONDITION4  ,HE WAS DIS*>G$ MANY YE>S LAT] BUT HIS HEAL? HAD BE5 WRECK$ & HE SOON DI$4  

 ,! CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT CAUS$ ,CAFI]O TO 5DEAVOR TO WORK \T SOME K9D ( POLITICAL EXPRESSION ( ,AN>*ISM 9 COMMON ) REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALISM ALSO *ANG$ ! NATURE ( ,MALATE/A'S PROPAG&A4  HE GAVE UP ! 9SURRECTION>Y TACTICS ( >MS & CAME =W>D AS ! AV[$ PROPAG&I/4  ,HE 5DEAVOR$ TO CREATE AN ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y ATMOSPH]E & TO DEVELOP A PROLET>IAN FAI? 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,AN>*ISM ) >GUM5TS & APPEALS TO REASON4  ,HE W5T TO W> ) LOGIC & COMMON-S5SE AGA9/ ! FALLACIES & ALLUREM5T ( P>LIAM5T>Y4  ,:E!R MY ,AN>*I/S COMRADES RECOGNIZE IT OR NOT1 ?IS WAS A DEF9ITE DEVELOPM5T ( :AT ,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON T]MS ACTIVITY ON ! CIVILIZ$ PLANE4  ,QUITE DEF9ITELY 9 MY OP9ION1 SU* PROPAG&A ACTIVITY NOT ONLY COMES )9 ! CATEGORY ( POLITICAL ACTION BUT IT IS ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL & MORE USEFUL =M ( POLITICAL ACTION4  ,IT *ANGES ! \TLOOK ( ! COMMON PEOPLE & PREP>ES A SOCIAL PSY*OLOGY & ALSO AN 9DIVIDUAL PSY*OLOGY :I* F9ALLY BREAKS D[N ALL TYRANNY & UND]M9ES ALL TRANSI5T APPEALS TO VIOL5CE4  ,A ! 5D ( ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE IT IS ! M9D ( ! PEOPLE & NO M]E P[] ( >MS ?AT WILL PREVAIL4  ,M9D HAS A PHYSICAL BASIS BUT IT DECL9ES TO ACKN[L$GE A PHYSICAL CONQUE/4  ,M9D CAME AFT] MATT] 9 ORD] ?AT M9D MI<T CONQU] MATT]4  ,?IS FACT IS =GOTT5 BY ALL DICTATORS & BY MO/ P]SONS :O BELIEVE 9 ! APPEAL TO VIOL5CE4  ,I DO NOT DISBELIEVE 9 ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( 9SURRECTION AT C]TA9 P]IODS ( CRISIS4  ,I AM NOT OPPOS$ TO ! TE/ ( VIOL5CE ON C]TA9 CRITICAL OCCASIONS4  ,BUT ,I DO PROTE/ ?AT :5 VIOL5CE DECIDES TO ACT CONTR>Y TO DICTATES ( REASON & TO ! H>MONY ( ! HUMAN M9D IT DEG5]ATES ! VIOL5CE 9 ! WOR/ S5SE ( ! T]M & HAV+ BECOME DISORD] IS NATURALLY & 9EVITABLY OV]?R[N4  ,NATURE NO MORE /&S = ! DEGRADATION & ! 5SLAVEM5T ( ! M9D ( MAN ?AN IT /&S = A VACUUM4  

 ,MALATE/A SELECT$ ,FLOR5CE = ! PUBLICATION ( ! PAP] ?AT EXPRESS$ ?IS NEW ATTITUDE4  ,HE CALL$ HIS PAP] ,LA ,QUE/IONE ,SOCIALE1 & IT FL\RI%$ FROM #ahhd TO #a#h#h#e4  ,ALL PREVI\S ,AN>*I/ PAP]S HAD BE5 FI<T+ PAP]S4  ,!Y W]E NEWSY & VIOL5T & !IR NEWS WAS NOT ALWAYS ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE4 ,BUT ?IS WAS A PROPAG&I/ PAP]1 ! FIR/ REAL PROPAG&I/ PAP] ( ! ,AN>*I/ & ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>Y MOVEM5T4 ,IT 9ITIAT$ A CAMPAIGN AGA9/ P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALISM & MA9TA9$ ?IS CAMPAIGN CONSI/5TLY & CONT9U\SLY4  ,IT CREAT$ A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ M9D & GAVE A CLE> ,SOCIALI/ UND]/&+4  ,IT PIONE]$ A MOVEM5T & ONE ?AT C\LD NOT BE DE/ROY$4  ,TO ITS COLUMNS ,MALATE/A CONTRIBUT$ ! MO/ POPUL> ( HIS PAMPHLETS1 LIKE HIS 0,TALK BETWE5 ! ,TWO ,WORK]S40 ,NE$LESS TO SAY ?IS CONT9U\S PROPAG&A ( ,AN>*ISM WAS CUT %ORT BY PROSECUTION4  ,MALATE/A HAD TO *OOSE BETWE5 IMPRISONM5T = ALLEG$ (F5SES AGA9/ ! PRESS & SPEE* LAWS ( ,ITALY1 OR VOLUNT>Y EXILE4 ,FEEL+ ?AT HE HAD SP5T 5\< ( HIS Y\? 9 PRISON HE DECID$ ON EXILE & LEFT ,EUROPE ALTOGE!R = ! ,>G5T9E ,REPUBLIC4 ,HE LIV$ H]E FROM #ahhe TILL #ahhi & CONDUCT$ A VIGOR\S ,AN>*I/ PROPAG&A & ?REW HIMSELF 9TO SYNDICALI/ ACTIVITY4 ,MEANTIME A C\RT 9 ,ROME HAD CONDEMN$ HIM1 9 #a#h#h#e1 DUR+ HIS ABS5CE4 

,HE RETURN$ TO ,EUROPE & SETTL$ 9 ,NICE :]E ON ,SEPTEMB] #f?1 #a#h#h#i1 HE PUBLI%$ ,I4',ASSOCIAZIONE1 A L>GE PAP] SIMIL> 9 /YLE TO HIS ,QUE/IONE ,SOCIALE4 ,AT ?IS TIME AN AG5T PROVOCATEUR ( ! ,ITALIAN ,GOV]NM5T1 NAM$ ,C>LO ,T]ZA<I1 WAS ACTIVE UND] AN ASSUM$ NAME4 ,T]ZA<I HAD BE5 EXPOS$ AS E>LY AS #ahgb BY ,CAFI]O & ,MALATE/A N[ RECOGNIZ$ ! SPY'S H&-WRIT+4 ,?IS 5D$ ! SPY'S ACTIVITY & MU/ HAVE SAV$ MANY COMRADES FROM IMPRISONM5T4 ,BUT IT ALSO 5D$ ,MALATE/A'S ACTIVITY4 ,AFT] ! SECOND NUMB] ( ! PAP] WAS PUBLI%$ ,MALATE/A WAS COMPELL$ TO SEEK ASYLUM 9 ,LONDON4 ,?IS WAS 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#h#h#i1 :]E HE JO9$ ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS'S & ,BEL=T ,BAX'S ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE4 ,HE PUBLI%$ HIS PAP] AT ,FULHAM & IT SURVIV$ SEV5 NUMB]S1 ! LA/ BE+ ISSU$ ON ,JANU>Y #b#cRD1 #a#h#i4 ,MALATE/A HAD COLLECT$ A PR9T+ FUND & WAS >RANG+ = ! PRODUCTION ( ILLEGAL ,ITALIAN PAMPHLETS4 ,BUT ! PR9T] RAN AWAY ) ! MONEY & ?IS ACTIVITY CAME TO AN 5D4 ,AFT] ?IS ,MALATE/A CONT5T$ HIMSELF = A TIME BY CONTRIBUT+ TO ! ,FR5* ,AN>*I/ PAP]S4 

,9 DESCRIB+ ,MALATE/A'S C>E] UP TO ?IS TIME ,I OMITT$ TO M5TION ?AT AT ! 5D ( #ahhc ,MALATE/A RETURN$ TO ,ITALY1 NOT)/&+ ! FACT ?AT HE WAS LIABLE TO IMPRISONM5T = SO DO+4 ,HE W5T TO ,NAPLES TO NURSE 9 A HOSPITAL ! VICTIMS ( ! T]RIBLE EPIDEMIC ( ,*OL]A ?AT WAS !N RAG+ ! C\NTRY4 ,! ,ITALIAN ,GOV]NM5T SUSP5D$ ITS *>GE AGA9/ HIM 9 ORD] ?AT HE MI<T R5D] ?IS S]VICE TO HIS FELL[ CITIZ5S4 ,MANY O!R ,AN>*I/S DID ! SAME & ( C\RSE ,SOCIALI/S ALSO4 ,CO/A WAS AMONG !SE & ALSO ! $ITOR ( ! ,AN>*I/ PAP]1 ,PROXIMUS ,TMCS1 :O MET HIS DEA? AS A RESULT ( HIS H]OISM 9 ?IS MATT]4 

,MALATE/A HAD LE>N$ ,SPANI% 9 ,SPA9 BUT MORE P>TICUL>LY 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,9 #a#h#i#a1 HE SUDD5LY DISAPPE>$ FROM ,LONDON & ORGANIZ$ A T\R ( ,AN>*I/ MEET+S & LECTURES ALL OV] ,SPA9 TILL WELL 9TO #a#h#i#b4 ,!N CAME ! ,X]ES REVOLT & HIS LECTURES W]E /OPP$ BY ORD] ( ! ,SPANI% ,GOV]NM5T4 ,HE !N TURN$ HIS ATT5TION TO ,ITALY & WAS >RE/$ AT ,LUGANO BY ! ,SWISS ,GOV]NM5T = 5DEAVOR+ TO ORGANIZE AN ,ITALIAN MOVEM5T FROM ,SWITZ]L&4 ,HE WAS >RE/$ = TRANSGRESS+ ! EXPULSION DEGREE ( #ahgi & ?REAT5$ ) EXTRADITION TO ,ITALY4 ,?IS RAIS$ AN \TCRY & AFT] A FEW WEEK'S IMPRISONM5T HE WAS ALL[$ TO RETURN TO ,LONDON4 ,ACTUALLY1 ,LONDON WAS HIS HOME UNTIL ! SPR+ ( #a#h#i#d1 = HIS VISITS TO ,SPA91 TO ,SWITZ]- L&1 & AT ,MAY P]IODS TO ,FRANCE W]E ALWAYS MADE FROM ,LONDON4 ,?IS WAS ACTUALLY HIS P]MAN5T DOMICILE4 

,9 #a#h#i#c1 ! ,SICILIAN PEASANTS W]E ON ! EVE ( 9SURRECTION & ! OLD EXIL$ ,AN>*I/S SECRETLY RETURN$ TO ,ITALY4 ,! EX-LAWY]1 ,M]L9O1 WAS AMONG !SE4 ,! AU?ORITIES DISCOV]$ HIM & HE WAS *AS$ BY POLICE ?R\< ! PUBLIC P>K ( ,NAPLES & >RE/$ 9 AN UTT]LY EXHAU/$ CONDITION4 ,MALATE/A ALSO RETURN$ TO ,ITALY & AT ONCE BECAME ! BUGBE> ( ! AU?ORITIES4 ,REW>DS W]E ISSU$ = HIS CAPTURE & ! PRESS PUBLI%$ REPORTS ( HIM BE+ SE5 EV]Y:]E4 ,HIS ADV5TURES ( #ahic TO #ahid MAKE SIMIL> READ+ TO ?OSE ( ! ,S9N ,FE9]S 9 ,IREL& PRIOR TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,IRI% ,FREE ,/ATE4 

,AFT] ,ITALY1 ,MALATE/A TURN$ HIS ATT5TION TO ,AM]ICA4 ,M]L9O HAD EMIGRAT$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 #ahib & ON ,JUNE #e? ( ?AT YE> />T$ AN ,ITALIAN PAP] AT ,NEW ,YORK 5TITL$ ! ,GRIDO DEGLI ,OPPRESSI4 ,A =TNI<T LAT] ,$ELMAN F\ND$ ,SOLID>ITY4 ,MALATE/A NEV] MA/]$ ! ,5GLI% LANGUAGE & WAS UNABLE TO ID5TIFY HIMSELF ) ! ,5GLI% SPEAK+ PROPAG&A4 ,ACCORD+LY1 HAV+ BE5 DRIV5 \T ( ,ITALY & RE- ASSOCIATION ) ,M]L9O HAV+ DIRECT$ HIS ATT5TION TO ,AM]ICA1 HE GAVE UP HIS ,LONDON DOMICILE = ! TIME BE+ & MIGRAT$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,H]E1 DUR+ ,I#h#i#e1 HE ID5TIFI$ HIMSELF ) ! ,ITALIAN & ,SPANI% PROPAG&A4 ,HE RETURN$ TO ,LONDON AFT] A YE>'S ACTIVITY & DISCOV]$ ?AT HE WAS ABLE TO RETURN TO ,ITALY ?R\< A SPECIAL AMNE/Y HAV+ BE5 GRANT$ TO HIM4 ,HE TOOK FULL ADVANTAGE ( ?IS & AT ONCE BECAME ! LIFE & S\L ( AN 9T5SE ,AN>*I/ PROPAG&A ?R\<\T ,ITALY & E/ABLI%$ HIS ?IRD PROPAG&A PAP]4 ,L',AGITAZIONE ONE WAS PUBLI%$ BY HIM FIR/ AT ,ANCOMA ON ,M>* #a#dL?1 #a#h#i#g1 & AFT]- W>DS AT ,ROME4 ,A YE> LAT] HE WAS DRIV5 FROM ,ITALY BY A NEW PROSECUTION & HIS PAP] WAS SEIZ$4 ,HE WAS >RE/$1 ?R[N 9TO PRISON1 & !N TRANSPORT$ BY ! ,ITALIAN ,GOV]NM5T TO AN ISL& P5IT5TI>Y 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN4 ,FROM H]E HE ESCAP$ & MADE HIS WAY TO ,LONDON = HIS ?IRD ,LONDON EXILE1 :I* LA/$ FROM #ahii TO ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#c4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD HIS ,ITALIAN COMRADES CONT9U$ TO PUBLI% ! J\RNAL HE HAD F\ND$4 ,9 ORD] TO OV]COME SEIZURE IT HAD TO CON/ANTLY *ANGE ITS NAME & APPE>$ UND] V>I\S TITLES1 SU* AS ,AGITATORE1 ,AGITIAMOCI1 L'RO ,AGITAZIONE11 ETC41 UNTIL #a#i#f4 

,HIS LIFE 9 ,LONDON WAS NOT )\T ADV5TURE4 ,HE WAS M5AC$ ) >RE/ DUR+ ! ,H\NDSDIT* AFFAIR ( #aiaa :I* IS BETT] KN[N BY ITS CUMULATION 9 ! ,SIDNEY ,/REET SIEGE :]E ,W9/ON ,*UR*ILL1 ) ! AID ( ! GU>DS1 ! FIRE BRIGADE1 ,SCOTL& ,Y>D1 & ! LOCAL POLICE1 MORE OR LESS DI/+UI%$ HIMSELF AS A BATTL+ ,HOME ,SECRET>Y4 ,IT %\LD BE M5TION$ ?AT ALL ! P]SONS >RE/$ 9 CONNECTION ) ?IS AFFAIR W]E ACQUITT$ AFT] TRIAL4 ,ON ,MAY #b?1 #a#i#a#b1 ,MALATE/A WAS S5T5C$ TO ?REE MON?S' IMPRISONM5T = ALLEG$ CRIM9AL LIBEL ) A RECOMM5DATION = HIS DEPORTATION4 ,9 CONNECTION ) ?IS AFFAIR ,I ORGANIZ$ ! ,MALATE/A ,RELIEF ,COMMITTEE :I* WAS REPUDIAT$ BY A NUMB] ( ! ,AN>*I/S :O ORGANIZ$ AN OPPOSITION ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE4 ,! ,RELIEF ,COMMITTEE1 H[EV]1 ORGANIZ$ A TREM5D\S DEMON/RATION 9 ,TRAFALG> ,SQU>E & ! DEPORTATION WAS )DRAWN4 

,9 #a#i#a#c1 ,MALATE/A DECID$ ?AT ! TIME HAD COME = ANO!R ,ITALIAN CAMPAIGN & HE RETURN$ TO ,ITALY :]E HE E/ABLI%$ HIS PAP] ,VOLANTA AT ,ANCOMA ON ,JUNE #h?1 #a#i#a#c4 ,! C>E] ( ?IS PAP] 5D$ 9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#a#d1 BE+ CUT %ORT BY A POPUL> UPRIS+ 9 ,ANCOMA & ! SMALL] T[NS ( ! ,ROMAGNA1 9 :I* ,AN>*I/S1 ,SOCIALI/S1 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,REPUBLICANS1 & ANTI-,CL]ICALS UNIT$ 9 /REET FI<T+ AGA9/ ! ,GOV]NM5T4 

,?IS WAS A DEFEAT SO F> AS ! /REET FI<T+ WAS CONC]N$4 ,BUT ?IS WAS FOLL[$ BY A RAPID PROPAG&A RECOV]Y4 ,MALATE/A HAD AGA9 TO LEAVE ,ITALY 9 DISGUISE AFT] AN AMAZ+ NUMB] ( ADV5TURES4 ,HIS COMRADES LO/ SI<T ( HIM UNTIL HE TURN$ UP 9 ,G5EVA & SOON AFT]W>DS REA*$ ,LONDON4 ,H]E ! W> OV]TOOK HIM1 & ,MALATE/A TOOK HIS /& AGA9/ ,KROPOTK9 & ! W>-MONG]S 9 A V]Y CLE> /ATEM5T ( HIS ANTI-MILIT>I/ VIEWS4 ,9 #a#iL#i4 HE DET]M9$ TO RETURN AGA9 TO ,ITALY & P]SUAD$ ! ,ITALIAN ,CONSUL TO GIVE HIM A PASSPORT4 ,! ,FR5* ,GOV]NM5T REFUS$ TO ALL[ HIM TO TRAVEL ?R\< ,FRANCE & ) GREAT DIFFICULTY HE DISCOV]$ A %IP ?AT GAVE HIM A PASSAGE TO ,G5OA :]E HE L&$ 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#a#i1 & RECEIV$ AN 5?USIA/IC WELCOME FROM ! ,ITALIAN WORK]S4 ,HE WAS >RE/$ 9 ,TOSCANA BUT RELEAS$ AS A RESULT ( ?REAT5$ G5]AL /RIKE4 ,HE E/ABLI%$ A DAILY PAP]1 ,UMANITA ,NOVA1 9 ,MILAN4 ,?IS PAP] WAS F9ALLY SUPPRESS$ BY ,FASCISM4 

,AFT] ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ,FASCISM 9 ,ITALY1 ,MALATE/A'S LIFE WAS A TRAG$Y4 ,! SUP]VISION ( ! POLICE ) :I* HE WAS H>ASS$ NOT ONLY AFFECT$ HIS MAT]IAL CONDITIONS BUT ALSO R$UC$ HIM TO A /ATE ( ABSOLUTE ISOLATION4 ,MUSSOL9I KNEW ,MALATE/A WELL & IS SAID TO HAVE EXPRESS$ CONSID]ABLE RESPECT = HIM4 ,?IS RESPECT NOT)/&+1 ! ,GOV]NM5T C]TA9LY MADE IT DANG]\S = ANYONE TO BE KN[N AS ,MALATE/A'S FRI5D1 OR TO VISIT HIM1 TO RECOGNIZE HIM 9 ! /REET1 OR TO WRITE TO HIM ON ANY PRETEXT4 ,:ATEV] CITIZ5 ( ,ITALY MADE EV5 ! MILDE/ APPROA* TO A RECOGNITION ( ,MALATE/A WAS DE/9$ TO BECOME A VICTIM ( ,FASCI/ P]SECUTION4 ,MALATE/A WAS ALL[$ TO CORRESPOND ) HIS =EIGN FRI5DS & EV5 TO S5D !M >TICLES4 ,BUT ! ANSW]S W]E OP5$ & IF !RE WAS ANY M5TION ( HIS ,ITALIAN FRI5DS1 ?AT AGA9 S]V$ AS AN EXCUSE = FUR!R IMPRISONM5T4 ,ALL ?IS CAME TO AN 5D :5 ,MALATE/A DI$ ON ,JULY #b#bND1 #a#i#c#b4 

,9 DEA? IT IS GIV5 TO US TO E/IMATE ! WOR? ( A MAN & TO PAY TRIBUTE TO HIS IMPORTANCE AS A REVOLUTION>Y PIONE]4 ,MALATE/A REPIES5T$ ?AT R>E TYPE :OSE 5TIRE BE+ IS A *AL- L5GE TO ALL ! TRADITIONS & GOV]N+ PR9CIPLES ( ,CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,HE SUBORD9AT$ ! :OLE ( HIS BE+ TO ! FUR!RANCE ( AN IDEA4 ,HE PUT PR9CIPLE BE=E PR9CIPAL4 ,HIS 9T]E/ WAS LIFE & NOT MONEY & NOT P[]4 ,BORN 9 ! B\RGEOISIE1 A /UD5T AT ! ,UNIV]SITY AT ,NAPLES1 HE AB&ON$ EV]Y?+ :5 ! MOM5T >RIV$ TO *OSE HIS WAY4 ,HE CA/ ASIDE ALL BONDS ( FAMILY & REPUDIAT$ HIS SMALL 9H]IT$ PROP]TIES4 ,HE MADE PRES5TS ( !SE TO ! PEASANTS :O OCCUPI$ !M ON ! GR\ND ?AT !Y W]E HIS NEI<BORS4 ,HE AB&ON$ ALL B\RGEOISE ASPIRATIONS & GAVE UP ALL IDEA ( B\RGEOISE WELF>E & MAT]IAL SECURITY4 ,HE GAVE UP HIS M$ICAL /UDIES 9 ORD] TO BECOME A ME*ANIC & AN ELECTRICAL 5G9E]4 ,FROM ?IS TIME ON HE E>N$ HIS LIV+ AS A WORK]1 (T5 BE+ R$UC$ TO ! GUTT] & AT TIMES BE+ 9 ABSOLUTE WANT ( A MEAL4 ,:5 UNABLE TO OBTA9 A JOB HE OCCASIONALLY TURN$ /REET HAWK]4 ,ALL ! TIME HE WAS POSSESS$ BY ?IS IDEA1 ! EMANCIPATION ( ! COMMON PEOPLE4 ,HIS 5TIRE LIFE (F]$ A DI/9CT CONTRA/ TO ! LABOR LEAD] & ! POLITICIAN4 ,!RE IS NO METAPHYSICAL COMPLICATION1 NO 9T]E/$ SUBTLETY ( ?\<T AB\T HIS S5TIM5T OR HIS IDEAS4 ,HIS LIFE IS SIMPLE & C&ID4 ,AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 LIV+ UND] CLASS SOCIETY1 HE TRI$ TO BE GOV]N$ BY ! ULTIMATE IDEALS ( ,AN>*Y1 ,COMMONWEAL1 & ,FRE$OM :I* CAN ONLY F9D EXPRESSION 9 A NEW SOCIETY ( :I*1 FROM HIS Y\? TO HIS OLD AGE1 HE WAS SU* A FE>LESS & UNTIR+ PIONE]4 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,JOHANN ,MO/ 

 ,JOHN ,MO/ WAS BORN 9 ,BAV>IA ON ! #e? ( ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#h#d#f4 ,HE WAS A BOOKB9D] BY TRADE1 BUT [+ TO HIS ROAM+ DISPOSITION HE DELI<T$ 9 TRAMP+ FROM T[N TO T[N & C\NTRY TO C\NTRY4 ,9 ?IS WAY HE HAD A GOOD OPPORTUNITY ( GETT+ 9TO CONTACT ) ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS ,MOVEM5T1 & 9 #ahfi HE BECAME AN >D5T ,REPUBLICAN1 ,SOCIALI/ & ,A!I/4 

,AB\T ?IS TIME ,MO/ W5T TO ,VI5NA :]E1 = HIS SEV]E CRITICISM ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 HE SP5T SEV]AL MON?S 9 PRISON4 ,!N1 ON HIS RELEASE1 HE TOOK P>T 9 ORGANIZ+ ! ,DEMON/RATION ( ,DECEMB]1 #a#h#f#i1 AT :I* AB\T #b1 WORK+ M5 DEM&$ ,MANHOOD ,SUFFRAGE1 ! RESULT ( :I* 5D$ 9 ! >RE/ ( ! LEAD]S1 AMONG :OM W]E JOHN ,MO/ & ,&REAS ,S*EU4 ,!Y W]E *>G$ ) ,HI< ,TREASON1 & AFT] A LONG TRIAL ,MO/ & ,S*EU W]E S5T5C$ TO SIX YE>S IMPRISONM5T4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#h#g#a1 AN UNEXPECT$ AMNE/Y LIB]AT$ ! PRISON]S1 BUT ,MO/ WAS EXPELL$ FROM ,AU/RIA4 

,9 ,MA9Z1 :]E HE $IT$ A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PAP]1 ,MO/1 AT ! REQUE/ ( ! WORK]S1 /OOD AS A ,MEMB] = ! ,REI*- /AG1 BELIEV+ HE C\LD EXPOSE ! POV]TY ( ! WORK]S & PROPAGATE HIS REM$Y--,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALISM4 ,BUT1 TO HIS GREAT DISAPPO9TM5T1 HE F\ND ?AT HIS ,P>LIAM5T>Y EF=TS W]E UTT]LY FUTILE4 

,9 ,B]L9 9 #a#h#g#d1 ,MO/ DELIV]$ A SPEE* ON !4 ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 & WAS IMM$IATELY >RE/$ & S5T5C$ TO TWO YE>S IMPRISONM5T4 ,ON ! EXPIRY ( HIS S5T5CE HE WAS GIV5 ! $ITOR%IP ( ! ,B]L9 ,FREE ,PRESS4 ! L>GE/ ,ORGAN ( ,G]MAN ,SOCIALISM4 ,UND] ! $ITOR%IP ( ,MO/1 ?IS PAP] BECAME REM>KABLE = ITS 9DEP5D5T TONE1 UNLIKE ! PAP]S $IT$ BY ! ,LASSALLEANS1 ,BEBEL & ,LIEBKNE*T4 ,HE ATTACK$ ! ,*RI/IAN ,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T ) A VIGOR\S ,FREE?\<T ,PROPAG&A AMONG ,SOCIALI/S1 BE+ DET]M9$ ?AT ! VIRUS ( ! ,GOD ,IDEA %\LD BE COMPLETELY ELIM9AT$ FROM ! ,SOCIALI/ RANKS4 

,:ILE 9 PRISON 9 #a#h#g#h1 ! ,ANTI-,SOCIALI/ ,LAW WAS PASS$1 :I* MEANT1 ?AT UPON LIB]ATION1 ,MO/ WAS EXPELL$ FROM ,B]L94 ,ON HIS RELEASE FROM PRISON1 ,MO/ W5T TO ,LONDON1 :]E ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,CLUB 5ABL$ HIM TO PUBLI% ,FREIHEIT 7,FRE$OM7----! PAP] :I* BECAME HIS REAL LIFE'S WORK4 ,! FIR/ NUMB] WAS ISSU$ ON ! #d? ( ,JANU>Y1 #a#h#g#i4 ,! PAP] WAS WRITT5 9 /RONG T]SE LANGUAGE :I* PLAC$ IT 9 ! =EFRONT ( ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE4 ,IT WAS =BIDD5 9 ,G]MANY1 BUT WAS SMUGGL$ 9TO ?AT C\NTRY BY V>I\S +5I\S ME?ODS4 ,IT WAS V]Y POPUL> AMONG ,G]MAN WORK]S :O W]E BE+ SATIAT$ BY ! SOPHI/RY ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS4 ,AS ! PAP] CONT9U$1 ITS PROGRESS DEVELOP$ FROM ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALISM TO ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM4 

,MO/1 ) ! HELP ( A FEW 5]GETIC COMRADES CONT9U$ TO PUBLI% ,FREIHEIT1 UNTIL ! ,5GLI% ,GOV]NM5T CAME TO ! ASSI/ANCE ( ,BISM>CK & PUT ,MO/ 9TO PRISON UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT HIS >TICLE 5TITL$ 0,5DLI*60 7,AT ,LA/67---ON ! EXECUTION ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 ( ,RUSSIA BY ! ,NIHILI/S - - 9CIT$ TO ! MURD] ( K+S 9 G5]AL4 ,?IS WAS 9 ,M>*1 #a#h#h#a4 ,9 SPITE ( ! 9DIGNATION ( ,RADICALS & ,SOCIALI/S AT ?IS ,PRESS P]SECUTION1 & ! ELOQU5T SPEE* = ! DEF5SE BY ,A4 ,M4 ,SULLIVAN1 ,M4,P41 ,LORD ,COL]IDGE S5T5C$ ,MO/ TO EI<TE5 MON?S H>D LABOR4 

,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ,MO/'S PROSECUTION WAS URG$ UPON ! !N ,BRITI% ,GOV]NM5T BY ,BISM>CK4 ,ALEX&] LL4 WAS KILL$ BY ,R\SAK(F1 ,SOPHIE ,P]OVSKAYA1 & SOME O!R ,NIHILI/S4 ON ,M>* #a#c1 #a#h#h#a4 ,MO/ ISSU$ HIS ,FREIHEIT1 9 ,G]MAN1 FROM ! ,ROSE ,/REET ,CLUB ON ,SATURDAY1 ,M>* #a#i4 ,SURR\ND$ BY ,RUSSIAN & ,G]MAN REFUGEES1 ! VICTIMS & 5EMIES ( ,ABSOLUTE ,GOV]NM5T1 ,MO/ REJOIC$ 9 ?IS ACT ( T]RORISM4 ,HE EXPRESS$ HIS V[ ?AT ?IS KILL+ WAS NO MURD]4 A VIEW HELD BY TYRANNICIDES D[N ! AGES4 ,! DANG] ( ?IS VIEW IS ?AT IT WAS SUBSCRIB$ TO BY ! ASSASS9 ( ,ABRAHAM ,L9COLN & 9 ! CASE ( ! MO/ FAM\S ( ,AM]ICAN ,PRESID5TS1 APPE>S MORE LIKE AN ACT ( LIB]TICIDE ?AN TYRANNICIDE4 ,! ,CZ>'S TYRANNY WAS A FACT BEYOND DISPUTE1 AL?\< ! WISDOM ( ! ASSASS9ATION CAN BE QUE/ION$4 ,! ,FREIHEIT1 APPLAUD+ ! DE$ AS AN EXECUTION1 REA*$ ,G]MANY1 & CAME TO ! NOTICE ( ,BISM>CK4 ,HE COMPLA9$ TO ,E>L ,GRANVILLE & ,MO/ WAS PROSECUT$4 

,MO/ WAS >RE/$4 ,ALL HIS PAP]S & DOCUM5TS W]E SEIZ$4 ,HE WAS HURRI$ TO ,B[ ,/REET1 COMMITT$ = TRIAL1 & REFUS$ BAIL4 ,:IL/ 9 PRISON1 AWAIT+ TRIAL1 HE WAS DRAGG$ =CIBLY TO ,*UR*1 DESPITE HIS PROTE/S ?AT HE WAS AN ,A!I/4 ,HE WAS MADE TO WE> PRISON G>B & COMPELL$ TO DO H>D LABOR4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT HIS TREATM5T WAS ILLEGAL4 

,ON ! >RE/ ( ,MO/1 MEMB]S ( ! ,ROSE ,/REET ,CLUB1 ) SYMPA?IZ]S \TSIDE1 ISSU$ A PROTE/ & AN APPEAL = ASSI/ANCE1 & A ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE WAS =M$4 ,?IS ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE1 :OSE MOV+ SPIRIT WAS ,FRANK ,RITZ1 CONSI/$ ( SOME HALF-DOZ5 COMRADES4 AB\T AS POOR AS C\LD BE4 NONE ( :OM WAS 9 RECEIPT ( MORE ?AN ?IRTY %ILL+S 9COME P] WEEK4 ,MEET+S W]E ORGANIZ$1 A FUND WAS />T$1 BUT ITS GREATE/ & BOLDE/ A*IEVEM5T WAS ! LAUN*+ ( A WEEKLY PAP]1 ,! ,FREIHEIT1 9 ,5GLI%4 ,! SECOND NUMB] CONTA9$ 9 FULL1 & 9 ,5GLI%1 ! >TICLE = :I* ,MO/ WAS BE+ PROSECUT$1 & :I*1 ( C\RSE1 9 ,MO/'S ,FREIHEIT WAS 9 ,G]MAN4 ,?IS NUMB] WAS SOLD \TSIDE ! ,OLD ,BAILEY :IL/ ,MO/ WAS UND]GO+ HIS TRIAL )94 

,! ,FREIHEIT RAN TO SEV5 NUMB]S1 FROM ,APRIL #b#d? TO ,JUNE #e?1 #a#h#h#a1 & !N CEAS$ = WANT ( FUNDS1 HAV+ ACCOMPLI%$ MU* 9 ! WAY ( DEF5SE1 & = SEV5 WEEKS ! DISSEM9ATION ( ,SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES4 

,! TRIAL WAS HELD AT ! ,C5TRAL ,CRIM9AL ,C\RT ON ,MAY #b#e?4 #a#h#h#a1 ! *>GES BE+ LIBEL & 9CIT+ TO MURD]4 ,! 9DICT- M5T COV]$ =TY-TWO PAGES ( CLOSELY-WRITT5 L>GE BRIEF PAP]4 & CONTA9$ TWELVE C\NTS1 *>G+1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ) 5C\RAG+ P]SONS TO MURD] ,ALEX&] ,I,I4 ( ,RUSSIA & ,WILLIAM ,EMP]OR ( ,G]MANY4 ,TO ANY P]SON ( ORD9>Y COMMON S5SE ! :OLE TRIAL1 ) ITS LEGAL J>GON1 WAS SIMPLY LUDICR\S4 ,MO/ HAD COMM5T$ ON AN ASSASS9ATION ( :I* HE HAD NO PREVI\S KN[L$GE4 ,HE MO/ C]TA9LY DID NOT 9CITE ANYONE TO ASSASS9ATE ! ,KAIS]4 

,ONE C\NT *>G$ ,MO/ ?AT HE 0DID UNLAWFULLY1 KN[+LY1 WILLFULLY & WICK$LY 5C\RAGE ,*>LES ,$W>D ,M>R TO MURD] ! ,SOV]EIGNS1 ETC41 AGA9/ ,/ATUTE & PEACE1 ETC40 ,ANO!R C\NT *>G$ ,MO/ ?AT HE 0DID UNLAWFULLY1 ETC41 ETC41 P]SUADE ,*>LES ,$W>D ,M>R TO MURD] ! ,SOV]EIGNS1 ETC41 ETC410 

,! ,ATTORNEY-,G5]AL1 ! ,SOLICITOR-,G5]AL1 ,MR4 ,POL&1 ,MR4 ,A4 ,L4 ,SMI?1 & ,MR4 ,DANCKW]TS APPE>$ = ! PROSECUTION = ! ,CR[N3 ,MR4 ,A4 ,M4 ,SULLIVAN WAS C\NSEL = ! DEF5SE4 

,AFT] A MO/ ELOQU5T SPEE* = ! DEF5SE & A FEW WORDS FROM ,LORD ,*IEF ,JU/ICE ,COL]IDGE1 ! JURY RETIR$1 & 9 AB\T TW5TY M9UTES RETURN$ ) A V]DICT ( ,GUILTY ON ALL C\NTS4 ,S5T5CE WAS PO/PON$ TO DET]M9E A LEGAL QUIBBLE AS TO :E!R ! ,ACT UND] :I* ,MO/ WAS 9DICT$ REALLY APPLI$ TO HIM OR HIS (F5SE4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 WAS A =EGONE CONCLUSION1 & ON ,JUNE #b#i? ,MO/ WAS BR\<T UP & S5T5C$ AS /AT$4 ,COMM5T+ ON ! CASE1 ! CONDUCT ( ! TRIAL1 ! TREATM5T TO :I* ,MO/ WAS SUBJECT$1 ETC41 ! ,DAILY ,NEWS1 !N A REALLY VALUABLE ORGAN ( ,RADICAL OP9ION1 SAID 3--- 

0,9 ! FACE ( A RECOMM5DATION TO M]CY FROM ! JURY1 ,MO/1 :O HAS BE5 LY+ = MON?S ALREADY 9 PRISON1 HAS BE5 AW>D$ A P5ALTY :I*4 TO AN $UCAT$ MAN (' S$5T>Y HABITS IS AS SEV]E AS EV5 ,LORD ,COL]IDGE'S IMAG9ATION CAN PICTURE40 

,B5NET ,BURLEI<1 :O LAT] BECAME FAM\S AS A J\RNALI/1 PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET REPORT ( ! TRIAL4 ,HE CONCLUD$ HIS PREFATORY REM>KS ) !SE PROPHETIC WORDS 3 --- 

0,A DAY ( RECKON+ MU/ COME4 ,LET ?OSE :O >E FALSE TO FRE$OM RECOLLECT ?AT IS C]TA94 ,:5 ! PEOPLE AWAK5 ! MI<TY WILL FAIL & CONTEMPT HE P\R$ UPON !M LIKE WAT]40 

,DUR+ ,MO/'S IMPRISONM5T1 #a#h#h#a-#a#h#h#b1 ! ,FREIHEIT APPE>$ REGUL>LY4 ,MO/ WAS A REGUL> CONTRIBUTOR & CONTRIV$ TO PASS HIS COPY ?R\< PRISON B>S4 

,! NEXT PROSECUTION ( ! PAP] WAS CAUS$ BY AN >TICLE APPROV+ ( ! KILL+ ( ,CAV5DI% & ,BURKE1 9 ,PH5IX ,P>K1 ,DUBL94 ,?IS TIME ! COMPOSITORS ( ! PAP]1 ,S*WELM & ,M]T51 W]E S5T5C$ TO LONG T]MS ( H>D LABOR4 ,! NEXT TWO ISSUES W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 & :5 ,MO/ LEFT PRISON 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#h#h#b1 HE ACCEPT$ ! 9VITATION ( ! ,NEW ,YORK ,G]MAN ,COMRADES TO COME TO ,AM]ICA1 & PUBLI% ! ,FREIHEIT !RE4 ,FROM ?IS TIME UNTIL HIS DEA?1 ,AM]ICA WAS HIS ,>5A ( ,PROPAG&A4 

,FROM #a#h#h#b-#a#h#h#g ! ,FREIHEIT WAS AT ITS Z5I?4 ,!N CAME ! 0,DRAMA ( ,*ICAGO40 ,IT WAS =TUNATE ?AT ,MO/ WAS 9 PRISON AT ! TIME ( ! >RE/ ( ! ,*ICAGO COMRADES AS HE W\LD PROBABLY HAVE BE5 >RE/$ & HANG$ ) ,SPIES1 ,P>SONS & !IR CONFR]ES4 ,! REASON ( HIS IMPRISONM5T WAS A FALSE PRESS REPORT ( A LECTURE HE DELIV]$ 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 RESULT+ 9 HIS BE+ S5T TO ! ,P5IT5TI>Y = A YE>4 

,ON ! #a#b? ( ,NOVEMB]1 ! DAY AFT] ! MURD] ( ! ,*ICAGO ,AN>*I/S1 ,MO/1 EXPRESS+ HIS DEEP SYMPA?Y = ! LOSS ( HIS BRAVE COMRADES1 DELIV]$ A SPEE*1 :I* WAS BY NO MEANS ( AN 9C5DI>Y NATURE---9DE$ ITS MOD]ATION SEEM$ TO BE /UDI$----BUT SO EAG] W]E ! POLICE TO LAY H&S ON ALL ,LABOR ,ADVOCATES AT ?IS TIME1 ?AT !Y HAD ,MO/ >RE/$ & S5T5C$ TO #ab MON?S IMPRISONM5T = A SO-CALL$ 9C5DI>Y SPEE*4 

