,PO/-,AFFLU5CE ,AN>*Y3 ,A ,DIALOGUE 

#aigc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,AU?OR 3 ,J]EMY ,BRE*] 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,MAURE5 ,B>L91,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,A ,PO/-,AFFLU5CE ,CRITIQUE BY ,J]EMY ,BRE*] 

,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 7,RAMP>TS ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#a7 

,I 

,?R\<\T ! #a#i#f'S1 ! !MES ( A RETURN TO NATURE1 HO/ILITY TO SYN!TICS1 ANTI-0CONSUM]ISM10 DISSOLUTION ( SEXUAL RE/RICTIONS & ROLES1 COMMUNITY & TRIBALISM1 9T]NAL EXPLORATION ?R\< DRUGS & O!R MEANS1 ALL BECAME WIDESPREAD AMONG COLLEGE & DROP\T Y\?1 & W]E E*O$ BY MANY Y\NG PR(ESSIONALS -- ALL UND]P9N$ BY A DISCONT5T ) ! E/ABLI%$ ROLES ASSIGN$ !M BY PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 ,!IR EXP]IM5TATION WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY !IR RELATIVE AFFLU5CE & ECONOMIC SECURITY4 ,?IS PUT !M 9 DIRECT CONTRA/ ) ! G5]ATION :I* HAD BE5 SC>R$ BY ! ECONOMIC RIGORS ( ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION1 & TO ?OSE ( !IR CONTEMPOR>IES = :OM LABOR WAS A PR]EQUISITE TO SURVIVAL4 

,BY ! 5D ( ! #a#i#fS1 ! DISCONT5T REMA9$1 BUT MU* ( ! OPPORTUNITY = EXP]IM5TATION HAD VANI%$4 ,/UD5TS BEGAN TO KNUCKLE D[N = GRADES & ES*EW$ POLITICAL ACTIVITY ?AT MI<T GET !M ?R[N \T ( S*OOL2 DROP\TS1 NO LONG] ABLE TO LIVE (F ! SCRAPS ( A BOOM+ ECONOMY1 W]E =C$ TO LOOK = WORK & FACE ! PROBLEMS ( ANY O!R WORK]S4 ,! ROMANTIC EXUB]ANCE & S5SE ( POSSIBILITY ?AT M>K$ ! #a#i#fS BECAME A MATT] ( HI/ORY4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S ESSAYS1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,AN>*OS MAGAZ9E FROM #aife TO #aig & COLLECT$ H]E1 =M ONE ( ! BE/ PRODUCTS ( ?AT HI/ORY4 ,A C>EFUL LOOK AT !M WILL REVEAL MU* AB\T BO? ! LIMITS ( RADICAL ?\<T 9 ?AT P]IOD1 & AB\T ?OSE ( ITS CONTRIBUTIONS :I* WILL /ILL BE USEFUL 9 ! GRIMM] TIMES AHEAD4 

,BOOK*9'S C5TRAL >GUM5T RUNS AS FOLL[S4 ,! LA/ ?REE DECADES1 & ESPECIALLY ! LATE #a#i#eS1 M>K A TE*NOLOGICAL TURN+ PO9T ?AT NEGATES ALL VALUES & SOCIAL PROGRAMS ( PREVI\S HI/ORY1 BY MAK+ POSSIBLE AN ]A AT ONCE MAT]IALLY ABUNDANT & VIRTUALLY FREE FROM TOIL4 ,Y\NG PEOPLE1 REALIZ+ ?IS1 HAVE BEGUN TO ADOPT A :OLE NEW LIFE/YLE1 ELIM9AT+ ALL ! REPRESSIVE ATTITUDES & HI]>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS PREVI\SLY NECESSITAT$ BY SC>CITY & ! NE$ TO WORK4 ,A NEW VISION ( :AT SOCIETY C\LD BE LIKE IS MAK+ ! TOIL & R5UNCIATION ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY 9CREAS+LY 9TOL]ABLE TO PEOPLE ( EV]Y CLASS1 ESPECIALLY ! Y\NG4 ,RIOTS1 CRIME1 & O!R =MS ( REBELLION BY ! DECLASSES :O 9TUITIVELY REJECT ! VALUES1 =MS1 ASPIRATIONS1 & 9/ITUTIONS ( ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] BECOME *RONIC4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T BY A HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY ?REAT5S TO DE/ROY ! 5TIRE 0BIOTIC PYRAMID0 ON :I* HUMAN LIFE DEP5DS4 

,BOOK*9 LOOKS TO A MASSIVE POPUL> REVOLUTION1 SOME:AT LIKE AN EXT5D$ V]SION ( ! ,FR5* UPHEAVAL ( ,MAY1 #a#i#f#h1 TO EM]GE FROM !SE CONTRADICTIONS4 ,NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 /IMULAT$ BY DROP\T Y\?1 W\LD !REUPON TAKE OV] DIRECTION ( SOCIETY ON A DEC5TRALIZ$ BASIS4 ,PEOPLE W\LD LEAVE ! CITIES & FACTORIES TO F\ND AUTONOM\S1 FACE-TO-FACE COMMUNITIES 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 :I* W\LD BECOME ! NEW UNIT ( SOCIETY4 ,!Y W\LD BE C>EFULLY ADAPT$ TO ! LOCAL ECOLOGY1 & W\LD UTILIZE NEW1 SMALL-SCALE AUTOMAT$ TE*NOLOGY TO PROVIDE = ! NE$S ( ! COMMUNITY :ILE ELIM9AT+ TOIL4 ,HUMAN BE+S 9 ! PROCESS W\LD NOT ONLY BECOME FREE1 BUT W\LD BECOME R\ND$ MEMB]S ( A R\ND$ SOCIETY1 FULFILL+ !IR DESIRES 9 ALL REALMS ( LIFE4 

,BOOK*9'S >GUM5T SUP]IMPOSES A REVOLUTION>Y DIALECTIC ON A NUMB] ( !MES ?AT W]E 09 ! AIR0 DUR+ ! #a#i#fS4 ,!SE IDEAS W]E REFLECT$ 9 MANY ( ! BE/SELL]S ( ! P]IOD4 ,! IDEA ?AT WE LIVE = ! FIR/ TIME 9 A SOCIETY :]E ! PROBLEM ( MAT]IAL SC>CITY HAS BE5 L>GELY OV]COME WAS POPUL>IZ$ 9 ,J4,K4 ,GALBRAI?'S ,! ,AFFLU5T ,SOCIETY4 ,! IDEA ?AT 9 RESPONSE1 Y\? HAVE DEVELOP$ A NEW LIFE/YLE ?AT IS COMPLETELY TRANS=M+ SOCIETY RECEIV$ WIDE CIRCULATION 9 ,*>LES ,REI*'S ,! ,GRE5+ ( ,AM]ICA4 ,! ?REAT ( ECOLOGICAL DISA/] HAS BE5 9CREAS+LY BORNE 9 UPON PUBLIC CONSCI\SNESS S9CE ! PUBLICATION ( ,RA*EL ,C>SON'S ,SIL5T ,SPR+4 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM IS AN ATTEMPT TO 9TEGRATE ?IS MATRIX ( IDEAS 9TO ! TRADITION ( LEFT-W+ AN>*ISM4 

,!RE IS MU* 9 ?IS BOOK ?AT IS VALID1 USEFUL1 & IMPORTANT4 ,BOOK*9 >GUES P]SUASIVELY ?AT ! V>I\S SOCIALI/ & COMMUNI/ P>TIES HAVE BECOME A MAJOR PROP TO HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY1 & ?AT 9T]NALLY !Y PROMOTE BO? AN 9/ITUTIONAL & A *>ACT] /RUCTURE ?AT REPRODUCES ! WOR/ ASPECTS ( ! SOCIETY !Y CLAIM TO OPPOSE4 ,HE %[S H[ LIMIT$ ! VISION ( RADICALS HAS G5]ALLY BE51 & H[ !Y HAVE FAIL$ TO PROVIDE A REAL ALT]NATIVE TO ! PRES5T OPPRESSION ( LIFE4 ,EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 HE MAKES MANY PROPOSALS :I* AT LEA/ WILL /IMULATE MU* DISCUSSION ON ! REAL POSSIBILITIES ( ELIM9AT+ TOIL1 DOM9ATION1 HI]>*Y1 AU?ORITY1 & REPRESSION4 ,?IS REVIEW IS 9T5D$ AS A CONTRIBUTION TO ?AT DISCUSSION4 ,IT WILL FOCUS ON TWO ( ,BOOK*9'S >GUM5TS3 ?AT AN ALT]NATIVE SOCIETY MU/ BE BAS$ ON 9DEP5D5T1 FACE-TO-FACE COMMUNITIES1 & ?AT WE CAN NO LONG] ?9K AB\T REVOLUTION 9 T]MS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,I,I 

,ONE ( ,BOOK*9'S MO/ IMPORTANT OBJECTIVES 9 ?IS BOOK IS TO 9TRODUCE AN ECOLOGICAL DIM5SION 9TO SOCIAL !ORY4 ,HE DOES ?IS 9 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T10 AN ESSAY PUBLI%$ 9 ,AN>*OS BE=E ANY O!R 9 ?IS VOLUME4 ,S9CE IT ALSO GIVES ONE ( HIS MA9 >GUM5TS = A SOCIETY ( DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES1 IT WILL S]VE AS A USEFUL />T+ PO9T = \R DISCUSSION ( ! LATT]4 

,HUMAN DEVELOPM5T HAS (T5 BE5 SE5 AS A /EADY 9CREASE ( HUMANITY'S P[] TO DOM9ATE NATURE4 ,YET ?IS P[] IS SELF-DEFEAT+ IF IT DE/ROYS ! V]Y ASPECTS ( NATURE ON :I* HUMAN LIFE DEP5DS4 ,9DE$1 ! IDEA ( P[] OV] NATURE IS 9H]5TLY ILLUSORY1 = NO MATT] :AT WE DO1 NATURE FOLL[S ITS [N LAWS4 ,HUMAN PROGRESS ACTUALLY LIES 9 EV] MORE P]FECT COOP]ATION ) NATURE1 9TEGRAT+ ITS LAWS ) \R [N PURPOSES4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT WE IGNORE ?IS -- & ,BOOK*9 %[S ?AT EXT5T TO BE V]Y GREAT -- NATURE REV5GES ITSELF UPON US4 ,IF HUMANITY IS TO SURVIVE1 IT MU/ REV]SE DIRECTION & FO/] RA!R ?AN DE/ROY ! NATURAL SY/EMS ON :I* IT DEP5DS4 

,BOOK*9 >GUES ?AT ! WAY TO DO SO IS TO ELIM9ATE CITIES1 FACTORIES1 & ECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION & C5TRALIZATION1 & REPLACE !M ) 0ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES10 BAS$ ON ! NATURAL RES\RCES ( ! LOCALITY CONC]N$4 ,HUSB&RY & 9T5SIVE G>D5-/YLE AGRICULTURE C>EFULLY ADOPT$ TO ! SOILS & CONT\RS ( ! LA/ W\LD REPLACE ! VA/ FACTORY F>MS ( TODAY4 ,SMALL FACTORIES :I* DID NOT DI/URB ! 5VIRONM5T W\LD PROVIDE = LOCAL NE$S )\T VA/ NATIONAL 9DU/RIES4 ,9 ALL ?IS ,BOOK*9 REFLECTS ! HO/ILITY T[>D L>GE-SCALE PRODUCTION & DESIRE TO GET 0BACK TO NATURE0 :I* M>K$ ! Y\? CULTURE ( ! #a#i#fS4 

,MANY ( ,BOOK*9'S CONCRETE PROPOSALS = IMPROV+ HUMANITY'S BALANCE ) NATURE HAVE M]IT1 BUT HE MISSES ONE BASIC ASPECT ( ! PROBLEM4 ,HE S5SIBLY PROPOSES ?AT \R OBJECTIVE BE TO 0MANAGE0 7AS CONTRA/$ ) DOM9AT+7 ! BIOSPH]E4 ,BUT ?IS SIMPLY CANNOT BE DONE BY SEP>ATE1 ISOLAT$ COMMUNITIES4 ,ONE ( ! KEY PR9CIPLES ( ECOLOGY -- 9DE$ ( ALL BIOLOGY -- IS ?AT ALL BIOLOGICAL SY/EMS HAVE MULTIPLE LEVELS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ORGANISMS ( A P>TICUL> MICRO-5VIRONM5T >E DIRECTLY DEP5D5T ON EA* O!R = FOOD SUPPLY & REGULATION ( POPULATION SIZE4 ,BUT AT AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T LEVEL1 ALL ORGANISMS >E DEP5D5T ON ! TRANS=MATION ( C>BON DIOXIDE 9TO OXYG5 BY ! 5TIRE PLANT POPULATION ( ! E>?1 & ! REV]S TRANS=MATION ( OXYG5 9TO C>BON DIOXIDE BY ! ANIMALS4 ,! MA9T5ANCE ( A VIABLE BIOSPH]E DEP5DS NOT ONLY ON A BALANC$ LOCAL ECOLOGY1 BUT ON A TOTAL BALANCE AMONG ! V>I\S ELEM5TS ( NATURE1 9CLUD+ HUMANITY AS A :OLE4 ,IF1 AS ,BOOK*9 >GUES1 WE >E TO 0MANAGE0 ! BIOSPH]E1 ?IS CANNOT BE DONE M]ELY ON ! BASIS ( SEP>ATE1 9DEP5D5T COMMUNITIES4 ,9DE$1 IT REQUIRES COORD9ATION ON A WORLDWIDE SCALE4 

,!RE IS LITTLE REASON TO ?9K ?AT SU* COMMUNITIES W\LD REFRA9 FROM ACTIVITIES :OSE BANEFUL ECOLOGICAL CONSEQU5CES W\LD FALL ON O!RS RA!R ?AN !MSELVES4 ,:AT W\LD PREV5T ! CONT9UATION ( ! PRES5T SITUATION1 DESCRIB$ BY ! ,TOM ,LEH] SONG1 9 :I* 