,:5EV] A ,REVOLUTION>Y ACT WAS COMMITT$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,PRESS CALL$ = ! >RE/ ( ,MO/4 ,A PRETEXT WAS F\ND = HIS P]SECUTION ON ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,MC,K9LEY1 :5 HE GOT ANO!R #ab MON?S IMPRISONM5T4 ,MO/ ACCEPT$ ?IS P]SECUTION AS IF IT W]E ALL 9 ! DAY'S WORK4 

,HE FLAUNT$ ! ,BANN] ( ,AN>*Y BE=E ! ,CITADEL ( ,CAPITALISM UNTIL HIS DEA?4 AT ! AGE ( SIXTY1 ON ! #a#g? ( ,M>*1 #a#i#f1 AT ,C9C9NATI1 :ILE ON A LECTUR+ T\R4 

,JOHN ,MO/'S LA/ WORDS W]E *>ACT]I/IC ( ! MAN4 ,HE REA*$ ,C9C9NATI FIVE DAYS BE=E HIS DEA?1 FEEL+ UNWELL1 SO BAD ?AT HIS FRI5DS BECAME AL>M$1 BUT HE W\LD NOT GIVE 94 ,:ILE TRAVEL+ HE HAD CONTRACT$ A COLD1 :I* ! ADV]SE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS BR\<T TO A HEAD4 ,/ILL1 HE ?\<T ?AT A FEW DAYS RE/ AMONG HIS FRI5DS W\LD 5ABLE HIM ONCE AGA9 TO />T ON HIS T\R ( 0,AGITATION40 ,BUT ?IS WAS ! LA/ RALLY BE=E ! 5D :I* CAME QUICKLY & PEACEFULLY4 0,LET ME GO \T--- ,I MU/ GO \T & SPEAK0 W]E HIS LA/ WORDS1 & ) !M HE PASS$ AWAY4 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,R$ ,MAY3 ,TRAG$Y & ,RESURG5CE 
0,*ICAGO ,SWELLS ! ,SURG+ ,?RONG40 

,FROM #a#h#h#g1 D[N TO ! YE> BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! WORLD W>1 IT WAS ! CU/OM1 9 ,AN>*I/ CIRCLES1 TO COMMEMORATE1 EV]Y #a#a? ( ,NOVEMB]1 ! DEA? ( ! ,*ICAGO ,M>TYRS4 ,?AT DAY WAS D$ICAT$1 AFT] #a#i#a#h1 TO ! FRAUD & F>CE ( CAPITALI/ >MI/ICE CELEBRATION1 UNTIL ! SECOND WORLD W> 5D$ SU* TRIBUTES TO ! DEAD ( #a#i#a#d-#a#h4 ,9 PROLET>IAN CIRCLES ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ANNIV]S>Y DW>F$ ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ,*ICAGO COMMEMORATION4 ,! WOR? ( ?AT REVOLUTION WAS LIQUIDAT$ SOME:AT BY ! RETREAT TO CAPITALISM VIA ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY4 ,EV5TS MU/ PASS 9TO HI/ORY1 H[EV]1 & DECL9E AS M]E CELEBRATIONS4 ,?IS LATE HAS OV]TAK5 ! MEMORY ( ! ,*ICAGO ,M>TYRS4 ,WE CELEBRATE !IR DEA?S NO MORE4 ,WE NO LONG] MAKE A SA9TS' DAY ( IT4 ,BUT WE RECORD IT AS A PASSAGE ( ,SOCIALI/ HI/ORY1 A *APT] ( PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE4 

,MAY1 EV5 MORE ?AN ,M>*1 IS ,LABOR'S ,R$ ,MON?4 ,IT IS ! MON? ( W>M?1 LIFE1 & BEAUTY1 ! MAGIC MON? ( SUN- %9E & REBIR?1 ( COLOR & ABUNDANCE1 ( 5]GY & SONG4 ,BECAUSE ( ITS RI*1 W>M CALL TO LIFE IT IS ! MON? ( LABOR4 ,MAY IS A SATIRE ON CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 AN IRONY ON WAGE-SLAV]Y4 ,IT CALLS TO ACTIVE REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION TO ! PRES5T ECONOMIC ORD]1 & BIDS ! PROLET>IAT AWAKE TO A KN[L$GE ( ITS ECONOMIC MI<T4 ,!N %ALL WE WITNESS A REAL MON? ( ,MAY1 A MON? ( LABOR AT H>MONY ) NATURE1 AN EPO* ( H>MONY 9 PLACE ( \R PRES5T DISCORD4 ,! ,SUN1 9 ALL HIS GLORY1 WILL %9E NO MORE ON MA/]S & SLAVES1 ON PALACES & HOVELS1 BUT ON A WORLD ( FREEM5 & FREEWOM51 CITIZ5S ( ! E>?1 ACTIVE1 COOP]ATIVE1 & EQUAL4 

,FIFTY-ONE YE>S HAVE PASS$ S9CE ! ,P>IS ,CONGRESS1 AT ! SUGGE/ION ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR1 DECID$ ON ! ,MAY ,DAY DEMON/RATION4 ,! IDEA WAS TO SYMBOLIZE ! DIRECT /RUGGLE ( ,LABOR AGA9/ ,CAPITALISM1 TO U%] 9 ! SOCIAL BATTLE1 TO S\ND ! NOTE ( VICTORY4 ,! SYMBOLISM HAS BE5 CRU%$ BY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 & ! CALL ( ,MAY HAS LO/ ITS PSY*OLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,?IS WAS 9EVITABLE4 ,SYMBOLISM CANNOT SATISFY = EV]4 ,! /RUGGLE T[>DS EMANCIPATION IS SOME?+ MORE ?AN A M]E P>ADE4 ,! TRUE IMPORT & ESS5CE ( ! ,MAY IDEA WAS LO/ :5 ! P>ADE BECAME ACCEPT$4 ,IT M5AC$ P>LIAM5T>Y C>E]ISM & SO ! OPPORTUNI/ P>LIAM5T>Y LEAD]S FALSIFI$ ! MEAN+ ( ! CELEBRATION4 ,!Y LIQUIDAT$ ITS 5]GY4 ,TO !M ! G]M9AT+ ( SPR+1 ! SYMBOL ( AWAK5+ LABOR1 WAS AN OM5 ( EVIL4 ,& SO !Y DULL$ ! WORK]S' 5?USIASM1 & ADVIS$1 ) LY+ TONGUE 9 *EEK1 ?AT !Y W\LD GA9 ALL ?OSE ?+S TO :I* !Y ASPIR$ JU/ AS SOON AS !Y MADE AN EFFECTIVE DEMON/RATION AT ! BALLOT BOX4 ,! ,FIR/ ( ,MAY WAS TO 5D 9 A VOT]S' P>ADE4 

,& SO P>LIAM5T>ISM1 :I* HAS LIQUIDAT$ ,SOCIALISM1 HAS ABOLI%$ ,MAY ,DAY & ! 5]GY ( ! ,MAY CALL4 ,P>LIAM5T IS ! 5EMY ( ,LABOR & ( ,SPR+4 ,! ,FIR/ ( ,MAY IS NO LONG] CELEBRAT$ BY ! WORK]S4 0,:AT'S ! USE ( /OPP+ WORK ON ?IS DAY & DEMON/RAT+10 ! PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS1 ! P>LIAM5T>Y C>E]I/S1 ASK 9 A TONE ( DISDA9FUL WISDOM4 ,!SE FOLK DISLIKE DI/URBANCE & 9CONV5I5CE BECAUSE !Y S5SE !IR [N GR[+ IMPORTANCE UND] CAPITALISM1 & WANT ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL MA*9]Y TO WORK H>MONI\SLY TO !IR [N 9DIVIDUAL ADVANCEM5T1 & ! MORE COMPLETE 5SLAVEM5T ( ! VA/ H]D ( VOT+1 TRU/+ PROLET>IANS4 ,SO ! FIR/ ( ,MAY HAS COME TO BE1 SOMETIMES1 ,SUNDAY1 ,APRIL #c2 & AT O!RS1 ,SUNDAY1 ,MAY #b1 & SO ON4 ,ONLY BY ! CONNIVANCE ( ! CAL5D> IS ,MAY ,DAY N[ CELEBRAT$ ON ,MAY ,DAY4 

,BUT WE W\LD REVIVE ,MAY ,DAY1 NOT AS A DAY ( USELESS CELEBRATION1 BUT AS A CALL-DAY TO REVOLUTION4 ,WE W\LD MAKE AN EPIC ( ! DAY1 SO ?AT IT %\LD FIRE M5'S BLOOD1 & MAKE IT :ITE HOT ) ! FLAME ( TRUE 5?USIASM4 ,:AT MORE FITT+ !ME CAN WE SELECT TO A*IEVE ?IS 5D1 UNLESS IT BE ! /ORY ( ! ,COMMUN>DS BECAUSE ( !IR NUMB] AS WELL AS C\RAGE1 ?AN ! RECORD OI ! ,*ICAGO ,M>TYRS8 

,IT IS NO ISOLAT$ MESSAGE ?IS MESSAGE ( ,*ICAGO4 ,IF IT W]E IT W\LD NOT BE A MESSAGE ( ,MAYTIME4 ,IT IS ONLY ONE ( ! MANY GREAT TRAG$IES ?AT HAVE BE5 CONCLUD$ 9 ! NAME ( CLASS DOM9ATION & AU?ORITY4 ,NOT 9 ! EXECUTION ( F\R 9NOC5T M5 9 ! NAME ( CAPITALI/ LAW & B\RGEOIS E?IC1 BUT 9 ! MANN] ( !IR PASS+1 DOES ! 9SPIRATION = LAT] LABOR]S 9 ! CAUSE ( FRE$OM LIE4 ,IT IS WELL1 !N1 ?AT WE %\LD CONSID] ! /ORY ( !IR WITNESS+ AGA9/ CAPITALISM1 ! BETT] TO REALIZE H[ ! %$D+ ( !IR BLOOD BUT S]V$ TO F]TILIZE ! SE$ ( HUMAN LIB]TY4 

,ON ,MAY ! ,FIR/1 #a#h#h#f1 ! ,EI<T ,H\RS ,DAY ,ASSOCIATION ( ,*ICAGO PROCLAIM$ A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ?AT CITY1 AS A PRELUDE TO ! 9AUGURATION ( ! EI<T H\RS DAY ?R\<\T ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA4 ,A MASS MEET+ WAS CONV5$ AT ! ,HAYM>KET1 AT :I* ,SPIES1 ,P>SONS1 ,FIELD51 & ,S*WAB ADDRESS$ TW5TY-FIVE ?\S& /RIK]S4 ,:IL/ PO9T+ \T ?AT1 %ORT ( ,SOCIALISM1 ALL WAS ILLUSION1 ! SPEAK]S BELIEV$1 MI/AK5LY 9 \R OP9ION1 ?AT IT WAS !IR DUTY TO 5C\RAGE ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT IMPLI$ 9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,WE CONSID] IT M]ELY A MOVEM5T ( ADAPTATION & RE=MISM & NOT A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,9 ALL SU* MOVEM5TS ! REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY ( ! WORK]S1 & !IR P[] ( SOLID>ITY & EXT5T ( CLASS CONSCI\S ?\<T1 IS EXAGG]AT$4 

,ON ,MAY ! ?IRD1 AT A MEET+ ATT5D$ BY AB\T FIFTY ?\S& /RIK]S1 /ONES W]E ?R[N AT SOME 0/RIKE-BREAK]S0 EMPLOY$ AT ! ,MC,CORMICK'S ,REAP] ,WORKS4 ,POLICE >RIV$ ON ! SC5E 9 L>GE NUMB]S & US$ !IR REVOLV]S1 KILL+ SIX /RIK]S & W\ND+ O!RS4 ,BURN+ ) 9DIGNATION4 ,SPIES RU%$ BACK TO ! ,>BEIT] ,ZEITUNG (FICE1 & WROTE ! 0,REV5GE0 CIRCUL>4 ,?IS WAS A V]Y HUMAN1 AN ALL TOO HUMAN DOCUM5T4 ,& IT UNQUE/IONABLY R5D]$ ,SPIES LIFE =FEIT AFT] ! EV5TS ( ! FOLL[+ DAY1 ONCE ! RUL+ CLASS HAD DECID$ ON ! VICTIMIZATION ( ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,TO \R M9D1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 WIS] = ,SPIES NOT TO HAVE WRITT5 ?IS CIRCUL>4 ,BUT :O %ALL SAY8 ,AGA9/ ! FOLLY ( CALL+ UPON ! WORK]S TO REV5GE DEA?S !Y HAD NOT ! CLASS CONSCI\S P[] OR 9DIGNATION TO AV5GE1 AGA9/ ! PETT9ESS ( REV5GE AS COMP>$ ) ! ABOLITION ( CLASS SOCIETY & ! MIS]Y IT NATURALLY 5TAILS1 !RE REMA9S ! FACT ?AT GOOD R$ BLOOD SURG$ ?R\< ! VE9S ( ,SPIES1 ?AT HIS DEEP RES5TM5T ( ! WRONG 9FLICT$ ON ! POOR ROSE 9 REVOLT1 & HE D>$ TO PROTE/4 ,! N]V\S EXCITEM5T ( HIS WORDS WE CONSID] ( SMALL AVAIL1 BUT ! C\RAGE ( HIS PROTE/ WE DEEM AN 9SPIRATION4 ,IF HE WROTE FOOLI%LY1 HE DI$ BOLDLY1 & ! SIL5CE ?AT RESULT$ WAS MORE P[]FUL ?AN AU<T HE WROTE OR SPOKE4 ,EV5TS >E MANK9D'S TEA*]S3 & ! NAME ( ,SPIES IS ! EQUIVAL5T ( AN IMP]I%ABLE LESSON4 ,NO MAN CAN ASK HI<] FAME ?AN ?AT4 

,! CIRCUL> RELAT$ ! DEA? ( ! SIX /RIK]S4 ,IT DESCRIB$ ! POLICE AS 0BLOODH\NDS40 IT D5\NC$ 0! FACTORY LORDS0 AS 0LAZY ?IEV+ MA/]S40 ,IT URG$3-- 

0,REV5GE6 ,WORK+ M5 TO >MS6 4 4 4 ,IF Y\ >E M51 IF Y\ >E ! SONS ( Y\R GR&SIRES :O HAVE %$ !IR BLOOD TO FREE Y\1 !N Y\ WILL RISE 9 Y\R MI<T1 ,H]CULES1 & DE/ROY ! HIDE\S MON/] ?AT SEEKS TO DE/ROY Y\6 ,TO >MS6 ,WE CALL Y\ TO >MS6--,Y\R ,BRO!RS40 

,ALAS6 FOOLI% WORDS ( RI<TE\S 9DIGNATION1 WORDS ( WEAKNESS & NOT ( /R5G?1 /UMBL+ =?1 SOMEH[1 TO ADVANCE ! CAUSE ( WORK+ CLASS EMANCIPATION1 9 A CONFUS$ TORTU\S WAY4 ,WORDS NOT TO BE C5SUR$ )\T CONSID]ATION1 BUT TO BE JUDG$ 9 RELATION TO ! CONDITIONS ?AT CALL$ !M =?6 ,WORDS NOT TO BE C5SUR$ BY ?OSE :O CAUS$ ! /RIK]S TO BE MURD]$ OR AFT]W>DS UPHELD ! MURD] ( M5 AGA9/ :OSE LIFE !Y HAD CONSPIR$4 

,SPIES WAS FAMILI> ) POV]TY-/RICK5 HUNG] DEMON/RATIONS1 POLICE BRUTALITIES1 & ! RECORD ( RIOT\S1 COMPLAC5T SELF- 9DULG5CE BY ! WEAL?Y CLASS4 ,ONLY ! YE> BE=E ?IS FATAL ,MAY ,DAY1 ! ,*ICAGO ,TIMES SUGGE/$4 $ITORIALLY1 ?AT ! F>M]S :O W]E PE/]$ ) UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S1 TURN$ TRAMPS4 DUR+ ! W9T] ( #a#h#h#d-#e1 %\LD POISON !M ) /RY*N9E 9 ! FOOD PROVID$ !M4 ,! ,*ICAGO ,TRIBUNE VI$ ) ! ,TIMES 9 UPHOLD+ ! RI<TS ( ! ,V&]BILTS & ! ,G\LDS AGA9/ ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ( 9T5SIFI$ CLASS /RUGGLE & APPALL+ PROLET>IAN MIS]Y4 

,JAY ,G\LD HAD GA!R$ WEAL? BY FRAUD1 & MA9TA9$ IT1 & WAS MA9TA9+ IT1 BY \TRAGE & VIOL5CE 9 ,MISS\RI1 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,S*UYLKILL1 & ,HOCK+ ,VALLEY1 ,C9C9NATTI1 ,MILWAUKEE1 ,SAN ,FRANCISOO1 ,SEATTLE1 ,PORTL&1 ETC4 ,A QU>T] ( A C5TURY PREVI\S HE HAD BE5 A NE$Y PUNT] 9 GOLD OP]ATIONS4 ,N[ HE CONTROLL$ RAILROADS1 TELEGRAPHS1 NEWS AG5CIES1 LEGISLATURES1 & ! 5TIRE LIVES ( ?\S&S ( M5 :O WORK$ ON HIS V>I\S L9ES4 ,HE HAD QUALIFI$ = ! POSITION ( 0,NAPOLEON ( ,F9ANCE0 BY COLOSSAL ROGU]Y4 ,& HE MA9TA9$ IT BY LY+ IMP]T95CE & CALL\S BRUTALITY4 

,JAY ,G\LD'S HIR$ J\RNALI/S BLAM$ ! EI<T H\RS & ALL O!R LABOR AGITATION ON TO =EIGN CONSPIRATORS & CALL$ = EXTREME ACTION 9 BEHALF ( 0PUBLIC OP9ION40 ,BUT 0PUBLIC OP9ION0 MATT]$ LITTLE TO !SE MILLIONAIRE 9T]E/S EXCEPT TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT WAS MANUFACTUR$ BY !M & S]V$ AS !IR RAMIFICATION4 ,PETTY RESPECTABILITY1 & ITS PUNY VOID ( CONSCI5CE1 WAS AN EXCELL5T CUR TO SET B>K+ AT ! FEET ( ,AN>*I/S4 ,BUT ! MILLIONAIRE CONTROLL]S ( ! CUR W]E MORE WILL+ TO KICK IT ?AN- TO HUMOR IT4 

,ONCE1 :5 CONFRONT$ ) CRITICISM1 ,W4 ,H4 ,V&]BILT SAID3 0,! PUBLIC BE DAMN$40 ,HIS FA!R1 ! OLD ,COMMODORE1 :5 REMON/RAT$ ) = TREAT+ ! PASS5G]S ON HIS RAILROAD AS IT0 !Y W]E HOGS1 ANSW]$3 0,BY ,GOD1 SIR1 ,I WI% !Y WAS HOGS40 

,) SU* CONDITIONS OPPRESS+ ! WORK]1 VIOL5CE WAS 9- SEP>ABLE FROM ! DESP]ATION ?AT DICTAT$ ! DAILY 9DU/RIAL RE=MI/ /RUGGLE ( ! WORK]S4 ,9 #a#h#h1 ?AT IS SIX YE>S BE=E- EV5TS DICTAT$ ,SPIES 0REV5GE0 CIRCUL>1 ,H4 ,M4 ,HYNDMAN1 :O C]TA9LY HAD NO SYMPA?Y ) EI!R ,AN>*ISM OR PROPAG&A BY DE$1 PR$ICT$1 AS A RESULT ( A T\R 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 ! ,=TNI<TLY ,REVIEW1 ?AT A CONFLICT BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR WAS BREW+ 9 ,AM]ICA1 :I* MI<T ATTA9 TO ! DIM5SIONS ( A CIVIL W>4 

,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TRIBUNE1 !N JAY ,G\LD'S [N PAP]1 EXTRACT$ SOME PASSAGES1 & HEAD$ !M ) ! LY+ COMM5T3 0,5GL& S5DS MANY FOOL TRAVEL]S TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 BUT NEV] SU* A FOOL AS ?IS ONE40 

,HYNDMAN WAS RI<T4 ,! FACTS W]E ) HIM4 ,BUT ! ,G\LD 9T]E/S DID NOT WANT ?OSE FACTS BROADCA/4 

,! EI<T H\RS MOVEM5T ( #a#h#h#f1 ! ECONOMIC BOYCOTT+ MOVEM5T1 & ! /RIKE ON ! ,G\LD RAILROAD W]E OPPOS$ VIGOR\SLY BY ,P[D]LY1 ! ,*IEF ( ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR4 ,?IS FACT WILL ACQUIT HIM ( ! *>GE ( EXTREMISM4 ,YET1 9 ! YE> #a#h#h4 ,P[D]LY EXPRESS$ HIMSELF 9 !SE T]MS AB\T PREP>ATIONS = /RIKES4 

0,I AM ANXI\S ?AT EA* ( \R LODGES %\LD BE PROVID$ ) P[D] & %OT1 BULLETS & ,W9*E/] RIFLES1 :5 WE 9T5D TO- /RIKE4 IF Y\ /RIKE ! TROOPS >E CALL$ \T TO PUT Y\ D[N4 ,Y\ CANNOT FI<T ) H>E H&S4 ,Y\ MU/ CONSID] ! MATT] V]Y S]I\SLY1 & IF WE ANTICIPATE /RIKES WE MU/ PREP>E TO TI<T & TO USE >MS AGA9/ ! =CES BR\<T AGA9/ US40 

LT IS CLE>1 FROM !SE FACTS1 ?AT ,SPIES WROTE HIS 0REV5GE0 CIRCUL>1 NOT BECAUSE HE WAS AN ,AN>*I/1 BUT BECAUSE ! IDEA ( VIOL5CE WAS IMPRESS$ UPON ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T ?R\<- \T ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BY ! V]Y LAWLESSNESS ( :I* ! WORK]S W]E ! VICTIMS4 ,! IDEA ( VIOL5CE WAS 9EVITABLE4 

,! CIRCUL> WAS DI/RIBUT$ WIDELY & A COMMITTEE ( ACTION MEET+ CALL$ ?AT NI<T4 ,WALL]1 :O TURN$ 9=M]1 WAS *AIR- MAN4 ,5GEL & ,FIS*] W]E PRES5T4 ,! EV5TS ( ! AFT]NOON W]E DISCUSS$ & IT WAS DECID$ TO CALL A MASS MEET+ ( PROTE/ AT ! ,HAYM>KET NEXT NI<T4 ,?IS MEET+ PROV$ A FATAL ONE = ALL CONC]N$4 

,! MEET+ WAS QUIET & ORD]LY4 ,SPIES1 ,FIS*]1 ,5GEL1 ,FIELD51 & ,P>SONS SPOKE4 ,! ,MAYOR ( ,*ICAGO1 :O ATT5D$ S= ! PURPOSE ( DISP]S+ ! MEET+ %\LD ! NE$ >ISE1 W5T OV] TO ! POLICE /ATION & TOLD ,CAPTA9 ,BONDFIELD ?AT HE HAD BETT] GIVE ORD]S TO HIS RES]VES TO GO HOME4 

,! CR[D HAD DW9DL$ TO #a1#e P]SONS1 ,P>SONS & HIS FAMILY HAD GONE HOME DEEM+ ! PROTE/ AT AN 5D1 & ,FIELD5 WAS CONCLUD+ ! MEET+4 ,ONE HUNDR$ & EI<TY POLICE-- RI<TLY T]M$ BY ,M>X1 ! CIVIL B\RGEOIS GU>D---TURN$ \T ( ! /ATION1 & M>*$ UPON ! MEET+ ) LOAD$ RIFLES & 9 FI<T+ =MATION4 ,! CAPTA9 ( ! FIR/ R[ ( POLICE HAD JU/ ORD]$ ! MEET+ TO DISP]SE1 & HIS M51 )\T WAIT+ A REPLY1 W]E ADVANC+ TO ! ATTACK1 :5 A SMALL FI]Y BODY >*$ ?R\< ! AIR1 ALI<T$ BETWE5 ! FIR/ & SECOND COMPANIES ( ! POLICE1 & EXPLOD$ ) A L\D REPORT4 ,SIXTY POLICE- M5 W]E W\ND$ BADLY1 SEV5 W]E MORTALLY W\ND$1 & ONE4 ,E4 ,J4 ,DEGAN1 WAS KILL$4 

,FIR+ BY ! POLICE BECAME G5]AL & ! PEOPLE SCATT]$ 9 ALL DIRECTIONS1 ! POLICE FIR+ AT R&OM AS !Y PURSU$4 

,A REIGN ( T]ROR 5SU$4 ,P]SONS SUSPECT$ ( ,SOCIALI/ OR ,AN>*I/ OP9IONS W]E >RE/$ RI<T & LEFT1 PRIVATE H\SES W]E BROK5 9TO )\T W>RANTS1 & RANSACK$ = ,SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE4 ,! ,HAYM>KET SPEAK]S1 EXCEPT ,P>SONS1 :O HAD LEFT ,*ICAGO1 W]E >RE/$4 ,9 ,*ICAGO1 ,MILWAUKEE1 & ,NEW ,YORK1 ,SOCIALI/S & ,LABOR ORGANIZ]S W]E HUNT$ & IMPRISON$ JU/ BECAUSE !Y W]E CONNECT$ ) ! ,LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,SOCIALI/ & ,LABOR PAP]S W]E SUBMITT$ TO A POLICE C5SOR%IP & !IR PRESSES BROK5 UP4 ,EV]YBODY CONNECT$ ) ! ,AL>M & ,>BEIT] ,ZEITUNG---9CLUD+ PR9T]S1 WRIT]S & (FICE-BOYS---W]E IMPRISON$ ON A *>GE ( MURD]4 ,A NEWSPAP] CAMPAIGN1 VIRTUALLY A CAMPAIGN ( MURD]1 WAS CONDUCT$ AGA9/ ,SOCIALI/S & ,AN>*I/S1 & ALL PROLET>IAN AGITATION WAS *ECK$4 ,JAY ,G\LD'S HIR]6 J\RNALI/S BLAM$ ! ,*ICAGO RIOT+ ON =EIGN CONSPIRATORS & C>EFULLY IGNOR$ ! FACT ?AT ?IS DESCRIPTION C\LD H>DLY APPLY TO ,P>SONS & ,FIELD51 ! TWO PR9CIPAL ORATORS ON ?AT OCCASION4 

,! ,P>SONS FAMILY HAD PLAY$ A CONSPICU\S P>T 9 ,5GLI% SPEAK+ REBEL MOVEM5TS S9CE #a#f1 BUT TIME HAD HONOR$ & CONDON$ ?OSE MOVEM5TS4 ,ALB]T ,P>SONS WAS ( ! SAME /OCK AS ! ,G5]AL ,P>SONS ( #aggf ,REVOLUTION FAME & ! ,CAPTA9 ,P>SONS ( ,BUNK] ,HILL4 ,ON HIS MO!R'S SIDE ALSO HE WAS ( ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION /OCK4 ,CIRCUM/ANCES MADE HIM ! MO/ \T/&+ VICTIM ( ?IS CAPITALI/ AGITATION4 ,HE WAS AN EXCELL5T M>TYR BUT A RA!R /RANGE =EIGN]4 

,O ! #a#g? ,MAY1 #a#h#h#f1 ! ,GR& JURY CAME TOGE!R4 

0,! BODY IS A /RONG ONE10 TELEGRAPH$ ,G\LD'S HIR$ P5MAN TO HIS ,NEW ,YORK DAILY1 0& IT IS SAFE TO AV] ?AT ,AN>*Y & MURD] WILL NOT RECEIVE MU* QU>T] AT ! H&S ( ! M5 COM- POS+ IT40 

,IT IS 9 TIMES ( CRISIS ?AT ! %IV]+ M$IOCRITY & DESPICABLE ABJECTNESS ( RESPECTABILITY BECOMES SO M>K$4 ,REACTION1 DICTAT$ REACTION1 ORGANIZ$ ANTI-SOCIAL 9T]E/ TRIUMPH$1 & T]M$ ITS TRIUMPH PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,! POOR CREATURES ( ! ,GR& ,JURY W]E FLATT]$ 9TO IMPORTANCE BY ,G\LD'S ?UGS ( ! P53 & ! MORE ! CREATURES SWELL$1 ! MORE !Y AIR$ !IR OP9IONS4 ! EMPTI] & ! MORE DESPICABLE !Y BECAME4 

,! WORD 0/RONG10 APPLI$ TO SU* A BODY1 %[S TO :AT DEGRAD$ USE WORDS MAY BE TURN$4 ,WELL >E WE REM9D$ ( ,PA9E'S 9DICTM5T ( ! TRADE ( GOV]N+1 &1 LITTLE AS WE MAY AGREE ) HIM1 ( ! MAGNIFIC5TLY TRUE WORDS ( IRONY & REPROA* ADDRESS$ BY ,RAVA*OL TO ! JURY ?AT CONDEMN$ HIM4 

,! 9DICTM5T CONTA9$ SIXTY-N9E C\NTS4 ,IT *>G$ ! DEF5DANTS1 ,AUGU/ ,SPIES4 ,MI*AEL ,S*WAB1 ,SAMUEL ,FIELD51 ,ALB]T ,R4 ,P>SONS1 ,ADOLPH ,FIS*]1 ,GEORGE ,5GEL1 ,L\IS ,L+G1 ,OSC> ,W4 ,NEEBE1 ,RUDOLPH ,S*NAUBELT1 & ,WILLIAM ,SEL+] ) ! MURD] ( ,E4 ,J4 ,DEGAN4 

,S*NAUBELT1 :O DISAPPE>$ MY/]I\SLY & COMPLETELY1 & SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ! AG5T EMPLOY$ BY ! AU?ORITIES TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS :OLESALE MURD] & SO SECURE = A TIME ! TRIUMPH ( REACTION1 WAS NOT 9 ! H&S ( ! POLICE4 ,P>SONS SURR5D]$ 9 ,C\RT1 ON ,JUNE #bL1 #a#h#h#f1 :5 ! EMPANNELL+ ( ! JURY BE=E ,JUDGE ,JOSEPH ,E4 ,G>Y BEGAN4 ,?IS LA/$ TW5TY-ONE DAYS4 

,ON ,JULY #a#e1 ,/ATES ,ATTORNEY ,GR9NELL BEGAN HIS ADDRESS4 ,HE *>G$ ! DEF5DANTS ) MURD] & CONSPIRACY & PROMIS$ TO %[ :O ?REW ! BOMB4 ,HE DID NOT DO SO4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT WITNESSES = ! ,/ATE W]E ,WALL]1 ,S*RAD]1 & ,SELIG]1 =M] COMRADES ( ! DEF5DANTS1 TURN$ 9=M]S FROM FE> ( ! GALL[S & HOPE ( GA94 ,WALL] WAS TO PROVE ! CONSPIRACY TO ?R[ ! BOMB AT ! ,HAYM>KET4 ,HE ADMITT$ ?AT ! POLICE W]E NOT EXPECT$ AT ! ,HAYM>KET4 ,HE CONFESS$ ?AT NOT ONE WORD WAS SAID AB\T A BOMB OR DYNAMITE :5 IT WAS RESOLV$ TO CALL ! ,HAYM>KET MEET+4 

,S*RAD] WAS TO CONFIRM ,WALL]'S /ORY ( ! DEF5DANTS' GUILT4 ,BUT HIS TE/IMONY WAS SO UNFAVORABLE TO ! ,/ATE ?AT ! ,ASSI/ANT ,ATTORNEY1 LOS+ HIS TEMP] EXCLAIM$ TO ! DEF5DANTS' LAWY]S2 0,HE IS Y\R WITNESS NOT \RS40 

,! ATTEMPT ( ! ,/ATE TO CONNECT ! DEF5DANTS ) ! ,HAYM>KET BOMB COMPLETELY BROKE D[N4 ,BUT ! FACT REMA9$ ?AT !Y HAD SPOK5 /RONG WORDS AGA9/ ! EXI/+ SY/EM & HAD BE5 DRIV5 BY !IR 9DIGNATION TO PROCLAIM !IR BELIEF 9 VIOL5CE4 ,GIRLS HAD BE5 CLUBB$ TO DEA? BY ! POLICE & ! WORK]S HAD BE5 %OT D[N = ! 0CRIME0 ( ASSEMBL+ AT A PUBLIC MEET+4 ,( C\RSE1 ! DEF5DANTS1 HAV+ R$ BLOOD 9 !IR VE9S1 W]E 9DIGNANT4 ,BUT !IR WORDS W]E NO EVID5CE ?AT !Y ?REW OR CONSPIR$ TO ?R[ A BOMB4 

,TO /UPID RESPECTABILITY1 AP>T FROM ! M5ACE TO PRIVATE PROP]TY SOCIETY1 ( !IR WORDS & ATTITUDE1 !Y W]E CONDEMN$ BY ! FACT ?AT !RE W]E SEV5 POLICEM5 DEAD & SIXTY W\ND$4 ,BUT ! CLASS ?AT WAS PREP>$ TO S5D !SE AGITATORS TO !IR DEA? ?\<T NO?+ ( A FEW POLICEM54 ,AGITATORS & POLICEM5 ALIKE W]E SACRIFIC$ TO MAKE A CAPITALI/ JOY-DAY4 

,! JURY RETURN$ A V]DICT ON ,AUGU/ #b3 

0,WE1 ! JURY1 F9D ! DEF5DANTS1 ,AUGU/ ,SPIES1 ,MI*AEL ,S*WAB1 ,SAMUEL ,FIELD51 ,ALB]T ,P>SONS1 ,ADOLPH ,FIS*]1 ,GEORGE ,5GEL1 & ,L\IS ,L+G GUILTY ( MURD] 9 ! MANN] & =M AS *>G$ 9 ! 9DICTM5T1 & FIX ! P5ALTY AT DEA?4 ,WE F9D ! DEF5DANT4 ,OSC> ,W4 ,NEEBE1 GUILTY ( MURD] 9 ! MANN] & =M AS *>G$ 9 ! 9DICTM5T1 & FIX ! P5ALTY AT IMPRISONM5T 9 ! P5IT5TI>Y = FIFTE5 YE>S40 

,A NEW TRIAL WAS REFUS$4 ,AN APPEAL WAS MADE TO ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ,ILL9OIS )\T AVAIL4 

,TIME PASSES1 & ! NEXT ACT ( ! TRAG$Y IS 5ACT$ 9 ,JUDGE ,G>Y'S C\RT ON ,OCTOB] #g1 #h1 & #i1 #a#h#h#f1 :5 ! N[ HI/ORICAL FIGURES ( ! AGITATION ADDRESS$ ! C\RT 9 REF]5CE TO ! QUE/ION ( S5T5CE4 

,DIGNIFI$ 9 BE>+1 HIS H&SOME FACE N[ LI<T$ UP ) SATIRE1 BOLD1 DEFIANT1 & FLU5T 9 DELIV]Y1 ,SPIES 9DICTS ! P]JURY & CONSPIRACY ( ! PROSECUTION4 ,HIS SPEE* IS RI* 9 HI/ORY1 PHILOSOPHY1 & PIQUANT1 UNWELCOME TRU?4 

,S*WAB ALSO EXPOSES ! CONSPIRACY ( LAW & ORD] AGA9/ ! LIFE & LIB]TY ( ! PROLET>IAN AGITATOR4 

,NEEBE FOLL[S1 ONLY TO REGRET ?AT HE IS DEPRIV$ BY ! V]DICT ( ! JURY1 ( ! HONOR ( DY+4 

,FIS*]1 ]ECT 9 BE>+1 IS HIS SUCCESSOR2 & HE IS PR\D TO DIE = ! CAUSE ( ! PEOPLE4 

,L+G SPEAKS 9 ,G]MAN4 ,HIS IS ! PASSION ( Y\?4 ,HE IS PR\DLY DEFIANT & FI]CELY CALM4 ,HIS UTT]ANCE IS IMPASSION$4 0,I DO BELIEVE 9 =CE3 HANG ME = IT60 HE DECL>$4 

,5GEL SPEAKS EASILY & QUIETLY4 ,HIS IS ! CALM /OLIDITY ( ! /OIC4 

,!N FOLL[ L5G?Y SPEE*ES FROM ,FIELD5 & ,P>SONS4 

,MOD]ATE 9 MANN]1 ,FIELD5'S SPEE* IS TELL+ AS AN 9DICTM5T ( ! PROSECUTION4 ,GR9NELL1 ! ,/ATE ,ATTORNEY1 DECL>$ 0HAD IT BE5 MADE TO ! JURY !Y W\LD HAVE ACQUITT$ HIM40 ,LU!R ,LAFI9 ,MILLS1 =M]LY ,/ATE ,ATTORNEY1 DECL>$ IT TO BE A MA/]PIECE4 

,! 9T5SE P[] & LAT5T PASSION ( ,P>SONS' SPEE* RI<TLY 5TITLES IT TO BE DEEM$ A BRILLIANT AGITATION SPEE*-! MO/ P[]FUL EF=T ( A =MIDABLE PROPAG&I/4 

,IT WAS KN[N ?AT1 UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES1 W\LD ! DEA? S5T5CE BE COMMUT$ 9 ! CASE ( ,SPIES1 ,FIS*]1 ,5GEL1 & ,L+G4 ,BUT IT WAS 9T5D$ TO COMMUTE ! S5T5CE TO ONE ( IMPRISONM5T 9 ! CASE ( ,P>SONS1 ,S*WAB1 & ,FIELD54 ,UND] ! CON/ITUTION & /ATUTES ( ! ,/ATE ( ,ILL9OIS1 IT WAS PRESCRIB$1 AS A CONDITION ( ! EX]CISE ( HIS P>DON+ P[] BY ! ,GOV]NOR1 ?AT ! CONVICT$ P]SON MU/ SIGN A PETITION = ! EX]CISE ( EXECUTIVE CLEM5CY4 ,FIELD5 & ,S*WAB SIGN$ A PETITION & W]E P>DON$ BY ,GOV]NOR ,OGLESBY1 ! DEA? S5T5CE BE+ COM- MUT$ TO IMPRISONM5T = FIFTE5 YE>S4 ,AL?\< REPEAT$ PRESSURE WAS BR\<T TO BE> UPON HIM BY HIS FRI5DS & C\NSEL1 ,P>SONS REFUS$ TO SIGN ! PETITION NECESS>Y TO REPRIEVE4 

,/ATE ,ATTORNEY ,GR9NELL1 ANTICIPAT+ CON=MITY ) ! /ATUTE1 DECL>$ ( ! PRISON]S3 0,I WANT TO MAKE !M DO SOME- ?+ = :I* ! ,AN>*I/S %ALL HATE !M40 

,BUT ,P>SONS4 PAY+ ! CO/ ) HIS LIFE1 D5I$ HIM ! PLEASURE4 ,HE DEFEAT$ ,GR9NELL3 & ! LATT] N[ /&S AT ! B> ( HI/ORY1 9DICT$ BY ! MEMORY ( MAN1 A FIGURE LIKE UNTO ?AT ( ! /ATE ATTORNEYS ( ALL TIMES & CLIMES1 POOR1 %RIVEL$1 SNIVEL+ S\L4 ,ALL TRIBUTE IS PAID TO ! MEMORY ( ! MAN :O DI$ ON ! GALL[S RA!R ?AN DES]T HIS COMRADES4 ,:AT MATT] ! LAWS ( ,ILL9OIS & ! EXECUTIVE CLEM5CIES ( GOV]NOR AGA9/ ?IS FACT ( /]L+ MANHOOD 9 ! DOCK & ON ! GALL[S6 ,:AT MATT] /ATUTES & CON/ITUTIONS :5 *>ACT] WEI<S !M D[N6 

,CAPTA9 ,W4 ,P4 ,BLACK1 LEAD+ ,ADVOCATE = ! ,DEF5SE1 MADE /R5U\S EF=TS TO HAVE ,P>SONS SAVE HIMSELF4 ,SO DID ,MELVILLE ,E4 ,/ONE1 $ITOR ( ! ,DAILY ,NEWS4 