,! BREAKFA/ G>BAGE 

,!Y DUMP 9 ,TROY 

,Y\'LL DR9K ) LUN* 

,9 ,P]? ,AMBOY4 

,= 9 REALITY1 NO COMMUNITY CAN BE AN ISL&1 5TIRE UNTO ITSELF4 ,!RE IS NO ESCAP+ FROM ! CONSEQU5CES ( O!R'S ACTIONS4 ,9DE$1 ?IS 9T]DEP5D5CE IS ! C5TRAL LESSON ( ECOLOGY3 ,BOOK*9 /RESSES IT AT SOME PO9TS1 BUT IGNORES IT :]E IT CONTRADICTS HIS PROGRAM4 ,HIS PROPOSALS W\LD REE/ABLI% ! PRES5T SITUATION1 9 :I* SPECIAL GR\PS CAN TAKE ACTIONS :I* AFFECT US1 BUT OV] :I* WE HAVE NO CONTROL4 

,?IS P[] ( SEP>ATE GR\PS W\LD ALSO P]MEATE ECONOMIC RELATIONS4 ,! NATURAL RES\RCES ( DIFF]5T >EAS >E V]Y UNEV51 SO ?AT ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( ,BOOK*9'S PROPOSALS W\LD BE A NEW /RATIFICATION ( RI* & POOR COMMUNITIES4 ,?IS 9 TURN W\LD G5]ATE A NEW /RUGGLE AMONG COMMUNITIES = A CLAIM ON RES\RCES OR ! SOCIAL PRODUCT4 ,BOOK*9 RELIES ON ! IMPROV$ MORALITY ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY TO PREV5T ! RESURG5CE ( 9EQUALITY4 0,FREE M5 WILL NOT BE GRE$Y10 HE WRITES1 0ONE LIB]AT$ COMMUNITY WILL NOT TRY TO DOM9ATE ANO!R BECAUSE IT HAS A POT5TIAL MONOPOLY ( COPP]1 COMPUT] EXP]TS WILL NOT TRY TO 5?RALL$ GREASE MONKEYS40 ,IT SEEMS A SL5D] RE$ ON :I* TO BASE A FREE & EQUAL SOCIETY1 ESPECIALLY S9CE A L>GE PROPORTION ( COMMUNITIES W\LD LACK ABSOLUTELY ESS5TIAL RES\RCES & W\LD BE =C$ 9TO EI!R SEV]E PRIVATION OR PLUND] W]E ! O!RS LESS G5]\S ?AN ,BOOK*9 HOPES4 ,9T]E/+LY1 IT IS PRECISELY ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 RES\RCES & DEVELOPM5T 9 V>I\S REGIONS :I* HAS L$ TO ! RESURG5CE ( CONFLICT AMONG ! DISP>ATE NATIONALITIES ( ! 0DEC5TRALIZ$0 ECONOMY ( ,YUGOSLAVIA4 

,LEAV+ ASIDE SU* POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS1 ! QUE/ION REMA9S :E!R A SOCIETY ( 9DEP5D5T COMMUNITIES IS FEASIBLE AT AN ACCEPTABLE /&>D ( LIV+4 ,ANY SOCIETY MU/ ORGANIZE NATURAL RES\RCES1 LABOR1 & TE*NOLOGY SO AS TO PROVIDE = ITS CONT9U+ LIFE -- O!RWISE IT CEASES TO EXI/4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T SOME ( ! DIFFICULTIES SU* A SOCIETY W\LD HAVE ) RES\RCES4 ,WE WILL NEXT TURN TO ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 !N TO ! PROBLEM ( TE*NOLOGY4 

,ONE CRITICAL PROBLEM ) ,BOOK*9'S PROPOSAL LIES 9 ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,TO MAKE ANY PRODUCT1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO HAVE DOZ5S OR 9 MANY CASES ?\S&S ( ITEMS ?AT >E ! PRODUCT ( A PREVI\S PRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,9DE$1 ,BOOK*9 RECOGNIZES ?AT1 = EXAMPLE1 BEH9D 0A S+LE Y>D ( HI< QUALITY ELECTRICAL WIR+ LIES A COPP] M9E1 ! MA*9]Y NE$$ TO OP]ATE IT1 A PLANT = PRODUC+ 9SULAT+ MAT]IAL1 A COPP] SMELT+ & %AP+ COMPLEX1 A TRANSPORTATION SY/EM = DI/RIBUT+ ! WIR+ -- & BEH9D EA* ( !SE COMPLEXES O!R M9ES1 PLANTS1 MA*9E %OPS & SO =?40 ,BUT HUNDR$S ( ! OBJECTS :I* MAKE UP A CIVILIZ$ /&>D ( LIFE >E CREAT$ ?R\< PROCESSES JU/ AS COMPLEX & 9 MANY CASES F> MORE SO -- AFT] ALL1 COPP] WIRE IS A RELATIVELY SIMPLE PRODUCT4 ,! IMM5SE RANGE ( PRODUCTS NE$$ = LIFE CANNOT POSSIBLY BE PROVID$ BY ,BOOK*9'S FACE-TO-FACE COMMUNITIES UNLESS HE IS WILL+ TO REPLACE TOILETS ) PRIVIES1 PIANOS ) TOM-TOMS1 REFRIG]ATION ) PUTREFACTION1 & SURGICAL EQUIPM5T ) SUFF]+ & DEA?4 ,FUR!R1 SU* SMALL COMMUNITIES W\LD ELIM9ATE ONE ( ! GREATE/ TOOLS = R$UC+ TOIL1 S9CE AS ,BOOK*9 HIMSELF RECOGNIZES1 0ONE ( ! MO/ EFFECTIVE MEANS ( 9CREAS+ \TPUT0 IS 0! EXT5D+ & SOPHI/ICAT+ DIVISION ( LABOR40 

,( C\RSE1 ,BOOK*9 >GUES ?AT IT IS ?IS V]Y DIVISION :I* HAS MADE WORK SO DEHUMANIZ+4 ,HIS OPPOSITION TO 0WORK]S C\NCILS0 COORD9AT+ PRODUCTION OV] A WIDE >EA COMES L>GELY FROM HIS FE> ?AT !Y W\LD P]PETUATE ?IS CONDITION4 ,?IS ,I ?9K IS BAS$ ON A MISAPPREH5SION4 ,!RE IS LITTLE TO CRITICIZE 9 ,BOOK*9'S DESIRE ?AT 9DIVIDUALS HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO 5GAGE 9 A WIDE RANGE ( ACTIVITIES1 9CLUD+ MANUFACTUR+1 AGRICULTURE1 & MANAGEM5T -- 9 CONTRA/ TO ! MUTILAT+ SPECIALIZATION ( LABOR TODAY4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT REQUIRE ?AT ! 5ORM\S RANGE ( PRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS ?AT >E EX]CIS$ TODAY MU/ BE ABOLI%$4 ,?AT SPECIALIZATION CAN CONT9UE & EV5 BE EXT5D$1 :ILE ! ACTUAL ACTIVITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL PRODUC]S !MSELVES BECOMES MORE & MORE V>I$4 ,9DE$1 ,BOOK*9'S PROPOSAL W\LD ELIM9ATE MU* ( ! DIV]SITY HE CLAIMS AS HIS OBJECTIVE1 S9CE EV]Y COMMUNITY W\LD BE =C$ TO CONC5TRATE ITS LIMIT$ RES\RCES ON PRODUC+ ! SAME BASIC NECESSITIES BY A UNI=MLY SIMPLE DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,! V>IETY ( MOD]N LIFE1 ITS RANGE ( ALT]NATIVES1 IS MADE POSSIBLE BY ! GREATLY DIFF]5TIAT$ ACTIVITIES ?AT MAKE IT UP4 

,! REAL ROAD TO ABOLI%+ ! MUTILAT+ ASPECTS ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR LIES 9 A DIFF]5T DIRECTION4 ,FIR/1 IT REQUIRES A RATIONAL APPLICATION ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR TO L[] ! NECESS>Y LABOR TIME ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 SO ?AT LIFE CAN BECOME PR$OM9ANTLY TIME ?AT IS FREE = ACTIVITIES CONDUCT$ = !IR [N SAKE1 NOT \T ( NE$4 ,BOOK*9 ( C\RSE AGREES ) ?IS 9 PR9CIPLE1 BUT HIS PROGRAM W\LD MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE 9 PRACTICE BECAUSE HE IGNORES ! ECONOMIC REALITIES ON :I* SU* FRE$OM MU/ BE BAS$4 ,SECOND1 IT REQUIRES COMPLETE REORGANIZATION ( ! WORK PROCESS & DIVISION ( LABOR )9 ! PRODUCTION UNITS1 SO ?AT ! PRODUC]S P>TICIPATE 9 & DIRECT A COMPLETE PROCESS1 RA!R ?AN M9DLESSLY C>RY+ \T ONE REPEAT$ TASK4 ,?IRD1 IT REQUIRES AN 5D TO ! ID5TIFICATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ) A S+LE ROLE 9 PRODUCTION1 ?R\< ! OPPORTUNITY TO 5GAGE 9 A V>IETY ( ACTIVITIES DUR+ ANY P]IOD1 & TO *ANGE >EAS ( WORK 9 ! C\RSE ( A LIFETIME4 ,!SE >E EXACTLY ! K9DS ( POSSIBILITIES OP5$ UP BY WORK]S SELF-MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 

,SU* A PATT]N1 9CID5TALLY1 W\LD GREATLY P]FECT ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT SUPPRESS$ ?AT HORROR ( ALL MOD]N SOCIETIES1 CAPITALI/ OR SOCIALI/1 ! LABOR M>KET4 ,NO D\BT !RE W\LD BE UNIV]SAL RESPONSIBILITY TO PUT 9 A C]TA9 M9IMUM NUMB] ( H\RS ( WORK4 7,:E!R ?IS W\LD BE 5=C$ BY LAW OR M]ELY BY A UNIV]SAL UND]/&+ ( ITS NECESSITY WILL C]TA9LY BE AN IMPORTANT QUE/ION47 ,EA* PRODUCTIVE UNIT W\LD PREP>E A RO/] ( ITS ADDITIONAL LABOR NE$S1 & ?OSE LOOK+ = NEW WORK C\LD ESS5TIALLY TAKE !IR *OICE AMONG ! ALT]NATIVES AVAILABLE4 ,) ! 9DIVIDUAL NO LONG] MOLD$ TO FIT ! JOB1 NOT ONLY W\LD HIS [N FRE$OM 9CREASE1 BUT ! FLEXIBILITY ( ! 5TIRE SY/EM4 

,BOOK*9 DEVOTES AN EXT5D$ *APT] TO ! TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5TS HE ASS]TS MAKE HIS SMALL COMMUNITIES VIABLE4 ,ITS TONE IS EM95TLY PRACTICAL1 BUT ITS CONT5TS >E 9 ! TRADITION ( SCI5CE FICTION -- TAK+ G5U9E SCI5TIFIC ADVANCES & PROJECT+ !M F> BEYOND :AT ACTUALLY EXI/S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ONE ( ! MA9 PROBLEMS ) SEP>ATE COMMUNITIES AS WE HAVE SE5 IS ?AT NATURAL RES\RCES >E NOT F\ND EV5LY DI/RIBUT$ ?R\<\T ! E>?1 BUT RA!R 9 CONC5TRAT$ DEPOSITS4 ,BOOK*9 PROPOSES TO SOLVE ?IS BY EXTRACT+ ! TRACES ( URANIUM1 MAGNESIUM1 Z9C1 COPP]1 SULFUR1 *LOR9E1 & O!R 9DU/RIALLY-NE$$ SUB/ANCES ?AT EXI/ 9 COMMON ROCK1 SOIL1 & SEA WAT]4 ,HE >GUES ?AT IF !Y CAN BE DETECT$ 9 ! LABORATORY !Y MAY ALSO BE EXTRACT$ = 9DU/RY4 ,WE MI<T >GUE ) EQUAL LOGIC ?AT S9CE !Y CAN BE PRODUC$ ATOM BY ATOM 9 ! LABORATORY1 !Y CAN BE PRODUC$ ?AT WAY = 9DU/RY4 

,BOOK*9 ADMITS ?AT SU* EXTRACTION W\LD TAKE SO MU* 5]GY AS TO MAKE IT IMPRACTICAL ) CONV5TIONAL 5]GY S\RCES4 ,HE !N SUGGE/S SOL> 5]GY AS ! SOLUTION1 S9CE SOL> 5]GY /RIK+ ! E>? IS #c1 TIMES ! ANNUAL 5]GY CONSUMPTION ( HUMANITY4 ,YET HE HOLDS UP = HIS MODEL AS 0ONE ( ! L>GE/0 EXAMPLES ( US+ SOL> 5]GY = 9DU/RY A SOL> FURNACE ?AT WILL ONLY MELT #a LBS4 ( METAL AT A TIME2 BY WAY ( COMP>ISON1 EV5 ! M9IATURIZ$ ELECTRIC PIG-IRON FURNACES HE RECOMM5DS = DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES PRODUCE #a TO #be TONS ( IRON A DAY1 & W\LD REQUIRE CORRESPOND+ QUANTITIES ( P[]4 7,HIS O!R PROPOSALS = 5]GY S\RCES >E EV5 MORE SPECULATIVE3 TIDAL DAMS1 TEMP]ATURE DIFF]5TIALS 9 BODIES ( WAT]1 & W9D P[]1 NONE ( :I* >E PRES5TLY 9 USE = 9DU/RIAL PURPOSES47 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO D\BT ?AT SOL> 5]GY CAN CONTRIBUTE TO HEAT+ H\SES & RUNN+ /OVES1 BUT !RE IS EQUALLY LITTLE REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT IT CAN PROVIDE P[] AT ! LEVEL REQUIR$ EV5 = DEC5TRALIZ$ 9DU/RIES1 LET ALONE = RES\RCE EXTRACTION PROCESSES = :I* EV5 EXI/+ 5]GY S\RCES >E 9SUFFICI5T4 ,BOOK*9 TAKES HIS F9AL DOVE 9TO SCI5CE FICTION :5 HE 5VISIONS 0HUMANS ( ! FUTURE0 :O WILL SIMPLY =GET AB\T ! PROBLEMS ( TE*NOLOGY & 0/& AT ! 5D ( A CYB]NAT$ ASSEMBLY L9E ) BASKETS TO C>T ! GOODS HOME40 