,ON ,SUNDAY1 ,NOVEMB] #f1 #a#h#h#g1 ! LATT] SP5T TWO H\RS 9 ,P>SONS' CELL1 URG+ HIM TO SIGN ! PETITION1 & PROMIS+ ! FULL SUPPORT ( HIS PAP] 9 FAVOR ( ! COMMUTATION ( ! DEA? S5T5CE4 ,P>SONS REFUS$ TO PETITION4 ,HE WAS DET]M9$ EI!R TO HANG ) HIS COMRADES1 ,L+G1 ,5GEL1 ,FIS*]1 & ,SPIES1 OR TO SAVE !M4 

,TWO DAYS LAT]1 ,BLACK PAID A SPECIAL VISIT TO ,P>SONS & PLEAD$ = HIS SIGNATURE 9 VA94 ,BLACK ADD$ ?AT REFUSAL TO SIGN ! PETITION MEANT EXECUTION4 

,P>SONS REPLI$ 3--- 

0,I WILL NOT DO LT4 ,MY M9D IS FIRMLY & IRREVOCABLY MADE4 UP1 & ,I BEG Y\ URGE4 ME NO FUR!R UPON ! SUBJECT4 ,I AM AN 9NOC5T MAN--9NOC5T ( ?IS (F5SE ( :I* ,I HAVE BE5 F\ND GUILTY BY ! JURY1 & !4 WORLD KN[S MY 9NOC5CE4 ,IF ,I AM TO BE EXECUT$ AT ALL IT IS BECAUSE ,I AM AN ,AN>*I/1 NOT BECAUSE ,I AM A MURD]]2 IT LS BECAUSE ( :AT ,I HAVE TAU<T & SPOK5 & WRITT5 9 ! PA/1 & NOT BECAUSE ( ! ?R[+ ( ! ,HAYM>KET BOMB4 ,I CAN AF=D TO BE HUNG = ! SAKE ( ! IDEAS ,I HOLD & ! CAUSE ,I HAVE ESP\S$1 IF ! PEOPLE ( ,ILL9OIS CAN AF=D TO HANG AN 9NOC5T MAN :O VOLUNT>ILY PLAC$ HIMSELF 9 !IR P[]4 4 4 4 

0,IF ,I %\LD N[ SEP>ATE MYSELF FROM ,L+G1 ,5GEL & ,FIS*]1 & SIGN A PETITION UPON :I* ! GOV]NOR C\LD COMMUTE MY S5T5CE1 ,I KN[ ?AT IT W\LD MEAN ABSOLUTE DOOM TO ! O!RS- ?AT ,L+G1 ,5GEL & ,FIS*] W\LD BE 9EVITABLY HUNG4 ,SO ,I HAVE DET]M9$ TO MAKE !IR CAUSE & !IR FATE MY [N4 

0,I KN[ ! *ANCES >E #iii 9 #a ?AT ,I WILL SW+ ) !M2 ?AT !RE ISN'T ONE *ANCE 9 A ?\S& ( SAV+ !M1 BUT IF !Y CAN BE SAV$ AT ALL IT IS MY /&+ ) !M1 SO ?AT :ATEV] ACTION IS TAK5 ON MY CASE MU/ BE TAK51 ) EQUAL PROPRIETY 9 !IRS4 ,I WILL NOT1 !RE=E1 DO ANY?+ ?AT WILL SEP>ATE ME FROM !M4 ,I EXPECT ?AT ! RESULT WILL HE ?AT ,I WILL HANG ) !M1 BUT ,I AM READY40 

,BLACK C\LD MAKE NO REPLY TO ?IS >GUM5T4 ,HE TOOK ,P>SONS BY ! H&1 LOOK$ 9TO HIS FACE1 & SAID TO HIM3 0,Y\R ACTION IS WOR?Y ( Y\40 ,HE !N CAME AWAY4 

,HE W5T TO ,SPR+FIELD & SAW ,GOV]NOR ,OGLESBY ON ! ,W$NESDAY MORN+4 ,! LATT] 9SI/$ ON TE*NICAL COMPLIANCE ) ! LAW4 ,P>SONS MU/ PETITION4 

,BLACK TELEGRAPH$ ,P>SONS TO ?IS EFFECT4 ,:5 ,P>SONS RECEIV$ ! TELEGRAM HE PLAC$ IT UPON HIS CELL TABLE & BESIDE IT --! 0,M>SEILLAISE06 ,?AT WAS HIS ANSW]4 

,BLACK RETURN$ FROM ,SPR+FIELD ?AT NI<T & HAD HIS LA/ 9T]VIEW ) ,P>SONS ON ,?URSDAY MORN+4 ,HE SAW ALSO HIS COMPANIONS1 ,L+G1 ,FIS*]1 ,5GEL1 & ,SPIES4 ,!Y KNEW ?AT !Y C\LD NOT SAVE !MSELVES BY SIGN+ A PETITION4 ,BUT !Y W]E WILL+ TO DO SO1 & SO BR& !MSELVES AS C[>DS IF ,P>SONS W\LD SIGN1 & SO SAVE HIMSELF4 

,BLACK HAD NO HE>T TO PRESS ,P>SONS TO SIGN1 S9CE ?AT W\LD 0DO VIOL5CE TO ! NOBLE PURPOSES HE HAD FRAM$40 ,P>SONS SAID TO HIM1 0AS SIMPLY & AS QUIETLY AS HE C\LD HAVE SPOK5 9 REF]5CE TO SOME MATT] ( NO CONSEQU5CE03 0,I CAN'T DO IT1 ,CAPTA92 ,I AM READY = :ATEV] MAY COME40 

,BLACK %OOK HIS H& & TURN$ AWAY4 

,?AT NI<T ,BLACK W5T TO ,SPR+FIELD AGA93 & ,P>SONS1 9 HIS CELL 9 ,COOK ,C\NTY ,JAIL1 SANG ! SONG HIS S++ HAS MADE AN IMMORTAL SYMBOL ( ! ,LABOR /RUGGLE3 0,ANNIE ,LAURIE40 

,ON ! ,FRIDAY MORN+1 ,BLACK VA9LY URG$ ,GOV]NOR ,OGLESBY TO GRANT A REPRIEVE = ?IRTY DAYS TO 5ABLE HIM TO ADDUCE FUR!R PRO( ?AT ! CONVICT$ ,AN>*I/S HAD NO COMPLICITY 9 ! BOMB ?R[+4 

,AB\T ! SAME TIME1 ,P>SONS RECEIV$ FROM ,JOSEPH9E ,TILTON ! FOLL[+ TELEGRAM3 0,NOT GOODBYE1 BUT HAIL1 BRO!RS6 ,FROM ! GALL[S TRAP ! M>* %ALL BE TAK5 UP4 ,I WILL LI/5 = ! BEAT+ ( ! DRUM40 

,?AT DAY ,P>SONS DECLAIM$ HIS LA/ WORDS FROM ! GALL[S3 0,LET ME SPEAK1 OH M5 ( ,AM]ICA6 ,WILL Y\ LET ME SPEAK1 ,%]IFF ,MATSON8 ,LET ! VOICE ( ! PEOPLE BE HE>D6 ,OH--0 

0,! DRUM TAP10 SAID ,B5J4 ,R4 ,TUCK]1 9 PURSU+ ,JOSEPH9E ,TILTON'S ANALOGY TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 0HAS S\ND$2 ! =LORN HOPE HAS *>G$2 ! NE$$ BREA* HAS BE5 OP5$2 MYRIADS >E FALL+ 9TO L9E2 IF WE WILL BUT MAKE ! MO/ ( ! OPPORTUNITY SO DE>LY PUR*AS$1 ! VICTORY WILL BE \RS4 ,IT %ALL BE2 IT ,M,U,/ BE40 

,%ORTLY AFT] ! EXECUTION1 ,PAUL9E ,BR&ES1 A SI/] ( ,WALL]1 MADE A SWORN AFFIDAVIT BE=E JUDGE ,EB]H>DT1 UPSETT+ ! :OLE ( H] BRO!R'S TE/IMONY1 & D5\NC+ IT AS P]JURY4 

,9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#h#i#b1 ! ,*ICAGO POLICE WRECK$ ,GRIEF'S ,HALL4 & BROKE UP TWO PEACEFUL MEET+S1 >RE/+ MANY P]SONS AGA9/ :OM NO *>GES C\LD BE BR\<T1 ON ! GR\ND ( ALLEG$ ,AN>*ISM4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT !Y HAD TO PAY #g DOLL>S DAMAGES1 & ! :OLE QUE/ION ( ! ,*ICAGO ,M>TYRS WAS REOP5$4 ,! ,*ICAGO ,H]ALD UNE>!D ! FOLL[+ FACTS3---- 

,AFT] ! FATAL ,HAYM>KET MEET+1 ,MAY #d1 #a#h#h#f1 SOME ?REE HUNDR$ LEAD+ ,AM]ICAN ,CAPITALI/S MET SECRETLY TO PLAN ! DE/RUCTION ( ! MILITANT LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,!Y =M$ ! 0,CITIZ5S' ,ASSOCIATION10 & SUBSCRIB$ #a1 DOLL>S 9 A FEW H\RS4 ,?IS MONEY SECUR$ ! CONDEMNATION ( ! EI<T ,*ICAGO ,AN>*I/S4 ,A LIKE SUM WAS GU>ANTE$ TO ! POLICE & !IR AG5TS EV]Y YE>3 BUT 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#h#i#b1 ?+S BE+ QUIET1 ! SUBSCRIPTIONS DROPP$ (F4 ,H5CE ! POLICE 5DEAVOR$ TO REVIVE ! ,AN>*I/ SC>E4 

,JUDGE ,G>Y WAS MOV$ BY !SE EXPOSURES TO PUBLI% AN APOLOGY 9 ! ,C5TURY ,MAGAZ9E = ,APRIL1 #a#h#i#c4 ,NEV] WAS ! PROV]B1 0,HE :O EXCUSES HIMSELF1 ACCUSES HIMSELF0 BETT] EXEMPLIFI$4 

,F9ALLY1 9 ,JUNE1 #a#h#i#c1 ! REC5TLY ELECT$ ,GOV]NOR ( ,ILL9OIS1 ,JOHN ,P4 ,ALTGELD1 HAV+ ?OR\<LY EXAM9$ ! EVID5CE AGA9/ ! EI<T CONVICT$ ,AN>*I/S1 DECID$ TO SET ! ?REE PRISON]S1 ,NEEBE1 ,FIELD51 & ,S*WAB1 UNCONDITIONALLY FREE1 AS BE+ ! VICTIMS ( FALSE IMPRISONM5T4 ,! JURY :I* HAD TRI$ !M HAD BE51 9 HIS OP9ION1 PACK$2 ! JURORS LEGALLY 9COMPET5T2 ! JUDGE P>TIAL2 ! EVID5CE 9SUFFICI5T4 ,HIS CONDUCT HAV+ BE5 VIOL5TLY RES5T$ BY A SECTION ( ! ,AM]ICAN CAPITALI/ PRESS1 ,ALTGELD PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET GIV+ HIS REASONS & CONTA9+ 9T]E/+ P>TICUL>S ( ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ,CAPITALI/S & ,WORK]S 9 #a#h#h#f4 

,! FACTS RELAT$ BY ,ALTGELD CON/ITUTE A VALUABLE LESSON AS TO ! SORT ( JU/ICE TO BE EXPECT$ BY REVOLUTIONI/S 9 A ?OR\<LY DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE1 :5 ! POSSESS+ CLASS IS SC>$ BY ! MIS]Y IT HAS CREAT$1 & PUBLIC OP9ION IS M]ELY ! DAILY MANUFACTURE ( A V5AL PRESS4 ,SO LONG AS ?IS PRESS FUNCTIONS1 & FUNCTION IT WILL AS LONG AS CAPITALISM CONT9UES1 H[ POOR A ?+ IS P>LIAM5T>ISM6 

,ALTGELD DEMON/RAT$1 BEYOND ! %AD[ ( D\BT1 ?AT ! ,*ICAGO M>TYRS W]E ! VICTIMS ( RUL+ CLASS HATR$1 PUT \T ( ! WAY BY ! =CE & FRAUD ( ! PR(IT-MONG]S & P[] LOV]S1 :O FE>$ !M4 

,HIS T>DY REVELATION REVIVES \R FAI? 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,WE TURN FROM ! DRAB DESPAIR ( *ILL ,NOVEMB] TO ! W>M? & PROMISE ( ,MAY4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! MESSAGE ( ,*ICAGO IS ! MESSAGE ( ,MAY4 ,RESPOND+ TO ITS CALL ( FRE$OM & /RUGGLE1 WE RECALL ! WORDS ( GRIM PROMISE UTT]$ BY ,PR\DHON 3---0,LIKE ! ,NEMESIS ( OLD4 :OM NEI!R PRAY]S NOR ?REATS C\LD MOVE1 ! REVOLUTION ADVANCES1 ) SOMB] & 9EVITABLE TREAD OV] ! FL[]S ) :I* ITS DEVOTEES /REW ITS PA?4 ?R\< ! BLOOD ( ITS *AMPIONS1 & OV] ! BODIES ( ITS 5EMIES40 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,*ICAGO'S ,R$ ,M>TYRS 

0,= ! N9ETE5? C5TURY HAS PRODUC$ !SE M5 --- M5 :O B[$ AT NO %R9E1 ACKN[L$G$ NO ,GOD1 BELIEV$ 9 NO H]EAFT]1 & YET W5T AS PR\DLY & TRIUMPHANTLY TO ! GALL[S AS EV] DID ,*RI/IAN M>TYR ( OLD40 

--,VOLTAIR9E DE ,CLEYRE1 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#h#i#e4 

0,LET NO ATTEMPT BE MADE TO AV]T ! F9AL TRAG$Y ( ! #a#a? ,NOVEMB]1 MAKE NO EF=T TO AV5GE \R DEA?S40 

--,/ATEM5T ISSU$ BY CONDEMN$ ,AN>*I/S A FEW DAYS BE=E EXECUTION4 

------- 

   ,HANG$ #a#a? ,NOVEMB]1 #ahhg 

,A,L,B,],T ,R4 ,P,>,S,O,N,S4---,BORN #b#d? ,JUNE1 #a#h#d#h1 AT ,MONTGOM]Y1 ,ALABAMA4 ,ORPHAN$4 ,ADOPT$ BY HIS BRO!R1 ,MAJOR-,G5]AL ,W4 ,H4 ,P>SONS1 ( ! ,CONF$]ATE ,>MY1 & $UCAT$ AT ! LATT]'S HOME1 ,TYL]1 ,TEXAS1 #a#h#e#c4 ,PR9T]'S APPR5TICE1 #a#h#e#i4 ,JO9$ ! ,CONF$]ATE ,>MY1 #a#h#f#a4 ,E/ABLI%$ A WEEKLY NEWSPAP] AT ,WACO1 ,TEXAS1 #a#h#f#h4 ,?IS FAIL$1 & HE BECAME TRAVEL+ CORRESPOND5T = ! ,H\/ON ,DAILY ,TELEGRAPH4 ,ID5TIFI$ HIMSELF ) ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY1 & BECAME 0,SECRET>Y ( ! ,/ATE ,S5ATE UND] ! ,F$]AL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,M>RI$ DAU<T] ( AN ,9DIAN *IEF1 AT ,H\/ON1 9 #a#h#g#b4 ,DISC>D$ BY HIS BRO!R & FRI5DS 9 CONSEQU5CE4 ,MIGRAT$ TO ,*ICAGO 9 #a#h#g4#c4 ,9T]E/$ HIMSELF 9 ,SOCIALISM1 #a#h#g#d4 JO9$ ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR1 #a#h#g#f4 ,P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,GREAT ,RAILWAY ,/RIKE & BRUTALLY TREAT$ BY POLICE1 #a#h#g#g4 ,WORK$ AS COMPOSITOR & J\RNALI/1 BUT SUFF]$ REPEAT$ VICTIMIZATION = HIS RADICAL OP9IONS4 ,TWO YE>S )\T ANY REGUL> WORK & HIS FAMILY SUFF]$ MU* PRIVATION4 ,LEFT ! P>LIAM5T>Y ,LABOR P>TY4 ,DELEGATE TO ! ,LABOR ,CONGRESS1 :]E ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,PEOPLE'S ,ASSOCIATION WAS F\ND$ ON ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,PR9CIPLES1 #a#h#h#a4 ,$IT$ ,AL>M1 #a#h#h#d1 TO ITS SUPPRESSION 9 ,MAY1 #a#h#h#f4 ,9DICT$ = CONSPIRACY SAME MON? & VOLUNT>ILY SURR5D]$ HIMSELF 9 JUDGE ,G>Y'S ,C\RT1 ,JUNE #ba ( ?AT YE>4 

,LOMBROSO COMPLA9$ ?AT ,P>SONS LACK$ MORAL S5SIBILITY1 BECAUSE1 AT AN ,AN>*I/ MEET+1 HE SAID3 0,/RANGLE ! SPIES1 & ?R[ !M \T ( ! W9D[S40 

,ADOLPH ,FIS*] -- ,BORN ,BREM51 ,G]MANY1 #a#h#f4 ,$UCAT$ AT A COMMON S*OOL4 ,EMIGRAT$ TO ,AM]ICA1 #a#h#g#e1 & LE>N$ ! PR9T+ TRADE AT ,NA%VILLE1 ,T541 9 ! (FICE ( A ,G]MAN PAP] CONDUCT$ BY HIS BRO!R4 ,ACQUIR$ AN 9T]E/ 9 A ,G]MAN PAP] AT ,LITTLE ,ROCK1 ,>K4 ,MOV$ TO ,/4 ,L\IS1 :]E HE M>RI$1 WORK$ AT ! CASE & BECAME KN[N = HIS EXTREME ,SOCIALISM1 #a#h#h#a4 ,MIGRAT$ TO ,*ICAGO1 :]E HE WORK$ ON ! ,G]MAN PAP] ,AN>RIZI/1 & F\ND EMPLOYM5T AS A COMPOSITOR 9 ! (FICE ( ! ,>BEIT] ,ZEITUNG4 ,HE WAS A /]N1 ZEAL\S1 & UNCOMPLA9+ REVOLUTIONI/ & HAD RECEIV$ AN E>LV 9SI<T 9TO ! ROTT5NESS ( SOCIETY FROM HIS FA!R4 :O WAS A MEMB] ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,BREM54 

,9T]VIEW$ BY ,BLACK1 9 ! ,COOK ,C\NTY ,JAIL1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ! V]DICT1 ,FIS*] SAID3----0L AM READY TO DIE = ! CAUSE ( ! PEOPLE40 

,HIS LA/ WORDS W]E3 0,HURRAH = ,AN>*Y6 ,?IS IS ! HAPPIE/ MOM5T ( MY LIFE40 

,DY] ,D4 ,LUM COMM5T$ ON !M AT ! TIME AS FOLL[S3--- 0LN SO EXALT$ A /ATE W]E !Y 7! F\R ,AN>*I/S71 SURE ?AT DEA? BY ! GALL[S WAS BUT A MEANS ( SPREAD+ FUR!R 9TO ! HE>TS ( ! PEOPLE !Y LOV$ ! IDEAS AP>T FROM :I* !Y HAD NO LIFE1 ?AT IT WAS EXACTLY ! TRU? :5 ,FIS*] SAID3 0,?IS IS ! HAPPIE/ MOM5T ( MY LIFE4 ,& ?OSE :O SAW HIS FACE SAY IT %ONE ) A :ITE LI<T ON ! SCAFFOLD40 

,A,U,G,U,/ ,!,O,D,O,R,E ,V,9,C,5,T ,S,P,I,E,S4----,BORN ON #a? ,DECEMB]1 #a#h#e#e1 AT ,FREIDWALD1 ,G]MANY4 ,SON ( A =E/]1 AT ?AT TIME 9 ,G]MANY1 A ,GOV]NM5T (FICIAL4 ,$UCAT$ BY PRIVATE TUTORS = ! ,POLYTE*NICUM1 :]E HE /UDI$ ! SCI5CE ( =E/ CULTURE4 ,ADOPT$ HIS FA!R'S PR(ESSION4 ,HAD READ ALL ! GREAT ,G]MAN CLASSICS1 /UDI$ ,KANT & ,HEGEL1 & BECAME A RELIGI\S SKEPTIC4 #a#h#f#i4 ,AB&ON$ HIS /UDIES & DECID$ TO JO9 HIS RELATIVES 9 ,AM]ICA1 #a#h#g#a1 [+ TO ! DEA? ( HIS FA!R4 ,LE>N$ ! UPHOL/]Y TRADE 9 ,NEW ,YORK4 ,PROCE$$ TO ,*ICAGO1 ,OCTOB]1 #a#h#g#b4 JO9$ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY1 #a#h#g#f4 ,BECAME A ,SOCIALI/ C&IDATE & BELIEV$ 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION TILL #a#h#h1 :5 HE BECAME $ITOR ( ! ,>BEIT] ,ZEITUNG4 ,REPUDIAT$ P>LIAM5T>ISM = ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE ONLY4 ,UNM>RI$4 ,SUPPORT$ HIS MO!R & SI/]4 

,KN[+ ?AT IT W\LD BE REJECT$ SO F> AS HE WAS CONC]N$1 ,SPIES SIGN$ ! PETITION TO ,GOV]NOR ,OGLESBY1 9 ! HOPE ?AT IT W\LD 9FLU5CE ,P>SONS TO PETITION4 ,HIS LETT] TO ,OGLESBY WAS *>ACT]I/IC4 ,HE SAID ?AT HE REALIZ$ FULLY ?AT POPUL> S5TIM5T DEM&$ SOME:AT 9 ! NATURE ( RETRIBUTION = ! LOSS ( LIFE AT ! ,HAYM>KET3 & SOME SACRIFICE HAS TO BE MADE TO ?AT OV]:ELM+ PUBLIC DEM&4 ,?AT HI/ORIC EV5T HAD MADE %IPWRECK ( ! MOVEM5T 9 :I* HE & HIS COMRADES W]E 5GAG$1 & TO :I* !Y HAD DEVOT$ & W]E DEVOT+ !IR EV]Y 5]GY4 ,IT W\LD BE REALIZ$1 !RE=E1 ?AT !Y W]E FREE ( ANY 9T5TIONAL RESPONSIBILITY4 ,HE PLEAD$ ) ,GOV]NOR ,OGLESBY4 !RE=E4 TO EXT5D EXECUTIVE CLEM5CY TO HIS COMRADES 9 ! TRIAL & JUDGM5T1 & TO LET HIM 7,SPIES7 BE ! SACRIFICE ( ! H\R4 

,SPIES' LA/ WORDS W]E3 0,!RE WILL COME A TIME :5 \R SIL5CE WILL BE MORE P[]FUL ?AN ! VOICES Y\ /RANGLE TO-DAY40 

,G,E,O,R,G,E ,5,G,E,L,L--,BORN #a#e? ,APRIL1 #a#h#c#f1 ,CASSEL1 ,G]MANY4 ,HIS FA!R1 A MASON & BRICKLAY]1 DI$ :IL/ ,GEORGE WAS /ILL AN 9FANT4 ,HIS MO!R1 ) F\R Y\NG *ILDR5 TO KEEP4 /RUGGL$ ON AGA9/ POV]TY4 ,%E DI$ :5 HE WAS TWELVE4 ,EXP]I5C$ HUNG] & />VATION TILL A ,FRANK=D PA9T] TAU<T HIM HIS TRADE & GAVE HIM A HOME DUR+ HIS APPR5TICE%IP4 ,EMIGRAT$ TO ,PHILADELPHIA1 #a#h#g#c4 ,SAW ! ,AM]ICAN MILITIA EMPLOY$ AGA9/ />V+ M9]S4 ,FELL SICK & LO/ HIS SAV+S4 ,MIGRAT$ TO ,*ICAGO2 /UDI$ SOCIALISM & BECAME AN ,AN>*I/4 ,SAW ! BALLOT-BOX ACTUALLY /OL5 & 0CORRECT$0 AFT] A ,*ICAGO ELECTION4 :]E9 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS HAD A MAJORITY ( VOTES4 ,C\RTS REFUS$ TO CANCEL ! ELECTION ?US SECUR$4 ,WAS ONE ( ! MO/ ACTIVE WORK]S 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,PEOPLE'S ,ASSOCIATION4 

,5GEL WAS BR\<T TO ! /UDY ( ,SOCIALISM ?R\< ACTIVE ,ANTI-,SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A4 ,AFT] HIS FIR/ >RE/ HE WAS RELEAS$ ON ! GOOD WORD ( ,CORON] ,H]G1 :O DECL>$ ?AT HE HAD KN[N ,5GEL = YE>S AS A QUIET & WELL-BEHAV$ CITIZ54 

,5GEL1 ON ! SCAFFOLD1 TRIUMPHANTLY EXCLAIM$3 0,HURRAH = ,AN>*Y60 

,COMMITT$ ,SUICIDE8  #a? ,NOVEMB]1 #a#h#h#g4 

,L,\,I,S ,L,+,G4--,BORN ,S*WETZ+51 ,G]MANY1 #i? ,SEPTEMB]4 #a#h#f#f4 ,APPR5TICE TO A C>P5T]4 ,EMIGRAT$ TO ,AM]ICA4 #ahhe ,W5T TO ,*ICAGO2 JO9$ ! UNION ( HIS TRADE1 & BECAME ONE ( ! *IEF ORGANIZ]S ( ! EI<T-H\R MOVEM5T4 ,BELIEV$ ?AT ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE WAS AT H&1 & ?AT ! PEOPLE NE$$ >MS TO MEET ! OP5 VIOL5CE ( !IR OPPRESSORS4 ,/UDI$ EXPLOSIVES & MADE A SUPPLY ( BOMBS = USE 9 CASE ( NE$4 ,IS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE BL[N HIMSELF UP 9 HIS CELL4 

,RELEAS$ ,UNCONDITIONALLY1 AS ,BE+ ! ,VICTIMS ( ,FALSE ,IMPRISONM5T1 ,JUNE1 #ahic 

,S,5,T,5,C,$ ,T,O #ae ,Y,E,>,S ,I,M,P,R,I,S,O,N,M,5,T 

,O,S,C,> ,N,E,E,B,E4----,BORN 9 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ( ,G]MAN P>5TS1 #a#h#e4 ,HAD E/ABLI%$ A PROSP]\S BUS9ESS 9 ,*ICAGO1 9 ! SALE ( YEA/ TO GROC]S & TRAD]S4 ,ID5TIFI$ HIMSELF ) ! CAUSE ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE & EX]T$ HIMSELF ON ITS BEHALF DAY & NI<T ) UNTIR+ 5]GY4 ,KNEW NO?+ ( ,HAYM>KET MEET+4 ,%ORTLY AFT] HIS S5T5CE ( FIFTE5 YE>S' IMPRISONM5T1 HIS WIFE DI$ ( ANXIETY4 ,NEEBE WAS P]MITT$ A LA/ LOOK AT H] REMA9S UND] (FICIAL ESCORT4 

,DEA? ,S5T5CE ,COMMITT$ ON ,PETITION TO #ae ,YE>S ,IMPRISONM5T 

,S,A,M,U,E,L ,F,I,E,L,D,54 ,BORN ON #b#e? ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#h#d#g1 AT ,TODMORD51 ,LANCA%IRE4 ,HIS FA!R WAS A WEAV] BY TRADE1 A MAN ( F9E PHYSIQUE & MORE ?AN AV]AGE 9TELLIG5CE1 :O TOOK P>T 9 ! ,*>TI/ MOVEM5T )\T -BECOM+ V]Y PROM95T 9 IT4 ,HE WAS RELAT$ TO ,FIELD51 ! ,*>TI/ ORATOR1 :O SECUR$ SOME DI/9CTION AS ,M4,P41 A F\ND] ( ! ,CONSUM]S ,COOP]ATIVE ,SOCIETY1 & A PRIME MOV] 9 ! ,SOCIETY ( ,ODDFELL[S4 ,?IS ,FIELD5 AGITAT$ ! QUE/ION ( AGRICULTURAL L&S = WORK+ M5 9 ,BRITA94 ,IT CAN BE EASILY UND]/OOD1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! ,FIELD5 H\SE ON ,SUNDAY WAS ! MEET+ PLACE ( AN ADVANC$ GR\P ( P]SONS :O DISCUSS$ V>I\S SOCIAL SUBJECTS4 ,!SE MEET+S FIR/ GAVE HIM HIS TA/E = ! /UDY ( ,SOCIOLOGY4 

,SP5T A NUMB] ( YE>S 9 A COTTON MILL4 ,BECAME A ,SUNDAY ,S*OOL TEA*]1 & BECOM+ A RELIGI\S 5?USIA/1 P]AMBULAT$ ! T[NS ( ,LANCA%IRE AS A ,ME?ODI/ PREA*]4 

,EMIGRAT$ TO ,AM]ICA 9 #a#h#f#h1 SETTL+ 9 ,NEW ,YORK4 ,W5T TO ,*ICAGO1 #a#h#f#i1 !N TO ,>KANSAS & ,L\ISIANA1 :]E HE WORK$ AT RAILROAD CON/RUCTION4 ,RETURN$ TO ,*ICAGO & WORK$ AS TEAM/] 9 H&L+ /ONE1 #a#h#g#a4 ,HAD CONT9U$ HIS PREA*+ BUT REALIZ$1 9 ,*ICAGO1 ?AT SOME?+ WAS WRONG4 JO9$ ! ,LIB]AL ,LEAGUE1 #a#h#h4 ,CONV]T$ TO ,SOCIALISM BY ,GEORGE ,S*ILL+4 

,ON HIS RELEASE BY ,ALTGELD1 SETTL$ ) HIS WIFE & *ILDR5 ON A F>M 9 ,COLORADO4 

,*ICAGO ,AN>*I/ ,MEMORIAL1 ,WALDHEIM ,CEMET]Y1 ,*ICAGO ,?REE DAYS BE=E ! EXECUTION ( ,P>SONS1 ,SPIES1 ,FIS*]1 & ,5GEL4 ,JUDGE ,JOSEPH ,E4 ,G>Y =W>D$ ! PETITION ( ,FIELD5 TO ! ,HON4 ,RI*>D ,J4 ,OGLESBY1 ,GOV]NOR ( ,ILL9OIS1 ) A COV]+ LETT] /AT+ ?AT ,FIELD5 WAS 0! HONE/1 9DU/RI\S4 & PEACEABLE LABOR+ MAN10 ) 0A NATURAL LOVE ( JU/ICE1 AN IMPATI5CE AT ALL UNDES]V$ SUFF]+1 AN IMPULSIVE TEMP]10 & 0AN ADVOCATE ( =CE AS A H]OIC REM$Y = ! H>D%IPS ?AT ! POOR 5DURE40 ,URG+ ?AT ,FIELD5 %\LD B5EFIT BY ! EXT5SION ( EXECUTIVE CLEM5CY1 ,G>Y ADD$ 3---- 

0,AS !RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT HE KNEW ( ANY PREP>ATION TO DO ! SPECIFIC ACT ( ?R[+ ! BOMB ?AT KILL$ ,DEGAN1 HE DOES NOT UND]/& EV5 N[ ?AT G5]AL ADVICE TO L>GE MASSES TO' DO VIOL5CE MAKES HIM RESPONSIBLE = ! VIOL5CE DONE BY REASON ( ?AT ADVICE1 NOR ?AT BE+ JO9$ BY O!RS 9 AN EF=T TO SUBV]T LAW & ORD] BY =CE MAKES HIM RESPONSIBLE = ! ACTS ( ?OSE O!RS T5D+ TO MAKE ?AT EF=T EFFECTUAL40 

,?AT P>AGRAPH IS PRICELESS1 AS REPRES5T+ ! >GUM5T PUT =W>D AGA9/ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY BY ! M5 :O /OOD = PROPAG&A BY DE$1 :5 TOLD ?AT NOT ALL ! WEAL?Y FOLK W]E CONSCI\SLY RESPONSIBLE = ! \TRAG+ ( ! POOR BY CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS4 

,M,I,*,A,E,L ,S,*,W,A,B4----,BORN 9 ,KITZ+51 ,C5TRAL ,G]MANY1 #i? ,AUGU/1 #a#h#e#c4 ,FA!R A SMALL TRADESMAN4 ,LO/ BO? P>5TS1 #a#h#f#f4 ,BECAME A COMMUNICANT & !N LO/ ALL FAI? BECAUSE ( ! WORLDLY HABITS ( HIS PRIE/1 #a#h#f#g4 ,S*ILL]'S WORKS & O!R ,G]MAN CLASSICS DISPELL$ HIS RELIGI\S ILLUSIONS4 ,APPR5TIC$ TO A BOOKB9D] 9 ,WU]RBURG4 ,L$ A SOLIT>Y LIFE SURR\ND$ ONLY BY BOOKS4 ,J\RNEYMAN1 #a#h#g#b4 ,JO9$ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY & TRAVEL$ ?R\< ,EUROPE DI/RIBUT+ ,SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE1 & LIV+ BY HIS TRADE4 ,EMIGRAT$ TO ,AM]ICA1 #a#h#g#i4 ,SETTL$ 9 ,*ICAGO1 #a#h#h4 ,BECAME REPORT] & ASSI/ANT $ITOR ( ! ,>BEIT] ,ZEITUNG4 

,S*WAB1 ON HIS RELEASE4 EMBRAC$ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,DI$1 #b#i? ,JUNE1 #a#h#i#h1 9 ,*ICAGO1 ( CONSUMPTION4 :I* DISEASE HE HAD CONTRACT$ 9 PRISON4 

   ,! ,*ICAGO ,AN>*I/S' ,PROGRAM,ALH]T ,R4 ,P>SONS1 WRIT+ 9 ! ,AL>M1 = ,DECEMB]1 #a#h#h#e1 DEF9$ HIS ATTITUDE T[>DS ! EI<T H\RS' DAY AGITATION ?US3-- 

0,WE ( ! ,9T]NATIONALE >E FREQU5TLY ASK$ :Y WE DO NOT GIVE4 \R ACTIVE SUPPORT TO ! PROPOS$ EI<T-H\R MOVEM5T4 ,LET US TAKE :AT WE CAN GET4 SAY \R EI<T-H\R FRI5DS1 ELSE BY ASK+ TOO MU* WE MAY GET NO?+4 ,WE ANSW]3 ,BECAUSE WE WILL NOT4 COMPROMISE4 

0,EI!R \R POSITION ?AT CAPITALI/S HAVE NO RI<T TO ! EXCLUSIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( LIFE IS A TRUE ONE1 OR IT IS NOT4 IT' WE >E CORRECT1 !N TO CONC$E ! PO9T ?AT CAPITALI/S HAVE ! RI<T TO EI<T H\RS ( \R LABOR1 IS MORE ?AN A COMPROMISE2 IT IS A VIRTUAL CONFESSION ?AT ! WAGE SY/EM IS RI<T4 

0,IL' CAPITALI/S HAVE ! RI<T TO [N LABOR OR TO CONTROL ! RESULTS ( LABOR1 WE HAVE NO BUS9ESS DICTAT+ ! T]MS UPON :I* WE MAY BE EMPLOY$4 ,WE CANNOT SAY TO \R EMPLOY]S1 ',YES1 WE ACKN[L$GE Y\R RI<T TO EMPLOY US1 WE >E SATISFI$ ?AT ! WAGE SY/EM IS ALL RI<T1 BUT WE1 Y\R SLAVES1 PROPOSE TO DICTATE ! T]MS UPON :I* WE WILL WORK4' H[ 9CONSI/5T6 

0,& YET ?AT IS EXACTLY ! POSITION ( \R EI<T-H\R FRI5DS4 ,!Y PRESUME TO DICTATE TO CAPITAL1 :ILE !Y MA9TA9 ! JU/NESS ( ! CAPITALI/IC SY/EM2 !Y W\LD REGULATE WAGES :ILE DEF5D+ ! CLAIMS ( ! CAPITALI/S TO ! ABSOLUTE CONTROL ( ,9DU/RY40 

,! POSITION ADOPT$ BY ,P>SONS 9 #ahhe IS ?AT ADOPT$ BY ! ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>Y ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,BRITA9 S9CE #a#i#f4 ,IT DEF9ES ! ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>IAN OPPOSITION TO ! ,SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T & ALSO TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ,M9ORITY MOVEM5T4 

,AUGU/ ,SPIES DEF9$ HIS OPPOSITION 9 !SE T]MS3-- 

0,WE DO NOT ANTAGONIZE ! EI<T-H\R MOVEM5T4 ,VIEW+ IT FROM ! /&PO9T ?AT IT IS A SOCIAL /RUGGLE1 WE SIMPLY PR$ICT ?AT IT IS A LO/ BATTLE1 & WE WILL PROVE ?AT1 EV5 ?\< ! EI<T-H\R SY/EM %\LD BE E/ABLI%$ AT ?IS LATE DAY1 ! WAGE- WORK]S W\LD GA9 NO?+4 ,!Y W\LD /ILL REMA9 ! SLAVES ( !IR MA/]S4 

0,SUPPOSE ! H\RS ( LABOR %\LD BE %ORT5$ TO EI<T4 \R PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY W\LD !REBY NOT BE DIM9I%$4 ,! %ORT5+ ( ! H\RS ( LABOR 9 ,5GL& WAS IMM$IATELY FOLL[$ BY A G5]AL 9CREASE ( LABOR-SAV+ MA*9ES1 ) A SUBSEQU5T DIS*>GE ( A PROPORTIONATE NUMB] ( EMPLOYEES4 ,! REV]SE ( :AT HAD BE5 S\<T TOOK PLACE4 ,! EXPLOITATION ( ?OSE AT WORK WAS 9T5SIFI$4 ,!Y N[ P]=M$ MORE LABOR1 & PRODUC$ MORE ?AN BE=E40 

,! PROGRAM ON :I* \R ,*ICAGO COMRADES TOOK !IR /& WAS AGRE$ TO AT AN ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS CONV5$ 9 ,PITTSBUR<1 ,MAY1 #a#h#h#c4 ,IT WAS AS FOLL[S3-- 

0#a4 ,DE/RUCTION ( ! EXI/+ CLASS RULE BY ALL MEANS1 I4E41 BY 5]GETIC1 REL5TLESS4 REVOLUTION>Y1 & 9T]NATIONAL ACTION4 

0#b4 ,E/ABLI%M5T ( A FREE ,SOCIETY BAS$ UPON A COOP]ATIVE SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 

0#c4 ,FREE EX*ANGE ( EQUIVAL5T PRODUCTS1 BY & BETWE5 ! PRODUCTIVE ORGANIZATIONS1 )\T COMM]CE & PRORIT-NIONG]Y4 

0#d4 ,ORGANIZATION ( $UCATION ON A SECUL>1 SCI5TIFIC & EQUAL BASIS = BO? SEXES4 

0#e4 ,EQUAL RI<TS = ALL1 )\T DI/9CTION ( SEX OR RACE4 

0#f4 ,REGULATION ( ALL PUBLIC AFFAIRS BY FREE CONTRACTS BETWE5 ! AUTONOM\S 9DEP5D5T COMMUNES & ASSOCIATIONS1 RE/+ ON A F$]ALI/IC BASIS40 

,?IS DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLES WAS SUBSEQU5TLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,*ICAGO4 ,IT IMM$IATELY R\S$ ! WRA? ( ! ,TRU/ MAGNATES & !IR KEPT PRESS1 :O CALL$ = DRA/IC POLICE SUPPRESSION4 ,?IS CAMPAIGN F\ND ITS CLIMAX 9 ! TRAG$Y ( ,MAY1 #a#h#h#f1 & ! EXECUTIONS ( ,NOVEMB]1 #a#h#h#g4 