,BOOK*9 ASKS :E!R 0A FUTURE SOCIETY WILL BE ORGANIZ$ >\ND TE*NOLOGY OR :E!R TE*NOLOGY IS N[ SUFFICI5TLY MALLEABLE SO ?AT IT CAN BE ORGANIZ$ >\ND SOCIETY40 ,HE PO9TS \T ?AT WE CAN DESIGN A MA*9E TO DO ALMO/ ANY?+ IF WE >E WILL+ TO COMMIT ! RES\RCES2 FROM ?IS HE DRAWS ! CONCLUSION ?AT WE CAN DEVELOP ! TE*NOLOGICAL BASIS = ANY K9D ( SOCIETY WE WANT4 ,9DE$1 ?IS IS ! KEY ASSUMPTION ?AT UND]LIES HIS /ATEM5T ?AT WE >E ON ! ?RE%OLD ( A PO/-SC>CITY SOCIETY4 ,BUT ! UN=TUNATE FACT IS ?AT1 EV5 ) ! FULL APPLICATION ( REC5T DISCOV]IES1 LIMITATIONS ( TE*NOLOGY WILL CONT9UE TO EXI/1 & WILL CONT9UE TO PUT LIMITS ON ! ALT]NATIVES AVAILABLE TO HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,( C\RSE1 FUR!R TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS >E NOT ONLY POSSIBLE BUT PROBABLE 9 ! FUTURE1 OP5+ AN EV] WID] SET ( POSSIBILITIES4 ,BUT IF WE >E ADVOCAT+ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION TODAY1 WE MU/ BASE \R SOCIAL ALT]NATIVE ON POSSIBILITIES :I* >E REAL TODAY1 OR \R PROPOSALS WILL BE TAK5 AS ! SCI5CE FICTION !Y 9 FACT >E4 

,BOOK*9'S BELIEF ?AT MOD]N TE*NOLOGY ALL[S SMALL COMMUNITIES TO BE SELF-SUFFICI5T IS 9 ! 5D UNCONV9C+4 ,BUT HIS DISCUSSION ( ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGIES DOES CONTRIBUTE TO AN IMPORTANT PROCESS4 ,WE T5D TO ?9K ( ! EXI/+ PATT]N ( PRODUCTION 7LIKE ! EXI/+ PATT]N ( SOCIETY7 AS A FIX$ /RUCTURE1 :I* WE MAY P]HAPS MODIFY BUT :I* WE CANNOT FUNDAM5TALLY ALT]4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( HUMAN FRE$OM1 H[EV]1 IS ! P[] TO *ANGE ?AT /RUCTURE1 TO USE TE*NOLOGY AS WE WANT4 ,BOOK*9 %[S US ?AT WE DO 9 FACT HAVE ?AT P[]1 & ?AT )9 LIMITS WE CAN RE/RUCTURE ! TE*NICAL BASE ( SOCIETY AS WE *OOSE4 ,! CONSCI\SNESS ( ?IS FACT IS ESS5TIAL TO A FREE & RATIONAL SOCIETY2 ITS DEVELOPM5T IS AN IMPORTANT P>T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,BY IGNOR+ ITS LIMITS1 ,BOOK*9 UN=TUNATELY MAKES ! V]Y REAL FRE$OM WE HAVE APPE> A UTOPIAN DREAM4 

,BOOK*9'S EMPHASIS ON SMALL1 FACE-TO-FACE COMMUNITIES GR[S 9 L>GE P>T \T ( HIS DESIRE TO USE TE*NOLOGY TO 0C>RY MAN BEYOND ! REALM ( FRE$OM 9TO ! REALM ( LIFE & DESIRE40 ,9DE$1 ONE :OLE DIM5SION ( HIS ?\<T IS AIM$ AT CON/RUCT+ A SOCIETY :I* WILL REALIZE SU* VALUES AS COMMUNITY1 ]OTIC FULFILLM5T1 WELL-R\ND$NESS1 ETC4 ,P]SONALLY1 ,I HAVE MY D\BTS AB\T PROPOSALS = SOCIAL REORGANIZATION ?AT GO 0BEYOND ! REALM ( FRE$OM0 & TRY TO PRESCRIBE VALUES = ! FUTURE4 ,IF SOME PEOPLE 9 A FREE SOCIETY WANT TO LIVE 9 COMMUNES ?AT IS F9E ) ME1 BUT ,I SEE NO REASON TO OPPOSE SOMEONE :O WANTS TO BE A H]MIT1 :O WANTS TO LIVE 9 A NUCLE> FAMILY1 OR :O LIKES ! ANONYMITY AN URBAN LIFE ALL[S4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,I SEE EV]Y ADVANTAGE 9 POLYMORPH\S SEXUALITY1 BUT ,I SEE NO REASON TO REJECT ! EXCLUSIVE HOMO- OR HET]OSEXUAL OR CELIBATE4 ,& :ILE ,I MYSELF 5JOY A V>IETY 9 MY ACTIVITIES1 ,I SEE NO REASON TO DISC\RAGE AN 9DIVIDUAL FROM A S+LE-M9D$ PURSUIT ( A P>TICUL> CALL+ 9 ! NAME ( WELL-R\ND$NESS4 ,BOOK*9 USES ANCI5T ,GREECE TO ILLU/RATE HIS IDEAS ( COMMUNITY & ALL-R\ND ACTIVITY4 .<#a.> ,= ALL HIS TALK AB\T TAK+ \R POETRY FROM ! FUTURE1 IT SEEMS HE P>TAKES ( ! CLASSIC FAULT ( UTOPIANISM3 PROJECT+ AS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! FUTURE ! 0GOOD0 SIDE ( ! PA/4 

,I AM P>TICUL>LY BO!R$ BY HIS CONCEPTION ( PEOPLE AS CITIZ5S ( A COMMUNITY1 A CONCEPT HE DRAWS FROM ANCI5T ,A!NS & ! RADICAL DEMOCRATIC TRADITION ( ! #a#h? & #a#i? C5TURIES4 ,IT IS NOT CLE> :AT HE MEANS TO IMPLY BY ?IS1 BUT IT DI/URBS ME SOME:AT1 ESPECIALLY IF HE TAKES HIS ,A!NIAN PREC$5T S]I\SLY2 = ?IS 0COMMUNITY10 :I* HE DESCRIBES AS 0SO SUCCESSFULLY LIB]T>IAN 9 *>ACT]10 AMONG ITS P[]S 0BANI%$ UNDESIRABLE CITIZ5S0 -- OR1 AS WE KN[ 9 ! CASE ( ,SOCRATES1 PUT !M TO DEA?4 ,( C\RSE1 ,BOOK*9 IS NOT ADVOCAT+ ?IS SORT ( ?+1 BUT ANYONE ) P]SONAL EXP]I5CE ) SMALL COMMUNITIES KN[S ?AT !Y CAN EX]CISE TREM5D\S P[] OV] ! LIVES ( !IR MEMB]S4 ,9DE$1 HIS TOTAL COMMUNITY1 ) ITS COMPLETE CONTROL OV] EV]Y ASPECT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S EXI/5CE1 HAS A DI/URB+ TOTALIT>IAN POT5TIAL1 :ATEV] HUMANI/IC RHETORIC ( ! R\ND$ 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! R\ND$ COMMUNITY IS WRAPP$ >\ND IT4 ,I WI% ,BOOK*9 W\LD DEVOTE AS MU* ATT5TION TO ?IS POT5TIAL ?REAT TO FRE$OM AS HE DOES TO ?OSE :I* COME FROM ECONOMIC COORD9ATION4 

,FUR!R1 ! CONCEPT ( 0CITIZ50 SEEMS TO ME TO BE EXACTLY ! K9D ( AB/RACT ID5TITY ,BOOK*9 IS SO ADAMANT 9 ATTACK+ :5 IT COMES TO CONSID]+ PEOPLE AS WORK]S4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT 9 A FREE SOCIETY1 PEOPLE WILL BE NEI!R 0WORK]S0 NOR 0CITIZ5S10 BUT SIMPLY PEOPLE -- PEOPLE :O COOP]ATE 9 A V>IETY ( WAYS TO PRODUCE ! K9D ( LIFE !Y DESIRE TO LEAD4 ,I ?9K A SOCIETY BAS$ ON MULTIPLE NETWORKS = A*IEV+ A V>IETY ( OBJECTIVES MAY WELL (F] A GREAT] PROTECTION = FRE$OM ?AN A TOTAL COMMUNITY1 :OSE ASSEMBLY HOLDS TOTAL P[] OV] ALL FACETS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,BOOK*9'S APPROA* AT TIMES SEEMS CLOS] TO ! 0POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY0 ( DEMOCRATIC !ORY ?AN TO ! COMB9ATION ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY & COOP]ATIVE ACTIVITY ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITION AT ITS BE/4 

,BOOK*9 IS ( C\RSE RI<T 9 ATTACK+ ?OSE :O W\LD SEE ! GOOD SOCIETY SOLELY 9 T]MS ( A REORGANIZATION ( :AT IS N[ CONSID]$ 0! ECONOMY40 ,WE NE$ NEW CONCEPTS 9 :I* 0ECONOMIC PLANN+ 0 IS NO LONG] A SEP>ATE SPH]E1 BUT RA!R COMPLETELY M]G$ ) URBAN PLANN+1 5VIRONM5TAL PLANN+1 RESID5TIAL PLANN+ & ! LIKE4 ,ALL ( !SE 9VOLVE ORD]+ ! MAT]IAL WORLD ?R\< ! ORGANIZATION ( \R [N ACTIVITY4 ,BOOK*9 >GUES ?AT ?IS ORGANIZATION %\LD AIM TO MAKE PEOPLES' DEP5D5CE ON NATURE P]FECTLY TRANSP>5T4 ,I W\LD ADD O!R GOALS ?AT >E EQUALLY IMPORTANT4 ,ONE IS TO MAKE HUMAN 9T]DEP5D5CE EVID5T & UND]/&ABLE1 SO ?AT PEOPLE CAN BO? GRASP SOCIAL NECESSITIES AS !Y >ISE1 & CAN SEE !IR [N P[] TO AFFECT SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,ANO!R IS TO MAKE ! PHYSICAL OBJECTS & PROCESSES WE CREATE -- BUILD+S1 MA*9ES1 CITIES1 ROADS1 & :ATEV] -- FEEL SUBJECT TO \R CONTROL BECAUSE 9 FACT !Y >E SUBJECT TO \R CONTROL4 ,ALL ?REE OBJECTIVES REQUIRE SOCIAL COORD9ATION ON ! WIDE/ POSSIBLE SCALE AS WELL AS ! FRE$OM & P[] ( 9DIVIDUALS & SMALL GR\PS4 

,9 HIS SECTION ON TE*NOLOGY1 ,BOOK*9 PULLS BACK A BIT FROM HIS IMAGE ( ECONOMICALLY 9DEP5D5T COMMUNITIES4 0,I DO NOT CLAIM ?AT ALL ( MAN'S ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES CAN BE COMPLETELY DEC5TRALIZ$40 0,DEP5D+ UPON ! RES\RCES & UNIQU5ESS ( REGIONS1 A RATIONAL1 HUMANI/IC BALANCE C\LD BE /RUCK BETWE5 AUT>*Y1 9DU/RIAL CONF$]ATION1 & A NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR40 ,9 ! 5D HE ADMITS ?AT !RE WILL BE A 0SIZABLE CATEGORY ( MAT]IAL ?AT CAN ONLY BE FURNI%$ BY A NATIONWIDE SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION40 ,SU* DI/RIBUTION1 HE CONC$ES1 W\LD BE POSSIBLE 0)\T ! M$IATION ( C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS40 ,?IS APPROA*1 SO DIFF]5T FROM ! MA9 ?RU/ ( HIS BOOK1 IS CLE>LY ! DIRECTION WE MU/ GO 9 ?9K+ AB\T AN ALT]NATIVE SOCIETY1 BUT HE NO:]E TRIES TO DEAL ) ! PROBLEMS ( ECONOMIC COORD9ATION ?IS W\LD SEEM TO IMPLY4 

,! KEY TO COMB9+ SU* L>GE- & M$IUM-SCALE COORD9ATION ) P[] AT ! BASE LIES 9 DI/+UI%+ TWO DI/9CT1 ?\< RELAT$ ISSUES4 ,ONE IS :E!R A SPECIAL GR\P -- ! /ATE1 ! PLANN+ BUREAUCRACY1 ! LEAD]%IP1 ! P>TY1 OR EV5 ! WORK]S' REPRES5TATIVES 9 WORK]S C\NCILS -- SEP>ATE FROM ! RE/ ( US MAKES SOCIAL DECISIONS4 ,! O!R IS ! SIZE ( ! UNIT 9 :I* DECISION-MAK+ OCCURS4 ,BOOK*9 & DEC5TRALI/S 9 G5]AL TALK AS IF ! SECOND DET]M9$ ! FIR/4 ,BUT WE KN[ ?AT SMALL1 FACE-TO-FACE COMMUNITIES >E NO GU>ANTEE AGA9/ CONTROL BY A M9ORITY4 ,9 MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD1 SMALL COMMUNITIES >E RUL$ AS PRIVATE FIEFDOMS2 ELSE:]E !Y >E DOM9AT$ BY A SMALL GR\P ( P[]FUL ELD]S1 L&LORDS1 CLAN LEAD]S1 OR ! LIKE4 ,NOR IS !RE PRO( ?AT IF ANY TRULY DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION IS POSSIBLE1 IT CANNOT BE A L>GE ONE4 

,! :OLE ISSUE ( SCALE ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION HAS BE5 OBSCUR$ BY ?IS CONFUSION4 ,! ALT]NATIVES HAVE BE5 POS$ AS C5TRALIZ$ PLANN+ BY A SEP>ATE GR\P ON ! ONE H&1 & 9DEP5D5T SELF-MANAG$ LOCAL GR\PS ON ! O!R4 ,!SE HAVE BE5 ! T]MS ( ! TRADITIONAL DEBATE BETWE5 /ATE SOCIALI/S & DEC5TRALI/S4 

,IF WE />T ) ! AIM ( E/ABLI%+ MAXIMUM P[] OV] \R LIVES1 WE HAVE TO OPPOSE ANY SPECIAL GR\P ( DECISION-MAK]S :O >E SEP>ATE FROM US4 ,BUT ?IS TELLS US NO?+ AB\T :AT SCALE ( ORGANIZATION WILL MAXIMIZE \R P[] & \R FRE$OM4 

,ONE C5TRAL ASPECT ( ?IS QUE/ION IS MISS$ BY ADVOCATES ( BO? C5TRAL PLANN+ & ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES1 NAMELY1 ?AT DIFF]5T LEVELS ( ORGANIZATION >E APPROPRIATE TO DIFF]5T K9DS ( PROBLEMS4 ,LET US TAKE TWO HI/ORICAL EXAMPLES :I* REVEAL ! *AOS CAUS$ BY IGNOR+ ?IS PR9CIPLE4 ,9 ! SPEE* 9 :I* HE ANN\NC$ ,CUBA'S FAILURE TO REA* ITS SUG> PRODUCTION GOALS1 ,FIDEL ,CA/RO ADMITT$ ! *AOS ?AT HAD RESULT$ FROM ! OV]-C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL ( ! ,CUBAN ECONOMY4 ,BRICKS W\LD BE MADE 9 ONE PLACE1 BUT NO TRANSPORTATION W\LD BE >RANG$ TO TAKE !M TO ANO!R SITE :]E WORK]S W]E ALL READY TO BUILD H\SES & S*OOLS4 ,MA*9ES W]E MADE1 BUT NO TOOLS OR SP>E P>TS W]E AVAILABLE TO REPAIR !M :5 !Y BROKE D[N4 ,! ATTEMPT TO MANAGE EV]Y?+ FROM ! C5T]1 F> FROM LEAD+ TO RATIONAL COORD9ATION1 RESULT$ 9 CATA/ROPHIC 9EFFICI5CY & DISORD]4 ,H[EV]1 LOCAL 9DEP5D5CE IS NO GU>ANTEE AGA9/ ?IS FATE1 AS ! FIR/ ,AM]ICAN RAILROADS SUGGE/4 ,9 ! E>LY /AGES ( RAILROAD CON/RUCTION 9 ! ,U4,S41 A GREAT MANY T[NS RAIS$ MONEY & BUILT !IR [N RAILROADS4 ,! RESULT WAS A TOTALLY UNWORKABLE SY/EM ( %ORT /RET*ES ( TRACK FOLL[+ LABYR9?9E C\RSES & ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO COORD9ATE 9 OP]ATION4 ,SOME ( !M DID NOT EV5 CONNECT TO ANY?+4 ,ONLY ) ! ORGANIZATION ( L>GE-SCALE COMPANIES WAS ANY K9D ( USABLE TRANSPORTATION SY/EM DEVELOP$ \T ( ?IS *AOS4 

,=TUNATELY1 WE >E NOT1 ,I BELIEVE1 REALLY FAC$ ) A *OICE BETWE5 SEP>ATE1 9DEP5D5T COMMUNITIES ON ! ONE H& & C5TRAL DICTATORIAL AU?ORITY ON ! O!R4 ,= ! MODEL ( V>I\S 9T]ACT+ LEVELS ( ORGANIZATION WE HAVE DISCUSS$ ABOVE 9 CONNECTION ) ECOLOGY CAN BE APPLI$ TO SOCIETY AS WELL4 

,A MULTILEVEL$ C\NCIL SY/EM ALL[S ! V>I\S GR\PS AFFECT$ BY DIFF]5T DECISIONS TO P>TICIPATE 9 MAK+ !M4 ,! LEVEL AT :I* EA* TYPE ( DECISION IS MADE WILL NO D\BT BE >RIV$ AT BY TAK+ ! EXI/+ PATT]N1 MODIFY+ IT EXP]IM5TALLY1 & EVALUAT+ ! RESULTS4 ,WE CAN SEE A FEW PR9CIPLES1 H[EV]1 :I* >E LIKELY TO AFFECT ! ULTIMATE PATT]N4 ,RES\RCES :I* >E NOT EV5LY DI/RIBUT$ ?R\<\T ! E>? LIKE COPP] OR PETROLEUM WILL REQUIRE WORLDWIDE DI/RIBUTION & COORD9ATION4 ,PRODUCTS NE$$ 9 SMALL QUANTITIES BUT REQUIR+ COMPLEX ACTIVITIES WILL NO D\BT BE PRODUC$ ON A NATIONAL OR 9T]NATIONAL BASIS -- ! WORLD MAY WELL NE$ ONLY ONE PLANT PRODUC+ LEFT-H&$ SCALPELS4 ,A NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SY/EM MAY WELL HAVE TO BE PLANN$ NATIONALLY2 BUT ! EXACT LOCAL C\RSE ( A ROAD IS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE TO ANY COMMUNITY1 & LOCALITIES C\LD HAVE GREAT P[] OV] IT )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A NATIONAL PLAN4 ,! >*ITECTURE & LOCATION ( A BUILD+ HAVE SO MU* IMPACT LOCALLY ?AT DECISIONS AB\T !M MI<T RE/ COMPLETELY 9 LOCAL H&S1 EV5 = A PLANT PRODUC+ GOODS ON A WORLDWIDE SCALE4 ,! 9T]NAL DESIGN & ACTUAL PROCESS ( A PLANT OR (FICE AFFECT NO ONE SO MU* AS ?OSE :O WORK !RE1 & !RE IS NO REASON !Y %\LD NOT HAVE COMPLETE P[] OV] IT )9 ! TE*NICAL LIMITATIONS ( ! TASK TO BE ACCOMPLI%$4 ,( C\RSE1 SU* A SY/EM CAN NEV] ELIM9ATE CONFLICT AMONG ! V>I\S LEVELS & 9T]E/S -- BUT ?AT IS BECAUSE IT REFLECTS SO WELL ALL ! V>I\S 9T]E/S & NE$S ( PEOPLE1 :I* AT TIMES COME 9TO CONFLICT EV5 9 A CONTEXT ( ABUNDANCE4 ,! OBJECTIVE ( SU* A SY/EM -- & ! CRIT]ION BY :I* DECISION-MAK+ LEVELS W\LD BE ALLOTT$ -- IS TO E/ABLI% = \RSELVES AS MU* CONTROL OV] ! CONDITIONS ( \R LIVES AS WE CAN1 & !RE=E AS MU* FRE$OM AS POSSIBLE4 

,?IS IS ! G5]AL APPROA* ( MANY ( ?OSE :O ADVOCATE A SOCIETY BAS$ ON WORK]S C\NCILS1 & WE MU/ DIGRESS = A MOM5T TO DISCUSS ,BOOK*9'S OBJECTIONS TO SU* A SY/EM AS ANY?+ MORE ?AN A TRANSITIONAL =M4 ,WE MAY />T ) HIS USEFUL CRITIQUE ( ! TYPE ( ,SOVIET ORGANIZATION ?AT EM]G$ 9 ,RUSSIA 9 ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g4 ,!SE W]E BODIES ( DELEGATES ELECT$ BY GR\PS ( WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 & SOLDI]S1 :I* 9ITIALLY COORD9AT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE &1 AFT] ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION1 BECAME ! NEW GOV]NM5T4 ,!IR NATIONAL CONGRESSES1 AS ,BOOK*9 PO9TS \T1 BECAME 9CREAS+LY UNREPRES5TATIVE BODIES1 AS LOCAL SOVIETS ELECT$ REGIONAL REPRES5TATIVES :O 9 TURN ELECT$ NATIONAL REPRES5TATIVES4 ,ACTUAL P[] PASS$ FIR/ FROM AN UNWIELDY NATIONAL CONGRESS ( OV] #a1 DELEGATES1 TO AN EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( #b TO #c1 & F9ALLY TO ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S -- ! ,BOL%EVIK CAB9ET -- AS SESSIONS ( ! L>G] GR\PS BECAME MORE 9FREQU5T & PRO =MA4 

,BOOK*9 (F]S SEV]AL EXPLANATIONS = ?IS PROCESS4 ,FIR/1 IT WAS 5C\RAG$ BY ! HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE ( ! SOVIETS !MSELVES2 PRESUMABLY HE IS H]E REF]R+ TO !IR 9DIRECT ELECTIONS & ! FACT ?AT 7AS 9 P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY7 ORD]S FL[$ D[N FROM ! TOP1 JU/IFI$ BY ! REPRES5TATIVE NATURE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! REGIME4 ,SECOND1 ! 0SOCIAL ROOTS0 ( ! ,SOVIETS W]E TOO LIMIT$ = A 0TRUE POPUL> DEMOCRACY40 ,BY ?IS1 ,BOOK*9 SEEMS TO MEAN ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE W]E NOT COMMITT$ TO RUL+ !MSELVES4 ,HE SAYS ?AT ! MILIT>Y BATTALIONS :I* W5T OV] TO ! REVOLUTION W]E TOO UN/ABLE1 ! NEW ,R$ ,>MY TOO WELL CONTROLL$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ! REGUL> MILIT>Y TOO POLITICALLY 9]T1 & ! PEASANT VILLAGES TOO PREOCCUPI$ ) LOCAL CONC]NS TO KEEP ! SOVIETS ALIVE4 

,SO F> HIS ANALYSIS SEEMS ACCEPTABLE4 ,! PROBLEM COMES :5 HE TRIES TO EXPLA9 :Y ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 :O W]E LEFT AS ! MA9 BASE ( ! ,SOVIETS1 W]E UNABLE TO RESI/ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( C5TRAL ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORITY4 ,BOOK*9 >GUES ?AT ! BASIC WEAKNESS LAY 9 ! NATURE ( ! FACTORY ITSELF4 ,! SOCIAL P[] ( A P>TICUL> FACTORY IS LIMIT$ S9CE IT IS DEP5D5T = ITS EXI/5CE ON O!R FACTORIES & S\RCES ( RAW MAT]IAL4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BOOK*91 ?IS MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE = P[] TO /AY AT ! BASE4 ,! CONCLUSION IS C5TRAL = ALL ,BOOK*9'S ?\<T3 A REVOLUTION BAS$ ON WORK]S ORGANIZ$ AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION 0CREATES ! CONDITIONS = A C5TRALIZ$1 HI]>*ICAL POLITICAL /RUCTURE40 

,:AT ,BOOK*9 FAILS TO SEE IS ?AT IT IS PRECISELY ?IS 9T]DEP5D5CE :I* MAKES WORKPLACES P[]FUL4 ,9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! REVOLUTION1 FACTORIES W]E TAK5 OV] BY FACTORY COMMITTEES ( ! WORK]S1 :I* W]E MOV+ RAPIDLY T[>D !IR [N DIRECT COORD9ATION ( PRODUCTION4 7,= A FULL1 DOCUM5T$ DISCUSSION ( ?IS PROCESS1 SEE ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S ,CONTROL BY ,MAURICE ,BR9TON1 PUBLI%$ BY ,SOLID>ITY & AVAILABLE FROM ,ROOT @& ,BRAN*47 ,! RAILWAY WORK]S1 :O REPRES5T$ ! ESS5CE ( ! 9T]RELATION ( PRODUCTION1 PROVIDE ONE IMPORTANT EXAMPLE4 ,! DAY AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIK SEIZURE ( P[]1 ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ,RAILWAYM51 A UNION ,E4,H4 ,C>R DESCRIBES AS 0A MAMMO? FACTORY COMMITTEE EX]CIZ+ WORK]S' CONTROL0 9 RUNN+ ! RAILWAYS1 ANN\NC$ ITS OPPOSITION TO 0! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ANY ONE POLITICAL P>TY0 & ?REAT5$ A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,ITS P[] WAS SUFFICI5T TO =CE ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO REV]SE !MSELVES & 9CLUDE ! ,LEFT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS !REUPON TRI$ TO UND]M9E !IR POSITION BY CREAT+ A RIVAL ORGANIZATION & GIV+ IT ! AU?ORITY TO RUN ! RAILROADS1 BACK$ BY /ATE P[]4 ,ONCE ! RAILWAY WORK]S W]E ?US SPLIT1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS DECRE$ 0DICTATORIAL P[]S 9 MATT]S RELAT+ TO RAILWAY TRANSPORT40 ,YET 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#b1 POLITICAL OPPOSITION BY ! RAILWAY WORK]S WAS /ILL SO /RONG -- & SO CRIPPL+ TO ! ECONOMY -- ?AT ,TROTSKY WAS ONLY ABLE TO SUPPRESS IT ?R\< M>TIAL LAW & ! SUMM>Y \/+ ( !IR LEAD]S4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY TO BREAK ?IS RIS+ P[] ( ! WORK]S AT ! WORKPLACE ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS MOV$ AGA9/ ! FACTORY COMMITTEES4 ,!Y SUCCE$$ 9 CRU%+ !M NOT BECAUSE ( SOME 9H]5TLY C5TRALI/ T5D5CY ( 9DU/RY1 BUT BECAUSE ( TOTAL DISORGANIZATION CAUS$ BY ! W>1 BECAUSE ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS REPRES5T$ ONLY A M9USCULE P>T ( ! POPULATION1 & BECAUSE A L>GE PROPORTION ( WORK]S W]E WILL+ TO ACCEPT ,BOL%EVIK RULE4 

,BOOK*9 CONC$ES ?AT 9 ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION1 0WORK+-CLASS SELF-MANAGEM5T SUCCE$$40 ,?IS HE ATTRIBUTES TO ! CONSCI\S EF=T ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION1 ! ,C4,N4,T41 TO LIMIT ! T5D5CY T[>D C5TRALIZATION1 & ! CONT9U\S P[] EX]CIS$ BY LOCAL ASSEMBLIES OV] !IR REPRES5TATIVES & DELEGATES4 ,! HI<] BODIES ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 FUNCTION$ ESS5TIALLY AS COORD9AT+ ORGANS1 & EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL1 HE /ATES1 FELT P]SONALLY RESPONSIBLE & P]SONALLY 9FLU5TIAL 9 ITS POLICIES & ACTIVITIES4 ,?IS HI<LY IDEALIZ$ VIEW ( EV5TS 9 ,SPA9 CONTRADICTS ,BOOK*9'S >GUM5T ?AT FACTORIES IMPLY A NATIONAL C5TRALIZATION ( P[]4 