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,JOSEPH ,DIETZG5'S ,/& 

,JOSEPH ,DIETZG51 FAM\S = HIS ASSOCIATION ) ,K>L ,M>X & ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA*1 & HIS PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS1 WAS $IT+ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ORGAN1 ,D] ,SOCIALI/1 AT ! TIME ( ! ,*ICAGO DEMON/RATIONS1 BOMB ?R[+ & >RE/S4 

,DIETZG5 WAS BORN 9 ,BLAK5B]G1 NE> ,COLOGNE1 ON ,DECEMB] #h1 #a#h#b#h4 ,HE DI$ 9 ,*ICAGO 9 ,APRIL1 #a#h#h#h1 & WAS BURI$ ON ! SEV5TE5? ( ?AT MON? BY ! SIDE ( ! MURD]$ ,AN>*I/S4 

,HE EMIGRAT$ TO ,AM]ICA 9 ,JUNE1 #a#h#d#i1 & WORK$ !RE = TWO YE>S AS J\RNEYMAN TANN]1 PA9T]1 & TEA*]1 & TRAVEL$ BY TRAMP+ OR ON CANAL BOATS1 FROM ,WISCONS9 9 ! ,NOR? TO ! ,GULF ( ,MEXICO 9 ! ,S\?1 & FROM ! ,HUDSON 9 ! ,EA/ TO ! ,MISSISSIPPI 9 ! ,WE/4 ,HE RETURN$ TO ,G]MANY 9 #a#h#e#a1 BUT AGA9 EMIGRAT$ TO ,AM]ICA EI<T YE>S LAT]1 REMA9+ ONLY TWO YE>S4 ,HE RETURN$ TO ! ,/ATES = ! ?IRD & LA/ TIME 9 ,JUNE1 #a#h#h#d4 ,HE WAS (F]$ IMM$IATELY ! $ITOR%IP ( ,D] ,SOZIALI/ & RETA9$ IT UNTIL HE MOV$ TO ,*ICAGO 9 #a#h#h#f4 

,:5 ,SPIES & HIS COMRADES ( ! ,*ICAGO ,>BEIT]ZEITUNG W]E >RE/$1 ,DIETZG5 TEMPOR>ILY ASSUM$ ! $ITOR%IP1 & REMA9$ A CONTRIBUTOR TO ! TIME ( HIS DEA?4 

,PRIOR TO ! FATAL ,*ICAGO MEET+1 ,DIETZG5 HAD BE5 ATTACK$ BITT]LY BY ,SPIES = HIS OLD-FA%ION$ & ORNAM5TAL /YLE4 ,BUT AFT] ! BOMB HAD BE5 EXPLOD$1 & ! REACTION SET 91 :5 M5 W]E D5Y+ BE+ 0,SOCIALI/S0 EV51 ,DIETZG5 CAME =W>D & (F]$ HIS S]VICES FREE ( *>GE TO SU* ( ! PUBLI%]S AS /OOD !IR GR\ND4 ,?IS WAS ON ,MAY #f4 ,HE HAD LO/ NO TIME & WANT$ NO PAY4 

,HE (F]$ HIS S]VICES1 AS HE EXPLA9$1 BECAUSE HE CONSID]$ IT HIS DUTY TO JUMP 9TO ! BREA* & FILL ! PLACES ( ?OSE COMRADES :O HAD BE5 TORN \T ( ! RANKS ( FI<T]S1 & BECAUSE HE CONSID]$ IT NECESS>Y ?AT ! ,*ICAGO WORK]S %\LD NOT BE )\T AN ORGAN 9 ?OSE TRY+ TIMES4 ,HIS (F] WAS ACCEPT$ & TWO WEEKS LAT] HE BECAME *IEF $ITOR ( ?REE PAP]S3 ,>BEIT]- ZEITUNG2 ,FALKEL2 & ,VORBOTE4 

,= ?IS LOYALTY TO ! /RUGGLE1 ,DIETZG5 WAS ASSAIL$ BY FRI5D & FOE4 ,HIS PO9T ( VIEW1 H[EV]1 WAS MADE CLE> 9 A LETT] HE WROTE A =TNI<T BE=E ! ,HAYM>KET MEET+4 & ANO!R ?AT BE WROTE AB\T A =TNI<T AFT] IT4 

,ON ,APRIL #b1 HE WROTE TO A FRI5D LIV+ 9 ! ,EA/ ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES3 

0,= MY P>T1 ,I LAY LITTLE /RESS ON ! DI/9CTION4 :E!R A MAN IS AN AN>*I/ OR A SOCIALI/1 BECAUSE IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT TOO MU* WEI<T IS ATTRIBUT$ TO ?IS DIFF]5CE4 ,:ILE ! AN>*I/S MAY HAVE MAD & BRA9LESS 9DIVIDUALI/S 9 !IR RANKS1 ! SOCIALI/S HAVE AN ABUNDANCE ( C[>DS4 ,= ?IS REASON ,I C>E AS MU* = ! ONE AS ! O!R4 ,! MAJORITY 9 BO? CAMPS >E /ILL 9 GREAT NE$ ( $UCATION1 & ?IS WILL BR+ AB\T A RECONCILIATION 9 GOOD TIME40 

,ON ,MAY #a#g1 #a#h#h#f1 HE WROTE3--- 

0,I WAS ( ! OP9ION ?AT ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S %\LD NOT BE EXAGG]AT$1 & :5 ! BOMB EXPLOD$1 & ! /AFF ( ! ,>BEIT]ZEITUNG W]E IMPRISON$1 ,I AT ONCE (F]$ MY S]VICES1 :I* W]E ACCEPT$40 

,DIETZG5 WAS 9VIT$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY TO WRITE >TICLES ON ! ,*ICAGO SITUATION = ! ,SOZIALI/4 ,BUT HIS REPORT ON ! ,HAYM>KET RIOT WAS REJECT$1 BECAUSE 0IT WAS DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ! VIEWS ( ! ,COMMIT- TEE40 ,DIETZG5 !REUPON ATTACK$ ! COMMITTEE & ! ,SOZIALI/ 9 ! ,>BEIT]ZEITUNG4 

,ON ,JUNE #i1 #a#h#h#f1 HE WROTE TO A FRI5D 3-- 

0,I CALL MYSELF' AN ,AN>*I/ 9 ?IS QUOTATION1 & ! PASSAGE LEFT \T EXPLA9S :AT ,I MEAN BY ,AN>*ISM4 ,I DEF9E IT 9 A MORE CONG5IAL S5SE ?AN IS USUALLY DONE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ME--& ,I AM AT ONE 9 ?IS ) ALL ! BETT] & BE/ COMRADES---WE %ALL NOT >RIVE AT ! NEW SOCIETY )\T S]I\S TR\BLES4 ,I EV5 ?9K ?AT WE %ALL NOT GET ALONG )\T WILD DI/URBANCES1 )\T ',AN>*Y4' ,I BELIEVE ?AT ',AN>*Y' WILL BE ! /AGE ( TRANSITION4 ,DY$-9-!-WOOL ,AN>*I/S PRET5D ?AT ,AN>*ISM IS ! F9AL /AGE ( ,SOCIETY4 ,TO ?AT EXT5T !Y >E RATTLE BRA9S :O ?9K !Y >E ! MO/ RADICAL PEOPLE4 ,BUT WE >E ! REAL RADICALS :O WORK = ! ,COMMUNI/ ORD] ABOVE & BEYOND ,AN>*ISM4 ,! ,F9AL AIM IS SOCIALI/ ORD] NOT AN>*I/ DISORD]4 

0,IF ! ,*ICAGO COMRADES W\LD N[ AVAIL !MSELVES ( ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS 9 !IR CITY1 ,I C\LD HELP !M CONSID]ABLY4 ,! ,AN>*I/S W\LD !N JO9 \R RANKS & W\LD =M1 TOGE!R ) ! BE/ SOCIALI/S ( ALL C\NTRIES1 A UNIT$ & ACTIVE TROOP1 BE=E :I* SU* WEAKL+S AS ,/IEBEL+1 ,FABIAN1 ,VOGT1 ,VI]ECK1 & O!RS W\LD BE DISP]S$ & =C$ TO CRAWL UND] COV]4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ,I ?9K1 ! T]MS AN>*I/1 SOCIALI/4 COMMUNI/1 %\LD BE MIX$ TOGE!R SO ?AT NO MUDDLE HEAD C\LD TELL :I* IS :I*4 

0,LANGUAGE S]VES NOT ONLY ! PURPOSE ( DI/+UI%+ ?+S1 BUT ALSO ( UNIT+ !M1 = IT IS DIALECTIC4 ,! WORDS1 & ! 9TELLECT :I* GIVES MEAN+ TO LANGUAGE CANNOT DO ANY?+ ELSE BUT GIVE US A PICTURE ( ?+S4 ,H5CE MAN MAY USE !M FREELY1 SO LONG AS HE ACCOMPLI%ES HIS PURPOSE40 

,DIETZG5'S LA/ WORDS ON ! SUBJECT W]E P5N$ A FEW DAYS BE=E HIS DEA?1 9 A LETT] DAT$ ,APRIL #i1 #a#h#h#h1 TO HIS FRI5D 9 ! EA/3---- 

0,I AM /ILL SATISFI$ ) MY APPROA* TO ! ,AN>*I/S1 & AM CONV9C$ ?AT ,I HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ SOME GOOD BY IT40 

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,P5D+ ,EXECUTION 

,LOMBROSO 9QUIR$ :E!R1 ACCORD+ TO ! *>LATAN RULES ( HIS PSU$O-PHYSIOGNOMY1 ! ,*ICAGO ,AN>*I/S W]E CRIM9ALS4 ,WE PREF] ! TE/IMONY ( ,CAPTA9 ,BLACK1 :O WAS !IR PR9CIPAL ADVOCATE1 ?AT !Y W]E M54 ,ON ! MORN+ ?AT !Y W]E DECL>$ GUILTY BY ! PACK$ JURY 9 ! PACK$ C\RT1 ,BLACK SAW ! PRISON]S IMM$IATELY UPON !IR RETURN TO JAIL4 ,HE WAS IM- PRESS$ BY !IR CALM1 FE>LESS1 & CONT5T$ BE>+4 

,ADOLPH ,FIS*]1 :O T[]$ ABOVE HIS COMRADES1 SAID TO ,BLACK1 ) ! UTMO/ SIMPLICITY1 & ) A SMILE ?AT LI<T$ UP HIS 5TIRE FACE1 ?AT HE WAS NOT SURPRIS$ AT ! V]DICT4 & DID NOT M9D IF ! AU?ORITIES HANG$ HIM ON ! MORR[4 ,HE ADD$4 0,I AM READY TO DIE = ! CAUSE ( ! PEOPLE40 

,! IDEA ( WITNESS+ UNTO DEA? = ! CAUSE :I* HE HAD AT HE>T FILL$ HIM ) A CONT5T$ GLADNESS4 

,L\IS ,L+G1 ALSO1 SMIL$ AT ! ?\<T ( DEA?1 & CONSID]$ IT 9EVITABLE FROM ! FIR/ DAY ( ! TRIAL4 

,GEORGE ,5GEL WAS ! OLDE/ MAN 9 ?IS GR\P ( M>TYRS BY MANY YE>S1 & ,BLACK ALWAYS WOND]$ H[ HE HAD BECOME AN ,AN>*I/4 ,5GEL IMPRESS$ ,BLACK ) 0HIS ABSOLUTE S9C]ITY 9 ALL ?AT HE DID & SAID40 

,SPIES' PLEA TO ,GOV]NOR ,OGLESBY TO BE ! SACRIFICE ( ! H\R4 & TO SAVE ,P>SONS FROM HIS DOOM1 IMPRESS$ ,BLACK AS BE+ TYPICAL ( ! MAN4 ,IT EXPRESS$ HIS *>ACT] & MOTIVES4 ,P>SONS WAS ,BLACK'S *IEF CONC]N4 ,HIS CASE WAS \T/&+4 ,HIS EXECUTION WAS ! MO/ HE9\S ( ALL4 ,BLACK WAS 0ANXI\S TO SAVE \T ( ! WRECK :ATEV] LIFE WAS POSSIBLE10 & EV5 PEOPLE :O AGRE$ ) ! V]DICT1 & W]E AGA9/ ! ,AN>*I/S1 FELT ?AT ,P>SONS %\LD NOT BE EXECUT$1 S9CE HE CAME VOLUNT>ILY TO ! B> ( ! C\RT4 ,!Y >GU$ ?AT EV5 A ,DRUMHEAD ,C\RT- ,M>TIAL W\LD NEV] 9FLICT ! DEA? S5T5CE UND] SU* CIRCUM- /ANCES4 ,IT WAS UND]/OOD ?AT ?IS S5T5CE W\LD BE COMMUT$ IF ,P>SONS W\LD SIGN A PETITION TO ! ,GOV]NOR ( ! ,/ATE1 :I*1 UND] ! CON/ITUTION & ! /ATUTES ( ! ,/ATE ( ,ILL9OIS1 WAS PRESCRIB$ AS A CONDITION ( ! EX]CISE ( P>DON+ P[]4 ,P>SONS RELUS$ TO SIGN ANY SU* PETITION4 ,HE REFUS$ TO DES]T HIS COMRADES :O W]E DOOM$ BY SU* PETITION+4 ,HE DECL9$ TO MAKE ANY TE*NICAL COMPLIANCE ) ! LAW ?AT HAD DOOM$ !M4 ,EI!R HIS COMRADES MU/ BE P>DON$ ) HIM OR HE W\LD HANG ) !M1 SO F> AS HIS P]SONAL WILL C\LD AFFECT ! RESULT4 ,?AT WAS HIS UNCOMPROMIS+ & UNHESITAT+ RESOLUTION4 

,& SO ,P>SONS DI$1 ) HIS COMRADES1 TO WITNESS TO ! CAUSE & TO ! FAI? ( ,LABOR6 

,BLACK ADDS 3 --- 

0,( SU* MAKE W]E !SE M5 AS ,I LE>N$ TO KN[ !M 9 ! MON?S 9T]V5+ BETWE5 !IR >RE/ & !IR EXECUTION40 

,HE CONCLUDES 3 -- 

0,I HAVE ?\<T ALWAYS ?AT1 IF !SE M5 C\LD HE KN[N BY O!RS AS ,I KNEW !M1 ?OSE :O CAME ?US TO KN[ !M W\LD UND]/& :Y MY :OLE HE>T WAS 9 ! /RUGGLE = !IR DELIV]ANCE40 

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,)\T ,PREJUDICE3 ,A ,JUDGE'S ,APOLOGY 

7,9 TELL+ ! /ORY ( ! ,*ICAGO M>TYRS1 9 A PREVI\S *APT]1 WE M5TION$ ! >TICLE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! ,C5TURY ,MAGAZ9E1 ,NEW ,YORK1 = ,APRIL1 #a#h#i#c1 BY !4 ,HON4 ,JOSEPH ,E4 ,G>Y1 ! JUDGE :O PRESID$ AT ! TRIAL4 ,UN=TUNATELY = ,G>Y'S RAV+S 9 DEF5SE ( 0LAW & ORD]10 TWO MON?S LAT]1 ,GOV]NOR ,ALTGELD RELEAS$ ! ?REE VICTIMS ( ! TRIAL :O W]E IMPRISON$ /ILL4 & DECL>$ ?AT ! EI<T ,AN>*I/S CONVICT$ W]E ! VICTIMS ( FALSE CONDEMNATION1 9SUFFICI5T EVID5CE1 A PACK$ & LEGALLY 9COMPET5T JURY1 & A P>TIAL JUDGE4 ,! FOLL[+ ESSAY IS AN ANALYSIS ( ,G>Y'S APOLOGY47 

,G>Y OP5S HIS APOLOGY ) A MAGNIFIC5T APPEAL OI' DRAMATIC M$IOCRITY TO CONV5TIONAL RESPECTABILITY4 ,HIS V]Y FIR/ S5T5CE ASSURES ONE ?AT HE IS ?OR\<LY OR?ODOX 9 SUP]/ITION1 SUP]IOR TO ALL SUGGE/ION ( SPIRITUAL VISION1 AN 5EMY NOT ONLY ( CLASS-W> AGITATORS BUT ( ,NEW ,5GL& PHILOSOPH]S4 ,HIS LOVE ( M9OR DETAIL MAKES ONE WOND] :E!R SU* ACCURACY WAS NOT ASSUM$ 9 ORD] TO CONCEAL HIS DEFICI5CY ( REG>D = MORE IMPORTANT FACT4 ,! READ] W\LD DISCOV] ! PA? TO JU/ICE4 ,! HONORABLE ESSAYI/ LOSES HIM 9 ! WOODS ( ACCID5CE4 ,BUT LET HIM SPEAK = HIMSELF 3-- 

0,ON ! MORN+ ( ,FRIDAY1 ! TW5TIE? DAY ( ,AUGU/1 9 ! YE> ( \R ,LORD ONE ?\S& EI<T HUNDR$ & EI<TY-SIX4 TWELVE M51 RANG+ 9 AGE FROM FIFTY-?REE YE>S D[NW>D TO E>LY MANHOOD1 WALK$ TWO BY TWO FROM ! ,REV]E H\SE1 A HOTEL 9 ! CITY ( ,*ICAGO1 TO ! BUILD+ 9 :I* ! CRIM9AL C\RT ( ,COOK ,C\NTY HELD ITS SESSIONS4 ,! HOTEL IS ON ! S\?-EA/ CORN] ( ,CL>K & ,MI*IGAN ,/REET1 & ! ,C\R?\SE WAS--IT HAS BE5 TORN D[N TO BE REPLAC$ BY A BETT]--ON ! NOR? SIDE ( ,MI*IGAN ,/REET1 A LITTLE EA/ ( ! HOTEL4 ,! M5 W]E GU>D$ FROM ALL COMMUNICATION ) ANY P]SON BY A BAILIFF ( ?AT C\RT AT EA* & ( ! %ORT PROCESSION :I* !IR RANKS COMPOS$40 

,IT NE$S NO PRACTICAL JUDGM5T TO REALIZE ! WEI<TY & EV5 PO9T$ SIGNIFICANCE ( EV]Y WORD 9 ?IS PRECI\S PIECE ( DESCRIPTIVE WRIT+4 ,WE >E IMPRESS$ BECAUSE ! WRIT] ASSURES US ?AT IT WAS 0! MORN+ ( ,FRIDAY10 9/EAD ( CASUALLY DISMISS+ ! TIME & DATE AS 0,FRIDAY MORN+40 ,!N ! EV5T OCCURR$ 9 NO M]E 0YE> #ahhf ( ! ,*RI/IAN ]A06 ,IT DID NOT HAPP5 EV5 9 0,A4,D4 #a#h#h#f40 ,BUT IT WAS 09 ! YE> ( \R ,LORD ONE ?\S&1 EI<T HUNDR$ & EI<TY-SIX40 ,?IS IS CONV9C+4 ,WE CONJURE UP PICTURES ( ,DIONYSUS--! SIX? C5TURY ECCLESIA/ICAL =G] :O COMM5C$ ! PRACTICE ( DAT+ ! YE>S AFT] ! FALSELY COMPUT$ DATE ( ,*RI/'S NATIVITY ---- & WE FEEL C]TA9 ?AT ON SO AUGU/LY DESCRIB$ A YE> AS ?AT 0( \R ,LORD ONE ?\S& EI<T HUNDR$ & EI<TY-SIX0 ONLY S9C]E & TRU?FUL M5 C\LD HAVE /ALK$ ABROAD6 ,( C\RSE1 HAD IT BE5 ONLY 0,A4,D4 #a#h#h0 OR 0! YE> #ahhf ( ! ,*RI/IAN ]A0 \R C]TITUDE MI<T HAVE BE5 LESS3 DOGMATIC4 

,JUDGE ,G>Y'S *>M+ EVID5CE ( !SE TWELVE M5'S ABSOLUTE FIDELITY TO TRU? DOES NOT 5D H]E4 ,HAD !Y WALK$ ONE BY ONE1 WE MI<T HAVE SUSPECT$ !M ( DUPLICITY1 OR HAVE 9DICT$ !M = A CONSPIRACY TO PROMOTE ]ROR4 ,BUT !Y WALK$ TWO BY TWO6 ,?IS >GUES A SEV]ITY ( M9D :I* PUTS ALL D\BT ( !IR HONE/Y & P]FECT IMP>TIALITY \T ( ! QUE/ION4 ,! NAME ( !IR HOTEL1 ITS SITUATION A LITTLE WE/ ( ! ,C\R?\SE1 ALSO BETOK5S !IR POSSESSION ( ! QUALITIES M5TION$4 ,HAD IT BE5 TO ! EA/1 D\BT MI<T HAVE OV]TAK5 \R GOOD S5SE4 ,HUT IT WAS NOT4 ,SO ALL FE> IS PUT ASIDE4 ,F9ALLY1 !Y W]E GU>D$ 9 FRONT & BEH9D BY A C\RT BAILIFF4 ,!IR PROCESSION WAS A V]ITABLE WALK+ ,$51 9TO :I* NO DEVIL C\LD P5ETRATE4 ,HE MI<T DWELL BEYOND IT AT EI!R 5D4 ,9TO IT1 HE C\LD NOT GO4 ,COMP>$ TO !SE TWELVE M51 ! TWELVE APO/LES >E PUNY MORTALS ( ! L[E/ DESCRIPTION4 ,CONTRA/$ AGA9/ ?AT ,C\R?\SE-TO-HOTEL PROM5ADE 9 ,*ICAGO ( ,G>Y'S FAM\S 0YE> ( \R ,LORD0 9 QUE/ION1 ! PA? FROM ,NAZ>E? TO ,J]USALEM WAS BUT A MIS]ABLE S9N]'S HI<- WAY4 ,& IT W\LD BE CRIM9AL 9DE$ TO /& FUR!R BETWE5 ! READ]'S PLEASURE & ! N>RATIVE ( ! HI/ORIAN ( SO SACR$ A WALK6 

,G>Y PROCE$S TO /ATE 0! CASE ( ! ,AN>*I/S WAS ON TRIAL10 & ?AT 0!SE M50---:OM HE NAMES--0W]E ! JURORS SELECT$ & SWORN TO TRY ! ISSUE BETWE5 ! PEOPLE ( ! ,/ATE ( ,ILL9OIS &0 ! A=ESAID ,AN>*I/S1 :OM HE NAMES ALSO4 ,HE !N NAMES ! C\NSEL ON BO? SIDES & M5TIONS HIS [N PRESID5CY AS JUDGE4 ,! DEF5DANTS W]E ACCUS$ ( ! MURD] ( ,MA?IAS ,J4 ,DEGAN1 ON ,MAY #d?1 #a#h#h#f4 

,) ?AT AIR ( C&OR1 NEV] TO BE EXTOLL$ SUFFICI5TLY1 ,G>Y CONT9UES 3 --- 

0,! %ORT J\RNEY ?AT !SE ,JURORS W]E !N MAK+ WAS ! LA/ ONE ( ! MANY !Y MADE OV] ! SAME R\TE2 EV]Y DAY1 EXCEPT ,SUNDAYS1 FROM ! F\RTE5? DAY ( ,JULY PREC$+4 !Y HAD SEV]AL TIMES EA* DAY1 UND] LIKE RE/RA9T BY ! WAT*FULNESS ( ! BAILIFF'S1 PAC$ TO & FROM BETWE5 ! HOTEL & ! ,C\R?\SE3 & SOME ( !M HAD DONE SO FROM ! TW5TY-FIR/ DAY ( ! MON? BE=E4 ON :I* DAY ! TRIAL BEGAN4 ,TW5TY-ONE DAYS PASS$ AWAY 9 SELECT+ ! JURY2 #iha M5 W]E CALL$ TO ! *AIRS :]E ! JURY SAT1 & W]E SWORN & QUE/ION$4 BE=E ! DOZ5 :O TRI$ ! CASE W]E ACCEPT$4 ,AT ALL TIMES1 ! DOZ5 *AIRS W]E KEPT FULL1 & :5 A MAN W5T 9TO ONE ( !M HE BECAME A CLOSE PRISON]1 NOT TO BE RELEAS$ UNTIL HE WAS REJECT$ AS UNFIT TO S]VE ON ! JURY2 OR1 IF HE BECAME ONE ( ! *OS5 TWELVE1 NOT UNTIL HE & HIS FELL[S GAVE4 ! F9AL V]DICT40 

,H]E WE HAVE AN EXCELL5CE ( 9CID5CE :I* IS A V]ITABLE MOV+ PICTURE4 ,WE HAVE NO ?\<T = ! M5 ON TRIAL4 ,!IR SUFF]+S >E ( TOO SMALL MOM5T TO PLAY ANY P>T 9 ! 0MOVIE0 BE=E US4 ,IT IS ( ! JURY WE ?9K4 ,:AT WE>Y PLODD+1 :AT DEVOT$ PATI5CE1 IS !IRS6 ,& YET ! DETAIL IS NOT COMPLETE4 ,9DE$1 NOT TO IMPEA* ! WRIT]1 BUT ONLY TO EXPRESS A FACT1 HIS C&OR IS' NOT DEVOID ( A FAULT :OSE ,LAT9 DESCRIPTION 9 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS KN[N AS ! SUPPRESSION ( TRU?4 

,= EXAMPLE1 ,G>Y DWELLS ON ! L5G? ( TIME IT TOOK TO IMPANEL ! JURY4 ,HE IMPLIES ?AT EV]Y CONSID]ATION WAS %[N TO ! DEF5SE1 :OSE *ALL5G+ ?US L5G!N$ ! PROCE$+S4 ,HE OMITS TO /ATE ?AT1 ( ! #iha M5 CALL$ TO ! JURY *AIRS1 ONLY .<\R OR FIVE BELONG$ TO ! ,LABOR CLASS4 ,!SE W]E ALL *ALL5G$ BY ! ,/ATES' ,ATTORNEY & REJECT$ BY ! JUDGE4 ,G>Y DWELLS ON ! ISOLATION ( ! JURYM5 FROM ALL CONTAM9ATION ( PREJUDICE4 ,HE OMITS TO /ATE ?AT MO/ ( !M DECL>$ !IR PREJUDICE AGA9/ ,AN>*I/S & ,SOCIALI/S1 & ?AT HE1 AS JUDGE1 MA9TA9$ ?AT ?AT FACT WAS NO EVID5CE ( !IR P>TIALITY4 ,HE FAILS TO M5TION ?AT ONE TALESMAN /AT$ ?AT HE HAD CONCEIV$ & EXPRESS$ AN OP9ION ?AT ! DEF5DANTS W]E GUILTY4 ,?IS G5TLEMAN CONFESS$ ?AT HE WAS NOT PREP>$ TO DELIV] ! ACCUS$ TO FRE$OM1 IF ! PROSECUT+ EVID5CE FAIL$2 BUT ?AT HE CONSID]$ !M SO GUILTY1 ?AT HE WAS NOT PREP>$ TO ACQUIT !M UNLESS OV]:ELM+ EVID5CE ( !IR 9NOC5CE WAS =?COM+4 ,BY EX]CIS+ GREAT PRESSURE1 JUDGE ,G>Y P]SUAD$ HIM TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT HE ?\<T 0P]HAPS HE MI<T BE ABLE0 TO PUT ?IS PREJUDICE ASIDE1 & ACT 5TIRELY ON EVID5CE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,G>Y DECL>$ HIM COMPET5T4 ,?IS WAS ONE ( ! WOR?IES :OSE BLESS$ FRE$OM FROM ALL BIAS & SUGGE/ION ,G>Y HAS EULOGIZ$ 9 ! PASSAGES CIT$4 

,YET ! JUDGE :O PRESID$ AT ! ,*ICAGO TRIAL WAS AN HONORABLE MAN4 ,HE WAS AN UPRI<T JUDGE4 ,FUNNY1 H[1 ) SU* A M9D = DETAIL1 HE %\LD HAVE OMITT$ ! FEW FACTS \TL9$ 9 ! =EGO+ COMM5T6 

,ANO!R ]ROR ( OMISSION /RIKES US4 ,G>Y HAS TOLD US ( ! C\RT BAILIFFS1 UNTIL WE LOOK UPON !M AS WALK+ PILL>S ( SUPREMACY1 COLD IMPASSIVE RI<TE\SNESS4 ,G>Y TELLS US ! NAMES ( JURY- M51 PROSECUT+ & DEF5D+ C\NSEL1 WITNESSES1 ,AN>*I/ WRIT]S & AGITATORS1 ! DEF5DANTS4 ,BUT SO GREAT >E !SE BAILIFFS1 ?AT HE W\LD SEEM TO DREAD TO DWELL UPON !IR NAMES4 ,>E !Y NOT ! V]Y GU>DIAN ANGELS ( V]ACITY & JU/ICE8 ,YET ONE WAS NAM$ ,H5RY ,RYOE1 & HE TOLD WELL-KN[N M5 9 ,*ICAGO ?AT HE WAS MANAG+ ! CASE & KNEW :AT HE WAS AB\T2 ?AT !SE FELL[S %\LD HANG AS SURE AS DEA?1 & ?AT HE WAS SUMMON+ ONLY SU* M5 AS JURORS AS W\LD BE ACCEPTABLE TO ! PROSECUTION 6 

,AS BECAME A JUDGE1 ,G>Y1 P5N+ HIS APOLOGY1 ?\<T IT WISDOM TO IGNORE SU* DETAILS4 ,HE CONSID]$ IT DIGNITY TO COMPETE ON ?IS WISE ) JUNIOR REPORT]S H&L+ !IR FIR/ 0DESCRIPTIVE SPECIAL03-- 

,ON ALL =M] OCCASIONS :5 ! JURORS W]E ON ! /REET !Y HAD CONV]S$ ) ONE ANO!R4 HAD LOOK$ AB\T !M1 AT ! PEOPLE AT ! BUILD+S1 AT ! TRIFL+ 9CID5TS ( /REET LIFE4 T9 ?IS MORN+1 EA* MAN WALK$ 9 SIL5CE3 TURN+ HIS EYES NEI!R 9 RI<T NOR LEFT4 HE AVOID$ ALL RECOGNITION ( ANY ACQUA9TANCE :O MI<T BE 9 ! MULTITUDE ?AT FILL$ ! /REET40 

,WE WILL SP>E ! READ] ! JUDGE'S DESCRIPTION ( ! ?RONG$ /REET1 ! CONC5TRAT$ GAZE & PA9FUL ANXIETY ( ,*RI/5DOM1 & ! JURY'S COMPLETE IGNORANCE ( SU* UNIV]SAL 9T]E/4 ,BUT WE W\LD LIKE TO KN[ H[ A JUDGE1 SO COMPLETELY IGNORANT ( ! AV[$ P>TIALITY ( ! JURORS1 WAS SO ?OR\<LY WELL 9=M$ ON ! SUBJECT ( !IR CONDUCT ON A /REET P>ADE8 ,WAS IT HIS FUNCTION TO PLAY SPY & TO WAT* !M DAILY8 ,H[ DID HE KN[ ?AT !Y HAD CONV]S$ ) EA* O!R ON EV]Y =M] OCCASION8 ,H[ DID HE KN[ ( !IR COMPLETE SIL5CE & HANG-DOG APPE>ANCE ( SELF-%AME 9 ?IS 0MORN+ ( ,FRIDAY1 ! TW5TIE? DAY OI ,AUGU/4 9 ! YE> ( \R ,LORD ONE ?\S& EI<T HUNDR$ & EI<TY-SIX8 ,& :AT DID SU* CONDUCT--SO MY/]I\SLY NOT$ BY A JUDGE :OSE PLAY WAS NOT SPY+ FROM ! SIDEWALK--PROVE ANY- WAY8 IF A S5SE ( SOLEMNITY ON ?IS DAY1 SURELY A GRAVE WANT ( GRAVITY ON ALL ! =M] DAYS1 & AN ASC]TA9$ WANT ( M5TAL BALANCE & JUDGM5T G5]ALLY6 ,OR WAS IT A FE> TO RECORD A COOK$ V]DICT N[ ?AT ! MOM5T TO ACT ON !IR CRIM9AL CONSPIRACY HAD >RIV$8 ,WAS EA* MAN A%AM$ TO LOOK HIS FELL[ 9 ! FACE1 TO F9D ! /ONES 9 MUT9Y1 & TO SEE %AME />+ AT HIM EV]Y:]E8 

,! TOTAL IMPOSSIBILITY ( SU* AN EV5T--ALWAYS BE>+ 9 M9D ! FACTS ) :I* WE HAVE QUALIFI$ ,G>Y'S N>RATIVE IS EVID5T FROM ! WRIT]'S REPEAT$ ASSURANCE3--- 

0,! JURORS HAD NO ACCESS1 EI!R BY NEWSPAP]S OR CONV]SATION1 TO ANY S\RCE ( 9=MATION4 BE+ AT ALL TIMES EI!R 9 C\RT1 9 A ROOM SET AP>T = !M 9 ! ,C\R?\SE1 9 A SUITE ( ROOMS AT ! HOTEL1 OR 9 A BODY TAK+ EX]CISE ON ! /REETS3 &1 ALWAYS1 :5 NOT 9 C\RT4 GU>D$ BY BAILIFFS4 ,! C\NSEL 5GAG$ 9 ! CASE W]E FULLY OCCUPI$1 :5 \T ( C\RT4 PREP>+ = ! WORK NEXT SESSION4 ,I R5D ! PAP]S V]Y LITTLE1 & DECL9$ ALL CONV]SATION UPON ! SUBJECT :I* OCCUPI$ MY BUS9ESS H\RS40 

,?IS PASSAGE CONV9CES US ?AT ,G>Y W\LD HAVE MADE A =- TUNE AS ! WRIT] ( DETECTIVE /ORIES4 ,P]HAPS HE DID WRITE SOME OI ! FIVE & FIFTE5 C5T $ITIONS ( ,NICK ,C>T]1 PUBLI%$ SO WIDELY BY ,MESSRS4 ,/REET & ,SMI? ( ,NEW ,YORK4 ,OR ELSE1 HE MAY HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! WOND]S ( ! MAGIC CIRCLE1 & HAVE 9- SPIR$ SECRETLY ! APP>5TLY MIRACUL\S IMPOSSIBILITIES ) ! P]=MANCE ( :I* ! AUDI5CE AT ! ,LONDON ,/4 ,GEORGE'S ,HALL W]E WONT TO BE *>M$4 ,ANYWAY1 !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ,G>Y1 9 WRIT+ HIS APOLOGY1 WAS *UCKL+ AT HIS ABILITY TO /ATE A MY/]Y3 TO DWELL ON UNIMPORTANT CIRCUM/ANCES :IL/ CONCEAL+ ESS5TIAL FACT3 & TO URGE ! POS]3 0,LADIES & G5TLEM51 ! ?+ WAS DONE1 Y\ SEE IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE ( ACCOMPLI%M5T4 ,SAY4 H[ DID IT HAPP580 

,W H5 ! AU?OR ( A DETECTIVE NOVEL ASSURES US ALL HIS *>ACT]S >E 9NOC5T1 WE 5JOY ! SITUATIONS BECAUSE ( ITS DELICI\S FALS5ESS4 ,:5 ,DEVIANT %[S US ?AT HIS TRICKS >E P]=M$ )\T TRICK]Y WE APPLAUD HIS SPL5DID 9S9C]ITY4 ,:5 ,G>Y EXPLA9S H[ UTT]LY IMPOSSIBLE IT WAS = A BIAS$ JURY TO BE PREJUDIC$ :IL/ WAT*$ BY CORRUPT$ BAILIFFS1 WE LIKE HUGELY ! WIT ( ! MAN4 ,BUT WE WANT LAU<T] )\T TE>S1 & COM$Y UNR\ND$ BY TRAG$Y4 ,! ,*ICAGO BUS9ESS WAS H>DLY ?AT4 ,A JUDGE CANNOT BE EXPECT$ TO NOTE ! DIFF]5CE4 

,G>Y PROCE$S TO DEF9E ! DIM5SIONS ( ! ,C\RTROOM1 & ! SITUATION ( GALL]IES4 ,HE M5TIONS ?AT HE KEPT !SE CLOS$ & EMPTY EXCEPT UPON ONE AFT]NOON1 ! EV5TS ( :I* HE DETAILS LAT] 9 HIS N>RATIVE4 ,HE ADDS1 H[1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( EA* SESSION4 HE ANN\NC$ ?AT NO P]SON W\LD BE P]MITT$ TO /& 9 ! ,C\RTROOM1 EXCEPT 9 ! WAY ( DUTY2 ?AT NO ONE C\LD L\NGE ON RAIL+S1 OR ON ! >MS ( SEATS1 BUT ?AT EV]Y SPECTATOR MU/ BE D[N 9 A SEAT1 OR LEAVE ! ROOM4 ,ALSO ?AT !RE MU/ BE NO TALK+1 :ISP]+1 OR LAU<+1 OR ANY TOK5 ( APPROVAL OR C5SURE4 

,TRULY1 A JU/ JUDGE COME TO DELIV] JUDGM5T6 ,BUT WAT* ! SEQUEL 3---- 

0,RELUCTANTLY1 :5 ,MR4 ,GR9NELL WAS AB\T TO BEG9 HIS CLOS+ >GUM5T TO ! JURY1 AT ! SOLICITATION1 )\T HIS KN[L$GE1 ( MANY ( ! BAILIFFS 9 ATT5DANCE1 & UPON !IR ASSURANCES ?AT !Y C\LD PREV5T ALL DISORD]1 ,I P]MITT$ ! GALL]IES TO HE OP5$4 ,AS SOON AS PEOPLE BEGAN TO 5T] !M1 ,I RECEIV$ A NOTE- FROM ,MRS4 ,BLACK1 WIFE ( ! LEAD+ C\NSEL = ! DEF5SE---%E BE+ CON/ANTLY 9 ATT5DANCE------/AT+ ?AT MANY P]SONS HAD DESIR$ TO HE> HIS SPEE* & HAD BE5 PREV5T$1 AS !Y C\LD NOT GET 9TO ! ,C\RTROOM1 & RISK+ IF ,I ?\<T IT WAS FAIR TO OP5 ! GALL]IES = AN AUDI5CE ?AT HAD BE5 EXCLUD$ :5 H] HUSB& SPOKE4 ,I RECOGNIZ$ ! JU/NESS ( H] COMPLA9T1 &1 CALL+ ,MR4 ,BLACK TO ! B5*1 %[$ HIM ! NOTE ( HIS WIFE1 & (F]$ TO CLE> ! GALL]IES & TO %UT !M UP AGA9 IF HE PREF]R$ ?AT IT %\LD HE DONE4 ,HE ?\<T IT NOT WOR? :ILE4 BUT ! EV5T %[$ H[ UNWISE IT WAS TO OP5 !M40 

,GR9NELL WAS ! ,/ATE ,ATTORNEY1 & ! GALL]Y IS OP5$ TO ADMIT AN AUDI5CE TO HE> HIS SPEE* AT ! REQUE/ ( ! BAILIFFS ADMITT$LY----?\< ,G>Y CONCEALS ! FACT--OPPOS$ TO ! DEF5D- ANTS4 ,! JUDGE CONS5TS1 ?\< HE CONFESS$ TO HAVE KEPT \T ANY AUDI5CE ?AT WI%$ TO HE> ,BLACK1 ! LEAD+ ATTORNEY = ! DEF5SE1 SPEAK4 ,9 ALL ?IS CONDUCT !RE WAS NO 9T5TIONAL P>TIALITY1 NOT EV5 JUDICIAL TACTLESSNESS4 ,:5 ,MRS4 ,BLACK RE- M>KS ON ! UNFAIRNESS1 ,G>Y IS NOT TURN$ FROM HIS PURPOSE4 ,HE A*IEVES IT1 BY ?R[+ ! ONUS ( DECID+ ON ! MAN HE HAS TREAT$ WRONGLY1 FEEL+ SURE ?AT ! LATT] ?US *ALL5G$1 MU/ G5]\SLY GIVE WAY TO ! 9JU/ICE4 ,SEV5 YE>S LAT]1 WRIT+ AN APOLOGY = HIS CONDUCT1 ,G>Y FOLL[S UP A COMPLAC5T RECORD ( HIS 9FAMY BY AFFECT+ TO DISCOV] ! UNWISDOM ( HIS [N CONSPIRACY4 ,! EV5T TO :I* HE REF]S ABOVE IS DESCRIB$ ?US 9 ! P>AGRAPH :I* FOLL[S IMM$IATELY3---- 

0,DUR+ HIS SPEE*1 ,MR4 ,GR9NELL MADE SOME IMPASSION$ EXCLAMATION--,I DO NOT RECALL ! WORDS---TO ! EFFECT ?AT NOBODY FE>$ ,AN>*I/S1 AT :I* A /ORM ( APPLAUSE BROKE \T 9 ! EA/ GALL]Y4 ,A FUTILE ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO DISCOV] :O BEGAN IT1 & AFT] SOME DELAY ,MR4 ,GR9NELL PROCE$$ )\T FUR!R 9T]RUPTION40 

,CONSID] ! CIRCUM/ANCES & *>ACT] ( ! APPLAUSE1 & !N SAY1 IF Y\ CAN1 ?AT Y\ >E SURPRIS$ AT LE>N+ ( ! FUTILITY ( ! ATTEMPT TO DISCOV] ! S\RCE ( ! APPLAUSE8 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! C\RT CONFESSES1 ?R\< ! M$IUM ( ,JUDGE ,G>Y'S APOLOGY1 ?AT ! ONLY OCCASION ON :I* ! GALL]Y WAS OP51 IT WAS1 LIKE ! JURY1 0A PACK$0 AFFAIR4 

,G>Y'S >TICLE DW9DLES D[N TO A YELL[ PRESS POT-BOIL]4 ,WE DO NOT PROPOSE TO FOLL[ HIM 9 HIS QUOTATIONS FROM ! ,AL>M1 ! ,>BEIT]1 OR ,DIE ,FACKEL1 ! SPEE*ES ( ! DEF5DANTS1 OR ! WRIT+S ( ,MO/ OR ,BAKUN94 ,!SE QUE/IONS ( RE=M V]SUS REVOLUTION1 ( VIOL5CE OR NONVIOL5CE >E ( TOO G5]AL & TOO IMPORTANT AN 9T]E/1 TO BE CONSID]$ AS ATTRIBUTES ( ,G>Y'S VISION4 ,!Y >E FUNDAM5TAL LIKE JU/ICE3 :]EAS HE IS 9CID5TAL LIKE HIS (FICE4 ,\R CONC]N HAS BE5 TO AIR HIS JUDICIAL UND]/&+ ( ! NATURE ( PREJUDICE4 ,?AT DONE1 ! PRES5T LABOR]'S TASK IS 5D$4 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,PHYSIOGNOMY ( ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 

,! ,*ICAGO M>TYRDOMS 9SPIR$ ,CES>E ,LOMBROSO1 ! CRIM9OLOGI/1 TO CONTRIBUTE AN 9T]E/+ ESSAY TO ! COLUMNS ( ,! ,MONI/1 = ,APRIL1 #a#h#i#a1 ON ! !ME1 0,! ,PHYSIOGNOMY ( ! ,AN>*I/S40 ,! MO/ 9T]E/+ FEATURE ( ! ESSAY WAS ITS EXPOSURE ( ! IGNORANCE ?AT PASS$ MU/] = CRIM9OLOGY1 A PSU$O-SCI5CE ( PA?O-PSY*OLOGY1 9V5T$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,LOMBROSO CLAIM$ ?AT CRIM9AL AN?ROPOLOGY WAS A SCI5CE ON ! GR\ND ?AT VICE1 CRIME1 & BRUTALITY V]Y (T5 F9D A *>ACT]I/IC EXPRESSION ( FACE4 ,BUT ! RELATION%IP IS NOT EXACT1 BECAUSE !RE IS & CAN BE NO EXACT /&>D ( JUDGM5T4 ,! PHYSIOLOGI/S JUDGE 9ACCURATELY & FALSELY4 ,&1 LIKE !IR VICTIMS1 !IR ATTITUDE T[>DS LIFE IS DICTAT$ BY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,CRIM9AL AN?ROPOLOGY IS M]ELY A B\RGEOIS PRET5SE & HYPOCRISY4 

,LOMBROSO MAKES AN 9T]E/+ DI/9CTION BETWE5 0TRUE REVOLUTION0 & M]E 0REBELLION40 ,HE CLAIM$ ?AT CRIM9AL AN?ROPOLOGY SUPPLI$ 3 -- 

0,! ME?OD = DI/+UI%+ TRUE REVOLUTION ALWAYS FRUITFUL & USEFUL4 FROM ,UTOPIA OR REBELLION1 :I* IS ALWAYS /]ILE4 4 4 4 ,TRUE REVOLUTIONI/S---?AT IS TO SAY1 ! 9ITIATORS ( GREAT SCI5TIFIC & POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS1 :O EXCITE & BR+ AB\T A TRUE PROGRESS 94 HUMANITY-->E ALMO/ ALWAYS G5IUSES OR SA9TS1 & HAVE ALL AT M>VEL\SLY H>MONI\S PHYSIOGNOMY40 

,LOMBROSO 9/ANC$ ! NOBLE PHYSIOGNOMIES ( ,M>X1 ,MAZZ9I1 ,G>IBALDI1 & ,LASSALLE1 AMONG O!RS4 ,BUT DOES ?IS NOT 9/ANCE ! DANG] ( A CRIM9OLOGI/ DABBL+ 9 POLITICS8 ,M>X WAS A MAGNIFIC5T CRITIC ( POLITICAL ECONOMY & TO SOME EXT5T A SOCIAL PROPHET4 ,BUT HE WAS DOM9AT$ P]SONALLY BY T]RIBLE AMBITION1 :I* DOES NOT MAKE = H>MONY ( M9D OR ?\<T1 & %\LD' HAVE F\ND EXPRESSION 9 HIS PHYSIOGNOMY4 ,MAZZ9I HAS MANY EXCELL5T QUALITIES AS A MAN1 BUT WAS NOT HIS ,UNIT$ ,ITALY ACTIVITY F9ALLY /]ILE ,G>IBALDI WAS A GREAT SOLDI] ( FRE$OM1 BUT HIS EF=TS 5D$ 9 /]ILE PATRIOTISM4 ,LASSALLE'S C>E] WAS A CONCEIT & HIS CONTRIBUTION TO WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATION A COLOSSAL PRET5SE4 

,LOMBROSO NOTES ! L>GE =EHEAD1 ! BU%Y BE>D1 ! L>GE- S(T EYES1 ! WELL-DEVELOP$ JAW1 & ! PALE FACE4 ,BUT H]E HE S9S AGA9/ FA%ION1 & P]HAPS COMMON S5SE4 ,! BU%Y BE>D NO LONG] >GUES A NOBLE PHYSIOGNOMY BUT DISEASE-C>RY+ FUNGUS4 ,& IT CAN ALWAYS CONCEAL A WEEK JAW4 ,LOMBROSO DOES NOT F9D !SE FEATURES 9 ALL ! ,AN>*I/S4 ,BUT S9CE !Y DO NOT EXI/ 9 O!R FOLKS EI!R1 ! >GUM5T SEEMS A LITTLE B>R51 & !- D$UCTION NOT TOO OBVI\S4 

,\T ( ALL ?IS PRET5SE ( CRIM9AL AN?ROPOLOGICAL KN[L$GE1 !RE EM]GES ONLY ONE USEFUL PO9T1 ! DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 ! FRUITFULNESS ( TRUE REVOLUTION & ! /]ILITY ( M]E REBELLION4 77NE DID NOT NE$ TO BE A CRIM9OLOGI/ TO REM>K ?IS DIFF]5CE4 ,BUT ONE DOES NE$ 9TELLIG5CE TO APPLY ?IS DI/9CTION4 ,LOMBROSO REVEALS ONLY HIS PREJUDICE 9 5DEAVOR+ TO APPLY IT4 ,HE F\ND ! CRIM9AL TYPE #b P]C5T LESS AMONG ! ,ITALIAN REVOLUTIONI/S ?AN AMONG NORMAL M54 ,HE F\ND ! CRIM9AL TYPE #e P] C5T4 MORE AMONG ! ,RUSSIAN ,NIHILI/S ?AN AMONG NORMAL M54 ,HE F\ND ! CRIM9AL TYPE #f P] C5T4 MORE AMONG ! ,P>IS ,COMMUN>DS ?AN AMONG ! ,RUSSIAN ,NIHILI/S4 ,& HE F\ND #a P] C5T4 ( ! REMA9D] ( ! ,COMMUN>DS TO BE 9SANE4 ,PASS+ TO ! REGICIDES & PRESID5TICIDES1 ,LOMBROSO 9/ANCES 0! MON/]S ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION0 & F9DS !M TO BE NE>LY ALL ( ! CRIM9AL TYPE4 ,BUT ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS ONE ( ! MO/ FRUITFUL EV5TS 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! WORLD4 ,IT IS H>D TO ACCEPT ! CRIM9AL CLASSIFICATION ( ,M>AT1 :5 ONE KN[S HIS HI/ORY4 ,LOMBROSO REA*ES ! CLIMAX ( HIS PREJUDICE :51 AFT] AN >BITR>Y CLASSIFICATION & OBS]VATION1 HE F9DS ! CRIM9AL TYPE TO BE #cd P] C5T4 AMONG ! ,AN>*I/S4 

,LOMBROSO DISCOV]$ ! PHYSIOGNOMY ( ,S*NAUBELT4 :O SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ! AG5T EMPLOY$ BY ! AU?ORITIES TO ?R[ ! BOMB TO BE V]Y F9E4 ,IT MATT]S LITTLE1 AFT] ?IS TRIBUTE TO A SPY & AG5T PROVOCATEUR1 ?AT ,LOMBROSO DISCOV]S ! PHYSIOGNOMIES ( ,P>SONS & ,NEEBE TO BE 0V]Y NOBLE & TRULY G5IAL40 ,ESPECIALLY :51 9 ! SAME BREA?1 ,LOMBROSO CONSID]S ,WALL] & ,SELIG]1 =M] COMRADES ( ! M>TYRS1 TURN$ P]JUR$ 9- =M]S FROM FE> ( ! GALL[S & HOPE ( GA94 TO POSSESS 0F9E PHYSIOGNOMIES0 ALSO4 ,OBVI\SLY1 0F9E & NOBLE PHYSIOGNOMY0 IS A DANG]\S & FUTILE CLASSIFICATION4 ,& ! MAN :O SUB/ITUTES IT = ECONOMICS IS 5GAG+ 9 *>LATANISM & PSU$O-SCI5CE4 ,CRIM9AL AN?ROPOLOGY IS ! A/ROLOGY ( SOCIOLOGY1 :]EAS WE >E SEEK+ ! A/RONOMY4 ,IT IS ! DY+ CONJUR+ ( WIT*CRAFT & DEMONOLOGY4 CLAD 9 ! BORR[$ W>DROBE ( SCI5CE4 

,AN UNSKILLFUL SURGEON MADE JOHN ,MO/'S FACE UNSYMMETRIC4 ,MO/ WAS H\ND$ D[N & HAT$ BY ! AU?ORITIES = HIS /]N & UNB5D+ LOYALTY TO ! CAUSE ( ! ,*ICAGO M>TYRS4 ,HE FIGUR$ 9 ,S*AACK'S BOOK ACCORD+LY AS A WILD & DANG]\S ,AN>*I/4 ,LOMBROSO LOOK$ AT ! PICTURE & CONCLUD$ ?AT 0,MO/ HAS ACROCEPHALY & FACIAL UNSYMMETRY40 ,9 O!R WORDS ,MO/ WAS HI<-SKULL$ & HIS FEATURES DISPROPORTIONATE4 ,!RE=E1 HIS M9D WAS UNBALANC$4 ,BUT NATURE NEV] GAVE ,MO/ AN UNPLEASANT FACE4 ,IT WAS A DOCTOR4 

,AUGU/ ,SPIES WAS ( A V]Y T5D] NATURE1 & HIS COMPASSION = ALL :O SUFF]$ WAS A BYWORD ) HIS COMRADES4 ,COMPASSION AS WELL AS JU/ICE MADE HIM MORE CONC]N$ ) ! FATE ( ,P>SONS ?AN ) HIS [N DOOM4 ,BUT ,SPIES WAS BORN 9 A *ATEAU CELEBRAT$ = FEUDAL ROBB]IES---CALL$ ON ?AT ACC\NT1 ! ,RAUBS*LOSS4 ,& ,LOMBROSO1 ! CRIM9OLOGI/1 DISCOV]$ A CONNECTION BETWE5 ?IS FACT & ! O!R ONE1 ?AT ,SPIES WAS CONV]T$ TW5TY YE>S LAT] TO ,SOCIALISM 9 ,AM]ICA4 

,LOMBROSO COMPLA9$ ( ! MORBID PHYSIOGNOMY ( ,AUGU/ ,SPIES1 BAS+ HIS OP9ION UPON A PICTURE PUBLI%$ 9 ,S*AACK'S BOOK4 ,9 A FOOTNOTE1 ,LOMBROSO ADMITT$ ?AT ?IS PICTURE WAS NOT TRUE TO LIFE & ?AT ! FEATURES UPON :I* HIS OP9ION WAS F\ND$1 DID NOT EXI/4 ,?IS DID NOT PREV5T ,LOMBROSO FROM /AT+ ?AT 0! PHYSIOGNOMY ( ,SPIES10 9 ! 9ACCURATE PICTURE1 0CORRESPONDS ) HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHY1 WRITT5 ) A FI]CE FANATACISM06 ,:I*1 ( C\RSE IS SCI5CE & A /UDY 9 VALUES6 

,LOMBROSO F9DS ?AT ,FIELD5 HAS A WILD & S5SUAL PHYSIOGNOMY1 A TURN$-UP NOSE1 & PROTRUD+ JAWS4 ,BUT ,FIELD5'S EMPLOY]S CONSID]$ HIM A H>MLESS 5?USIA/ ( AN AMIABLE NATURE1 & NEV] SUSPECT$ ( ANY CRIM9AL DISPOSITION4 ,IT WAS ADMITT$1 EV5 BY ! PROSECUTION1 ?AT HE HAD BECOME 5TANGL$ 9 ! ,AN>*I/ PROSECUTION BY A /RANGE CONCAT5ATION ( CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,& EV5 JUDGE ,G>Y1 ,AN>*I/-HAT] & S5SATION-MONG]1 WITNESS$4 9 A LETT] TO ,GOV]NOR ,OGLESBY1 ?AT ,FIELD5'S FAULTS CONSI/$ ( 0A NATURAL LOVE ( JU/ICE1 AN IMPATI5CE AT ALL UNDES]V$ SUFF]+0 ,O!RWISE1 ,G>Y F\ND ,FIELD5 0! HONE/1 9DU/RI\S1 & PEACEABLE LABOR+ MAN40 ,ON HIS RELEASE BY ,ALTGELD 9 #a#h#i#c4 ,FIELD5 SETTL$ ) HIS FAMILY ON A F>M 9 ,COLORADO1 & C]TA9LY BETRAY$ NO CRIM9AL IMPULSES4 

,CONNECT+ ,FIELD5 ) ! WELL-KN[N ,M4,P41 :O WAS RELAT$ SLI<TLY TO HIS FA!R1 & ) :OM ,FIELD5 9 HIS Y\? PROBABLY DID ASSOCIATE1 ,LOMBROSO UNFOLDS HIS !ORY ( ! CRIM9AL CONSEQU5CE ( G5IUS3--- 

0L HAVE PROV$ H[ (T5 G5IUS LS N]V\S EPILEPSY1 & H[ ALMO/ ALL ! SONS ( M5 ( G5IUS >E LUNATICS1 IDIOTS OR CRIM9ALS40 

,?IS /ATEM5T IS1 ( C\RSE1 ABSURD1 & IS REBUK$ BY FACTS4 ,! ,D>W9 FAMILY HAS BE5 FAM\S = OV] TWO HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S4 ,! SONS ( ,HEGEL & ,S*ELL+ W]E ABLE M54 ,! ,HUXLEY FAMILY IS MORE FAM\S 9 ! ?IRD G5]ATION ?AN 9 ITS ORIG9AL \T/&+ REPRES5TATIVE1 ! IMMORTAL ,?OMAS ,H5RY ,HUXLEY4 ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL WAS ! FAM\S SON ( ,JAMES ,MILL4 ,G5IUS1 & ! PO/]ITY ( G5IUS1 (T5 GO TO ! WALL4 ,BUT ! EXPLANATION IS TO BE F\ND 9 EXT]NAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 9 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 

,LOMBROSO DISCOV]$ 0A ,MONGOLIC CA/ ( FEATURE0 9 ,5GEL & ,L+G1 & CONCLUD$ ?AT !Y W]E1 !RE=E1 DEG5]ATIVE 9 *>ACT]4 ,L+G'S OBLIQUE EYES (F5D$ HIM P>TICUL>LY4 ,HE DISCOV]$ !M BO? TO HAVE BE5 DRIV5 TO POLITICAL ACTION BY 0A TRULY UNGOV]NABLE EPILEPTOID IDEA40 ,5?USIASM POSSESS$ !M LIKE A DISEASE4 

,! TRU? IS ,5GEL JO9$ ! ,SOCIALI/S AT AN ADVANC$ AGE4 ,9 HIS E>LI] YE>S HE WAS AN ,ANTI-,SOCIALI/4 ,ON HIS FIR/ >RE/ HE WAS RELEAS$ UPON ! GOOD WORD ( ,CORON] ,H]G1 :O DECL>$ ?AT HE HAD KN[N ,5GEL = YE>S AS A QUIET & WELL-BEHAV$ CITIZ54 

,L+G WAS ONLY #bc YE>S ( AGE4 ,& Y\? IS SOMETIMES MOV$ BY AN 5?USIASM ?AT LAPSES ) YE>S4 ,C]TA9LY HIS *>ACT] WAS NOT MATUR$ NOR HIS IDEAS TE/$ AT ?IS AGE4 ,:AT DOES ONE KN[ ( LIFE AT #b#c8 

,?IS CONSID]ATION1 AL?\< NOT$1 MOV$ ,LOMBROSO LESS ?AN ! FACT ?AT ! E>S W]E PROTRUD+1 & W]E )\T LOBES1 9 ! CASE ( ,L+G1 ,SPIES1 ,FIS*]1 & ,5GEL4 L-LE WAS DET]M9$ TO TREAT POLITICS AS A PHYSIOGNOMY 9/EAD ( AN ECONOMY3 AN 9DIVIDUAL & NOT A SOCIAL PROBLEM4 

,?US ,BOO?1 :O MURD]$ ,L9COLN1 WAS GIV5 BY HIS FA!R ! NAME ,WILKES1 & ! FA!R'S [N NAME WAS ,JUNIUS ,BRUTUS4 ,:I* PROVES 7SAYS ,LOMBROSO7 H]$IT>Y6 ,9CID5TALLY1 ,LOMBROSO DECL>ES ?AT ,WILKES WAS 0A REVOLUTIONI/06 ,:I* ,WILKES C]TA9LY WAS NOT6 

,ALL ?IS FUN & CRIM9AL AN?ROPOLOGICAL MOON%9E ,LOMBROSO DISCOV]$ 9 ,S*AACK'S ,AN>*Y & ,AN>*I/S1 ,*ICAGO1 #a#h#h#i4 ,HE F\ND ?IS WORK 0V]Y P>TIAL BUT RI* 9 FACTS40 ,ITS PICTURES W]E ALL WRONG & ITS BIOGRAPHIES PAID LITTLE HE$ TO TRU?4 ,S*WAB RI<TLY T]M$ ?IS BOOK 0A FICTITI\S ROBB]-/ORY10 CONTA9+ 0UNTRU?S ABSOLUTELY 9V5T$ = ORNAM5T & DECORATION40 

,MI*AEL ,S*WAB1 :OSE DEA? S5T5CE WAS COMMUT$ ON PETITION TO IMPRISONM5T1 PUBLI%$ ?IS COMM5T ON ,LOMBROSO'S ESSAY 9 AN >TICLE WRITT5 FROM ! ,JOLIET ,P5IT5TI>Y1 & CONTRIBUT$ TO ! ,MORRIS6 = ,JULY1 #a#h#i#a4 ,AT ?AT TIME ,S*WAB HAD S]V$ FIVE \T ( HIS FIFTE5 YE>S' P5AL S]VITUDE1 = AN (F5SE ( :I*1 9 COMMON ) HIS COMRADES1 HE WAS 9NOC5T1 & WAS )9 TWO YE>S ( RECEIV+ ! FAM\S ,ALTGELD P>DON1 :I* EXON]AT$ HIM & HIS COMRADES4 ,9CID5TALLY1 ?IS P>DON DEMOLI%$ ,LOMBROSO'S PHYSIOGNOMY ( CRIME EXPLANATION ( ! ,*ICAGO BOMB+1 S9CE IT DECL>$ ! \TRAGE TO BE ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! QUE/ION1 ! ,/ATE SIDE6 

,BUT EV5 IF IT HAD BE5 POSSIBLE TO HAVE CONC$$ ! ACCURACY ( ,LOMBROSO'S BLUND]+ !ORY1 AS ,S*WAB WROTE1 0HE NECESS>ILY FAIL$ FROM ! 9SUFFICI5CY ( HIS MAT]IALS10 AS REG>DS ACCURATE BIOGRAPHICAL DATA1 & ! FACT ?AT 0! PORTRAITS FROM :I* HE MADE HIS D$UCTION10 W]E 0NOT SUFFICI5TLY TRU?FUL = HIS PURPOSE40 

,S*WAB ADD$ TO ?IS CRITICISM ! FOLL[+ EXCELL5T REFLECTION3--- 

0,IT IS 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE IMPROBABLE ?AT SU* A BOOK %\LD NOT HAVE C>ICATUR$ ! PORTRAITS ( ! ,AN>*I/S4 9 HOOKS DESIGN$ = SALE TO ! MASSES1 ! ILLU/RATIONS >E NOT1 AS A RULE1 ( ANY VALUE AS WORKS ( >T1 EV5 IF ! P]SONS PICTUR$ 9 !M 5JOY ! AU?OR'S FAVOR40 

,LOMBROSO L5DS PO9T TO ?IS COMM5T1 & 9VALIDATES ALL HIS 0%OCK]0 REASON+ AB\T ! PHYSIOGNOMY ( ! ,AN>*I/S1 :5 HE SAYS3-- 

0,I REPEAT ?AT AMONG ! AN>*I/S !RE >E NO TRUE CRIM9ALS2 EV5 ,S*AACK1 ! POLICE HI/ORIAN1 CAN NAME BUT TWO CRIM9ALS1 & C]TA9LY HE W\LD NOT HAVE SP>$ !M IF HE C\LD HAVE /IGMATIZ$ !M4 ,!IR H]OIC-LIKE DEA?S1 ) !IR IDEAL ON !IR LIPS4 PROVES ?AT !Y W]E NOT COMMON CRIM9ALS40 

,:I* 5DS ! DISCUSSION4 ,OBVI\SLY1 !RE IS NO EXACT PHYSIOGNOMY ( CRIME1 & NO PHYSIOGNOMY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL ECONOMY1 SOCIOLOGY V]SUS PHYSIOGNOMY4 ,N]O TUN$ :IL/ ,ROME BURN$3 & ,LOMBROSO 5JOY$ A M9OR H>MONY :IL/ CIVILIZATION WA/$4 ,HI/ORY NEV] RECORDS TRAG$Y )\T MOCK]Y & EV]Y CRISIS HAS ITS BURLESQUE4 ,CRIM9OLOGY IS ! BURLESQUE ( PROP]TY----:I* IS ROBB]Y & 9FAMY4 ,SOCIALISM WILL 5D ! MEAN & 9TOL]ABLE F>CE4 

O ,*APT] #aa 3 ,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON 

,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON WAS BORN ON ,DECEMB] #a#d1 #a#h#e#b1 9 ,CURACAO1 AN ISL& (F ! COA/ ( ,V5EZUELA1 & $UCAT$ 9 ,EUROPE4 ,HE RETURN$ TO ,AM]ICA 9 #a#h#g#b1 & GRADUAT$ FROM ,COLUMBIA ,LAW ,S*OOL 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY 9 #a#h#g#h4 ,HE HELD ! POSITION ( LECTUR] 9 ?AT COLLEGE = SIX YE>S4 ,9 #ahhf HE TOOK AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! ,H5RY ,GEORGE CAMPAIGN1 & SEV]$1 9 CONSEQU5CE1 HIS CONNECTION ) ! LAW S*OOL4 ,F\R YE>S LAT] HE JO9$ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY1 & 9 #ahib BECAME $ITOR ( ITS (FICIAL ORGAN1 ,! ,PEOPLE1 & LEAD+ !ORI/ 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ( ,AM]ICA4 ,HE HELD HIS $ITORIAL POSITION UNTIL HIS DEA?1 ON ,MAY #a#a1 #a#i#a#d4 

,DE ,LEON WAS NOT$ = HIS BITT] & (T5 \TRAGE\SLY UNJU/ ATTACKS ON ,AN>*ISM4 ,! LAWY] 9 HIM DEGRAD$ HIS ,SOCIALI/ P54 ,BUT ! TR5D ( HIS WORK WAS TO RECONCILE ,AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM4 ,HE WAS ALWAYS PAY+ TRIBUTE TO ,M>X = ! LATT]'S ANALYSIS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,BUT HE SUPPLEM5T$ ,M>X'S WORK ) AN EV5 MORE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO ! PHILOSOPHY ( ! WORK]S' /RUGGLE1 A DEF9ITE APPLICATION ( ,SOCIALI/ KN[L$GE TO ! PURPOSE ( EVOLV+ ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 ,DE ,LEON PROCLAIM$ ?AT ,SOCIALISM WAS 9COMPLETE UNLESS IT ADOPT$ A NEGATIVE PROGRAM ON ! POLITICAL FIELD & A POSITIVE PROGRAM ON ! 9DU/RIAL4 ,?IS WAS HIS CONCEPTION ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ( ,M>XISM1 ,COMMUNISM1 OR ,SOCIALISM4 ,& IT IS ! TRUE & ONLY CONCEPTION4 

,DE ,LEON SAW & TAU<T ?AT ! SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T BAS$ ON T]RITORIAL L9ES HAS \TLIV$ ITS FUNCTION3 ?AT ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T HAS REA*$ A PO9T :]E ! ,POLITICAL ,/ATE CANNOT EV5 APPE> TO S]VE ! WORK]S AS AN 9/RUM5T ( 9DU/RIAL EMANCIPATION4 ,ACCUMULAT$ WEAL?1 CONC5TRAT$ 9 A FEW H&S1 CONTROLS ALL POLITICAL GOV]NM5T4 ,NO FRAN*ISE P]MITS ! DEMOCRACY TO CONTROL ACCUMULAT$ WEAL?4 

,ONCE HE HAD F\ND HIS /RIDE1 ,DE ,LEON DEVOT$ HIMSELF TO ?IS DEF9ITION ( ,SOCIALISM AS ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REPUBLIC4 ,HE DID SO1 NOT AS AN ,UTOPIAN1 DREAM+ VA9LY & SPECULAT+ GLORI\SLY1 BUT AS A SCI5TI/ & A ?9K]1 SEEK+ E>NE/LY & P5ETRAT+ ) ANALYSIS4 

,ADAPT+ ,KAUTSKY'S ,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#h#i#d1 ,DE ,LEON WROTE1 ON ?IS !ME1 AS FOLL[S3-- 

0,FEW ?+S >E MORE *ILDI% ?AN TO DEM& ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ?AT HE DRAW A PICTURE ( ! ,COMMONWEAL? HE LABORS =4 ,! DEM& IS SO *ILDI% ?AT IT W\LD NOT DES]VE MU* ATT5TION1 W]E IT NOT = ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT1 *ILDI% ?\< IT BE1 IT IS ! ONE OBJECTION AGA9/ ,SOCIALISM :I* ITS ADV]S>IES RAISE ) ! SOB]E/ MI54 ,! O!R OBJECTIONS >E1 IF ANY?+1 /ILL MORE *ILDI%1 BUT 9 MAK+ !M ! ADV]S>IES ( ,SOCIALISM >E NOT HALF SO S]I\S4  

0,NEV] YET 9 ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D HAS IT HAPP5$ ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY WAS ABLE TO =ESEE1 LET ALONE DET]M9E1 :AT ! =MS W\LD BE ( ! NEW SOCIAL ORD] :I* IT /ROVE TO U%] 94 ,! CAUSE ( PROGRESS HAD GA9$1 NOT A LITTLE1 BUT QUITE A GOOD DEAL1 IF IT C\LD AS MU* AS ASC]TA9 & RECOGNIZE ! T5D5CIES ?AT L$ TO SU* A NEW SOCIAL ORD]1 TO ! 5D ?AT ITS POLITICAL ACTIVITY C\LD BE A CONSCI\S & NOT M]ELY AN 9/9CTIVE ONE40 

,ANTI-P>LIAM5T>IANS ACCEPT ?IS CLE> & SIMPLE /ATEM5T AS DEF9+ ! ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y POSITION4 ,IT IS ONE ( ! CLE>E/ /ATEM5TS TO BE F\ND 9 ! :OLE RANGE ( ,SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE4 

,ANTI-P>LIAM5T>IANS ALSO 5DORSE ! FOLL[+ EULOGY ( ! AGILE FEW1 MADE BY ,DE ,LEON1 AT ! ,SECOND ,CONV5TION1 ,I4,W4,W41 9 #a#i#f3-- 

0,I KN[ :AT ,M>X TEA*ES UPON ! 9/9CT ( ! CLASS-/RUGGLE IS CORRECT2 ! 9/9CT IS !RE1 IT IS LAT5T4 ,IT IS ! MISSION ( ! LIEUT5ANTS ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS TO 9T]F]E ) US1 & TO PREV5T US FROM T\*+ ?AT *ORD1 & ?AT *ORD IF T\*$ RESPONDS IMM$IATELY4 ,BUT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS ( ?IS C\NTRY WALKS UPON A FLAM+ VOLCANO1 & ?AT VOLCANO WILL />T 9 ]UPTION & OV]?R[ !M ! DAY WE HAVE ORGANIZ$ A SUB/ANTIAL M9ORITY4 ,ONE CORRECTION1 ,I ?9K1 TO ! ,PREAMBLE WAS SUGGE/$ TO-DAY ?AT S\ND$ TO ME QUITE LOGICAL1 OR RA!R QUITE HI/ORICALLY TRUE4 ,I WI% TO REF] TO IT 9 CONNECTION ) :AT ,I HAVE JU/ /AT$ ) REG>D TO \R *ANCES4 ,ONE CRITIC--,I ?9K IT WAS ,MC,9TO%--/AT$ ?AT IS WAS A MI/AKE TO EXPECT TO ORGANIZE ALL ! WORK]S4 ,AH1 9DE$1 IT IS A MI/AKE2 ONLY HE DID NOT C>RY HIS >GUM5T AS F> AS ,I W\LD HAVE C>RI$ IT4 ,NOT BECAUSE Y\ CANNOT ORGANIZE ALL ! WORK]S1 BUT BECAUSE IS NOT NECESS>Y TO ORGANIZE ALL ! WORK]S4 ,! REVOLUTIONS ( ?IS WORLD HAVE BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ NOT BE MAJORITIES BUT BY M9ORITIES2 ONLY ! M9ORITY HAD TO BE L>GE 5\< & E>NE/ 5\< & DET]M9$ 5\< & CONV9C$ 5\< TO ACT4 ,SOON AS IT HAD ! NUMB]S ?AT RAIS$ IT ABOVE A NEGLIGIBLE QUANTITY1 JU/ AS SOON AS IT WAS NUM]ICALLY /RONG 5\<1 AL?\< BUT A SMALL M9ORITY COMP>$ TO ! :OLE1 ITS 5]GY1 ITS DET]M9ATION1 ITS C\RAGE ADD$ TO AUDACITY HAVE ALWAYS BR\<T AB\T ! ,REVOLUTION4  

0,EX-,SPEAK] ,RE$1 V]Y CORRECTLY & V]Y MU* TO ! SORR[ ( HIS CLASS1 PO9T$ \T ?AT IF A VOTE HAD BE5 TAK51 IF A MALE VOTE ( REF]5DUM HAD BE5 TAK51 ! COLONIES 9 ?IS UNION W\LD BY A L>GE MAJORITY HAVE VOT$ AGA9/ 9DEP5D5CE4 ,CORRECT4 ,?AT REVOLUTION WAS ACCOMPLI%$ BY A CLE>HEAD$1 DET]M9$ M9ORITY4 ,BETWE5 ! M9ORITY ?AT WANTS A C]TA9 ?+ & ?OSE :O DO NOT WANT IT !RE LIES A L>GE MASS ( ! 'UNDET]M9$4' ,:E!R IT WILL ALWAYS BE SO ,I DO NOT KN[4 ,IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ?AT WAY1 & WILL CONT9UE TO BE UNTIL SOME TIME AFT] ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,COMMONWEAL? HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$4 ,?AT M9ORITY MU/ HAVE FIRE 5\< 9 IT--NOT /RAW FIRE1 NOT K9DL+ WOOD FIRE1 BUT A FIRE ?AT NO?+ CAN EXT+UI%--TO BEAT UP & MOVE ?AT 9DIFF]5T MASS4 ,& :5 ?AT M9ORITY MOVES ! 9DIFF]5T MASS MOVES1 & IS ABLE TO MOVE ! E>? ) ! REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY40 

,AGA91 9 DEF9+ ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,S4,L4,P41 ,DE ,LEON WAS REALLY /AT+ ! POSITION ( ! ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>Y ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T3 -- 

0,! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY C>RIES ON ITS WORK ( $UCATION1 5C\RAG$ BY ! KN[L$GE ?AT SOME DAY1 SOMEH[1 SOME?+ IS B\ND TO RIP4 ,& ?AT1 AT ?AT CRISIS1 :5 ! PEOPLE1 :O HAVE ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE MISL$ FROM ,MUMBO ,JUMBO TO ,JUMBO ,MUMBO1 WILL BE RUNN+ >\ND LIKE *ICK5S )\T A HEAD1 !RE WILL BE ONE BEACON ( LI<T 'MID/ ! CL\DS TO-DAY2 ONE BEACON1 :OSE /EADY LI<T WILL S]VE AS GUIDE2 :OSE TRI$ FIRMNESS WILL 9SPIRE CONFID5CE2 & :OSE ROCK-RIBB$ SIDES WILL S]VE AS A NATURAL PO9T ( RALLY FROM :I* TO SAVE CIVILIZATION40  

 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY IS DEAD4 ,BUT ,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON'S CONTRIBUTION TO ,SOCIALI/ ?\<T & ACTION1 ALL ?AT MATT]S ( IT1 LIKE ! 9SPIRATION ( ,JOHN ,MAC,LEAN'S H]OIC /RUGGLE1 IS EMBODI$ 9 ! AGITATION ( ! ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>Y ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4  

 ,H[ CORRECT ?AT CONCEPTION IS1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! CONCEPTION ( ! P>LIAM5T>Y 0UNIT$ FRONT10 0,COMMUNI/S0 & ! ,LABOR ,P>TY1 WILL BE SE5 FROM ! /ATEM5T MADE BY ,JU/ICE ,SWIFT1 TO ! JURY1 AT ! ,LONDON ,C5TRAL ,CRIM9AL ,C\RT1 ON ,NOVEMB] #b#e1 #a#i#b#e1 :5 SUMM+ UP 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TRIAL4 ,SWIFT SAID3 --  

 0,! ,GOV]NM5T ( ?IS C\NTRY IS NOT A ,CONS]VATIVE1 ,LIB]AL1 OR ,LABOR BODY1 REPRES5T$ BY A ,BALDW91 AN ,ASQUI?1 OR A ,MAC,DONALD4 ,WE SPEAK ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ?IS C\NTRY AS AN UNCEAS+LY ACTIVE & P]MAN5T BODY1 REPRES5T$ BY ! ,K+ 9 ,P>LIAM5T4 ,GOV]NM5TS APPE> TO FALL FREQU5TLY1 BY ONLY SUP]FICIALLY1 M]ELY A *ANGE ( ! ',P>TY' POLITICAL APP5DAGE4 ,AN OV]-?R[ ( A ,GOV]NM5T MEANS A COMPLETE *ANGE  ( ! ,CON/ITUTION1 ! SORRY EFFECT ( A ,REVOLUTION1 ! ABOLITION ( ! ,K+ & PRES5T ,H\SES ( ,LEGISLATION & !IR REPLACEM5T BY AN 5TIRELY NEW /RUCTURE40  

 ,:I* MEANS ?AT P>LIAM5T>ISM IS NOT ,SOCIALISM2 ?AT ,LABORISM IS NOT ,SOCIALISM2 ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 0,UNIT$ ,FRONT10 ,L59ISM & ,NEPISM1 ,/AL9ISM1 IS NOT ,SOCIALISM2 BUT ?AT ! UNCEAS+ AGITATION T[>DS ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REPUBLIC1 ! 5TIRELY NEW /RUCTURE1 IS ,SOCIALISM4 ,ACTUALLY1 ,DE ,LEON PIONE]$ ! ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM1 & ALL ?AT IS ( MOM5T 9 ! ,S4,L4,P4 PROGRAM EI!R HAS BE51 OR %\LD BE1 EMBODI$ 9 ! ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>IAN ,COMMUNI/ PROGRAM4  

O ,*APT] #ab 3 ,9 ,WORK+-,CLASS ,MEMORY 

 ,= ,LABOR CAN BUT HONOR ?OSE :O WITNESS ) !IR LIVES & ! MANN] ( !IR DY+1 TO ! P[] ( ,LABOR'S /RUGGLE4  

 .-.-.-.-.-.- 

 0,! GREATE/ M5 ( A NATION >E ?OSE :OM IT PUTS TO DEA?40 - ,]NE/ ,R5AN  

 .-.-.-.-.-.-  

,M>TYR$1 ,TOKIO1 ,JANU>Y #b#d1 #a#i#a#a4 

 ,! FOLL[+ COMRADES W]E >RE/$ 9 ! FALL ( #a#i#a1 ON ! BOGUS *>GE ( PLOTT+ AGA9/ ! ,IMP]IAL FAMILY4 ,TRI$ & S5T5C$ BY ,SPECIAL ,SECRET ,C\RT1 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#a4 ,GOV]NM5T ISSU$ /ATEM5TS AGA9/ ACCUS$ BUT =BADE ALL /ATEM5TS TO BE PUBLI%$ ON !IR BEHALF4  

 ,D5JIRO ,KOTOKU4          ,J\RNALI/ & ,ESSAYI/4           ,AGE1 #d#a4  

 ,SE9OSUKE ,OI%I4         ,DOCTOR ( ,M$IC9E4   ,/UDI$ 9 ,AM]ICA4    ,AGE1 #d#e4  

 ,QUDO ,U*IYAMA4         ,BUDDHI/ ,PRIE/4                      ,AGE1 #c#b4  

 ,TADAO ,NIIMURA4           ,SMALL L&[N]4                    ,AGE1 #b#e4  

 ,UI*ITA ,MATSUS4           ,L&[N] & ,J\RNALI/4     ,AGE1 #c#e4  

 ,UI*IRO ,NIMI4              ,J\RNALI/4                                ,AGE1 #c#b4  

 ,SUGA ,KANNO4               ,J\RNALI/4        ,SWEE!>T ( ,KOTOKU4           ,AGE1 #c#a4  

 ,UMPEI ,MORI*IKA4       ,ORIG9ALLY A SMALL F>M]4        ,EX-,LOCAL ,GOV]NM5T ,(FICIAL4           ,AGE1 #c#a4  

 ,RIKISAKU ,FURUKAWA4    ,HORTICULTURI/4                          ,AGE1 #c4  

 ,TAKI*I ,MIYA%ITA4       ,M]*ANT4                                ,AGE1 #d#b4  

 ,K5%I ,OKUMIYO4        ,A V]Y OLD REVOLUTION>Y AGITATOR4      ,AGE1 #e#e4  

 ,HEI%IRO ,N>UI%I4       ,A LAW /UD5T4                                    ,AGE #b#e4  

 ,ALL CLAIM$ TO BE ,SOCIALI/S4 ,SOME CALL$ !MSELVES ,AN>*I/S4 ,O!RS MA9TA9$1 ) ,DIETZG51 ?AT ,SOCIALISM1 ,COMMUNISM1 & ,AN>*ISM >E ONE & ! SAME IDEA OR SOCIAL !ORY4  