,9DE$1 ?IS >GUM5T DOESN'T HOLD WAT]1 UNLESS ANY NATIONAL COORD9ATION IS CONSID]$ AS C5TRALIZATION4 ,BUT ?IS IS JU/ :AT ,BOOK*9 DOES4 ,HE CONTRA/S %>PLY :AT HE T]MS 0M$IAT$0 & 0UNM$IAT$0 =MS ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,FACE-TO-FACE RELATIONS >E UNM$IAT$ & GOOD2 ALL O!RS >E M$IAT$ & BAD4 ,?US = ,BOOK*91 \R 5EMY IS NOT M]ELY ANY SOCIAL P[] WE DO NOT CONTROL2 IT IS ANY =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION TOO L>GE TO MEET FACE-TO-FACE4 ,EV5 A SY/EM COORD9AT$ BY DELEGATES :O W]E NO?+ MORE ?AN MESS5G]S = FACE-TO-FACE GR\PS W\LD BE M$IAT$ & !RE=E BAD4 

,BOOK*9 CONC$ES ?AT COMMUNITIES CANNOT BE SMALL 5\< TO MEET FACE-TO-FACE & YET L>GE 5\< TO BE ECONOMICALLY AUT>*IC AT A CIVILIZ$ /&>D ( LIV+4 ,COORD9ATION AMONG GR\PS TOO L>GE TO MEET FACE-TO-FACE -- M$IAT$ RELATION%IPS 9 ,BOOK*9'S T]MS -- >E 9EVITABLE UNLESS WE RETURN TO ! PRIMITIVE /&>D ( LIV+ ADVOCAT$ BY ?OSE ANTI-TE*NOLOGI/S ,BOOK*9 HAS ELSE:]E /IGMATIZ$ AS 0PALEOLI?IC FOOD-GA!R]S40 ,! PROBLEM IS H[ ?OSE AT ! BASE CAN KEEP ! COORD9ATION PROCESS 9 !IR [N H&S -- = UNLESS !Y DO ! COORD9AT+ !MSELVES1 SOMEONE ELSE SURELY WILL1 & ?US SEIZE SOCIAL P[]4 ,BOOK*9 LEAVES ! DOOR DANG]\SLY OP5 = ?OSE :O W\LD >GUE ?AT1 S9CE COORD9ATION IS NECESS>Y1 A C5TRAL BUREAUCRACY OR /ATE TO CONDUCT IT IS NECESS>Y TOO4 ,LIB]T>IANS W\LD DO BETT] TO FOCUS !IR ATT5TION ON H[ ?IS COORD9ATION CAN BE CONDUCT$ FROM BEL[1 RA!R ?AN ATTACK+ IT ALTOGE!R4 

,9DE$1 ,BOOK*9 HAS MODIFI$ AN E>LI] V]SION ( ONE ESSAY TO ADMIT ?AT SU* COORD9AT+ C\NCILS NE$ NOT BECOME FOCUSSES ( P[]1 IF !Y >E 0LIMIT$ BY DIRECT RELATION%IPS0 ( ! FACE-TO-FACE GR\P1 0LEAV+ POLICY DECISIONS TO ! LATT]40 ,9 DISCUSS+ ! SPECIALIZ$ COMMITTEES & BO>DS 9 A NEI<BORHOOD1 ,BOOK*9 SUGGE/S ! MEANS BY :I* ?IS CAN BE DONE4 0,!Y MU/ BE ANSW]ABLE AT EV]Y PO9T TO ! ASSEMBLY2 !Y & !IR WORK MU/ BE UND] CONT9UAL REVIEW BY ! ASSEMBLY2 & F9ALLY1 !IR MEMB]S MU/ BE SUBJECT TO IMM$IATE RECALL BY ! ASSEMBLY40 ,IT IS PRECISELY SU* PR9CIPLES ?AT 0M$IAT$0 COORD9AT+ ORGANS TOO CAN FUNCTION )\T BECOM+ C5TRAL BUREAUCRATIC AU?ORITIES4 

,9 ADDITION TO MULTIPLE LEVELS ( ORGANIZATION1 ONE O!R PR9CIPLE ( BIOLOGICAL & O!R SY/EMS IS ESS5TIAL = CONCEIV+ A SOCIETY ) COORD9ATION BUT NO AU?ORITY1 ! PR9CIPLE ( FE$BACK4 ,9 ! CLASSICAL MODEL ( C5TRALIZ$ SOCIALI/ PLANN+1 A GR\P ( ,PLANN]S SITS >\ND A TABLE & DRAWS UP ! ,PLAN1 LI/+ EV]Y?+ ?AT IS TO BE PRODUC$ = ! NEXT FIVE OR H[EV] MANY YE>S4 ,SU* PLANN+ IS1 AS ,BOOK*9 W\LD >GUE1 9H]5TLY C5TRALI/1 BUREAUCRATIC1 & AU?ORIT>IAN2 EXP]I5CE HAS %[N ?AT IT IS ALSO HIDE\SLY 9EFFICI5T1 PRODUC+ AN>*Y 9 ! MO/ D]OGATORY S5SE4 ,BUT !RE >E O!R TYPES ( SY/EMS :I* PROVIDE = ! DISP>ATE NE$S ( !IR SUB-UNITS BY A V]Y DIFF]5T TYPE ( COORD9ATION -- MUTUAL REGULATION ?R\< FE$BACK4 ,! SY/EMS ( COMPUT]IZ$ 9V5TORY CONTROL US$ BY L>GE COMPANIES TODAY -- REGULAT+ HUNDR$S ( /ORES & PLANTS & ?\S&S ( PRODUCTS -- ILLU/RATE ! ESS5TIAL SIMPLICITY ( ?IS APPROA*4 ,9 ONE SY/EM1 = EXAMPLE1 A PUN*-C>D ACCOMPANIES EA* ITEM PRODUC$4 ,:5 ?AT ITEM IS SOLD1 ! C>D IS RETURN$ TO A C5TRAL COMPUT]1 :I* ADDS UP ! NE$S ( ALL ! /ORES = REPLACEM5T ( EA* PRODUCT4 ,?IS 9=MATION IS !N CONVEY$ TO ! V>I\S PLANTS1 :I* EXP& OR CONTRACT !IR \TPUT ACCORD+LY4 ,!IR [N 9V5TORY -- ! P>TS & MAT]IAL !Y NE$ = !IR WORK -- IS COORD9AT$ ) !IR SUPPLI]S 9 EXACTLY ! SAME MANN]4 ,?IS 9=MATION NETWORK ALL[S ! V>I\S FACTORIES & /ORES TO COORD9ATE !IR ACTIVITIES1 MA9TA9+ A /ABLE LEVEL ( NE$$ MAT]IALS1 )\T ANY ONE ( !M HOLD+ G5]AL AU?ORITY OV] ! O!RS4 

,WE CAN 5VISION ! 5TIRE PRODUCTIVE PROCESS ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY AS A SY/EM DESIGN$ TO PROVIDE A /EADY FL[ ( ?OSE ?+S 9DIVIDUALS & SUB-UNITS NE$ & WANT4 ,ECONOMIC COORD9ATION AT ANY GIV5 LEVEL ( PRODUCTION REQUIRES LITTLE MORE ?AN ADJU/+ ! LEVEL ( FL[ ( ! V>I\S PRODUCTS1 :I* CAN BE DONE SIMPLY BY FE$+ BACK 9=MATION ON NE$S & COMP>+ !M ) PRES5T FL[4 ,A CON/ANT MONITOR+ ( 9V5TORY FLUCTUATION PROVIDES AN ADDITIONAL *ECK4 

,( C\RSE1 ! PROCESS BECOMES MORE COMPLEX :5 A *ANGE 9 ! SY/EM IS DESIR$ -- = EXAMPLE A NEW PRODUCT OR PROCESS1 A *ANGE 9 LOCATION1 A COMB9ATION OR SUBDIVISION ( UNITS1 OR :ATEV]4 ,BE=E MAK+ *ANGES 9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS1 PEOPLE W\LD NO D\BT TRY TO SIMULATE !IR EFFECTS1 US+ COMPUT]IZ$ MODELS ( ! 5TIRE ECONOMY TO TE/ !IR RAMIFICATIONS4 ,) ! ECONOMY ITSELF RUN ON A CONT9U\S FE$BACK PR9CIPLE1 ! ECONOMIC EFFECTS ( ANY PROPOS$ *ANGE W\LD BE RELATIVELY EASY TO TRACE4 ,ALL ?OSE AFFECT$ BY ! *ANGE C\LD !REBY BE ASSUR$ ( AN OPPORTUNITY TO P>TICIPATE 9 DECID+ ON IT -- AFT] !IR [N DISCUSSION & VOTE -- ?R\< M&AT$ REPRES5TATIVES4 ,!N ! *ANGE C\LD BE TRI$ EXP]IM5TALLY1 ITS EFFECTS ON ! 5TIRE SY/EM C>EFULLY MONITOR$1 & ! NECESS>Y ADJU/M5TS MADE ?R\<\T4 ,BY SU* AN APPROA* IT IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE A COORD9AT$ ECONOMY ) CONT9U\S PLANN+ BUT NO ,C5TRAL ,PLAN OR ,PLAN ,AU?ORITY4 

,I,I,I 

,BOOK*9 EXPRESSES ONE ( ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC !MES ( #a#i#fS RADICALISM1 ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS IS A CONS]VATIVE SUPPORT] ( ! EXI/+ SOCIETY1 :ILE ! 0MIDDLE CLASS0 IS SO PSY*OLOGICALLY MANIPULAT$ & OPPRESS$ ?AT IT IS POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y4 0,! PROLET>IAT0 WRITES ,BOOK*91 09/EAD ( DEVELOP+ 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS )9 ! WOMB ( CAPITALISM1 TURNS \T TO BE AN ORGAN )9 ! BODY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY40 ,ON ! O!R H&1 0,CAPITALISM1 F> FROM AF=D+ 'PRIVILEGES' TO ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 T5DS TO DEGRADE !M MORE ABJECTLY ?AN ANY O!R /RATUM 9 SOCIETY 444 !RE IS NO?+ MORE OPPRESSIVE ?AN 'PRIVILEGE' TODAY1 = ! DEEPE/ RECESSES ( ! 'PRIVILEG$' MAN'S PSY*E >E FAIR GAME = EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION40 .<#b.> 

,( C\RSE1 ,BOOK*9'S PO9T ( VIEW REFLECTS ! EMPIRICAL FACTS ( ! TIME 9 :I* IT WAS WRITT54 ,DUR+ ! #a#i#fS1 AFFLU5T Y\? W]E 9 VISIBLE REVOLT2 9DU/RIAL WORK]S BY & L>GE W]E NOT4 ,BUT IT IS A GREAT MI/AKE TO EXTRAPOLATE TOO DIRECTLY FROM ?IS K9D ( %ORT-RANGE ALIGNM5T ( SOCIAL =CES TO ! MORE FUNDIM5TAL P[] CONFLICTS ?AT COME \T 9 A G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,TWO YE>S BE=E ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION >I/OCRATS W]E CONSPIR+ TO ASSASS9ATE TOP MEMB]S ( ! GOV]NM5T :ILE WORK]S W]E ?REAT5+ TO LYN* ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ! %OPS = !IR /& AGA9/ ! W>4 ,IF ! RADICAL MOVEM5T ( MIDDLE-CLASS Y\? 9 ! #a#i#fS CANNOT BE DISMISS$ AS M]ELY PETTY-B\RGEOIS DILETTANTISM1 NEI!R CAN IT N[ BE SE5 AS A S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T DET]M9$ TO OV]?R[ CAPITALISM & ALL HI]>*Y4 ,P]HAPS IT CAN BE/ BE SE5 AS ! REVOLT ( A SEGM5T ( SOCIETY RESI/+ ITS R$UCTION FROM FREE PR(ESSIONALS TO HIR$ WORK]S IF 9 ! PROCESS IT MADE A VALUABLE *ALL5GE TO ! VALUES ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 IT H>DLY POSSESS$ ! UND]/&+1 ! COMMITM5T1 & ABOVE ALL ! SOCIAL P[] TO REV]SE ?AT PROLET>IANIZATION1 LET ALONE ELIM9ATE ITS S\RCE4 ,! PO/-#a#i#f#h RECESSION HAS NOT MADE ?IS /RATUM ANY HAPPI] ) !IR LOT1 BUT IT IS SUCCESSFULLY =C+ !M TO ACCEPT IT4 ,WE MAY EXPECT ?AT ?IS /RATUM WILL NOT REVOLT AGA9 UNTIL !Y REALIZE ?AT !Y TOO >E CONDEMN$ TO A LIFE ( TOIL1 & CAN ONLY ESCAPE IT BY ELIM9AT+ ANY SEP>ATE GR\P ?AT W\LD CONTROL & EXPLOIT ! LABOR ( O!RS4 ,AT ?AT PO9T !Y WILL SEE !IR 9T]E/S AS ID5TICAL ) ?OSE ( ! RE/ ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,BOOK*9'S CONCEPTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS RE/S ON ?REE BASES4 ,ONE IS ! UND\BT$ FACT ?AT WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE WAS AT A L[ EBB DUR+ ! YE>S 9 :I* ! CURR5T G5]ATION GREW UP -- R\<LY #aie TO #a#i#f#e1 YE>S ALSO M>K$ BY ! RELATIVE /ABILIZATION ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,SOCIAL !ORI/S ( ! 05D ( IDEOLOGY0 S*OOL 9T]PRET$ ?IS AS 9DICAT+ A FUNDIM5TAL *ANGE 9 ,WE/]N SOCIETY4 ,MANY RADICALS1 NOTABLY ,C4 ,WRI<T ,MILLS & ,H]B]T ,M>CUSE1 :ILE ATTACK+ ! 05D ( IDEOLOGY0 RHETORIC1 ACCEPT$ ! PREMISE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS NO LONG] A POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y =CE 9 ECONOMICALLY DEVELOP$ SOCIETIES4 ,?IS ASSUMPTION DOM9AT$ ! ?9K+ ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT UNTIL R\<LY ! TIME ( ! ,MAY #aifh G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,FRANCE4 ,S9CE ?AT TIME1 ! ASSUMPTION HAS BE5 L>GELY %ATT]$ BY ! RESURG5CE ( WORK+ CLASS REVOLT & DIRECT ACTION NOT ONLY 9 ,FRANCE BUT 9 ,ITALY1 ,5GL&1 ,*E*OSOLVAKIA1 ,POL&1 & TO A LESS] EXT5T ! ,U4,S4 & O!R C\NTRIES4 ,WE CAN N[ SEE ?IS !ORY 9 HI/ORICAL CONTEXT4 ,EV]Y P]IOD ( CAPITALI/ EXPANSION & RELATIVE QUIESC5CE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE HAS PRODUC$ !ORIES ( ! SAME SORT1 :I* HAVE HELD WIDE PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE UNTIL !IR FACTUAL BASIS CRUMBL$ UND] !IR FEET4 ,WE >E WITNESS+ ANO!R SU* COLLAPSE TODAY4 