 ,KOTOKU'S MO!R1 SEV5TY YE>S OLD1 CAME FROM H] NATIVE PROV9CE ( ,KO*I-,TOSA1 TO SEE H] ONLY SON DUR+ HIS TRIAL4 ,%ORTLY BE=E ! CLOSE %E WAS P]MITT$ TO 9T]VIEW HIM 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! AU?ORITIES4 ,! AG$ WOMAN ADDRESS$ H] SON /OICALLY1 & URG$ HIM TO FACE DEA? LIKE A ,SAMURAI1 ! ANCI5T W>RIOR4  

 ,HE DID NOT REPLY1 & ! MO!R RETURN$ HOME1 :]E %E DI$ TWO DAYS LAT]4 ,AFT] ! F9AL HE>+ 9 C\RT1 ,KOTOKU WAS %[N A TELEGRAM TELL+ HIM ( HIS MO!R'S DEA?4  

O ,*APT] #ac 3 ,! ,YELL[ ,*ICAGO 

,D5JIRO ,KOTOKU =M]LY OCCUPI$ A RESPONSIBLE POSITION ON ! $ITORIAL /AFF ( ! ,JAPANESE DAILY PAP]1 ! ,KOROZU ,*O-HO 7,?\S& ,MORN+ ,NEWS7 OR ,TOKIO4 ,BECOM+ FAMILI> ) ,SOCIALI/ & ,AN>*I/ ?\<T1 HE RESIGN$ HIS POSITION & F\ND$ A MON?LY REVIEW1 ,TATSU ,KWA 7,IRON & ,FIRE74 ,?IS PAP] WAS ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNI/ 9 TONE4 ,IT PREA*$ ! ,CLASS ,W>1 & WAS ACCORD+LY SUPPRESS$4 

 ,KOTOKU HAD N[ CALL$ UPON HIMSELF ! HATR$ ( ! ,GOV]N+ ,CLASS4 ,?IS DESPOTISM REMEMB]$ ?AT1 DUR+ ! ,RUSSO-,JAPANESE W>1 ,KOTOKU HAD FE>LESSLY EXPRESS$ ANTI-MILIT>I/ CONVICTIONS 9 ! COLUMNS ( ! ,KOROZU ,*O4 ,IT SAW ?OSE OP9IONS ASSUM+ A MORE MATUR$ =M1 TAK+ ON MORE DEF9ITE PROPORTIONS 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y J\RNAL HE HAD E/ABLI%$4 ,IT ANSW]$ HIM ) ! ANSW] ( AU?ORITY1 ! PROCLAMATION ( A CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ! 9TELLECTUAL AWAK5+ ( ! ,JAPANESE PROLET>IAT4 

,! ,TATSU ,KWA WAS SUPPRESS$4 ,ALL REVOLUTION>Y--& EV5 PSEUDO-REVOLUTION>Y--MAGAZ9ES W]E SUPPRESS$4 ,NOT ONLY ,KROPOTK9I/1 ,M>XIAN1 & ,BAKUN9I/ J\RNALS1 BUT ALSO ,LASALLEAN ONES1 SUFF]$ ! SAME FATE4 ,AMONG ?OSE ?US SUPPRESS$ W]E ! ,HEIM9 ,%IMHIM1 ,KUNAMATO ,HYPRON1 ,%9 ,%IHO1 & ,WIPPON ,HEIM94 

,KOTOKU ANSW]$ ?IS ,GOV]NM5TAL CONSPIRACY AGA9/ FRE$OM ( PUBLICATION BY DEVOT+ HIMSELF TO ! TASK ( TRANSLAT+ ! WORKS ( ,M>X1 ,TOL/OY1 & ,KROPOTK9 9TO ,JAPANESE4 ,9 ?IS WORK HE WAS ABLY ASSI/$ BY ! FRI5D--) :OM HE HAD =M$ A ,FREE ,LOVE UNION1 WE UND]/&--,MME4 ,KANO4 ,ALL !SE WORKS W]E CONFISCAT$ BY ! ,AU?ORITIES1 :O DE/ROY$ !M4 

,:IL/ SUPPRESS+ ,AN>*I/ & ,CLASS-,W> ,SOCIALI/ ?\<T1 ! ,GOV]NM5T APPO9T$ TO PR(ESSIONAL SEATS 9 ! ,IMP]IAL & ,WASADA ,UNIV]SITIES M5 :O UPHELD & PROPAGAT$ ! IDEAS ( EVOLUTION>Y 0,/ATE-,SOCIALISM0--! ,FABIAN BR&4 

,KOTOKU S\<T TO C\NT]ACT ?IS SIDE-TRACK+ BY PREA*+ ! IDEAS ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNISM TO ! ,*9ESE & ,JAPANESE /UD5TS RESID5T 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TOKIO4 ,9 ?IS TASK HE WAS ABLY ASSI/$ BY ,MME4 ,HO ,*9 & ,M4 ,LIEU ,SUN ,SOH4 ,! PROPAG&A RESULT+ FROM ?IS ACTIVITY HAS S9CE BE5 MA9TA9$ ?R\< ! COLUMNS ( ,*I5 ,YEE & ! ,*9ESE ,AN>*I/ ,NEWS4 

,= !SE LABORS ,KOTOKU & ,KANO PAID ! P5ALTY ( BE+ DRIV5 9TO EXILE4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T ?AT HAD DRIV5 !M TO =EIGN %ORES HAD ITSELF GIV5 BIR? TO !IR REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A BY CAUS+ REVOLUTION>Y LIT]ATURE TO BE DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! ,RUSSIAN PRISON]S ( W>4 ,KOTOKU M]ELY EXT5D$ ! >EA ( ITS CIRCULATION4 ,= ?IS CAPITAL CRIME HE WAS SEV]AL TIMES IMPRISON$1 BE=E BE+ DRIV5 TO TAKE REFUGE 9 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 :I!R HE W5T ) HIS COMRADE1 ,KANO4 ,H]E !SE TWO COMRADES ASSI/$ 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,JAPANESE WORK]S ( ,AM]ICA1 & PROCLAIM$ TO ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD ! =MATION ( ,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY ( ,JAPANESE 9 ,AM]ICA4 

,BUT ,KOTOKU WAS SOME?+ MORE ?AN A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNI/4 ,HE WAS A F]V5T LOV] ( POLITICAL FRE$OM ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,HE WAS A FOE ( DESPOTISM 9 EV]Y %APE & =M4 ,:5 ,JUNG-,KEUN ,AN1 ! ,KOREAN M>TYR1 KILL$ ,PR9CE ,ITO AT ,H>B91 ,KOTOKU PRAIS$ HIS BRAVE CONDUCT 9 A POEM WRITT5 9 ,JAPANESE4 ,?IS WAS PUBLI%$ BY HIS ,SAN ,FRANCISCO COMRADES ON A PO/C>D1 ) A PORTRAIT ( ,JUNG-,KEUN ,AN4 ,! ,JAPANESE ,GOV]NM5T REMEMB]$ ?IS AGA9/ HIM :5 %ORTLY AFT]W>DS HE RETURN$ TO HIS NATIVE L&1 ONLY TO BE >RE/$1 SECRETLY TRI$1 & MURD]$4 ,ELEV5 ( HIS COMRADES SUFF]$ ! SAME FATE4 

,! ,JAPANESE ,GOV]NM5T JU/IFI$ !SE MURD]S ( ! ,SOCIALI/S & ,AN>*I/S ON ! GR\ND ( !IR 0SIMPLY FRI<TFUL TEA*+S AB\T SEX RELATIONS1 9VOLV+ ! S9K+ ( ! HUMAN RACE TO ! LEVEL ( ANIMALS40 ,YET ?IS SAME ,GOV]NM5T UPHOLDS & EXTOLS A SY/EM ( UNIV]SAL BRO!LISM4 ,IT SUPPORTS BY ITS LEGISLATION1 & CONTROLS1 ?R\< ! P[] IT HAS CONF]R$ ON ! MUNICIPAL AU?ORITY1 0! NATIVE 9DU/RY0 ( A T[N1 EXI/5T A FEW MILES \TSIDE ( ,TOKIO4 ,?IS T[N IS A WALL$ ONE1 KN[N AS ! ,%9 ,YO%IW>A OR BRO!L T[N4 ,IT CONSI/S ( SEV]AL MILES ( WELL-PAV$ /REETS1 )\T A S+LE %OP1 CAFE1 /ALL1 OR HOTEL4 ,FAC+ ! /REET IS ONLY ROOM AFT] ROOM1 9 :I* GIRLS >E CONF9$ BEH9D ?ICK WOOD5 B>S1 ?R\< :I* !Y LOOK \T ON ! /REET AT P$E/RIANS1 ALL ( :OM >E M54 ,!RE >E #a1 ( !M 9 ?IS T[N1 CAG$ LIKE WILD BEA/S & ON VIEW = SALE4 ,!Y >E ! SOLE OCCUPANTS1 EXCEPT = ! H\SEHOLD]S & S]VANTS1 :O REGULATE ! TRAFFIC4 ,& !Y >E ! DAU<T]S ( ! POOR1 ! PRODUC+ CLASS4 

,SU* BRO!LISM IS NOT PECULI> TO ,JAPAN4 ,IT IS COMMON TO ,CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS AS NECESS>Y AS CRIME TO ! EXI/5CE ( ! GOV]N+ CLASS4 ,YES1 UND] ! MORAL CODE SUPPORT$ BY ! ,JAPANESE ,GOV]NM5T1 A FEMALE *ILD1 9 ANY P>T ( ,JAPAN1 IS A M>KETABLE POSSESSION & MAY BE SOLD 9TO ! ,YO%IW>A1 BY H] FA!R1 =  M9IMUM P]IOD ( ?REE YE>S1 AT A PRICE V>Y+ FROM ,G,B,P#d #aS4 TO ,G,B,P#a1 ACCORD+ TO H] LOOKS4 ,9 ORD] TO REGA9 H] RELEASE1 %E MU/ SAVE UP 5\< TO REPAY ?IS AM\NT1 9 ADDITION TO MAK+ A C]TA9 SUM = ! PROPRIETOR ( ! P>TICUL> H\SE 9TO :I* %E HAS BE5 SOLD4 ,ALL ?IS1 ( C\RSE1 HAS TO COME \T ( H] SORDID E>N+S4 ,:5 %E HAS B\<T H] FRE$OM1 %E IS ALL[$ TO RETURN TO H] NATIVE T[N & GET M>RI$4 

,! EXI/5CE ( SU* A T[N--) ITS BRO!LS LIC5S$ BY ! MUNICIPAL AU?ORITY1 :I* IMPOSES A M$ICAL 9SPECTION ON ! GIRLS TWICE A WEEK--IS A SUFFICI5T ANSW] TO ! LY+ HYPOCRISY ( ! ,JAPANESE ,GOV]N+ ,CLASS4 

,BUT ?IS IS NOT ALL4 ,!RE >E 9 ,JAPAN AB\T T5 ?\S& FACTORIES & WORK%OPS1 EMPLOY+ AB\T SEV5 HUNDR$ ?\S& GIRLS & WOM51 & ?REE HUNDR$ ?\S& BOY & M5 OP]ATIVES4 ,T5 P] C5T4 ( ! FEMALE WORK]S >E UND] F\RTE5 YE>S ( AGE4 ,MANY GIRLS >E EMPLOY$ ALL NI<T1 AS WELL AS DUR+ ! DAY1 9 ! COTTON FACTORIES1 !IR EMPLOY]S ALSO 9SI/+ ?AT !Y %\LD WORK :IL/ EAT+4 ,BY WAY ( PUNI%M5T1 MANY EMPLOY]S & =EM5 LA% !IR GIRL OP]ATORS1 (T5 /RIPP+ !M = ! PURPOSE4 ,!Y >E ALSO IMPRISON$ 9 D>K ROOMS1 & REQUIR$ TO WORK ON R$UC$ RATIONS4 ,HEAVY 0F9ES0 >E IMPOS$1 &1 AT ! 5D ( !IR CONTRACT T]MS1 !Y (T5 LEAVE ! FACTORIES P5NILESS4 

,SIMIL> B>B>ITIES *>ACT]IZE ! TREATM5T ( ! MALE WORK]S1 ! TREATM5T ( ! M9]S BEGG>+ DESCRIPTION4 

,LET ! TRU? BE TOLD4 ,KOTOKU & HIS BRAVE COMRADES W]E CONDEMN$ TO DEA? BECAUSE !Y D>$ TO BREA! A NOBL] MORAL ATMOSPH]E ?AN ,JAPANESE ,CAPITALISM C\LD TOL]ATE4 ,!Y D>$ TO LI<T5 ! 9TELLECTUAL D>KNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS WAS !IR CRIME4 ,LET ! WORLD ( ! WORK]S PAY ITS TRIBUTE ( HUMBLE RESPECT TO ! MEMORIES ( !SE DAUNTLESS COMRADES 9 REVOLT1 !SE NOBLE PIONE]S ( FRE$OM1 !SE ,*RI/S1 ,BRUNOS & ,APO/LES ( ! COM+ ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 9 F> AWAY ,JAPAN4 

O ,*APT] #ad 3 ,FROM ,KOTOKU ,CORRESPOND5CE 

,WE DO NOT BELIEVE 9 TREASUR+ EV]Y WORD ?AT A MAN WRITES1 EV5 ?\< HE 5JOY & M]IT ! REPUTE ( BE+ A ?9K]4 ,CONSEQU5TLY WE DO NOT PROPOSE TO PUBLI%1 9 FULL1 ! LETT]S S5T BY \R ,JAPANESE COMRADE TO ,ALB]T ,JOHNSON1 ! VET]AN ,AN>*I/ ( ,CALI=NIA4 ,! FOLL[+ EXC]PTS TELL ! SIMPLE /ORY ( ,KOTOKU'S S*OL>%IP & E>NE/NESS 9 ! CAUSE ( TRU?1 EV5 :IL/ JAIL$ & UND] ! DOOM ( HIS COM+ EXECUTION4 

,TOKIO1 ,NOVEMB] #b#e1 #a#i#d3 0,I FEEL V]Y HAPPY TO 9=M Y\ ?AT ?IS PICTURE 7,PET] ,KROPOTK97 WAS REPRODUC$ FROM ?AT :I* Y\ S5T ME1 & IS PUBLI%$ FROM ,HEIM9 ,%IMBUN (FICE1 A ,SOCIALI/ WEEKLY4 ,I HAVE BE5 PROSECUT$ ON ! *>GE ( PUBLI%+ A TREASONABLE >TICLE & S5T5C$ TO FIVE MON?S' IMPRISONM5T4 ,:5 ?IS C>D IS 9 Y\R H&S ,I WILL BE 9 ,SUGANO ,PRISON ( ,TOKIO40 

,TOKIO1 ,DECEMB] #c1 #a#i#d3 0,BO? AS A S\RCE ( >GUM5T & REF]5CE1 ,MR4 ,LADD'S WORK1 ',COMM5T>IES ON ,HEBREW1' %\LD BE ( GREAT VALUE = ME1 BECAUSE ,I AM AN A!I/ OR AGNO/IC1 & ALWAYS FI<T+ AGA9/ ! DOGMA ( ,*RI/IAN & ALL O!R RELIGIONS444 

0,AS ALREADY 9=M$1 ,I WAS PROSECUT$ BY A B>B>\S GOV]NM5T ON ! *>GE ( 9CIT+ TO ! ALT]ATION ( ! ,DYNA/IC ,9/ITUTION1 & S5T5C$ TO FIVE MON?S' IMPRISONM5T1 BUT ,I SOON APPEAL$ & SECOND TRIAL WAS PO/PON$ UNTIL ,JANU>Y #f4 

0,BESIDE ?IS ,I WAS S5T5C$ ON #b? 9/4 TO A F9E #h Y51 ON ! *>GE ( TRANSLAT+ & PUBLI%+ ,M>X'S ',COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4' ,:AT BEAUTIFUL ,JAPANESE ,GOV]NM5T IS6 ,IS IT NOT QUITE SAME TO ,RUSSIAN DESPOTISM80 

,ODAW>A1 ,JAPAN1 ,AUGU/ #a1 #a#i#e3 0,FIVE MON?S' IMPRISONM5T NOT A LITTLE 9JUR$ MY HEAL?1 BUT IT GAVE ME MANY LESSONS ( ! SOCIAL QUE/IONS4 ,I HAVE SE5 & /UDI$ GREAT MANY ( SO CALL$ 'CRIM9ALS' & BECAME CONV9C$ ?AT ! GOV]NM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS--C\RT1 LAW1 PRISON-->E ONLY RESPONSIBLE = !M--POV]TY & CRIME4 

0,AMONG ! MANY BOOKS :I* ,I HAVE READ 9 ! PRISON W]E ,DRAP]'S ',CONFLICT ,BETWE5 ,RELIGION & ,SCI5CE1' ,HAECKEL'S ',! ,RIDDLE ( ! ,UNIV]SE1' ,R5AN'S ',LIFE ( ,JESUS1' & SO =?4 ,BESIDES ,I REPEAT$ AGA9 TWO 9T]E/+ BOOKS :I* Y\ S5T ME--,MR4 ,LADD'S ',HEBREW & ,*RI/IAN ,MY?OLOGY' & ,MR4 ,KROPOTK9'S ',FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES1 & ,WORK%OPS4' 7,BY ! WAY1 ,MRS4 ,LADD (T5 M5TIONS ,BUDDHA AS A ,*9ESE PHILOSOPH]4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! GREAT] P>T ( ,*9ESE POPULATION IS NOT ,BUDDHI/1 BUT ,BUDDHA OR ,GAUTAMA IS NOT ,*9ESE4 ,HE WAS BORN 9 ,9DIA4 ,HE IS ,H9DU4 ,SEV]AL C5TURIES AFT] ! DEA? ( ,BUDDHA HIS RELIGION WAS 9TRODUC$ 9TO ,*9A47 

0,9DE$1 ,I HAD GONE 7TO ,SUGANA ,PRISON7 AS A ,M>XIAN ,SOCIALI/ & RETURN$ AS A RADICAL ,AN>*I/4 ,TO PROPAGATE ,AN>*ISM 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 H[EV]1 IT MEANS ! DEA? OR LIFELONG1 AT LEA/ SEV]AL YE>S'1 IMPRISONM5T4 ,!RE=E1 ITS MOVEM5T MU/ BE 5TIRELY SECRET1 & ITS PROGRESS & SUCCESS WILL NE$ LONG1 LONG TIME & 5DURANCE40 

,TOKIO1 ,OCTOB] #a#a1 #a#i#e3 0\R WEEKLY IS /ILL SUSP5D$ & \R (FICE HAS BE5 COMPELL$ TO DISSOLVE \RSELVES [+ TO ! B>B>\S P]SECUTION & F9ANCIAL DIFFICULTIES4 

0,I'M N[ 9T5D+ TO ORGANIZE ! ,JAPANESE LABOR]S 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,!RE IS NO O!R MEANS TO GET FRE$OM ( SPEE* & PRESS ?AN TO QUIT ! SOIL ( ! /ATE ( SIEGE & GO TO A MORE CIVILIZ$ C\NTRY40 

,SAME DATE3 0,I HAVE DECID$ TO />T ON ! ,N4,Y4,K4'S %IP1 ,NOVEMB] #a#d?1 = ,SEATTLE & ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 ) MY NEPHEW10 

,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 ,MAY #b#i1 #a#i#f1 #e P4M43 0,I CAM H]E TO-DAY 7AFT]NOON74444 ,I WILL /AY 9 ,OAKL& TILL ,JUNE #a/4 ,ON ?AT DAY W]E >E GO+ TO HOLD A MEET+ = ! ORGANIZATION ( ,JAPANESE ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY AT ! ,OAKL& ,SOCIALI/ HEADQU>T]S40 

7,KOTOKU'S SOJ\RN 9 ,AM]ICA LA/$ ONLY A FEW MON?S4 ,HE ORGANIZ$ ! ,JAPANESE WORK+-M5 ON ! COA/ & RETURN TO HIS NATIVE L& TO CONT9UE HIS PROPAG&A WORK47 

,JAPAN1 ,DECEMB] #a#h1 #a#i#f3 0,DE> OLD ,FRI5D & ,COMRADE--,! W9T] HAS COME1 ! LEAVES HAVE FALL54 ,IT IS H[EV]1 V]Y F9D WEA!R4 ,! SKY IS BLUE1 ! SUNLI<T W>M4 ,SO ,I AM V]Y HAPPY AT MY VILLAGE HOME4 

0,MY WIFE W5T TO ! LAW C\RT TO ATT5D AS A HE>] TO ! TRIAL ( ,COMRADE ,OSUGI ?IS MORN+4 ,COMRADE ,OSUGI IS A Y\NG ,AN>*I/ /UD5T & A BE/ FRI5D ( M9E 444 N[ UND] TRIAL ON ! *>GE ( 'VIOL5CE ( ! PRESS LAW4' ,HE TRANSLAT$ AN >TICLE TITLE 'TO ! CONSCRIPTS1' FROM A ,FR5* ,AN>*I/ PAP]1 & PUBLI%$ IT 9 ,HIKURI1 ,JAPANESE ,SOCIALI/ PAP]4 ,?IS ANTI-MILIT>I/IC DE$ WAS PROSECUT$ BY ! PUBLIC (FICIALS4 ,I AM N[ ANXI\S TO HE> ! RESULT ( ! TRIAL4 ,I ?9K IT WILL BE PROBABLE ! S5T5CE ( SEV]AL MON?S' IMPRISONM5T & ! CONFISCATION ( PR9T+ MA*9E4 ,H[ GOOD LAW & GOV]NM5T >E6 

0,! MO/ COMICAL FACT ( ! RESULTS ( ! LATE W> IS ! CONCILIATION 7OR RA!R EMBRACE7 ( ,*RI/IANITY ) ,BUDDHISM & ,%9TOISM4 ,! HI/ORY ( ,*RI/IANITY 9 ,JAPAN WAS1 UNTIL N[ A HI/ORY ( HORRIBLE P]SECUTIONS4 ,! ,JAPANESE DIPLOMATI/S1 H[EV]1 E>NE/LY DESIR$ TO SIL5CE ! RUMORS CAUS$ & SPREAD 9 ,EUROPE DUR+ ! W> ?AT ',JAPAN IS A YELL[ P]IL' OR ,JAPAN IS A PAGAN C\NTRY1' SUDD5LY BEGAN TO PUT ON ! MASK ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION1 & EAG]LY WELCOME & PROTECT1 & USE IT AS A MEANS ( 9TRODUC+ ,JAPAN TO ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN P[]S AS A CIVILIZ$ ,*RI/5DOM4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,*RI/IAN PRIE/S1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! WEAKNESS ( ! GOV]NM5T1 GOT A GREAT MONET>Y AID FROM ! ,/ATE1 & UND] ITS PROTECTION !Y >E PROPAGAT+ 9 FULL VIGOR ! ,GOSPEL ( ,PATRIOTISM4 ?US1 ,JAPANESE ,*RI/IANITY1 :I* WAS BE=E ! W> ! RELIGION ( POOR1 LIT]ALLY N[ *ANG$ )9 ONLY TWO YE>S TO A GREAT B\RGEOIS RELIGION & A MA*9E ( ! ,/ATE & MILIT>ISM6 

0,! PREP>ATION = ! ,SOCIALI/ DAILY IS ALMO/ COMPLET$4 ,I HOPE ! DAILY WILL HAVE A SUCCESS4 ,! ,JAPANESE ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY CONSI/S1 AS Y\ KN[1 ( MANY DIFF]5T ELEM5TS4 ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS1 ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTIONI/S1 & EV5 ,*RI/IAN ,SOCIALI/S4 ,SO ! DAILY W\LD BE A V]Y /RANGE PAP]4 

0,MO/ ( \R COMRADES >E 9CL9$ TO TAKE ! TACTICS ( ,P>LIAM5T>ISM RA!R ?AN ,SYNDICALISM OR ,AN>*ISM4 ,BUT IT IS NOT BECAUSE !Y >E ASSUR$LY CONV9C$ :I* IS TRUE1 BUT BECAUSE ( !IR IGNORANCE ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM4 ,!RE=E1 \R MO/ IMPORTANT WORK AT PRES5T IS ! TRANSLATION & PUBLICATION ( ,AN>*I/ & ,FREE-?\< LIT]ATURE4 ,I WILL DO MY BE/1 & USE \R PAP] AS AN ORGAN = ! LIB]T>IAN PROPAG&A4 

0,9 ,*9A1 ! REBELLIONS & 9SURRECTIONS >E SPREAD+4 ,! SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONDITIONS ( ,*9A >E JU/ ! SAME TO ?AT ( ,RUSSIA 9 ! LA/ C5TURY4 ,I ?9K ,*9A WILL BE1 )9 ! COM+ T5 YE>S1 A L& ( GREAT REBELLION & T]RORISM4 ,A GR\P ( ,*9ESE /UD5TS 9 ,TOKIO IS BECOM+ ! C5T] ( ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T40 

,YUGAW>A1 ,SAGAMI1 ,MAY #c1 #a#i#g3 0,DUR+ ! LA/ FEW MON?S ,I WAS V]Y BUSY1 [+ TO ! P]SECUTIONS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,N[ ?AT \R DAILY HAS BE5 SUPPRESS$ & \R MANY COMRADES HAVE GONE TO PRISON1 ,I HAVE NO WORK1 NO BUS9ESS1 SO ,I GOT LEISURE TO WRITE4 ,I AM N[ ALONE1 AT AN 9N 9 ,YUGAW>A1 A FAM\S WAT]+ PLACE1 ONE DAY'S RIDE FROM ,TOKIO4 ,I CAME H]E TO IMPROVE MY HEAL? & AM N[ TRANSLAT+ A PAMPHLET1 ,>NOLD ,ROLL]'S ',SOCIAL ,G5]AL ,/RIKE4' 

0,MY BOOK1 9 :I* >E COLLECT$ MY ESSAYS ON ,ANTI-,MILIT>ISM1 ,COMMUNISM1 & O!R ,RADICALISM1 HAS BE5 PROHIBIT$ & MANY COPIES SEIZ$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T1 BUT ! CUNN+ PUBLI%] SECRETLY SOLD #a1#e COPIES BE=E ! POLICE CAME 4444 

',I AM GO+ TO TRANSLATE ,KROPOTK9'S WORKS40 

,TOKIO1 ,MAY #b#h1 #a#i#g3 0,! CASE ( ',HEIM9 ,%IMBUN' WAS DECID$4 ,! PUBLI%] & MY $ITOR W]E S5T5C$ TO IMPRISONM5T ON ! *>GE ( PUBLI%+ MY SPEE*4 

0,H[EV]1 ,I1 ! SPEAK]1 WAS F\ND NOT GUILTY4 ,IT IS V]Y =TUNATE1 BUT /RANGE4 

0,AFT] ! SUPPRESSION ( ! DAILY1 WE HAVE NO ORGAN4 ,FEW COMRADES >E GO+ TO />T A WEEKLY1 BUT !Y >E DEVOTEES ( ,P>LIAM5T>ISM1 SO WE CANNOT EXPECT V]Y MU* FROM IT4 

,MY MO!R CAME BACK FROM MY NATIVE T[N & IS LIV+ ) US4 ,%E IS SIXTY-SEV5 YE>S ( AGE40 

,JAPAN1 ,DECEMB] #f1 #a#i#g3 0,JAPANESE ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T WAS SPLIT AT LA/ TO TWO P>TIES--,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS & ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/S1 %ALL N[ PRODUCE MANY1 MANY ,DIRECT-,ACTIONI/S1 ,ANTI-,MILIT>I/S1 ,G5]AL ,/RIK]S1 & EV5 ,T]RORI/S40 

,JAPAN1 ,FEBRU>Y #c1 #a#i#h3 0Y\ WILL BE AL>M$ TO HE> ?AT ,COMRADES ,SAKAI1 ,OSUGI1 & F\R O!R COMRADES W]E >RE/$ ON ! EVE ( ,JANU>Y #a#g? 7,FRIDAY7 9 ,TOKIO4 ,I W\LD HAVE BE5 >RE/$ ALSO HAD ,I BE5 !RE4 

0,ON ! LA/ SUMM] WE ORGANIZ$ A GR\P ',K+O-,KWAI' 7MEAN+ ! ,FRIDAY ,ASSOCIATION7 & HELD MEET+S ON EV]Y ,FRIDAY4 ,! POLICE BEGAN SOON TO 9T]F]E1 & ! MEET+S W]E (T5 DISP]S$ )\T ANY EXPLANATION4 ,ON ! EVE ( ,JANU>Y #ag ! MEET+ WAS DISSOLV$ & ALL ATT5DANTS W]E DISP]S$4 ,BUT :5 ! POLICE =C$ SEV]AL COMRADES :O REMA9$ !RE TO HAVE O!R CONF]5CES TO GO \TDOORS1 !Y PROTE/$ & A QU>REL FOLL[$4 ,! LI<T W5T \T4 ,!Y /RUGGL$ 9 ! D>K HALL4 ,! ,COMRADE ,SAKAI /OOD UPON ! RO( ( ! H\SE1 FROM :]E HE SPOKE BRILLIANTLY TO ! PEOPLE ON ! /REET & SEV]ELY ATTACK$ ! POLICE'S VIOL5CE4 ,! POLICE DREW D[N ,SAKAI1 & O!R COMRADES /OOD 9 HIS PLACE4 ,SO SIX COMRADES W]E AT LA/ TAK5 =CIBLY BY AB\T ?IRTY POLICEM5 TO ! POLICE /ATION4 ,9 VA91 MANY CR[DS /RUGGL$ TO PREV5T !IR >RE/ 

0,!Y W]E SOON PROSECUT$ ON ! *>GE ( VIOL5CE ( ! 'PEACE ACT' & >E N[ UND] ! TRIAL0 

,JAPAN1 ,JULY #g1 #a#i#h3 0,Y\ WILL BE AL>M$ TO HE> ?AT A :OLESALE >RE/ ( ,AN>*I/S WAS MADE 9 ,TOKIO4 

0,9 C>RY+ ?R\< ! CITY TWO OR ?REE R$ FLAGS ON :I* ! LETT]S ',AN>*Y' OR ',AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM' W]E WRITT51 FIFTE5 OR TW5TY ( \R COMRADES CONFLICT$ ) SIXTY POLICEM5 :O TRI$ TO SEIZE ! FLAGS4 ,AFT] A SEV]E /RUGGLE1 F\RTE5 COMRADES W]E >RE/$ & ?R[N 9TO PRISON4 ,AMONG !M >E ,COMRADE ,SAKAI & F\R Y\NG GIRLS4 ,!Y >E N[ UND] MO/ B>B>\S TREATM5T1 IT IS SAID1 & ANY 9T]VIEWS OR COMMUNICATIONS ) !M >E PROHIBIT$1 SO WE CANNOT KN[ :AT CONDITION !Y >E 94 ,WE >E ONLY WAIT+ = ! DAY :5 !Y WILL APPE> BE=E ! C\RT40 

,TOKIO1 ,AUGU/ #a#i1 #a#i#h3 0,I CAME BACK TO ,TOKIO AGA9 TO PREP>E = ! PUBLICATION ( \R NEW ORGAN4 ,MY HEAL? IS BETT] N[4 ,COMRADE ,SAKAI & ?IRTE5 O!R M5 & WOM5 >E 9 PRISON40 

,JAPAN1 ,APRIL #a#a1 #aia 7,LA/ LETT] ( ,KOTOKU TO ,ALB]T ,JOHNSON73 0,I WAS COMPELL$ BY ! POLITICAL P]SECUTIONS & F9ANCIAL DIFFICULTY TO RETREAT 9TO ?IS ,YUGAW>A1 ,SAGAMI1 AB\T SEV5TY MILES FROM ,TOKIO4 ,DUR+ ! TIME ,I WAS 9 ,TOKIO ! POLICEM5 ALWAYS FOLL[$ ME4 ,ALL MY BUS9ESS & MOVEM5TS W]E SO ILLEGALLY & C[>DLY 9T]F]$ ) BY !M ?AT ,I BECAME UNABLE TO GET ANY LIVELIHOOD4 

0,I CAME H]E ?REE WEEKS AGO4 ,I AM WRIT+ A BOOK 9 :I* ,I MEAN TO ASS]T ?AT ,*RI/ NEV] EXI/$1 BUT WAS A MY?2 ?AT ! ORIG9 ( ,*RI/IANITY IS F\ND 9 PAGAN MY?OLOGY1 & ?AT MO/ ( ! ,BIBLE IS =G]Y4 ,9 WRIT+ ?IS ,I [E MU* TO ,MR4 ,LADD'S & ,A4 ,BESANT'S BOOKS :I* Y\ S5T ME4 

0,RECEIV$ MANY DAILY PAP]S 9 :I* ! DETAILS ( ! GREAT /RIKE >E PUBLI%$1 & A COPY ( ! ,FIREBR&4 ,I ?ANK Y\ V]Y MU* = !M4 ,! ,FIREBR& IS A V]Y GOOD MAGAZ9E ,I ?9K4 

0,MISS ,KANNO IS ) ME40 

7,SUGA ,KANNO1 FRI5D ( ,KOTOKU1 AFT] HIS SEP>ATION FROM HIS WIFE1 ,*IYO1 ON ACC\NT ( POLITICAL DIFF]5CES4 ,MADAME ,KOTOKU DID NOT ACCEPT ,D5JIRO ,KOTOKU'S ,AN>*I/ BELIEFS4 ,%E REMA9$ A P>LIAM5T>Y ,SOCIALI/4 ,SUGA ,KANNO WAS M>TYR$ ) HIM ON ,JANU>Y #b#d1 #a#i#a#a4 ,WRIT+ FROM PRISON TO AN ,AM]ICAN FRI5D 9 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 %E SAID3 0,I HAVE LIV$ = LIB]TY & WILL DIE = LIB]TY1 = LIB]TY IS MY LIFE40 ,%E WAS ! DAU<T] ( A MEMB] ( ! ,JAPANESE ,P>LIAM5T & W5T 9TO EXILE = H] PR9CIPLES47 

O ,*APT] #ae 3 ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T -- ,ROSA ,LUXEMB\RG1 ,LIEBKNE*T & ,SP>TACUS 
 ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T  
,ROSA ,LUXEMB\RG 
 ,M,>,T,Y,R,$ ,B]L91 ,JANU>Y #a#e?1 #aiai 
,SECTION TITLE3 ,LIEBKNE*T & ,SP>TACUS 

,LIEBKNE*T ASSUM$ ! P5-NAME ( 0,SP>TACUS = A PAMPHLET :I* HE WROTE 9 #a#i#a#f4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY ,ROSA ,LUXEMB\RG1 ,CL>A ,ZETK91 & ,FRANZ ,MEHR9 WROTE UND] ! SAME NAME4 ,!IR >TICLES W]E NOT PR9T$1 BUT MIMEOGRAPH$4 ,BOLDLY !Y ATTACK$ ! ,IMP]IAL ,G]MAN ,GOV]NM5T1 ! PATRIOTIC MAJORITY ,SOCIALI/S1 & ! SEMI-PATRIOTIC M9ORITY4 

,LIEBKNE*T PROV$ HIMSELF MORE ?AN WOR?Y ( ! GREAT NAME :I* HE ADOPT$ AS HIS [N4 ,HE WAS TRULY ! ,SP>TACUS ( \R C5TURY--A V]ITABLE GIANT1 NOT ( T[]+ PHYSIQUE1 BUT ( SPL5DID 9TELLECT & B\NDLESS D>+4 

,9 ORD] TO GA9 A CORRECT CONCEPTION ( ! ,SP>TACUS ( ,B]L91 LET US GO BACK TO ! LIFE ( HIS HI/ORICAL P>ALLEL1 ! ,SP>TACUS ( OLD ,ROME4 

,RETURN+ FROM ONE ( !IR EXP$ITIONS ( CONQUE/1 ! ,ROMANS BR\<T ) !M AS A SLAVE1 A ,?RACIAN ( H]CULEAN PROPORTIONS4 ,ON ACC\NT ( HIS SPL5DID PHYSIQUE1 IT WAS DECID$ ?AT HE BE S5T TO ! TRA9+ S*OOLS ( ,CAPUA 9 ORD] TO BE 9/RUCT$ 9 ! G5TLE >TS ( GLADIATORIAL COMBAT4 ,HE WAS TO BE GIV5 A %ORT SWORD & A NET2 HE W\LD AMUSE PATRICIAN & PLEBIAN2 HE W\LD MAKE CONQUE/ AFT] CONQUE/1 & ) EV]Y COMBAT ! EXCITEM5T ( HIS ANTICIPAT$ DOOM W\LD 9T5SIFY1 & ?US SATIATE ! DECAD5T LU/ = BRUTALITY & BLOOD ON ! P>T ( ! ,ROMAN PUBLIC4 

,LITTLE DID !Y KN[1 H[EV]1 ( :AT QUALITY ! MAT]IAL ?IS HUGE SLAVE WAS MADE4 ,& :Y %\LD !Y KN[8 ,W]E NOT ALL SLAVES M]ELY CREATURES ( S]VILITY8 ,BUT ,SP>TACUS WAS TO TEA* HIS MA/]S A LESSON1 A GREAT HI/ORIC LESSON4 

,SP>TACUS WAS A WILL+ S*OL> UND] ! GUIDANCE ( ! SLAVE GLADIATOR 9/RUCTORS4 ,HE LE>N$ H[ TO MANIPULATE ! SWORD ) SKILL2 HE LE>N$ H[ TO SW+ ! NET & DEXT]\SLY TRAP HIS MAN1 & F9ALLY HE WAS PREP>$ TO MEET HALF A DOZ5 OPPON5TS SIMULTANE\SLY--& LEAVE !M ON ! >5A1 TO BE DRAGG$ (F BY ! ,PLUTOS4 

 ,SP>TACUS1 H[EV]1 HAD NOT ! SLI<TE/ 9T5TION ( EV] ALL[+ HIMSELF TO BE DRAGG$ FROM ! >5A & HAV+ HIS SKULL SMA%$ BY ! ,PLUTO'S HORRIBLE SL$GE-HAMM]4 

,TIME HAV+ RIP5$ HIS PLANS1 ,SP>TACUS TURN$ TO HIS FELL[-SLAVES4 ,CALL+ !M TOGE!R1 HE ASK$ !M :E!R !Y WI%$ TO BE FREE M5 OR TO 0WAIT1 LIKE OX51 = ! BUT*]'S KNIFE40 

?IS WAS AN 5TIRELY NEW IDEA1 = NOT ONE ( ?OSE SLAVES HAD EV] IMAG9$ ?AT !Y MI<T BE DO+ SOME?+ MORE USEFUL ?AN SLAU<T]+ ONE ANO!R = ! 5T]TA9M5T ( ! SEIGNEURS & GR& DAMES4 ,TO ?IS NEW H]ESY !Y LI/5$ AT FIR/ ) HO/ILE RELUCTANCE1 BUT !Y W]E REASSUR$ & WON OV] BY ! R$\BTABLE ,SP>TACUS4 ,HIS *ALL5GE3 0,I AM /RONG] ?AN ANY ( Y\4 ,YES1 COME \T & FI<T ME--ALL ( Y\4 ,I AM NOT AFRAID60 ELICIT+ NO RESPONSE HE CRI$3 0,!N FI<T ) ME60 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T HE DREW !M AFT] HIM IRRESI/IBLY4 