,! SECOND BASE ( ,BOOK*9'S ATTITUDE E*OES ANO!R IDEA POPUL>IZ$ BY ! 05D ( IDEOLOGY0 S*OOL1 ! !ORY ( WORK+ CLASS 0AU?ORIT>IANISM40 ,?R\< ! #a#i#eS1 MANY SOCIOLOGI/S & HI/ORIANS >GU$ ?AT ! CONDITIONS ( WORK+ CLASS LIFE MADE WORK]S A GR\P ) AN AU?ORIT>IAN P]SONALITY /RUCTURE1 PRONE TO FOLL[+ FASCI/IC LEAD]S & TRAMPL+ ON LIB]TY4 ,BOOK*9 >GUES ?AT 0\R 5EMIES0 9CLUDE AN \TLOOK SUPPORT$ BY 0! WORK] DOM9AT$ BY ! FACTORY HI]>*Y1 BY ! 9DU/RIAL R\T9E1 & BY ! WORK E?IC40 ,HE VIEWS ! WORK] AS SOMEONE :O MU/ %$ 0HIS WORK E?IC1 HIS *>ACT]-/RUCTURE D]IV$ FROM 9DU/RIAL DISCIPL9E1 HIS RESPECT = HI]>*Y1 HIS OB$I5CE TO LEAD]S1 HIS CONSUM]ISM1 HIS VE/IGES ( PURITANISM40 ,?IS /ATEM5T EXPRESSES P]FECTLY ! MORAL CONTEMPT ) :I* ! ,NEW ,LEFT G5]ALLY REG>D$ WORK]S1 & GOES F> TO EXPLA9 :Y IT HAD SO LITTLE APPEAL TO !M4 ,! ,NEW ,LEFT HAT$ & FE>$ ! WORK+ CLASS1 & CONSID]$ IT AN 5EMY4 ,SU* SELF-RI<TE\SNESS IS H>DLY BECOM+ 9 RADICAL /UD5TS :OM CAPITALISM PROVIDES ! PRIVILEGE ( LIV+ (F ! LABOR ( O!RS1 PURSU+ A LIFE RELATIVELY FREE FROM ! FACTORY HI]>*Y1 9DU/RIAL R\T9E1 &1 9 %ORT1 ! NE$ TO SELL !IR LABOR4 ,WORK]S1 LIKE O!RS1 ACCEPT ! EX]CISE ( P[] OV] !M 9 MANY >EAS ( LIFE4 ,!Y %>E MANY ( ! RACI/ & SEXI/ ATTITUDES ( \R SOCIETY4 ,BUT ANYONE :O ?9KS WORK]S LIKE ! FACTORY HI]>*Y OR ! 9DU/RIAL R\T9E HAS AMPLE OPPORTUNITY TO LE>N O!RWISE BY L9+ UP AT ! NE>E/ FACTORY EMPLOYM5T L9E4 

,WE COME TO ! ?IRD BASE ( ,BOOK*9'S >GUM5T :5 HE *OOSES TO 0FLATLY D5Y0 ?AT 0WORK]S >E DRIV5 BY !IR 9T]E/S AS WORK]S TO REVOLUTION>Y MEASURES AGA9/ HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY40 ,UNLESS ,BOOK*9 IS US+ 09T]E/S AS WORK]S0 9 SOME PECULI> & IDIOSYNCRATIC MANN] .<#c.>1 ?IS /ATEM5T IS1 ,I BELIEVE1 FALSE4 ,ANYONE FAMILI> ) ! DAY-TO-DAY CONFLICT ) AU?ORITY ( WORK]S 9 A PLANT OR (FICE1 LET ALONE ! HI/ORY ( SPONTANE\S REBELLIONS AGA9/ IT 9 /RIKES1 OCCUPATIONS1 & ATTEMPTS TO E/ABLI% SELF-MANAGEM5T1 W\LD SURELY BE SKEPTICAL ( ,BOOK*9'S ASS]TION4 ,WORK]S AS WORK]S HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 ELIM9AT+ ! P[] ( ANYONE :O CAN DIRECT & EXPLOIT !IR LABOR2 = ONLY BY ELIM9AT+ ?AT P[] CAN !Y GA9 CONTROL ( !IR [N TIME & !IR [N %>E ( SOCIAL RES\RCES4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 WORK]S -- ?OSE :O HAVE NO %>E 9 SOCIETY'S MEANS ( PRODUCTION -- & O!R CLASSES :O DO1 IS ?AT WORK]S HAVE NO MEANS ( ESCAPE FROM ! P[] ( AU?ORITY EXCEPT TO ELIM9ATE ?AT AU?ORITY4 ,9 ?IS !IR 9T]E/S >E F> MORE OPPOS$ TO HI]>*Y ?AN ! AFFLU5T Y\? ,BOOK*9 CELEBRATES1 :O CAN A*IEVE A LIFE ( RELATIVE FRE$OM BY BUY+ A PIECE ( L& 9 ! C\NTRY OR LIV+ )\T HAV+ TO WORK FULL-TIME 9 ! CITY -- ALL ON ! BASIS ( P>5TAL SUBSIDY1 $UCATIONAL ADVANTAGE1 P]SONAL CONNECTIONS1 & O!R =MS ( PRIVILEGE4 ,( C\RSE1 SU* PEOPLE MAY FAVOR REVOLUTION4 7,9 ! EYES ( MANY WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE ?IS IS ONLY ANO!R ASPECT ( !IR PRIVILEG$ POSITION2 AFFLU5T Y\? NE$N'T WORRY AB\T LOS+ !IR JOBS1 IF !Y GET >RE/$ !Y CAN HIRE FANCY LAWY]S :O GET !M (F1 & !Y HAVE FUNDS & CONTACTS TO TRAVEL >\ND ! C\NTRY ACCUMULAT+ PRE/IGE & ATTRACT+ PUBLICITY -- NOT TO M5TION ALL-EXP5SES PAID VISITS TO ,HANOI47 ,REVOLUTION IS UND\BT$LY 9 !IR 9T]E/ 9 AS MU* AS IT W\LD CREATE A BETT] LIFE = MO/ ( !M AS PEOPLE4 ,BUT UNLIKE ! WORK+ CLASS1 !Y >E NOT FAC$ ) REVOLUTION AS ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO A DAILY LIFE ( EXHAU/+ & BRUTALIZ+ LABOR UND] ! TOTAL DOM9ATION ( ! EMPLOY]1 ) AN 9COME JU/ 5\< TO KEEP GO+1 PUNCTUAT$ BY P]IODS ( UNEMPLOYM5T )\T EV5 ?IS4 ,IF ?AT IS NOT 5\< = ,BOOK*9 TO GIVE PEOPLE AN 9T]E/ 9 ABOLI%+ HI]>*ICAL CONTROL ( !IR LIVES1 ,I WOND] :AT IS4 

,!RE IS ONE O!R ASPECT ( ! SITUATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS ?AT DES]VES M5TION4 ,9 A SOCIETY ( 9DEP5D5T [N]S ( PRODUCTIVE PROP]TY1 AN 9DIVIDUAL NATURALLY VIEWS ! ROAD TO FRE$OM AS GA9+ SUFFICI5T PRIVATE PROP]TY TO SUPPORT HIMSELF4 ,9 A MOD]N ECONOMY1 H[EV]1 MO/ WORK IS DONE COLLECTIVELY1 9DE$1 IS P>T ( AN OV]ALL COLLABORATION ( ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS4 ,A WORK] CAN H>DLY CONCEIVE ! BASIS ( HIS FRE$OM AS LY+ 9 HIS 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP ( HIS [N /RET* ( ! ASSEMBLY L9E4 ,?US ! ONLY ROAD TO FRE$OM = ! WORK+ CLASS IS COLLECTIVE RA!R ?AN 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! PROBLEM ( MOV+ FROM 9DIVIDUAL TO COLLECTIVE SOLUTIONS TO \R PROBLEMS -- ! CRITICAL NE$ TO SURPASS ECONOMIC 9DIVIDUALISM -- ,BOOK*9 IGNORES4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ! SITUATION ( ! WORK]S AS A CLASS :I* PROVIDES ! BASIS ( A SOLUTION TO ?IS PROBLEM4 ,IT IS ?IS1 NOT AS ,BOOK*9 IMPLIES ! REGIM5TATION ( ! CAPITALI/ FACTORY1 :I* MADE ,M>X SEE ! WORK+ CLASS AS ! BASIS ( AN ALT]NATIVE1 COLLECTIVE SOCIETY4 .<#d.> 

,C]TA9 O!R ,BOOK*9 DI/ORTIONS ( ,M>X CANNOT PASS )\T COMM5T3 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BOOK*91 ,M>X BELIEV$ ?AT AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 BASIC SOCIAL DECISIONS W\LD BE LEFT TO 0A /ATE P[] 444 A CO]CIVE BODY1 E/ABLI%$ ABOVE SOCIETY40 ,BUT ?IS 9T]PRETATION IS A COMPLETE DI/ORTION ( ,M>X1 :O HELD ?AT ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 WAS NO?+ BUT ! >M$ WORK+ POPULATION ITSELF4 7,M>X UND\BT$LY DI/ORT$ ! AN>*I/ POSITION JU/ AS UNFAIRLY 9 HIS ATTACKS ON !M47 ,M>X'S WRIT+ ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & HIS ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM C]TA9LY DO NOT CALL = A /ATE 0E/ABLI%$ ABOVE SOCIETY40 ,! WOR/ WE CAN SAY IS ?AT HE FAIL$ TO SEP>ATE HIMSELF COMPLETELY FROM ! E>LI] TRADITION ( REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRACY REPRES5T$ BY ! ,JACOB9S1 AL?\< HIS EVOLUTION WAS /EADILY AWAY FROM ?IS APPROA*4 ,! MO/ WE CAN 9DICT HIM = IS FAIL+ TO RECOGNIZE 9 ADVANCE ! DANG] ( A /ATE 0ABOVE SOCIETY0 DEVELOP+ \T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 & ?US FAIL+ TO PRECLUDE ! DEVELOPM5T ( A /ATE SOCIALISM E/ABLI%$ 9 HIS NAME4 ,BUT AL?\< HE FAIL$ TO PRECLUDE ! /ATE SOCIALISM ( TODAY1 IT IS SIMPLY FALSE TO ASS]T ?AT ?IS WAS :AT HE HAD 9 M9D4 

,BOOK*9 REPEAT$LY /ATES ?AT ,M>X'S ?\<T IS OBSOLETE BECAUSE WE N[ LIVE 9 AN ]A ( POT5TIAL ABUNDANCE & LEISURE1 :ILE 9 HIS [N TIME ,M>X C\LD ONLY CONCEIVE ( A WORLD ( SC>CITY & WANT1 EV5 UND] SOCIALISM4 ,BUT AT ! CORE ( ,M>X'S VIEW ( MOD]N HI/ORY WAS HIS UND]/&+ ( ! TREM5D\S & CONT9U+ GR[? ( PRODUCTIVITY & ! POT5TIAL IT GAVE = ! DRA/IC R$UCTION ( IMPOV]I%M5T & TOIL4 ,:ILE ,M>X DID NOT ( C\RSE PR$ICT ! SPECIFIC TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5TS ( ! PA/ #a YE>S1 HE MADE ! G5]AL TR5D HIS MO/ BASIC ASSUMPTION4 ,9DE$1 ,BOOK*9 EV5 CITES A /ATEM5T BY ,M>X & ,5GELS %[+ !Y BELIEV$ COMMUNI/ SOCIETY W\LD BE BAS$ ON ! OV]COM+ ( SC>CITY4 ,A DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 !Y WROTE1 IS NECESS>Y = A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 0BECAUSE )\T IT WANT IS G5]ALIZ$1 & ) WANT ! /RUGGLE = NECESSITIES & ALL ! OLD FIL?Y BUS9ESS W\LD NECESS>ILY BE REPRODUC$40 ,?IS IS H>DLY ! /ATEM5T ( !ORI/S UNABLE TO SEE BEYOND ! REALM ( SC>CITY6 ,! FACT ?AT = ,M>X ! REALM ( FRE$OM HAD YET TO BE A*IEV$ BY NO MEANS IMPLIES ?AT HE C\LD NOT SEE ITS POSSIBILITY2 EV5 ,BOOK*9 ADMITS ?AT WE /ILL >E ONLY ON ! ?RE%OLD ( PO/-SC>CITY4 ,BOOK*9 GIVES ! C\P DE GRACE TO HIS [N >GUM5T :5 HE ADMITS ?AT ! REVOLUTION 9 9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGY ( ,M>X'S [N TIME MEANT 0TO ! REVOLUTION>Y !ORI/ ?AT = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY HE C\LD AN*OR HIS DREAM ( A LIB]ATORY SOCIETY 9 ! VISIBLE PROSPECT ( MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE & 9CREAS$ LEISURE = ! MASS ( HUMANITY40 

,BOOK*9'S DISCUSSION ( ,M>X'S DEF9ITION ( ! PROLET>IAT IS TOO OBSCURE EV5 TO BE DECL>$ DEF9ITIVELY FALSE4 ,HE />TS BY (F]+ TO DISPOSE ( ! NOTION ?AT = ,M>X 0ANYONE IS A 'PROLET>IAN' :O HAS NO?+ TO SELL BUT HIS LABOR P[]40 ,BUT HE IMM$IATELY ADDS ?AT 0,M>X DEF9$ ! PROLET>IAT 9 !SE T]MS40 ,HE !N /ATES ?AT = ,M>X ! PROLET>IAT DEVELOP$ TO ITS MO/ ADVANC$ =M 9 ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,HE CONCLUDES HIS CASE BY /AT+ ?AT ,M>X PREF]R$ ! MORE DISCIPL9$ ,G]MAN WORK]S TO ?OSE 9 ! ,P>ISIAN LUXURY TRADES4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME WE CAN 0DISPOSE (0 ,BOOK*9'S >GUM5T BY SAY+ ?AT = ,M>X1 0ANYONE IS A 'PROLET>IAN' :O HAS NO?+ TO SELL BUT HIS LABOR P[]40 ,( C\RSE ! WORK+ CLASS HAS 0DEVELOP$10 BO? BE=E ,M>X'S DAY & AFT]1 ALONG ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY2 TODAY IT 9CLUDES ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,BUT ?AT DEVELOPM5T1 UN=TUNATELY1 HAS H>DLY MADE ! GREAT MAJORITY :O HAVE NO?+ TO SELL BUT !IR LABOR P[] CEASE TO BE WORK]S4 