,?US1 9 ! YE> ,B4,C4 #g#c1 ! GLADIATOR SLAVES--:O W]E ONLY #gd 9 NUMB] & >M$ SIMPLY ) CLUBS--UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,SP>TACUS1 9SURRECT$1 & AFT] A /RUGGLE 9 :I* !Y KILL$ ALL !IR GU>DS1 TOOK REFUGE ON ,M\NT ,VESUVIUS4 

0,! ,ROMANS WILL FOLL[ US10 W>N$ ,SP>TACUS4 0,WE MU/ PREP>E = A GREAT FI<T4 ,BETT] TO DIE H]E FI<T+ = \R LIVES ?AN BUT*] EA* O!R = \R RELEASE 9 ! >5A40 

,?REE ?\S& SOLDI]S1 UND] ,C4 ,CLAUDIUS ,PUL*]1 HUNT$ D[N & COMPLETELY SURR\ND$ ! FUGITIVE SLAVES4 ,!IR />VATION BE+ IMM95T1 ,SP>TACUS AGA9 APPEAL$ TO !M1 >GU+ ?AT1 RA!R ?AN DIE LIKE DOGS1 :Y NOT RU% D[N ! PRECIPICE 9TO ! RANKS ( ! ,ROMANS & DIE ! DEA? ( M58 

,?RILL$ BY ! UNB5D+ C\RAGE ( !IR LEAD]1 ! H&FUL ( SLAVES HURL$ !MSELVES AGA9/ ! ,ROMANS &1 BREAK+ ?R\< !IR L9ES1 COMPLETELY DEFEAT$ !M4 ,SP>TACUS & HIS M5 HAD LE>N$ H[ TO WIELD WEAPONS1 & !Y N[ BEGAN GIV+ ! HAT$ ,ROMANS A TA/E ( !IR [N M$IC9E4 ,! NAME ( ,SP>TACUS SP$ FROM ON CORN] ( ! C\NTRY TO ! O!R4 ,EV]Y:]E SLAVES RAIS$ !IR HEADS TO A NEW HOPE4 ,! SMALL B& ( ,SP>TACUS RAPIDLY SWELL$ 9TO A HUGE >MY4 ,EV]Y:]E SLAVES DA%$ (F !IR MANACLES & FOLL[$ ,SP>TACUS & HELP$ HIM DISSEM9ATE & ACTIVELY ILLU/RATE ! DOCTR9E ( RESI/ANCE TO TYRANNY4 

,9 A V]Y %ORT SPACE ( TIME ,SP>TACUS CONTROLL$ PRACTICALLY ! :OLE ( S\!RN ,ITALY4 ,L>GE =CES W]E S5T AGA9/ HIM FROM ,ROME1 ONLY TO SUFF] DEFEAT AFT] DEFEAT4 

,!N !RE >OSE A CRITICAL PROPOSITION4 ,IF ,SP>TACUS & HIS M5 WI%$ TO BE SURE ( LA/+ SECURITY & FRE$OM1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO BREAK ?R\< T[>DS ! NOR? & REA* ! ,ALPS4 ,SP>TACUS WAS FULLY AW>E ( HIS NECESSITY1 BUT WAS COMPELL$ TO USE ALL HIS P]SUASIVE P[]S 9 ORD] TO CONV9CE HIS M54 ,BUT HEY1 9 !IR %ORT-SI<T$NESS1 DEM&$ ( HIM :Y !Y %\LD GO NOR? 9TO /RANGE L&S :5 !Y W]E ALREADY 9 CONTROL ( !IR PRES5T LOCALITY4 ,SP>TACUS1 KN[+ QUITE WELL ?AT ,ROME C\LD /ILL S5D OV]:ELM+ =CES1 KNEW ALSO ?AT ! HESITATION ON ! P>T ( HIS M5 W\LD PROVE TO !IR UNDO+4  
   

,H[EV]1 AL?\< HE 5T]TA9$ LITTLE HOPE = !IR ULTIMATE SUCCESS1 HE /ILL L$ HIS M5 9 EV]Y BATTLE4 ,EV]Y:]E ! LEGIONS ( ,ROME W5T D[N BE=E HIM LIKE HAY UND] ! SICKLE4 ,SL[LY !Y CUT !IR WAY ?R\<1 & UPW>DS ?R\< ! ,ALPS4 ,BUT ! FUR!R !Y ADVANC$1 ! MORE ! M5 WAV]$3 !Y WI%$ TO REMA9 BEH9D4 ,AL?\< F9AL VICTORY WAS ALL BUT !IRS1 !IR TEMPOR>Y & 9SECURE FRE$OM HELD \T TO !M GREAT] TEMPTATIONS4 

,9 ! YE> ,B4,C4 #g#a1 ,POMPEY RETURN$ FROM ,SPA9 & M>*$ TO ! AID ( ,M>CUS ,L4 ,CRASSUS :O WAS RAIS+ A L>GE >MY AGA9/ ,SP>TACUS4 

,!N CAME ! CLA% ( ! LA/ GREAT ONSET4 ,SP>TACUS KNEW ?AT ?IS WAS ! 5D1 & DECID$ TO GO D[N FI<T+1 RA!R ?AN SUBMIT TO ! ,ROMAN TYRANTS4 ,HIS M5 W]E LIT]ALLY CUT TO PIECES BY ! VA/LY SUP]IOR 5EMY =CES4 

,>M$ ) A HEAVY SWORD1 ,SP>TACUS TORE =W>D 9TO ! RANKS ( ! ,ROMANS1 & CUT HIMSELF A PA?WAY ?R\< HIS 5EMIES1 BE=E ! F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 WRE/L+ ! LIFE FROM HIS GREAT BODY4 

,SO FELL HE1 :O FELT NO FE> ( ! APP>5TLY IMPOSSIBLE A*IEVEM5T2 HE1 ! M]E SLAVE :O D>$ TO QUE/ION ! AU?ORITY ( PR\D & MI<TY ,ROME2 HE1 ! GIANT ( OLD-WORLD REBELS3 ,SP>TACUS4 

,! READ+ ( ?IS RECORD 5ABLES ONE TO APPRECIATE ) :AT GRIM UND]/&+ ( ! GREAT /RUGGLE ,LIEBKNE*T DECID$ TO ASSUME1 ! MASK ( ! ANCI5T GLADIATOR ( REVOLUTION4 

,9SEP>ABLY1 ! NAMES ( ,SP>TACUS & ,LIEBKNE*T WILL GO D[N TO PO/]ITY TOGE!R1 NOT BECAUSE ,LIEBKNE*T *OSE TO ADOPT ! NAME ( ! ANCI5T BATTL] ( ,PROLET>IAN ,LIB]TY1 BUT BECAUSE1 9 ESS5CE1 ?R\< SEP>AT$ BY A GULF ( MORE ?AN TW5TY C5TURIES1 ! TWO M5 W]E ONE4 

O ,*APT] #af 3 ,LIEBKNE*T'S ,APOLOGY 

,LIEBKNE*T DEF5D$ HIS OPPOSITION TO ! W> 9 TWO TR5*ANT LETT]S ADDRESS$ TO ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,ROYAL ,C\RT-,M>TIAL AT ,B]L94 ,! FIR/ ONE1 DAT$ ,MAY #cRD1 #a#i#a#f1 DECL>$ ?AT3 

0,! PRES5T W> IS NOT A W> = ! PROTECTION ( NATIONAL 9TEGRITY1 NOR = ! FREE+ ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLE1 NOR = ! WELF>E ( ! MASSES4 

0,IT SIGNIFIES FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! PROLET>IAT ! MO/ EXTREME CONC5TRATION & EXT5SION ( POLITICAL OPPRESSION1 ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 ( MILIT>I/IC SLAU<T]+ ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 BODY & S\L1 = ! ADVANTAGE ( CAPITALISM & DESPOTISM4 

,LIEBKNE*T'S ,APOLOGY 
   
   

0,TO ALL ?IS ! WORK+ CLASSES ( ALL C\NTRIES CAN GIVE ONLY ONE ANSW]3 9T5SIFI$ /RUGGLE--9T]NATIONAL CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/IC REGIME & ! RUL+ CLASSES ( ALL C\NTRIES = ! ABOLITION ( EV]Y SPECIES ( OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION1 = ! T]M9ATION ( W> ?R\< ! 9/ITUTION ( A PEACE CONSI/5T ) ! SPIRIT ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,9 ?IS CLASS /RUGGLE ! ,SOCIALI/1 :O KN[S NO C\NTRY BUT ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 MU/ COME TO ! DEF5SE ( EV]Y?+ :I* HE AS A ,SOCIALI/ IS B\ND TO DEF5D4 

0,! CRY 'D[N ) W>' SIGNIFIES ?AT ,I MU/ /& OPPOS$ TO ! PRES5T W>1 CONDEMN+ & HAT+ IT ON PR9CIPLE1 9 ITS HI/ORICAL *>ACT]1 9 ITS G5]AL SOCIAL CAUSES & SPECIFIC ORIG91 9 ! ME?OD ( ITS CONDUCT OR ! PURPOSES = :I* IT IS WAG$4 ,?AT CRY SIGNIFIES ?AT IT IS A /UDY 9CUMB5T UPON EV]Y DEF5D] ( PROLET>IAN 9T]E/S TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL CLASS /RUGGLE = ! 5D+ ( ! W>40 

,! SECOND LETT]1 DAT$ FIVE DAYS LAT]1 W>N$ ! ,SOCIALI/S ( ALL C\NTRIES AGA9/ ! DANG] ( PLAY+ 9TO ! H&S ( RIVAL MILIT>ISMS4 ,H]E >E HIS HI/ORIC WORDS3-- 

0,IF ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/S1 = 9/ANCE1 W]E TO COMBAT ! ,5GLI% ,GOV]NM5T1 & ! ,5GLI% ,SOCIALI/S ! ,G]MAN ,GOV]NM5T1 IT W\LD BE A F>CE OR SOME?+ WORSE4 ,HE :O DOES NOT ATTACK ! 5EMY1 ,IMP]IALISM1 REPRES5T$ BY ?OSE :O /& OPPOS$ TO HIM FACE TO FACE1 BUT ATTACKS ?OSE FROM :O HE IS F> AWAY & :O >E NOT )9 HIS %OOT+ RANGE1 & ?AT EV5 ) ! HELP & APPROBATION ( HIS [N ,GOV]NM5T 7I4E41 ?OSE REPRES5TATIVES ( ,IMP]IALISM :O ALONE >E DIRECTLY OPPOS$ TO HIM7 IS NO ,SOCIALI/1 BUT A MIS]ABLE HACK ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,SU* A POLICY IS NOT CLASS W>1 BUT ITS OPPOSITE--9CIT+ TO W>40 

O ,*APT] #ag 3 ,LIEBKNE*T'S ,MOCK ,TRIALS 
,OCTOB]1 #aig 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#g1 ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T PUBLI%$1 9 BOOK =M1 AN 5L>GEM5T ( A PAP] :I* HE HAD READ ON ! #b#h? ( ! PREVI\S ,NOVEMB] BE=E ! ,MANNHEIM ,CONF]5CE ( ! ,G]MAN ,Y\NG ,SOCIALI/ ,ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS WORK WAS 5TITL$1 ,MILIT>ISM & ,ANTI-,MILIT>ISM4 ,ON ! #i? ,AUGU/ FOLL[+1 ?IS WRIT+1 TOGE!R ) ITS AU?OR1 WAS 9DICT$ BY ORD] ( ! ,IMP]IAL ,/ATE ,ATTORNEY 9 ACCORDANCE ) P>AGRAPH #a* ( ! LAW CONC]N+ ! JUDICIAL PROC$URE ( ! ,IMP]IAL ,C\RTS4 ,! 9DICTM5T /AT$ ?AT3-- 

7#a7 ,K>L ,PAUL ,AUGU/ ,FREIDRI* ,LIEBNE*T1 LAWY]1 ( ,B]L91 IS SUSPECT$ ( HAV+ SET ON FOOT A TREASONABLE UND]TAK+ 9 ! YE>S #aif & #aig )9 ! C\NTRY3 ?AT ( EFFECT+ A *ANGE 9 ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE BY VIOL5CE4 

7#b7 ,! ACCUS$ URGES ! ABOLITION ( ! /&+ >MY BY MEANS ( ! MILIT>Y /RIKE1 IF NE$S BE1 CONJO9TLY ) ! 9CITEM5T ( ! TROOPS TO TAKE P>T 9 ! REVOLUTION4 

7#c7 ,HE =W>DS HIS CONSPIRACY BY WRIT+ ! WORK1 ,MILIT>ISM & ,ANTI-,MILIT>ISM1 & CAUS+ IT TO BE PR9T$ & DISSEM9AT$4 

7#d7 ,HE ADVOCAT$ ! ORGANIZATION ( SPECIAL ,ANTI-,MILIT>I/ PROPAG&A1 :I* IS TO EXT5D ?R\<\T ! ,G]MAN ,EMPIRE1 & IS TO BE CONTROLL$ & CONDUCT$ BY A ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 WORK+ ?R\< ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,Y\NG ,PEOPLE'S ,ORGANIZATION = ! PURPOSE ( ORGANICALLY DIS9TEGRAT+ & DEMORALIZ+ ! MILIT>I/ SPIRIT4 

7#e7 ,! NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ,LIEBKNE*T'S ACTIVITY W\LD BE1 9 ! CASE ( AN UNPOPUL> W> AS BETWE5 ,G]MANY OR ,FRANCE1 OR 9T]V5TION 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! MILIT>Y /RIKE FOLL[$ BY SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

7#f7 ,LIEBKNE*T NOT ONLY PO9TS \T ! WAYS & MEANS :I* APPE> TO BE DE/9$ & SUIT$ TO FUR!R ! A=ESAID TREASONABLE UND]TAK+ & TO 5SURE ITS SUCCESS1 BUT HE ALSO DEM&S ! SPE$Y APPLICATION ( !SE ME?ODS4 

7#g7 ,!SE (F5SES CON/ITUTE A CRIME AGA9/ P>AGRAPH #hf ( ! ,CRIM9AL ,CODE 9 CONNECTION ) P>AGRAPH #h#a4 ,NO4 #b P>4 #hb ( ! ,CRIM9AL ,CODE4 

,SOME TIME PREVI\S TO ! DATE ( ?IS 9DICTM5T1 ,LIEBKNE*T'S BOOK HAD BE5 CONFISCAT$4 ,! ORD] = !IR CONFISCATION REMA9$ 9 FULL =CE1 BUT IT WAS /AT$ ?AT ! ACCUS$ WAS NOT TO BE SUBJECT$ TO PRELIM9>Y CONF9EM5T1 P5D+ ! PUBLIC TRIAL4 

,! TRIAL OP5$ ON ,OCTOB] #i? BE=E ! FIFTE5 JUDGES ( #bND & #cND CRIM9AL *AMB]S ( ! ,IMP]IAL ,C\RT1 AT ,LEIPZIG1 ,SAXONY4 ,IT LA/$ ?REE DAYS4 ,LIEBKNE*T CONDUCT$ HIS [N DEF5SE & ASSUM$ FULL RESPONSIBILITY = ! CONT5TS ( HIS BOOK4 ,HE D5I$ ?AT HIS BOOK WAS A TREASONABLE CONSPIRACY1 BUT ADD$ ?AT HIS CONVICTION WAS A =EGONE CONCLUSION4 

,! PUBLIC PROSECUTOR ASK$ ! C\RT TO PASS A S5T5CE ( TWO YE>S IMPRISONM5T & ! LOSS ( CIVIL RI<TS = FIVE YE>S4 ,! C\RT DELIB]AT$ = HALF-AN-H\R & !N F\ND ,LIEBKNE*T GUILTY ( HAV+ SET ON FOOT A TREASONABLE UND]TAK+4 ,IT CONDEMN$ HIM TO 9C>C]ATION 9 A =TRESS = EI<TE5 MON?S1 & ORD]$ HIM TO PAY ! CO/S ( ! PROSECUTION4 ,! C\RT ALSO DIRECT$ ?AT ALL COPIES ( ! WORK1 ,MILIT>ISM & ,ANTI-,MILIT>ISM %\LD BE DE/ROY$1 & ALL ! PLATES & =MS US$ 9 ITS PRODUCTION4 

,MAY #aiaf 

,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T AGA9 ?REW D[N ! GANTLET TO ,PRUSSIAN ,MILIT>ISM ON ,MAY #a/1 #a#i#a#f4 ,AT ?IS GREAT LABOR DEMON/RATION 9 ! ,POTSDAM]PLATZ1 9 ,B]L91 HE DELIV]$ ! SPEE* :I* BECAME FAM\S 9 CONSEQU5CE ( HIS IMM$IATE >RE/4 ,! GA!R+ WAS A HUGE ONE & ! MO/ REM>KABLE CIRCUM/ANCE ATT5D+ IT WAS ITS ALMO/ COMPLETE SIL5CE4 ,WOM5 & *ILDR5 PR$OM9AT$3 :IL/ ! M5 PRES5T W]E MO/LY ( ADVANC$ AGE4 ,LIEBKNE*T SAID 3-- 

0,COMRADES1 SOME TIME AGO A WITTY ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRAT OBS]V$3 ',WE ,PRUSSIA'S >E A PRIVILEG$ PEOPLE4' ,WE HAVE ! RI<T TO S]VE AS SOLDI]S1 WE >E 5TITL$ TO BE> UPON \R %\LD]S ! 5TIRE BURD5 ( TAXATION1 & WE >E EXPECT$ TO HOLD \R TONGUES4 ,SO IT IS4 ,! AU?ORITIES NEV] CEASE TO CALL UPON US TO KEEP SIL5T4 ,QUITE A SIMPLE ?+--HOLD Y\R TONGUE1 ?AT'S ALL4 ,DON'T TALK6 ,IF Y\ >E HUNGRY1 DON'T TALK6 ,IF Y\R *ILDR5 />VE1 DON'T TALK6 ,!Y ASK = MILK--HOLD Y\R TONGUE6 ,!Y ASK = BREAD--DON'T SAY A WORD6 

0,COMRADES1 WE >E />V+1 BUT NO ONE MU/ KN[ IT--LEA/ ( ALL ! SOLDI]S4 ,SU* NEWS W\LD WEAK5 ! W>LIKE SPIRIT ( ! FI<T]S1 !RE=E1 DON'T COMPLA94 ,WOM51 HIDE AWAY ! TRU? FROM Y\R [N M56 ,LIE2 DON'T TELL ! TRU?1 LE/ ! SOLDI]S 9 ! TR5*ES LE>N H[ ?+S /&4 ,PRUSSIAN C5SOR%IP TAKES GOOD C>E ?AT ?IS DOES NOT HAPP54 ,POOR ,G]MAN SOLDI]1 HE REALLY DES]V$ PITY4 ,UND] ! COMPULSION ( A W>LIKE ,GOV]NM5T HE HAS 9VAD$ A =EIGN C\NTRY1 & IS DO+ HIS BLOODY WORK1 SUFF]+ UNTOLD HORRORS4 ,DEA? REIGNS ON ! BATTLEFIELD & HIS *ILDR5 AT HOME >E SUCCUMB+ TO HUNG] & WANT4 ,! POOR MO!R 9 IS DI/RESS & CANNOT %>E H] GRIEF ) H] HUSB&4 

0,! WORK]S ( ,G]MANY HAVE TO BLE$ BECAUSE SU* IS ! WILL ( ! CAPITALI/S1 ( ! SUP]-PATRIOTS1 ( ! CANNON-MAK]S4 ,! PEOPLE HAVE TO MAKE BLOOD-SACRIFICES )\T A MURMUR 9 ORD] ?AT !SE ROBB]S MAY M9T GOLD \T ( !IR VALUABLE LIVES4 ,! W> WAS U%]$ 9 ) A LIE1 SO ?AT ! WORK]S W\LD RU% TO ! BATTLEFIELDS1 & N[ ! LIE /ILL PRESIDES OV] ! CONT9UANCE ( ?IS AWFUL C>NAGE40 

,LIEBKNE*T HAD SC>CELY COMPLET$ ! LA/ S5T5CE :5 ! POLICE BROKE ?R\< ! CR[D &1 ?R[+ MANY ( ! CR[D & TRAMPL+ O!RS UND]FOOT1 >RE/$ HIM4 ,9 ! DAYS :I* IMM$IATELY FOLL[$ HE ADDRESS$ HIS FAM\S LETT]S TO ! ,ROYAL ,C\RT-,M>TIAL 9 ,B]L94 ,!RE W]E CIRCULAT$ 9 LEAFLET =M & >E DAT$ ! #cRD & #h? ( ,MAY1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,LIEBKNE*T BOLDLY 9DICTS ! ,G]MAN ,GOV]NM5T = ITS RECKLESS *AMPION%IP ( EXPANSION & JUNK]ISM 9 WORLD POLITICS1 & ITS ACTIVITY AS AN AG5T ( WORLD W>4 ,HE D5\NCES ITS SUPPRESSION ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 ITS W> ON !IR LIB]TY ( SPEE* & WRIT+4 ,HE 9DICTS ITS SY/EM ( SPECI\S LEGALITY & %AM NATIONALITY AS A SY/EM ( ACTUAL =CE1 ( G5U9E HO/ILITY TO ! PEOPLE1 & ( GUILTY CONSCI5CE AS REG>DS TO ! MASSES4 ,& HE ADDS ?AT /RUGGLE ( ! MO/ /R5U\S *>ACT]1 CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,GOV]NM5T IS ! DUTY ( EV]Y *AMPION ( ! WELF>E 
( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,LIEBKNE*T'S TRIAL & CONDEMNATION FOLL[$ 9 ,JULY4 ,! PUBLIC PROSECUTOR DEM&$ ?AT ! PUBLIC BE EXCLUD$4 ,LIEBKNE*T PROTE/$ AGA9/ ?IS DEM& 9 ! FOLL[+ /R5U\S T]MS 3-- 

0,G5TLEM51 Y\ >E P[]FUL1 BUT Y\ >E AFRAID4 ,Y\ TREMBLE AT ! EFFECT MY POOR WORDS MI<T HAVE ON ! PUBLIC & ON ! PRUD5TLY *OS5 ,J\RNALI/S4 ,Y\ :O HAVE AT Y\R DISPOSAL A =CE ( POLICE1 AN >MY1 CANNON1 EV]Y?+6 ,IT IS C[>DICE1 ON Y\R P>T1 G5TLEM54 ,YES1 ,I REPEAT ?AT Y\ >E C[>DS ,IF Y\ CLOSE ! DOORS4 ,Y\ %\LD BE A%AM$ ( Y\RSELVES40 

,:5 ! C\RT EXCLUD$ ! PUBLIC1 ,LIEBKNE*T %\T$ TO HIS WIFE & TO ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG :O W]E AMONG ! AUDI5CE3-- 

0,LEAVE ?IS COM$Y1 :]E EV]Y?+1 9CLUD+ EV5 ! JUDGM5T1 HAS BE5 PREP>$ BE=EH&6 ,GO AWAY60 

,! S5T5CE PASS$ UPON ,LIEBKNE*T AT ?IS TRIAL WAS ONE ( LIVE YE>S P5AL S]VITUDE4 ,HE WAS RELEAS$ ON ,OCTOB] #b#d?1 #a#i#a#h1 TOGE!R ) O!R POLITICAL PRISON]S4 

O ,*APT] #ah 3 ,MILIT>ISM & ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 

,LIEBKNE*T--,NIEUW5HUIS ,DEBATE 

,AT ! CONGRESS ( ,BRUSSELS1 9 #a#h#i#a1 ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS1 ON BEHALF ( ! ,DUT* ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 PROPOS$ ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/S ( ALL C\NTRIES %\LD ANSW] ! PROPOSAL = W> BY AN APPEAL TO ! PEOPLES TO PROCLAIM A G5]AL /RIKE4 

,K,>,L ,L,I,E,B,K,N,E,*,T1 ON BEHALF ( ! MAJORITY1 OPPOS$ ?IS PROPOSAL ON ! GR\ND ?AT ?IS WAS ,UTOPIAN & FAIL$ TO REA* ! ECONOMIC S\RCES ( ! EVIL4 ,HE SUPPORT$ A PROPOSAL TO CONDUCT 9CESSANT PROPAG&A AGA9/ MILIT>ISM & CAPITALISM1 ) A VIEW TO DEVELOP+ ! 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ?R[+ ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! WORLD W> UPON ! RUL+ CLASS4 

,!RE W]E PROPOSALS = PROVOK+1 9 CASE ( W>1 ! /RIKE & MILIT>Y 9SURRECTION4 ,!Y W]E MADE BY DELEGATES :OSE C\NTRIES DID NOT BE> ! CRU%+ WEI<T ( MILIT>ISM BORNE BY ! NATIONS HAV+ AN ABSOLUTE MILIT>Y REGIME4 

,! PROJECT HAD BE5 SUBMITT$ TO ! EFFECT ?AT 9 ALL C\NTRIES ,MAY ,DAY %\LD BE CELEBRAT$ NOT ONLY AS A ,LABOR ,CELEBRATION ,DAY1 BUT ALSO AS ONE ( ! FRAT]NITY ( PEOPLES4 

,SOCIALI/ ,CONGRESS C\LD NOT TAKE ON ?AT SUBJECT1 ! ATTITUDE ( A B\RGEOIS PHILAN?ROPHIC CONGRESS4 ,!RE WAS A W> :I* WAS EV] PRES5T---! CLASS W>--& ! W> BETWE5 PEOPLES WAS BUT AN ASPECT ( IT4 ,! 5EMY ( ! ,G]MAN WORK] WAS NOT ! ,FR5* CITIZ51 BUT ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOIS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAN WAS HIS ALLY4 ,! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE W\LD LIKE DIS>MAM5T1 BUT !Y NE$$ AN 5ORM\S P]MAN5T >MY TO RESI/ ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT4 

,A W>1 COMP>$ TO :I* ?AT ( #a#h#g1 W\LD BE BUT *ILD'S PLAY1 WAS M5AC+ ! WORLD1 & MI<T PUT CIVILIZATION BACK = A C5TURY4 ,! PROLET>IAT MU/ PREV5T IT BY AN 9CESSANT PROPAG&A1 9 ORD] TO SAVE ! WORLD FROM ?AT FE>FUL CATA/ROPHY1 BY ASSUR+ ! TRIUMPH ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,! ONLY GU>ANTEE AGA9/ ! DISA/]S ( MILIT>ISM RESID$ 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION4 

,D,O,M,E,L,A ,N,I,E,U,W,5,H,U,I,S REPLI$ TO ,LIEBKNE*T BY PO9T+ \T ?AT IT WAS EASY TO OBTA9 UNANIMITY4 ,ALL ?AT WAS NECESS>Y WAS TO 9TRODUCE A PROPOSAL PUT D[N 9 T]MS ?AT W]E V]Y VAGUE4 ,! ,POPE C\LD ACCEPT IF IT ONE WORD W]E ALT]$1 ?AT ( ,SOCIALISM 9TO ,*RI/IANITY4 ,! LA/ S5T5CE ( ! RESOLUTION ?REW UPON ! RUL+ CLASS1 BE=E HUMANITY & HI/ORY1 ! RESPONSIBILITY ( FUTURE W>S4 ,RUL]S C\LD NOT BE MOV$ BY SU* A PLATITUD9\S PROTE/4 ,! RESOLUTION ?REW ! SAME RESPONSIBILITY UPON ! LABOR+ CLASS4 ,IT REM9D$ ONE ( TWO UR*9S QU>REL+1 & EA* BLAM+ ! O!R :ILE SPECTATORS LAU<$ AT !IR EXP5SE4 

,*AUV9ISM MU/ BE REJECT$ EV]Y:]E1 AS ALSO ANY DI/9CTION BETWE5 (F5SIVE & DEF5SIVE W>S4 ,DIPLOMATS1 IF !Y WI%$ IT C\LD DECL>E ANY W> UPON :I* !Y HAD DECID$4 

,PASSIVE RESI/ANCE WAS MO/ EFFICACI\S4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ,NAPOLEON'S :OLE 5]GY DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 BREAK+ ! RESI/ANCE ( ! ,POLBROK]S :O REFUS$ TO S]VE 9 ! >MY4 ,:5 A RIFLE WAS PUT 9TO !IR H&S !Y DROPP$ IT4 ,AT LA/ !Y HAD TO BE RELEGAT$ TO ! AMBULANCES4 

,IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT ,GOV]NM5TS HAD A MU* MORE F]OCI\S HATR$ AGA9/ ,SOCIALI/S ?AN !Y HAD AGA9/ ONE ANO!R1 EV5 :5 !Y W]E AT W>4 ,SOCIALI/S MU/ NOT KILL ONE ANO!R = ! ,GOV]NM5TS4 ,BY REFUS+ TO FI<T1 ,SOCIALI/S RISK$ BE+ PUT TO DEA?1 :]EAS IF !Y W5T TO BATTLE !Y W]E SURE EI!R TO KILL OR TO BE KILL$4 

,WORK+ M5 HAD BEGUN TO ?9K4 ,YET !IR SONS /ILL 5T]$ ! >MIES4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT ! RUL+ CLASSES ALREADY FELT !IR P[]S %AK+4 ,IT MU/ BE SAID FRANKLY ?AT CIVIL W> BETWE5 PROLET>IAT & B\RGEOISIE WAS TO BE PREF]R$ TO W> BETWE5 NATIONS4 ,! DECISION ( W> \<T NOT TO BE 9 ! H&S ( ! ,GOV]NM5TS4 ,IT %\LD RE/ ) ! PEOPLES4 ,= !Y W\LD NOT HAVE W>4 

,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ MILIT>ISM1 :I* WAS ONE ( ! MEANS CAPITALISM US$ = MA9TA9+ ITS SUPREMACY4 ,CAPITALISM BUT SU/A9$ ITSELF BY BAYONETS4 ,:5 ! WIELD]S ( ! BAYONETS BECAME 9TELLIG5T ! B\RGEOIS ORD] BECAME LO/4 ,FR$]ICK ! ,GREAT SAID ?AT IF HIS SOLDI]S HAD ?\<T1 NOT ONE ( !M W\LD HAVE REMA9$ 9 ! RANKS4 

,! TRIUMPH ( ! PROLET>IAT W\LD MEAN UNIV]SAL PEACE4 ,BY %[+ C\RAGE1 5]GY1 & P]SEV]ANCE1 ,SOCIALI/S C\LD PREV5T W> FROM EV] BREAK+ \T AGA94 ,GOV]NM5TS1 :5 !Y DECL>$ W>1 COMMITT$ A REVOLUTION>Y ACT4 ,! PEOPLES4 HAD ! RI<T1 & W]E 9 DUTY B\ND1 TO ANSW] SU* DECL>ATION BY REVOLUTION4 

,L,I,E,B,K,N,E,*,T1 ANSW]+ ON BEHALF ( ! ,G]MAN DELEGATION RECALL$ ?AT ,NIEUW5HUIS HAD ASS]T$ ?AT ! ,POPE C\LD ACCEPT ! PROPOS$ RESOLUTION IF ! WORD ,SOCIALISM 9 IT WAS REPLAC$ BY ! WORD ,*RI/IANITY4 ,IT WAS NEWS TO HIM ?AT ! ,POPE HAD PRON\NC$ = ! CLASS W>4 

,! ,DUT* DELEGATE HAD DECL>$ ! ,G]MAN RESOLUTION TO BE A TISSUE ( PHRASES4 ,!RE W]E NO PHRASES 9 ?AT RESOLUTION4 ,BUT IF PHRAS+ WAS ! PRONUNCIATION ( BIG WORDS1 CONTA9+ NO REALIZABLE IDEAS1 ,NIEUW5HUIS'S PROPOSAL ( ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 OPPOSITION TO A DECL>ATION ( W> WAS PHRASEOLOGY4 

,! REVOLUTION ( :I* ! ,DUT* SPEAK] HAD SPOK5 SO MU*1 WAS NOT SOME?+ TO BE ANN\NC$4 ,:5 ! PEOPLE REALLY WANT$ IT1 !Y W\LD ACCOMPLI% IT4 ,IT WAS ! SAME ) MANY DIFF]5T ?+S :I* ONE EXECUT$ UND] ! PRESSURE ( NECESSITY1 BUT DID NOT PR$ICT 9 ADVANCE4 

,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS HAD REM>K$ ?AT AT ! MOM5T ( ! DECL>ATION ( W>1 PEOPLES HAD TO HE 5C\RAG$ TO ! MILIT>Y /RIKE4 

,NIEUW5HUIS HAD =GOTT5 ?AT ?OSE :O W\LD MAKE ?AT APPEAL W\LD HAVE NO TIME TO EXECUTE !IR OBJECT = !Y W\LD BE TAK5 & %OT BE=E !Y C\LD ACT4 ,NIEUW5HUIS'S PROPOSAL WAS1 !RE=E1 UTOPIAN 9 *>ACT] BECAUSE IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE ( REALIZATION4 

,! ATTACKS DIRECT$ BY ,NIEUW5HUIS AGA9/ ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/S W]E UNJU/4 ,!Y W]E NO MORE /A9$ ) ,*AUV9ISM ?AN ! ,SOCIALI/S ( O!R L&S4 ,!Y HAD PROV$ ?IS 9 DIV]SE CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,9 #a#h#g1 DUR+ ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN W>1 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS HAD COMBAT$ ! W> AT ! PRICE ( !IR LIB]TY & !IR LIVES4 ,CON/ANTLY !Y HAD SACRIFIC$ !MSELVES = ! CAUSE ( ,SOCIALISM1 & HAD PROV$ ?AT !Y1 LEAD] & RANK & FILE1 KNEW H[ TO /IFF] = !IR CONVICTIONS4 

,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS HAD SPOK5 ( ,*AUV9ISM4 ,BUT ,NIEUW5HUIS HAD BE5 A ,*AUV94 ,9 #a#h#g1 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMO- CRATS HAD TRI$ TO /OP ! W>4 ,SEV]AL ( !M W]E COMPROMIS$ & IMPRISON$4 ,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 A ,DUT* J\RNAL1 $IT$ BY ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS1 VIOL5TLY ATTACK$ !M & 9DULG$ 9 SOME MO/ DETE/ABLE ,*AUV9ISM4 ,! SPEAK] HAD %[N ?AT ! ,DUT* RESOLUTION WAS UNACCEPTABLE & ABSURD4 ,! CONGRESS W\LD DO ITS DUTY BY ACCEPT+ ! ,G]MAN PROPOSAL4 

,N,I,E,U,W,5,H,U,I,S /AT$ ?AT !RE W]E ,*AUV9I/S AMONG ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,HE HAD NOT ACCUS$ ALL ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/S ( BE+ ,*AUV9S4 ,ALL ,SOCIALI/ P>TIES HAD 5DUR$ P]SECUTION & SUFF]+S = ! CAUSE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS NOT NECESS>Y = ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIALI/S TO EXTOLL ! SACRIFICES :I* !Y HAD SUFF]$ = !IR CONVICTIONS4 ,COMRADES %\LD NOT GLORIFY !MSELVES AT MEET+S1 BUT %\LD CONT5T !MSELVES ) ! KN[L$GE ?AT !Y HAD DONE !IR DUTY4 ,HE RECOMM5D$ ! WORK]S ( ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES TO OPPOSE TO ! DECL>ATION ( W> ! PROCLAMATION ( A G5]AL /RIKE1 P5D+ ! REGULATION ( W>S BY 9T]NATIONAL >BITRATION4 ,HE 9VIT$ MEMB]S ( P>LIAM5T TO 9TRODUCE BILLS R$UC+ ! BUDGETS ( W>4 

O ,*APT] #ai 3 ,BIOGRAPHICAL ,NOTE 

,L',AV5IR ,9T]NATIONAL = ,JUNE1 #a#i#a#i1 CONTA9S AN 9T]E/+ NOTE ON ,DO9ELA ,NIEUW5HUIS1 FROM :I* WE CALL ! FOLL[+3 0,! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T PROP]LY SO-CALL$ IS RA!R /RONG 9 ,HOLL& ?ANKS TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ! CELEBRAT$ ,F]D9& ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS4 ,HE IS AN OLD MAN ( #gb YE>S1 ) A :ITE BE>D2 AN EX-,LU!RAN PRIE/ & ! SON ( A !OLOGICAL PR(ESSOR4 ,HE BECAME A ,SOCIALI/ E>LY 9 LIFE & IS LOOK$ UPON AS ! FA!R ( ALL ,NE!RL& ,SOCIALI/S40 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS 
,HIS ,LIFE & ,WORK 

7,?IS ESSAY IS ABRIDGE FROM A /UDY1 WRITT5 9 ,FR5*1 BY ,&RE ,LORULOT47 

,I ?9K ,I SEE !M AGA9 AT ! F> 5D ( ?AT SMOKY ROOM 9 ! ,RUE DE ,BRELANGE4 ,ONE1 Y\NG & PETULANT1 FI]Y & VEHEM5T1 ! GL9T ( ! S\!RN SUN ON HIS BLACK HAIR4 ,! O!R1 ! OLD MAN ( ! ,NOR?1 :OSE BLUE EYES & SMIL+ FACE1 FRAM$ 9 LONG :ITE HAIR1 9DICATE AN IMM5SE GOODNESS4 ,!RE !Y W]E1 BO? /IGMATIZ+ ! W>4 ,ALM]EYDA1 ANGRILY1 ,DOMELA ) ! S(TE/ ( IRONIES & ! CALME/ ( CONVICTION4 ,ME?9KS ,I AGA9 SEE !SE TWO F\ND]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ANTI-MILIT>I/ ,ASSOCIATION ( ,WORK]S4 

,ALM]EYDA HAD R5\NC$ ! PURE IDEAS ( HIS ADOLESC5CE1 BECAUSE HE KNEW NOT H[ TO RESI/ ! ATTRACTION ( GOLD1 BY :I* ! B\RGEOISIE BUY & CORRUPT SO MANY CONSCI5CES4 ,HE HAD AB&ON$-----IF NOT 5TIRELY1 AT LEA/ 9 A GREAT MEASURE----! H>D CONFLICT AGA9/ SOCIAL 9IQUITY1 & LIKE SO MANY O!R LOV]S ( ,UTOPIA HAD RANG$ HIMSELF ALONGSIDE ( ! OPPORTUNI/S4 

,:AT A CONTRA/ ) ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS6 

"9"9"9 

,DOMELA REC\NT$ HIS EVOLUTION 9 AN 9T]E/+ AUTO- BIOGRAPHY4 ,FROM 0,*RI/IAN TO ,AN>*I/40 ,HE !RE EXPLA9S H[ HE1 A ,PROTE/ANT CL]GYMAN1 WAS L$ TO SEP>ATE HIMSELF FROM RELIGION 9 ORD] TO EMBRACE ,FREE?\<T & ,SOCIALISM4 ,RELIGI\S CONVICTIONS HAD NOT SUCCE$$ 9 OBSCUR+ ?IS VA/ 9TELLIG5CE4 ,BESIDES1 IT IS C]TA91 ?AT1 IF ,DOMELA WAS A ZEAL\S PA/OR1 IT WAS NOT ?R\< LOVE ( DOGMA4 ,HE WAS RIPE = ?AT L>GE & P[]FUL IDEALISM :I* *>ACT]IZ$ HIS :OLE LIFE1 = ?AT LOVE ( ! HUMBLE4 ,= ?AT FAI? 9 A BETT] WORLD--TO HE REALIZ$ ON ?IS E>? & NOT 9 A V]Y HYPO!TICAL 0,BEYOND40 