,I AM NOT MAK+ !SE PO9TS TO DEF5D ,M>XISM AS HOLY WRIT4 ,!RE IS 5\< TO CRITICIZE 9 :AT ,M>X SAID1 H[EV]1 )\T ATTACK+ HIM = ?+S HE DIDN'T SAY4 

,BOOK*9 TO HIS CR$IT SPECIFICALLY RECOGNIZES ?AT NO REVOLUTION IS POSSIBLE 9 ,AM]ICA )\T ! P>TICIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT ! V]Y WAY 9 :I* HE ANALYZES ! POL>IZATION ( SOCIETY MAKES ?AT P>TICIPATION LESS LIKELY1 & 5DS RE9=CEM5T TO ?OSE :O ID5TIFY ! WORK+ CLASS AS AN 5EMY ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ,I ONCE HE>D ,TOM ,HAYD51 P]HAPS ! CLOSE/ WE HAVE TO A PROTOTYPE ( #f'S RADICALS1 SAY 9 PRIVATE ?AT ! REVOLUTION W\LD CONSI/ ( VIOL5T /RUGGLE BY Y\?S1 BLACKS1 & O!R M9ORITIES AGA9/ ! RE/ ( SOCIETY1 9CLUD+ ! MA9/REAM WORK+ CLASS2 ! LATT] HE ?\<T MI<T POSSIBLY COME OV]1 BUT ONLY AFT] VIOL5CE WAS US$ AGA9/ IT4 ,?IS /ATE ( M9D & ITS DISA/R\S IMPLICATIONS >E CAU<T BRILLIANTLY 9 ,M>GE ,P]CY'S REC5T NOVEL1 ,DANCE ! ,EAGLE TO ,SLEEP4 ,9 IT %E PROJECTS AN UPRIS+ ( ALI5AT$ Y\? :I* BREAKS \T 9 ,BOOK*9'S BELOV$ ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE & SPREADS ?R\< ! C\NTRY1 ONLY TO BE EXT]M9AT$ BY PLANES & TANKS ) ! SUPPORT ( ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,! POL>IZATION ADVOCAT$ BY MANY #fS RADICALS1 IF PU%$ TO ! PO9T ( REVOLUTION1 C\LD ONLY HAVE L$ TO SU* A CATA/ROPHE4 ,= AS ,P]CY'S LEAD] RECOGNIZ$ 9 DESPAIR AT ! 5D1 0,HE HAD ONLY ?\<T TO GET ! KIDS \T ( ! SY/EM 444 ,YET Y\ C\LD NOT W9 A VIOL5T REVOLUTION 9 ! C5T] ( ! EMPIRE ) RIFLES AGA9/ TANKS & PLANES1 IF ! ,>MY W\LD FI<T AGA9/ Y\4 ,Y\ C\LD NOT W9 ) AN ISOLAT$ M9ORITY40 ,! COLLAPSE ( ! RADICAL MOVEM5T ( ! #a#i#fS HAS AT LEA/ AV]T$ SU* A HOLOCAU/4 ,IF A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION EV] OCCURS1 IT WILL BE BAS$ ON ! PROBLEMS & EXP]I5CES ( ! GREAT MAJORITY :O MAKE UP ! WORK+ CLASS1 NOT ( ?OSE :OSE PRIVILEG$ POSITION ALREADY ALL[S !M TO SIMULATE 0PO/-SC>CITY40 ,! CONTRIBUTION ( ! LATT] IS AT BE/ PROPHETIC4 

,! UND]LY+ PROBLEM ) ,BOOK*9'S APPROA* TO CLASS IS ?AT HE SUB/ITUTES VALUES = SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,?US HE WRITES1 0,ALL :O LIVE 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY HAVE 'B\RGEOIS ROOTS1' BE !Y WORK]S OR /UD5TS1 Y\NG OR OLD1 BLACK PEOPLE OR :ITE4 ,H[ MU* ( A B\RGEOIS ONE BECOMES DEP5DS EXCLUSIVELY UPON :AT ONE ACCEPTS FROM B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,IF Y\NG PEOPLE REJECT CONSUM]ISM1 ! WORK E?IC1 HI]>*Y1 & AU?ORITY1 !Y >E MORE 'PROLET>IAN' ?AN ! PROLET>IAT 44440 ,?IS VIEW ( SOCIAL QUE/IONS AS ESS5TIALLY AB\T ATTITUDES OR VALUES P]VAD$ ! RADICALISM ( ! #a#i#fS4 .<#e.> ,BOOK*9 CONSID]S IT A GREAT ADVANCE1 :I* W\LD ALL[ US TO 09T] ! ?READB>E ELEM5TS ( SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY TOGE!R ) ! >*AIC PA/ FROM :I* !Y D]IVE40 ,9 FACT1 IT IS NO ADVANCE AT ALL1 BUT A RETREAT TO ! K9D ( IDEALISM 9 :I* IDEAS & VALUES >E CONCEIV$ AS ! MOTIVE =CE ( HI/ORY1 ) SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & ATTITUDES !IR \TW>D MANIFE/ATION4 ,IT SIMPLY IGNORES ! V]Y REAL DIFF]5CES 9 LIFE SITUATIONS DIFF]5T CLASSES FACE4 ,H[ MU* ( A B\RGEOIS ONE IS DEP5DS NOT ON ONE'S LIFE/YLE BUT ON ! EXT5T TO :I* ONE IS 9 A POSITION TO EXPLOIT ! LABOR ( O!RS OR RA!R MU/ ONESELF BE EXPLOIT$2 A MILLIONAIRE-HIPPIE IS NOT ONE :IT LESS B\RGEOIS = ALL HIS CONTEMPT = WORK E?IC1 HI]>*Y1 & AU?ORITY2 NOR CAN WORK]S BECOME B\RGEOIS BY PUTT+ ON CO/UME JEWELRY MODEL$ ON ! REAL /UFF ( ! RI*4 

,IT IS NO SURPRISE ?AT ) SU* AN APPROA*1 ,BOOK*9 REVIVES ! UTOPIAN SOCIALISM ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 COMPLETE ) IDEAL COMMUNITIES F\ND$ 9 ! WILD]NESS ) ! SUPPORT ( WELL-9T5TION$ PEOPLE ( ALL CLASSES ON ! BASIS ( A VISION ( A P]FECT SOCIETY FROM :I* ALL W\LD GA94 ,BOOK*9 WRITES ( ! #a#i? C5TURY ?AT 0! REALM ( NECESSITY WAS BRUTALLY PRES5T2 IT C\LD NOT BE CONJUR$ AWAY BY M]E !ORY & SPECULATION40 ,! SAME1 UN=TUNATELY1 REMA9S TRUE TODAY4 ,BOOK*9'S CONTRIBUTION IS 9 REM9D+ US ?AT WE POSSESS ! MEANS TO CONQU] ?AT SITUATION1 9 SUGGE/+ WAYS TO DO SO1 & ABOVE ALL 9 RAIS+ QUE/IONS AB\T ALT]NATIVES TO ! PRES5T SET-UP :I* HAVE TOO LONG REMA9$ UNASK$4 

,LI/51 ,M>XI/3 ,A ,REPLY BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,I TAKE ,J]EMY ,BRE*] TO BE A DEC5T1 9TELLIG5T1 & HONE/ GUY :OM ,I KN[ P]SONALLY & LIKE V]Y MU*4 ,H5CE :5 ,J]EMY COMES \T ) A #c#g-PAGE 7TYPESCRIPT7 REVIEW ( MY BOOK1 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM1 ?AT MIS9T]PRETS IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( ! BOOK1 ,I MU/ WORK ) ! ASSUMPTION ?AT HE WE>S BL9D]S ?AT RE/RICT HIS VISION & IS BURD5$ BY PREJUDGM5TS ?AT MAKE IT DIFFICULT = HIM TO EVALUATE ITS CONT5TS4 ,! REVIEW IS ONE ( ?OSE %OT-GUN BLA/S ?AT SCATT]S PELLETS ALL OV] ! PLACE4 ,TO PICK \T EA* PELLET & EXAM9E IT C>EFULLY W\LD REQUIRE A WORK AT LEA/ FIVE TIMES ! SIZE ( ,J]EMY'S1 :I* TIME 7& ,I SUSPECT1 SPACE7 MAKE PROHIBITIVE4 ,SO ,I %ALL HAVE TO CONT5T MYSELF ) A CRITICAL OV]ALL EVALUATION ( ! REVIEW & CITE A FEW EXAMPLES ( ,J]EMY'S MIS9T]PRETATIONS4 

,! REVIEW 9 HI< ,M>XI/ FA%ION BEG9S ) AN ATTEMPT TO LOCATE ! 0SOCIAL ORIG9S0 ( MY \TLOOK -- ! Y\? REVOLT & ! C\NT]CULTURE ( ! SIXTIES -- :I* = ,J]EMY IS ALREADY PRETTY MU* ( A 0DEAD DOG40 0,BY ! 5D ( ! #a#i#fS10 WE >E TOLD1 0! DISCONT5T REMA9$1 BUT MU* ( ! OPPORTUNITY = EXP]IM5TATION VANI%$4 ,/UD5TS BEGAN TO KNUCKLE D[N = GRADES & ES*EW$ POLITICAL ACTIVITIES ?AT MI<T GET !M ?R[N \T ( S*OOL2 DROP\TS1 NO LONG] ABLE TO LIVE (F ! SCRAPS ( A BOOM+ ECONOMY1 W]E =C$ TO LOOK = WORK & FACE ! PROBLEMS ( ANY O!R WORK]S4 ,! ROMANTIC EXUB]5CE & S5SE ( POSSIBILITY ?AT M>K$ ! #a#i#fS BECAME A MATT] ( HI/ORY40 

,?IS %ALL[ TREATM5T ( :AT IS HAPP5+ TODAY AMONG /UD5TS & DROP\TS C\LD EASILY BE CULL$ FROM ,TIME & ,LIFE >TICLES ON ! DEMISE ( ! SIXTIES4 ,I W\LD HATE TO EXPLODE ,J]EMY'S ILLUSIONS1 BUT ! MAJORITY ( /UD5TS EV5 9 ! SIXTIES W]E ALWAYS LOOK+ = GOOD GRADES & 0ES*EW$ POLITICAL ACTIVITY ?AT MI<T GET !M ?R[N \T ( S*OOL40 ,AS TO ! RADICAL M9ORITY ( /UD5TS :O FOM5T$ MO/ ( ! ACTIVITY ON ! CAMPUSES1 ! 0ROMANTIC EXUB]5CE & S5SE ( POSSIBILITY0 !Y CREAT$ WAS BUILT ON A SUICIDAL1 >ROGANT POL>IZATION POLITICS ?AT1 9 TURN1 WAS BAS$ ON ! MY? ?AT ! 0REVOLUTION0 WAS A YE> OR TWO AWAY4 ,?AT ! MAJORITY ( /UD5TS DID NOT FALL = ?IS POLITICAL 9SANITY IS MU* TO !IR CR$IT4 ,?AT MANY RADICAL /UD5TS HAVE N[ RETURN$ TO S*OOL TO DO SOME S]I\S ?9K+ AB\T ! ROLE ( CAMPUSES1 $UCATION1 & !ORY G5]ALLY AFT] A C>E] ( GUILT+ /UD5TS ) ! SICK5+ 9SULT ?AT 0/UD5TS >E %IT0 IS ALSO CR$ITABLE4 ,:AT ! SEV5TIES HAVE LE>N$ FROM ! 0RADICAL0 POLITICS ( ! SIXTIES IS ?AT ! REVOLUTION IS NOT >\ND ! CORN] ) EA* TRA%+ ( AN ,R,O,T,C BUILD+ & ?AT SOME S]I\S !ORY HAD BETT] BE LE>N$ -- :E!R ON CAMPUSES OR (F !M -- TO DEAL ) ! DECADES-LONG DEVELOPM5T ?AT LIES AHEAD4 ,:AT %\LD BE REG>D$ AS A V]Y IMPORTANT ASPECT ( A L>G] DEVELOPM5T1 ONE :I* OP5S NEW POT5TIALITIES = ! FUTURE1 IS TREAT$ BY ,J]EMY AS ! DEMISE ( A P]IOD & DEVELOPM5T HE NEV] UND]/OOD 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