,DOMELA UND]/OOD ,PROTE/ANTISM 9 ! MO/ HUMAN FA%ION4 0,PROTE/ANTISM IS 9 FACT AN>*I/IC40 ,I WILL NOT DISCUSS ?IS PO9T ( VIEW H]E4 ,! RE=MATION SYMBOLIZES ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT 9 A V]Y EPHEM]AL MANN] ONLY4 ,LU!R %[$ HIMSELF V]Y AU?ORIT>IAN1 & ! EXPLOITS ( ! MELAN*OLY ,CALV9 >E NOT =GOTT51 NO MORE ?AN >E ! P]SECUTIONS 9FLICT$ UPON ?9K]S & PHILOSOPH]S--P>TICUL>LY ON ,JEAN ,JACQUES- ,9 REALITY ! PRES5T DAY ,HUGU5OTS HAVE NO CAUSE TO 5VY !IR EX-5EMIES ! ,ROMAN ,PAPI/S 9 RELATION TO ,SECT>IANISM & N>R[NESS ( VIEWS--AL?\< !IR BELIEFS >E1 ON ! :OLE1 LESS *ILDI%1 LESS GROSS1 & NOT SO ABSURD AS ?OSE ( ! ,CA?OLICS44 ,DOMELA RECOGNIZ$ ?IS HIMSELF :5 HE WROTE HIS LETT] ( RESIGNATION TO ! ,*UR* 7,C\NCIL1 ( :I* A %ORT EXTRACT FOLL[S 3--0L HAVE ALWAYS LIV$ UND] ! ILLUSION ?AT ! ,*UR*- MI<T BE FILL$ ) A NEW LIFE1 ?AT IT MI<T YET ANIMATE SOCIETY4 ! WORLD4 ,BUT LITTLE BY LITTLE1 ,I P]CEIVE ?AT ! ,*UR*1 AS SU*1 IS NOT 9 A /ATE TO UND]TAKE ?IS TASK1 ?AT IT HOLDS ON TO ! SIDES ( SOCIETY1 & WILL ALWAYS DO SO1 LIKE A RELIC ( ! PA/1 P[]LESS & )\T 5]GY1 DRAGG+ \T1 ?R\< ! =CE ( R\T9E1 A LANGUI%+ EXI/5CE4 ,H5CE ,I AM CONV9C$ IT IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE = ME TO WORK 9 ! ,*UR*1 = !RE IS NO?+ MORE MORTAL = 5?USIASM1 NO WORK MORE DEMORALIZ+ ?AN TO SET ONE'S HE>T ON A DEAD CAUSE4 ,ONE MAY1 ?ANKS TO >TIFICIAL PROCESSES1 APPE> TO PROLONG ! LIFE ( SU* CAUSES1 BUT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO R5D] !M HEAL? & /R5G?40 

"9"9"9 

,?US WE F9D ,DOMELA AMONG ! APO/LES ( ! ,R$ ,FLAG4 ,HE GIVES HIMSELF UP TO ! WORK ( SOCIAL EMANCIPATION ) HIS :OLE /R5G?4 ,HE PUBLI%ES SEV]AL WORKS1 NUM]\S PAMPHLETS1 A WIDELY CIRCULAT+ BI-WEEKLY NEWSPAP]4 ,HE ATT5DS MANY AN 9T]NATIONAL CONGRESS4 ,= SOME TIME HE WAS EV5 DEPUTY 9 ! ,NIEUW5HUIS ,*AMB]4 

,BUT ! GREAT 9TELLIG5CE & PR(\ND S9C]ITY ( ,NIEUW5HUIS DID NOT P]MIT HIM TO BE A VULG> POLITICIAN1 NOR A DOGMATIC & N>R[ EXPON5T ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,9 HIS EYES ?IS DOCTR9E REPRES5T$ ALL ! HOPES ( LIB]ATION4 ,IT HAD TO SUB/ITUTE ITSELF = ,*RI/IANITY1 :OSE FAILURE WAS MORE MANIFE/ EV]Y DAY4 ,DOMELA WAS NOT SL[ TO OBS]VE ?AT ! SPOKESMAN ( ! NEW RELIGION W]E1 MORALLY SPEAK+1 SC>CELY SUP]IOR TO ! BAD %EPH]DS :OM ,JESUS 9VOK$4 ,HE CLOSELY FOLL[$ ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 & SAW IT BECOME MORE & MORE AU?ORIT>IAN1 RE=MI/1 & MIDDLE-CLASS4 ,9 HIS REM>KABLE WORK1 ,SOCIALISM 9 ,DANG]1 HE IS AMONG ! FIR/ TO %[ ! ROCKS UPON :I* SOCIALISM W\LD HURL ITSELF4 ,HE =ESAW ! GRAVE CONSEQU5CES ( COMPROMISE & ! 9EVITABLE RESULTS ( ELECTORAL EQUIVOCATION4 ,9 VA9 HE D5\NC$ ! P]IL4 ,9 VA91 HE /ROVE TO CONS]VE = ,SOCIALISM ITS 9DISP5SIBLE *>ACT]I/ICS ( LIB]TY1 9DEP5D5CE1 & CLEANNESS4 ,! ACTIONS ( ! ,G]MAN ,M>XI/S ESPECIALLY >\S$ HIM4 ,TO AU?ORIT>IAN ,SOCIALISM1 BORN 9 ,G]MANY :]E IT BECAME ALL-P[]FUL1 HE OPPOS$ LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALISM4 ,TO NUM]\S BUT 9]T ORGANIZATIONS1 TO- UN$UCAT$ & FLOAT+ ELECTORAL MASSES1 HE PREF]R$ AUTONOM\S & COMBATATIVE GR\PS1 CONSCI\S1 PR\D & FREE 9DIVIDUALITIES4 ,LIKE ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 & ,RECLUS HE MI/RU/$ P>LIAM5TS1 = 0 ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEA IS SUPPRESS$ BY CONFID5CE 9 P>LIAM5T>ISM40 ,= HIM NUMB]S HAD NO SIGNIFICANCE4 0,:5 ,I WROTE ?AT ! P>TY HAD GA9$ 9 QUANTITY :AT IT HAD LO/ 9 QUALITY1 ,I WAS TREAT$ AS A CALUMNIATOR ( ! ,G]MAN P>TY40 ,POLITICIANS REQUIRE L>GE FOLL[+S1 & !Y >E NOT FOND ( ?OSE :O HAMP] ! RECRUIT+ ( SU* FOLL[+S4 ,NEI!R DO !Y LOVE ?OSE :O W\LD 9DUCE ! WORK]S TO DISP5SE ) LEAD]S1 *IEFS & PLACE-SEEK]S4 ,MOREOV]1 POLITICIANS FI<T TREA*]\SLY1 CONSCI\SLY CALUMNIAT+ !IR OPPON5TS4 ,DOMELA F\ND ?AT \T = HIMSELF4 0,AS SOON AS ONE IS NOT ( ! SAME OP9ION AS HE 7! ELD] ,LIEBKNE*T7 ONE IS DUBB$ ',AN>*I/1' & !RE IS ONLY ONE /EP FROM ?AT TO BE+ TREAT$ AS A POLICE SPY40 

"9"9"9 

0,A MOVEM5T IS NEV] PUR]1 NOR MORE IDEALI/IC ?AN AT ITS COMM5CEM5T10 /ATES ,DOMELA :5 /UDY+ ! EVOLUTION ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,! FIR/ FEW APO/LES ( ! COLLECTIVI/ RELIGION HAD A MORE ROBU/ FAI? ?AN ! PRES5T PROPHETS ( ,SOCIALISM1 ) ! EXCEPTION1 ( C\RSE1 ( A FEW R>E CASES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! FIR/ MEMB]S ( ! ,CONF$]ATION DU ,TRAVAIL DO NOT 9 ! LEA/ RESEMBLE ?OSE ( #a#i#a#d-#a#i#a#h4 ,EV]Y DOCTR9E1 SEEK+ BE=E ALL & AT ANY PRICE1 ! ASS5T ( ! MASSES MU/ BE TON$ D[N )\T DELAY4 ,! PSEUDO CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 ONE KN[S WELL 5\<1 HAD ! MO/ FATAL ( CONSEQU5CES UPON ! PROLET>IAN IDEAL4 ,DOMELA SAW ?IS CLE>LY & TOOK UP HIS /&4 0,I P]CEIV$ GRADUALLY ?AT MY ,SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES1 MODEL$ AFT] ,M>X & ! ,G]MAN P>TY W]E 9 REALITY ,/ATE ,SOCIALISM1 & F> FROM BE+ A%AM$1 ,I RECOGNIZ$ IT2 ,I HAVE DIS[N$ !M BECAUSE ,I HAVE ! CONVICTION ?AT !Y CON/ITUT$ A NEGATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY40 

,DOMELA EVOLV$ MORE & MORE T[>DS LIB]T>IANISM4 ,BESIDES1 HE NEV] CEAS$1 EV5 :IL/ FIGUR+ AMONG ! ,M>XI/S1 TO ABHOR TYRANNY 9 ALL ITS =MS4 ,HE PROCLAIM$ MORE GLADLY ! REVOLUTION>Y ,M>X1 ! ,M>X :O WROTE3 0,! ,/ATE1 TO ABOLI% PAUP]ISM1 MU/ ABOLI% ITSELF1 = ! ESS5CE ( ! EVIL LIES 9 ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,/ATE10 ?AN ! ,M>X DI/ORT$ BY AMBITIONS & P$ANTIC DISCIPLES4 

,DOMELA TURN$ HIS BACK ON P>LIAM5T>Y ,SOCIALISM1 AS HE HAD DONE =M]LY UPON ! ,*UR*4 ,HE REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO ! DOCTR9ES ( ! ,JURASSI5NE ,F$]ATION & ( ,BAKUN94 

"9"9"9 

,! ,*UR*1 ! ,>MY1 ,CAPITALISM1 >E1 = ,DOMELA1 ! ?REE ET]NAL & 9SEP>ABLE 5EMIES4 ,HE HAS REMA9$ AN ACTIVE FREE?9K] & HAS TAK5 GOOD C>E NOT TO L5D HIS E> TO JESUITICAL VOICES :I* 9S9UATE ?AT 0RELIGION IS A PRIVATE CONC]N40 ,TO A*IEVE A WORLD )\T EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION1 ,DOMELA ?9KS RI<TLY ?AT WE MU/ SAP ALL 9/ITUTIONS :I* R5D] TYRANNY POSSIBLE4 ,?US WE MU/ LEAD A TRIPLE COMBAT3 ANTI-RELIGI\S1 ANTI-MILIT>I/1 ANTI-CAPITALI/4 

,I IMAG9E ,I HE> HIM AGA9 DECL>+ AT ! ,P>IS ,CONGRESS ( #a#i#e3 0,A C5TURY ( ,FREE?\<T WILL DO MORE = CIVILIZATION & PROGRESS ?AN EI<TE5 C5TURIES ( ,*RI/IANITY6 0 

,BUT1 AT ! SIDE ( CL]ICALISM HE MADE HA/E TO PO9T \T ! O!R 5EMY6 0,:5 Y\ GIVE A F+]-PO9T TO MILIT>ISM1 IT TAKES ! F+]1 ! H&1 ! >M1 ! :OLE BODY6 0 

,& HAS HE NOT WRITT5 ELSE:]E3 0,! ,/ATE HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! OPPRESSOR'S 9/RUM5T ( =CE AGA9/ ! OPPRESS$40 

0,PROP]TY & AU?ORITY >E CLOSELY B\ND2 !Y BO? RE/ ON IGNORANCE & BRUTALITY4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y1 !N1 TO DE/ROY !SE TWO EVIL P[]S40 

,DOMELA IS ! AU?OR ( A V]Y SUB/ANTIAL /UDY ON ,LIB]T>IAN ,$UCATION4 ,NO?+ %ORT ( A PRACTICAL1 SCI5TIFIC RATIONAL $UCATION & CULTURE IS ( ANY USE AGA9/ ! BRUTALIZ+ EFFECT ( CAPITALI/ & RELIGI\S TEA*+4 

0,IT IS NOT ! DESPOT :O R5D]S ! PEOPLE DOCILE & SUBMISSIVE1 BUT ! ABS5CE ( LIB]T>IAN ASPIRATIONS )9 ! MASSES1 :I* R5D]S ! TYRANT POSSIBLE 4 4 4 ,IT IS NOT ! ,JESUITS :O CREATE ! ,T>TUFFES1 BUT \R SOCIAL HYPOCRISY :I* PROVES A PROPITI\S FIELD = ! DEVELOPM5T ( JESUITISM40 

,DOMELA IS A REVOLUTION>Y4 ,HE ?9KS ?AT ! FUTURE SOCIETY CAN ONLY >ISE \T ( ! RU9S ( CAPITALISM OV]?R[N4 ,HE =ESEES1 N[ & !N1 DETAILS ( ! WORLD ( TO-MORR[1 BAS$ ON ,F$]ALISM1 MUTUAL UND]/&+1 & FREE ORGANIZATION- ,HIS DREAM IS NOT AT ALL ! DISORD]1 ! *AOS ?AT 9T]E/$ DETRACTORS ( LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM OB/9ATELY PRET5D TO BELIEVE IT IS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y HE WI%ES ORD] & ?IS ORD] WILL EVOLVE \T ( REASON1 NOT TYRANNY4 ,9 ! SOCIETY ( HIS IMAG9ATION NO ONE WILL SULK AT HIS TASK1 NO ONE WILL REBEL AGA9/ ! NECESSITIES ( A H>MONI\S SOCIAL LIFE1 & ! 9DISP5SIBLE CONCESSIONS & RE/RICTIONS IT IMPOSES3 0,! PURSUIT ( ! ABOLITION ( ,A,L,L AU?ORITY IS NOT ! *>ACT]I/IC ( A SUP]IOR M9D1 NOR ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! LOVE ( LIB]TY BUT G5]ALLY A PRO( ( POV]TY ( M9D & ( VANITY10 \R ,DUT* COMRADE DECL>ES1 NOT )\T REASON4 

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,I REMEMB] REM>K+ TO ,GU/AVE ,H]VE1 ( NOISY & BURLESQUE MEMORY1 ?AT ! ANTI-PATRIOTIC !ORIES :OSE FRAT]NITY HE CLAIM$ W]E ONLY A RE/ATEM5T ( ! IDEAS EXP\ND$ BY ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS TW5TY YE>S BE=E HIM4 0,NOT A MAN1 NOT A C5TIME = MILIT>ISM40 ,?AT IS :AT ,DOMELA HAS NOT TIR$ ( PROCLAIM+ = MORE ?AN TW5TY YE>S4 ,MORE LOGICAL ?AN ,H]VE1 ,GRAVE1 ,J\HAUX1 & MANY O!RS1 HE HAS CONS]V$ HIS IDEAS 9TACT1 &1 9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#a#d1 HE CALL$ A MEET+ ( ,DUT* ,AN>*I/S & ,FREE?9K]S AT ,AM/]DAM :I* ADOPT$ ! VIRILE RESOLUTION READ BY ,DOMELA4 

0,ALL P>TIES1 BEG9N+ ) ! CL]ICALS & F9I%+ ) ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 WANT$ ! W>1 EI!R CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY1 & !Y >E ALL GUILTY BECAUSE !Y HAVE VOT$ ! CR$ITS ( ! W> )\T :I* ! GOV]NM5TS W\LD NOT HAVE HAD ! MEANS ( DECL>+ W> 4 4 40 

,9 MAK+ ?IS /ATEM5T ,DOMELA ONLY CONFIRM$ ! EXP]I5CE ( HIS :OLE PUBLIC LIFE1 ( HIS =TY YE>S' SOCIAL ACTIVITY4 ,YES1 ,CL]ICALISM & POLITICAL P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALISM HAVE FAIL$4 ,& NO ONE IS BETT] QUALIFI$ TO KN[ IT ?AN ! EX- PA/OR1 EX-DEPUTY & EX-SOCIAL-DEMOCRAT4 

,DOMELA'S CONCLUSION TO ! RESOLUTION IS ALSO P]EMPTORY4 ,IT /ATES ?AT 0! 9SIGNIFICANT MAT]IAL POSSESSIONS1 & ! SMALL AM\NT ( POLITICAL LIB]TY POSSESS$ BY ,DUT* WORK]S TO NOT WOR? ! SACRIFICE ( A HUMAN LIFE10 & ADDS3 

0,?IS MEET+ PROTE/S 5]GETICALLY AGA9/ ?IS FAM\S SLAU<T] M5AC+ CIVILIZATION & HUMANITY40 

0,PROTE/S ALSO ) ALL ITS =CE AGA9/ 9T]NATIONAL ,*RI/IANITY & AGA9/ 9T]NATIONAL SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY1 :I* HAVE BO? ABUS$ !IR 9FLU5CE OV] ! PEOPLE 9 ORD] TO 5C\RAGE AN ABOM9ABLE NATIONAL HATR$40 

,LET US NOTE ?AT ?IS PROCLAMATION WAS UTT]$ AT A TIME :5 ,HOLL& MI<T HAVE BE5 DRAWN 9TO ! CONFLICT4 ,DOMELA DID NOT P]MIT ! S]5ITY ( HIS M9D TO BE DI/URB$4 ,MA9TA9+ ALL HIS COOLNESS1 HE AFFIRMS ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( FRONTI]S & ! CONS]VATION ( A DYNA/Y OR A POLITICAL REGIME DOES NOT 9T]E/ ! WORK]S1 ?AT !Y MU/ P>TICIPATE ONLY 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE ?AT WILL LEAD !M TO !IR [N FRE$OM4 

0,D[N ) FRONTI]S ANTI NATIONAL HATR$6 ,D[N ) ! W>6 ,LONG LIVE ! 9T]NATIONAL FRAT]NIZATION ( ! WORK]S40 

,?US T]M9ATES ,DOMELA'S VIGOR\S *ALL5GE TO ! CRIM9AL WORLD4 ,ALAS6 HIS CRY ( REVOLT1 HIS APPEAL TO REASON WAS NOT TO BE HE>D4 

O ,*APT] #ba 3 ,H]MAN ,GORT] 

,ABRIDG$ & ADAPT$ FROM AN >TICLE WRITT5 = 0,! ,COMMUNE0 BY ! ,DUT* ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>IAN1 ,I,I4 ,CANNE ,MEIJ]4 

,H]MAN ,GORT] DI$ AT ,BRUSSELS1 ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#e1 #a#i#b#g4 ,HE HAD GONE TO ,SWITZ]L& FROM HIS HOME 9 ,HOLL& TO R5EW HIS HEAL?1 BUT HE FELT ?AT ! 5D ( HIS LIFE WAS NE>1 & SO HE BROKE (F HIS /AY 9 ,SWITZ]L& & TRI$ TO RETURN HOME4 ,BUT HE WAS OBLIG$ TO BREAK HIS J\RNEY AT ,BRUSSELS1 & HE DI$ ! SAME NI<T 9 AN HOTEL4 ,HIS DY+ WAS AS BRAVE & TRUE AS HIS LIV+4 ,HE HAD DEA? BE=E HIS EYES T5 H\RS BE=E HE DI$4 ,& HE SP5T ! TIME >RANG+ AB\T HIS UNPUBLI%$ WRIT+S & ISSU+ /RICT 9/RUCTIONS ?AT NOBODY %\LD SPEAK AT HIS GRAVE4 

,:5 ! WORLD W> BROKE \T1 & ! SO-CALL$ 0,SOCIALI/0 MOVEM5T PUT ITSELF 9 EV]Y C\NTRY UND] ! COMM& & AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE1 ,GORT] DID NOT FALL4 ,HE IMPEA*$ ALL ! 0!ORETICIANS0 :O SURR5D]$ ! PROLET>IAT TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 & ANALYZ$ ! CAUSES ( ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 9 HIS WORK1 ,IMP]IALISM1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 & ,WORLD ,W>4 

,H]MAN ,GORT] WAS ! SON ( A FAM\S ,DUT* LITT]ATEUR4 ,HE WAS BORN ON ,NOVEMB] #b#f1 #a#h#f#d4 ,HE WAS A KE5 /UD5T ( ! CLASSICS & BECAME A TEA*] ( ,GREEK & ,LAT9 AT ! GYMNASIUM4 ,H]E HE A/ONI%$ ! LIT]>Y WORLD BY HIS POEM ,MAY4 ,IT IS A POEM DEVOT$ TO ! WOR%IP ( NATURE 9 A LANGUAGE NEV] HE>D BE=E4 ,HE BROKE ) TRADITION & E/ABLI%$ RULES & EXPRESS$ ! FEEL+S AS !Y W]E ACTUALLY FELT1 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HE PLAC$ POETRY ON ! BASIS ( TRU?4 ,A /ORM ( 5?USIASM %OOK ! LIT]>Y WORLD1 & ! POEM WAS ACKN[L$G$ TO BE ! F9E/ & BE/ ( ITS K9D4 ,GORT] GA!R$ AB\T HIM A GR\P ( Y\NG POETS & DEVELOP$ ! LIT]>Y REVOLUTION1 KN[N AS 0,! ,MOVEM5T ( ! ,EI<TIES40 ,?IS WAS 9 #a#h#h4 

,BUT ,GORT] SOON P]CEIV$ ?AT ?IS MOVEM5T DID NOT GO V]Y F>4 ,IT EFFECT$ NO?+4 ,IT LACK$ DEP?4 ,HE S\<T = ! CAUSE & /UDI$ ANEW ! ANCI5T CULTURE ( ,GREECE & ,EGYPT TO UND]/& ! REASON ( !IR P[]FUL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! RESULT WAS EXPRESS$ 9 AN ESSAY3 ,CRITIQUE ( ,TIRE ,MOVEM5T ( ! ,EI<TIES4 

,HE /UDI$ PHILOSOPHY1 TRANSLAT$ ! ,E?ICS ( ,SP9OZA1 & REVEL$ 9 ,KANT4 ,!N HE READ ,DAS ,CAPITAL4 ,9 ,M>X HE F\ND :AT HE WANT$4 ,HE /UDI$ PR(\NDLY ! WRIT+S ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4 

,9 #a#h#i1 ,GORT] JO9$ ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,LABOR ,P>TY1 ,S4,D4,A4,P41 9 ,HOLL&4 ,AT FIR/ ?IS P>TY REJOIC$ 9 HIS MEMB]- %IP4 ,BUT HE WAS TOO CAPABLE & TOO CLEV] TO PLEASE ?IS P>TY = LONG4 ,HE RAPIDLY EM]G$ AS ONE ( ! GREATE/ !ORETICIANS ON ,COMMUNISM & ,M>XISM 9 ,EUROPE1 & ONE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL SPEAK]S 9 ,HOLL&4 ,HET ,VOLK1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ORGAN1 COMPLA9$ ?AT ,SOCIALISM WAS1 TO HIM1 A F9E DREAM1 A HOLY UNSEIZABLE IDEAL4 ,IT ADMITT$ ?AT HE WAS A CLE> & CONV9C+ SPEAK]1 BUT ADD$ ?AT HE DISRUPT$ ! P>TY4 ,:I* MEANS ?AT HE OPPOS$ ,SOCIALISM TO ! POLITICAL CORRUPTION ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 TO C>E]ISM1 TO ! /RUGGLE = POSSESSION ( ! HI<E/ PLACES 9 ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE4 ,TO ! 0,SOCIALI/0 P>LIAM5T>IANS !RE WAS NO?+ HOLY OR UNSEIZABLE4 ,9 ! NAME ( ,TRADES ,UNIONISM & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY !Y W]E WILL+ TO BECOME ! MURD]]S ( ! MASSES4 

,! T5D5CY TO SMOO? D[N ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! T5D5CY TO RE=MISM1 BECAME MORE M>K$ 9 ! ,S4,D4,A4,P4 ,>M$ ) ! CRITICAL WEAPON ( ,M>XISM1 ) ! UND]/&+ GIV5 BY HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 ,GORT] EXPOS$ ! CAPITALI/IC COMPROMISES & TREA*]IES ( ! ,S4,D4,A4,P4 ,! FI<T BECAME %>P & VIGOR\S1 & A P[]FUL ,M>XIAN ,GR\P WAS =M$ )9 ! ,S4,D44,A4,P4 ,MO/ ( ?IS ,GR\P WAS EXPELL$ 9 #aii & =M$ A ,M>XIAN ,P>TY UND] ! TITLE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 ,GORT] JO9$ ! ,S4,D4,P4 

,?AT YE> ! ,S4,D4,P4 ISSU$ ,GORT]'S WORK1 ,M>XISM & ,REVISIONISM4 ,?IS WORK EXPOS$ ! ANTI-SOCIALI/ *>ACT] ( ALL REVISIONI/ ACTIVITY4 ,D[N TO ! \TBREAK ( ! WORLD W>1 ! ,S4,D4,P4 DID GOOD WORK BY ITS CLE> ANALYZES ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,!N A *ANGE CAME4 ,! LEAD]S1 ,WIJNKOOP & ,RAV5/EIJN1 W]E ELECT$ TO P>LIAM5T & TURN$ IMM$IATELY TO OPPORTUNISM4 ,! SYNDICAL- I/ LABOR]S ( ,HOLL&1 AS AN ORGANIZ$ BODY1 W]E OPPOS$ TO 0,PRUSSIANISM0 & 9CL9$ TO SYMPA?Y ) 0,ALLI$0 ,IMP]IALISM4 ,SO ,WIJNKOOP & ,V4 ,RAV5/EIJN1 :O WANT$ ! SYNDICALI/ WORK]S' VOTES AT ! BALLOT BOX1 UPHELD ! 0,ALLI$ CAUSE0 9 P>LIAM5T4 ,?IS CAUS$ ,GORT]1 :O W\LD NOT DES]T ! IRRECONCILABLE CLASS-/RUGGLE TO PUBLI% HIS WORK1 ,IMP]IALISM1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ,WORLD ,W>4 ,GORT] %[$ ?AT IT MADE NO DIFF]5CE TO ! WORK]S :I* ( ! ,IMP]IALI/ ALLIANCES WON ! W>4 ,= ! WORK]S 9 ALL L&S ! ISSUE REMA9$ ! SAME4 ,ALL ,IMP]IAL- ISM HAD TO BE F\<T & DE/ROY$4 ,BUT ,IMP]IALISM WAS NOT DE/ROY$ BY CAPITALI/ W>S4 -,!RE WAS ONLY ONE WAY 9 :I* ! WORK]S C\LD DE/ROY ,IMP]IALISM3 ?AT WAS ! WAY ( WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,! WORK]S HAD TO OPPOSE ,SOCIALISM TO W>4 

,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#g1 F\ND 9 ,GORT] AN 5?USIA/IC DEF5D]4 ,BUT HE WAS TOO S\ND A ,M>XIAN /UD5T NOT TO SEE ! D\BLE *>ACT] ( ?AT REVOLUTION4 ,TO TRIUMPH1 ! REVOLUTION HAD TO BE A WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,O!RWISE1 IT MU/ RETREAT & CEASE TO BE4 ,ALL =CES1 !RE=E1 \<T TO HAVE BE5 RELEAS$ TO BR+ ! WORLD REVOLUTION NE>]4 

,) HIS FRI5D1 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK1 ANO!R MU* NEGLECT$ FAM\S ,DUT* ,M>XIAN /UD5T1 ,GORT] ANALYZ$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 ! T]MS ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM4 ,!Y %[ H[ ?IS REVOLUTION WAS 9 P>T1 A PROLET>IAN1 & 9 P>T1 A F>M]4 ?AT IS1 A CAPITALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,= ! F>M]S DESIR$ SMALL HOLD+S & PRIVATE POSSESSION & DIVISION ( ! L&4 ,AGA9/ T5 MILLION WORK]S1 9CL9$ TO ,SOCIALI/ UND]/&+1 !RE W]E OV] ONE HUNDR$ MILLION F>M]S1 ) CAPITALI/IC IDEOLOGY4 ,IF ! WORLD REVOLUTION ( ! PROLET>IAT CAME TO HELP1 !SE T5 MILLIONS W\LD BECOME P>T ( ! MI<TY PROLET>IAT ?AT HAD CONQU]$ & EMANCIPAT$ ! WORLD4 ,BUT IF ! WORLD REVOLUTION DID NOT COME TO HELP1 !N IT WAS DET]M9$ BY ! CLASS CONDITIONS EXI/+ 9 ,RUSSIA ?AT A NEW CAPITALI/IC P]IOD W\LD SET 94 ,& ! CONSEQU5CE W\LD BE ?AT ,RUSSIA W\LD *ANGE FROM BE+ ! C5T] ( WORLD REVOLUTION1 9TO A P[]FUL ALLY ( WORLD CAPITALISM1 ALLI$ TO O!R CAPITALI/ /ATES1 9 5MITY TO ! WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,GORT] TRAVEL$1 9 #a#i#b#a1 ILLEGALLY1 TO ! ,?IRD ,CONGRESS ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 TO DEF5D ?IS VIEWPO9T1 AS A DELEGATE ( ! ,K4,A4,P4,D4 ,L59 HAD *OS5 ALREADY = ! RETREAT TO CAPITAL- ISM4 ,HE HAD PUBLI%$ HIS WORK ON ,! ,9FANTILE ,SICKNESS ( ! ,LEFT ,W+4 ,& AT ! ,CONGRESS ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IANS1 :O W\LD PUT AN 5D TO CAPITALISM1 W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 & A BRIDGE TO CAPITALI/ POLITICS WAS F\ND 9 ! SLOGAN ( ,! ,UNIT$ ,FRONT4 

,GORT] %>PLY REPLI$ TO ,L59'S ,9FANTILE ,SICKNESS 9 A SMALL BRO*URE1 5TITL$ ,OP5 ,LETT] TO ,COMRADE ,L594 ,9 A MA/]LY DEMON/RATION1 HE %[$ H[ ,L59'S TACTIC MU/ BREAK D[N ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#g3 MU/ COLLAPSE ! WORLD /RUGGLE T[>DS ,SOCIALISM2 & MU/ 5TAIL ! IRREP>ABLE >RE/M5T ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,L59ISM W\LD PROLONG ! /RUGGLE & 9CREASE ! CO/ 9 SUFF]+ & H>D%IP TO ! WORK]S4 

,GORT] %[$ ?AT ,L59 LIQUIDAT$ ,COMMUNISM NOT ONLY AS AN EXPRESSION ( EXI/5CE 9 ,RUSSIA4 BUT AS A PROPAG&A ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,HE DEVELOP$ ! TACTICS ( ! ,LEFT ,W+1 ?AT IS1 ( ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM1 AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/IC ME?ODS ( ,L591 ! RETREAT TO WORLD-WIDE P>LIAM5T>ISM & TRADES UNION- ISM4 ! DICTATOR%IP OV] ! PROLET>IAT1 & ! GRADUAL R$UCTION & ELIM9ATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES 9 EV]Y L&1 TO 0LEGAL0 P>TIES4 

,GORT] \TL9$ ! HI/ORIC MAT]IALI/IC F\NDATION ( ! ,LEFT ,W+ OR ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>IAN TACTICS4 ,HE DECL>$ ?AT ! TACTICS ( PLAC+ ! %OP COMMITTEE 9 ! C5T] ( ALL CLASS MOVEM5T WAS NOT 0'DISCOV]$' OR '9V5T$' BY ! !ORETICIANS40 ,EV]Y P]IOD ( ! CLASS-/RUGGLE HAS ITS [N LAWS1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ! RANK-&-FILE DEVELOPS ITS [N =CES4 ,! WORK]S DIS- COV]$ ?AT1 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES :]E !Y HAD MADE P>LIAM5T>ISM & TRADES UNIONISM POSSIBLE1 ! ORGANIZATION !Y HAD BUILT & DEVELOP$ OPPOS$ EV]Y PROLET>IAN ACTION4 ,SO ! %OP CO-F\ND ITS V5T4 ,LEFT W+ TACTICS W]E EVOLV$ BY ! PROLET>IAN !MSELVES4 

,GORT] ANALYZ$ ! CAUSES ( ?IS BEHAVIOR ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT1 & EXPLA9$1 9 HIS 0,OP5 ,LETT]10 ?AT IT WAS NOT AN ACCID5TAL DEVIATION1 BUT ! 9EVITABLE EXPRESSION ( !- CLASS-/RUGGLE4 

,GORT] ?\<T ?AT ,L59 DID NOT UND]/& WE/]N CAPITAL- ISM1 &1 !RE=E1 ]R$ 9 ! TACTICS HE URG$ ON ! WORK]S ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,IT IS USELESS TO SPECULATE ON ?IS PO9T TODAY4 :5 ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION IS 9 *AOS1 & ! ,EA/ IS RU9$ ) W>4 ,FIR/1 ,SECOND1 & ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONALS HAVE PASS$4 ,! ,F\R? DOES NOT EXI/1 & ,AN>*ISM HAS FAIL$ 9 ,FRANCE & ,HOLL&4 

,GORT] & ,PANNEKOEK DEVELOP$ ! !ORETICAL /ATEM5T ( ! ,LEFT ,W+4 ,!Y DECL>$ ?AT ! PROLET>IAN IS ! ONLY P[] = REVOLUTION1 & MU/ GR[ 9 CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS & P[]-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,P>LIAM5T>ISM MU/ BE DE/ROY$ AS ! SAFETY-VALVE ( CLASS SOCIETY1 9T5D$ TO DIV]T PROLET>IAN ACTIVITIES1 & ! TRADE UNIONS MU/ BE REPUDIAT$1 AS P>LIAM5T>ISM ON ! 9DU/RIAL FIELD1 A RAMIFICATION ( P>LIAM5T>ISM4 ,! ,LEFT ,W+ W\LD NOT ACCEPT ! #ba PO9TS1 & WAS EXPELL$ FROM ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,BUT ,GORTEI7 VIEW$ ! BREAK+ D[N ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL AS 9EVITABLE1 & SAW ,COMMUNISM BE=E HIM4 REVIV+ & CONQU]+ AT LA/1 AFT] ! DISA/]S CAUS$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN RETREAT4 

,:5 ,GORT] BECAME A ,SOCIALI/ HE ISSU$ A BOOK ( POEMS4 :I* NO LONG] HAD ,NATURE = !IR !ME1 BUT ! CLASS-/RUGGLE4 ,AS HE SAYS 9 ONE ( HIS POEMS1 HE 0HAD F\ND SOME?+ MU* GREAT] ?AN ,NATURE40 ,HE NEXT WORK$ AT A GREAT POEM ( #e PAGES1 CALL$ ,PAN4 ,HE SP5T N9E YE>S1 FROM #aig TO #a#i#a#f1 WRIT+ IT4 ,?IS WORK TRACES ! HI/ORY ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,9 IT1 HE SEES ! FACTORY AS A WOND]FUL ?+1 ! COND5SATION ( ! SPIRIT ( MANK9D1 ! GR[? ( G5]ATIONS1 ! P>5T ( REVOLUTION & COMMONWEAL4 

,9 ! UNPUBLI%$ WORKS ( ,GORT]1 !RE IS ONE POEM4 ,D] ,>BEID>RAAD 7,! ,SOVIET ,COMMITTEE74 ,GORT] PICTURES ! %OP- COMMITTEE ! C5T] ( REVOLUTION1 BR++ ,COMMUNISM 9TO BE+4 ,HE WROTE ?IS POEM ) ALL HIS LOVE = HIS CLASS1 ! WORK]S4 ,BUT ! RUL+ CLASS ( TO-DAY1 ! WORLD ( BOGUS CULTURE1 CAN NEV] UND]/& H[ A GREAT POEM CAN C5T] >\ND ! !ME ( A4 ,SOVIET ,COMMITTEE4 

O ,AU?OR'S ,APPEAL 
,TO ,$ITORS1 ,READ]S & ,LIBR>IANS 

,IT WAS ! AU?OR'S 9T5TION TO COLLECT HIS PAMPHLETS & PUBLI% !M 9 ONE VOLUME4 ,! W> MAY MAKE ?IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,BUT EA* PAMPHLET 9 ,! ,WORD ,LIBR>Y WILL BE S5T4 R\ND AS SUGGE/$4 ,SO ! APPEAL /&S1 APPLI$ TO ! 5TIRE S]IES4 ,COLLECTION 9 ONE VOLUME IS PO/PON$4 

,?IS COLLECTION ( ESSAYS WILL BE S5T TO A NUMB] ( PAP]S 9- ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD = REVIEW4 ,IT WILL BE S5T SPECIALLY TO ! PRESS 9 ,BRITA91 ,AM]ICA1 ! ,AM]ICAN ,COLONIES1 & ! ,BRITI% ,DOM9IONS4 ,$ITORS >E ASK$1 AS A FAVOR1 TO S5D COPIES ( !IR PAP]S CONTA9+ REVIEW NOTICES TO ! AU?OR4 

,! VOLUME WILL BE S5T1 ALSO1 TO ! *IEF PUBLIC LIBR>IES 9- ,BRITA9 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,IT WILL BE S5T PO/ FREE TO ANY PUBLIC LIBR>Y 9 ! WORLD ON ! RECEIPT ( AN APPLICATION FROM ! LIBR>IAN4 ,READ]S >E REM9D$ ?AT ! FIR/ $ITIONS ( EA* ( ! PAMPHLETS1 REVIS$ & COLLECT$ 9 ?IS VOLUME1 CAN BE CONSULT$ 9 ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM4 ,SOME ( !M >E TO BE F\ND 94 ! ,PUBLIC ,LIBR>Y AT ,NEW ,YORK4 

,READ]S >E ASK$ TO PUR*ASE SEV]AL COPIES ( ! WORK & TO CIRCULATE ! COPIES AMONG !IR FRI5DS4 ,ORD] SMALL QUANTITIES AT R$UC$ RATES4 ,! /RUGGLE = BREAD & FRE$OM1 = CULTURE & LIB]TY AS WELL AS SECURITY1 MU/ BE REVIV$ & REWAG$4 ,IF ! READ] BELONGS TO SOME ORGANIZATION ?AT CONDUCTS MEET+S1 HE %\LD >RANGE = ! AU?OR TO VISIT HIS T[N1 & TO BE AF=D$' A FREE PLAT=M FROM :I* TO DEF9E HIS POSITION4 ,! AU?OR MAY BE WRONG ON A ?\S& PO9TS1 BUT ! REVIVAL ( ?\<T & DISCUSSION MU/ BE RI<T4 ,! ,GLASG[ ,CL>ION ,SOCIETY DID ?IS 9@>@> #a#i#a#b4 ,:Y NOT Y\R ORGANIZATION TO-DAY8 

,! WIDESPREAD CIRCULATION ( ?IS WORK1 AP>T FROM ITS CO/ ( PR9T+1 WILL BE AN EXP5SIVE BUS9ESS4 ,IT WILL BE FOLL[$ BY O!R BOOKS ?AT WILL BE CIRCULAT$ 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,IF ! READ] HAS 5JOY$ READ+ ,ESSAYS 9 ,REVOLT1 & IF HE CAN ASSI/ 9 ! CO/ ( POPUL>IZ+ ! BOOK1 HE OR %E %\LD DO SO4 ,! AU?OR WELCOMES DONATIONS 9 ! /RUGGLE & ! MONEY SO RECEIV$ WILL BE US$ 9 ! PUBLIC 9T]E/ & TO FUR!R ! CAUSE ( ?\<T & FRE$OM TO :I* HE HAS D$ICAT$ HIS 5]GIES4 ,A ?\S& PEOPLE1 HELP+ FROM A ?\S& QU>T]S1 >E AN ORGANIZATION ( /R5G? & 5]GY = PROGRESS1 ! =CE ( :I* CANNOT BE E/IMAT$4 ,HELP N[4 

,ALSO1 IF Y\ >E CRITICAL1 S5D ALONG Y\R CRITICISMS4 ,IF Y\ SEE- A NOTICE ( ?IS BOOK1 FRI5DLY OR UNFRI5DLY1 S5D IT ALONG4 

,:ATEV] Y\R COMMUNICATION1 ADDRESS IT TO ! AU?OR AT HIS PRIVATE ADDRESS3 ,G,U,Y ,A,L,D,R,$1 #e ,B,A,L,I,O,L ,/,R,E,E,T1 ,GLASG[14 ,C4#c41 ,S,C,O,T,L,& 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aici 3 ,PIONE]S ( ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,SEPTEMB] #b#b1 #bba 3 ,PIONE]S ( ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,PIONE]S ( ,ANTI-,P>LIAM5T>ISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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