,AS TO DROP\T Y\?1 ,I W\LD REM9D ,J]EMY ?AT ! C\NT]CULTURE AS A :OLE HAS BE5 A MU* MORE COMPLEX DEVELOPM5T ?AN HE C>ES TO ?9K4 ,HAV+ LIV$ IT TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ,I CAN REMEMB] :5 IT SURVIV$ DUR+ ! MID-SIXTIES ON A DIET ( C&Y B>S 7LIT]ALLY67 9 TWO SMALL URBAN 5CLAVES 7,N4,Y4'S ,L[] ,EA/SIDE & ,SAN ,FRANCISCO'S ,HAI<T DI/RICT71 :5 IT %>$ A RABIDLY ANTI-TE*NOLOGICAL \TLOOK1 & :5 IT LIV$ 9 AN AMBIANCE ( APOLITICAL ADOLESC5T IRRESPONSIBILITY4 ,S9CE !M1 ,I'VE SE5 IT SPREAD ALL OV] ! C\NTRY1 GRADUATE FROM C&Y B>S TO ORGANIC FOODS & F>M+1 TURN FROM POLITICAL 9DIFF]5CE TO ALMO/ IMPATI5T POLITICAL ACTION1 REPLACE ITS ANTI-TE*NOLOGICAL ATTITUDE BY A S]I\S ECOTE*NOLOGICAL ONE1 LE>N SKILLS ?AT W\LD HAVE AMAZ$ ITS MIDDLE-CLASS PROG5ITORS1 9CREAS+LY ACQUIRE A NEW S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY1 MATURITY1 & SELF-RESPECT1 & MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 RAISE PROBLEMS ( SUBJECTIVE RELATION%IPS ?AT F> & AWAY OV]%AD[ ! ANEMIC1 ECONOMI/IC 0CLASS CONSCI\SNESS0 FO/]$ BY ! ,M>XIAN SECTS ) SU* NOTABLE LACK ( SUCCESS = OV] A HALF C5TURY AMONG ! PROLET>IAT4 ,= ONCE1 !SE DROP\TS HAVE POS$ ! PROBLEMS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T & SELF-ACTIVITY SO 9TR9SIC TO A COMMUNI/ CONSCI\SNESS NOT M]ELY AS ISSUES ( 0MANAGEM5T0 & 0ACTIVITY0 BUT ( ! NEW SELF ?AT C\LD MAKE MANAGEM5T & ACTIVITY EXI/5TIALLY & HUMANLY MEAN+FUL4 ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ REPEAT$LY ?AT ! =G+ ( ?IS NEW SELF ?AT WILL BE CAPABLE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T & SELF-ACTIVITY OCCURS V]Y UNEV5LY & CANNOT BE FULLY ACTUALIZ$ UND] CONDITIONS ( UNFRE$OM4 ,BUT TO /RUGGLE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS NEW SELF1 & TO ATTEMPT TO RAISE ! SUBJECTIVE ISSUES IT MU/ DEAL )1 >E VITALLY IMPORTANT EV5 9 ADVANCE ( ! COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION WE ALL SEEK -- OR ELSE ! REVOLUTION WILL NEV] BE A COMMUNI/ ONE4 ,9 RAIS+ ! ISSUES ( A NEW SELF & 9 /RUGGL+ TO ACTUALIZE IT1 ! C\NT]CULTURE /&S HEAD & %\LD]S OV] ! >ID SECTS ( ! ,M>XIAN 0LEFT0 :OSE 0CLASS CONSCI\SNESS0 HAS NEV] LEFT ! FACTORY DOMA9 AT BE/ OR ! BALLOT BOX AT WOR/4 ,& ,I DEEPLY RES5T !IR D5UNCIATORY ATTITUDE T[>D A DEVELOPM5T ?AT !Y NEV] ANTICIPAT$1 ?AT !Y PREY$ ON LIKE VULTURES TO FILL ! RANKS ( !IR DEMON/RATIONS & CADRES1 & ON :OSE PRESUM$ 0GRAVE0 !Y N[ GLEEFULLY DANCE4 

,I'M NOT MU* CONC]N$ ) :E!R ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM IS A 0PRODUCT0 OR A DIALECTICAL SUP]IMPOSITION 0ON A NUMB] ( !MES ?AT W]E '9 ! AIR' DUR+ ! #a#i#fS0 7AS ,J]EMY PUTS IT7 OR AN ANTICIPATION ( MANY ( ! C\NT]CULTURE'S ESS5TIAL ELEM5TS4 ,I W\LD SIMPLY REM9D ,J]EMY ?AT ,I WAS WRIT+ ON ECOLOGY1 PO/-SC>CITY1 & UTOPIAN PROBLEMS ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION & DEC5TRALIZATION 9 ! E>LY #a#i#eS 9 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,ISSUES1 LONG BE=E SU* 0!MES0 W]E TAK5 UP BY ,GALBRAI?1 ,REI*1 & ,C>SON4 ,! PUBLICATION ( MY BOOK1 ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T1 :I* ALREADY DEALS ) ALL ! ISSUES RAIS$ BY 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T0 PREC$ES ,SIL5T ,SPR+ BY HALF A YE>4 ,:AT S]I\SLY CONC]NS ME IS ! FACT ?AT ! /UD5T MOVEM5T & ! C\NT]CULTURE ( ! SIXTIES FELL ON ! ,M>XI/ SECTS 79CLUD+ ! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S7 LIKE A TON ( BRICKS & LEFT !M COMPLETELY BEWILD]$4 ,ROOT & ,BRAN* HAS NOT BE5 >\ND LONG 5\< = ME TO ASSESS ! DEGREE TO :I* IT %>ES 9 ! POV]TY ( ?IS ATTITUDE4 ,BUT ,I FEEL IT %>ES ! ECONOMI/IC BIAS ( MO/ ,M>XIAN GR\PS & :AT ,I HAVE TO SAY APPLIES AT LEA/ P>TLY TO IT AS TO O!R ,M>XIAN GR\PS4 

,! ,M>XI/S ( ! E>LY SIXTIES NEV] EXPECT$ :ITE MIDDLE-CLASS SUBURBAN KIDS1 0OV]GORG$0 BY 0AFFLU5CE10 TO DO PRECISELY :AT !Y HAD PR$ICT$ WORK]S W\LD DO [+ TO 0IMMIS]ATION0 & 0PAUP]IZATION40 ,& ,I'LL BE DAMN$ IF !Y KN[ :AT TO DO ) IT YET1 ALL !IR RE-9T]PRETATIONS ( ,M>X'S !ORY ( ALI5ATION NOT)/&+4 ,SADDL$ ) A P]SPECTIVE ?AT WAS HOT NEWS 9 #a#h#d#h1 !Y W]E 0PREP>$0 = A GR[+ UNEMPLOY$ RES]VE >MY1 = ! 0RELATIVE0 PAUP]IZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 = A 0*RONIC ECONOMIC CRISIS0 7AS WE CALL$ IT 9 ! ?IRTIES71 = AN 9CREAS+LY POLITICIZ$ & REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT1 ALL ( :I* WAS TO CULM9ATE 9 A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,?IS IS NO M]E 0VULG>IZATION0 ( ,M>XISM2 IT =M$ ! F\NDATIONS ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM1 AN EPO*AL P]SPECTIVE ?AT CANNOT BE ]AS$ ) 9CID5TAL QUOTATIONS FROM ,M>X'S 0E>LY0 OR 0MIDDLE0 WRIT+S4 ,) ! SIXTIES1 ! ,M>XI/S F\ND NOT FACTORY WORK]S BUT RA!R MOD]ATELY WELL-TO-DO 0PRIVILEG$0 KIDS MOV+ 9TO REBELLION ON A WIDE CULTURAL1 HUMANI/IC1 & EV5 P]SONALI/IC FRONT AGA9/ ALL ASPECTS ( ! E/ABLI%$ SY/EM -- NOT M]ELY AGA9/ CLASS SOCIETY BUT HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY2 NOT M]ELY AGA9/ ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION1 BUT DOM9ATION 9 EV]Y =M2 NOT M]ELY = HAPP9ESS BUT = PLEASURE2 NOT M]ELY = 0SOCIAL JU/ICE0 BUT = FRE$OM ON A MULTIDIM5SIONAL SCALE 7WOM5'S LIB]ATION1 SEXUAL LIB]ATION1 *ILDR5'S LIB]ATION1 CONTROL FROM BEL[ 9 EV]Y PHASE ( LIFE1 COMMUNAL LIV+1 MUTUAL AID1 C\NT]9/ITUTIONS TO ! EXI/+ ONES1 ETC41 AS WELL AS ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIB]ATION47 ,:]E ,M>XISM HAD L$ ITS DISCIPLES TO EXPECT A SOCIAL UPHEAVAL TO /EM PRIM>ILY FROM ! /RUGGLE ( WAGE LABOR AGA9/ CAPITAL MOTIVAT$ BY ! MAT]IAL IMMIS]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 !Y F\ND !MSELVES FACE-TO-FACE ) A REBELLI\S MOVEM5T ( 0PETTY B\RGEOIS0 Y\? :O HAD TA/$ ( ! 0,AM]ICAN ,DREAM0 & REJECT$ IT AS ODI\S4 ,! TRU? MU/ BE /AT$3 EV]Y ,M>XI/ GR\P1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 ALT]NATELY CA/IGAT$ ?IS MOVEM5T1 D[NGRAD$ IT ) ,OLYMPIAN >ROGANCE1 LAT] P>ASITIZ$ & DIVID$ IT1 & N[ IS TRY+ TO BURY IT4 ,FIR/1 ! MOVEM5T WAS CONDEMN$ AS 0PETTY B\RGEOIS H$ONOSM0 OR 0MIDDLE-CLASS ESCAPISM40 ,:5 IT BEGAN TO GET S]I\S1 IT WAS >ROGANTLY DESCRIB$ AS A 0*ILDR5'S CRUSADE0 7TO USE ,M>CUSE'S MEMORABLE WORDS74 ,AS IT GREW EV5 MORE S]I\S1 IT WAS *>ACT]IZ$ AS 0CO-OPTABLE40 ,AT EV]Y PO9T 9 ITS COMPLEX DEVELOPM5T1 ! MOVEM5T WAS TAK5 BY ,M>XI/S = :AT IT WAS AT ! GIV5 TIME & EI!R CONDEMN$ OR %RUGG$ (F4 ,BUT AS 0FL[] P[]0 GAVE WAY TO 0/UD5T P[]10 AS 0/UD5T P[]0 GAVE WAY TO 0CONTROL OV] ! /REETS10 & AS IMM5SE /REET DEMON/RATIONS & CAMPUS UPRIS+S BEGAN TO %\T 0P[] TO ! PEOPLE0 & RAISE CL5*$ FI/S1 \R BELOV$ ,M>XI/S BEGAN TO SE>* 9TO ! SACR$ TEXTS -- TO ! 0E>LY WRIT+S0 & 0MIDDLE WRIT+S0 ( ! ,HOLY ,ONE -- TO F]RET \T A =MULA ?AT W\LD EXPLA9 H[ IT ALL HAPP5$4 ,TODAY WE >E 9 ! ,GRUNDRISSE /AGE2 YE/]DAY1 IT WAS ! #ahdd ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,MANUSCRIPTS2 & IF ,I READ ,J]EMY'S VIEWS ACCURATELY1 TOMORR[ IT WILL BE ! ,CAPITAL /AGE4 

,WELL1 IT'S TURN+ 9TO A DEA?LY BORE4 ,& ) ! LATE/ DEVELOPM5TS 9 0PRAXIS ,M>XISM10 9TO ACADEMIC S*OLA/ICISM -- AS ! CURR5T ,GRAMSCI & ,LUKACS CRAZE SEEMS TO 9DICATE4 ,! REAL ISSUE BETWE5 ,J]EMY & MYSELF IS ?AT1 9 MY VIEW1 NONE ( !SE NEO-,M>XIAN OR OR?ODOX ,M>XIAN /AGES SUFFICES -- ?AT WE MU/ TRANSC5D ,M>XISM ITSELF 9 ,HEGEL'S S5SE ( AUFHEBUNG4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT WE MU/ 9CORPORATE ! BE/ ( ,M>X 7AS WE HAVE ! BE/ ( ,HEGEL & O!RS7 -- & GO FUR!R4 ,MY ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM MAKES A /AB 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,PEOPLE :O >E 9T]E/$ 9 FOLL[+ ! SAME DIRECTION W\LD DO WELL TO READ ! BOOK ITSELF )\T ,J]EMY'S BL9D]S4 ,& ,I W\LD ASK ?AT !Y READ NOT ONLY ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM BUT MY ESSAY 0,ON ,ORGANIZATION & ,SPONTANEITY0 :I* APPE>S 9 ! CURR5T ISSUE ( ,AN>*OS & MY 0,T[>D A ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,SPIRIT0 9 A =?COM+ ISSUE ( ,TELOS4 

,= ! RE/1 MY DISPUTE ) ,J]EMY'S REVIEW BOILS D[N TO A HO/ ( LOGI/ICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE PROBLEMS -- 9CR$IBLY1 AS ?\< !SE PROBLEMS C\LD BE DISCUSS$ M]ELY AS MATT]S ( 0MANAGEM5T0 )\T DEAL+ ) ! *ANG$ SELF ?AT MU/ BE HYPH5AT$ BY ! T]M4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,J]EMY GETS 9VOLV$ 9 ! PREPO/]\S PROBLEM ( :O W\LD DUMP ! G>BAGE 9 ,TROY ?AT PEOPLE 9 ,P]? ,AMBOY WILL DR9K4 ,I W\LD HAVE EXPECT$ ?IS K9D ( 0PROBLEM0 FROM ! LAISSEZ-FAIRE 0AN>*I/S0 ( ! ,MURRAY ,RO?B>D S*OOL1 BUT H>DLY FROM A ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ :O PR(ESSES TO C>RY ON ! ,ORGANIZATIONSGEI/S TRADITION ( ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK4 

,I WILL NOT GET 9TO ?IS K9D ( NONS5SE4 ,CONSID]+ ! LEVEL ( ?IS ORD] ( CRITICISM1 ,J]EMY WILL HAVE TO DEAL 9 HIS [N M9D ) :E!R HE HAS M]ELY ASSIMILAT$ A /RUCTURE FROM ,PANNEKOEK 7I4E4 A ME*ANISM CALL$ 0WORK]S C\NCILS0 :I*1 IF MY MEMORY S]VES ME WELL1 ,PANNEKOEK NEV] REG>D$ AS ! P]MAN5T =M ( A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY7 OR ! PROBLEM ( GEI/IGE RELATIONS 7:I*1 9 MY VIEW1 REPRES5TS ,PANNEKOEK'S NOBLE/ CONTRIBUTION TO COMMUNI/ !ORY47 ,IT IS ! DISCUSSION ( ! LATT] PROBLEM -- ( COMMUNI/ SUBJECTIVITY & RELATIONS -- ?AT ,I F9D SO NOTABLY ABS5T 9 ,J]EMY'S REVIEW4 ,& UNTIL ?IS PROBLEM IS S]I\SLY TAK5 UP 9 ! FULL RECOGNITION ?AT ,PANNEKOEK WAS ONE ( ! E>LIE/ ,M>XI/S TO OP5 IT 9 ! DISMAL HI/ORY ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM1 ,J]EMY & ,I >E SIMPLY TALK+ AWAY FROM EA* O!R4 

,AS TO ! DETAILS ( ,J]EMY'S REVIEW1 ,I'D LIKE TO BR+ 9TO QUE/ION ! POLEMICAL ME?ODS ?AT SEEM TO GUIDE IT4 ,J]EMY IS OBVI\SLY \T TO E/ABLI% ?AT1 AS A 0PRODUCT0 ( ! C\NT]CULTURE1 ,I AM A CRYPTO-0NATURALI/10 :O W\LD PREF] TO A LO/ ,GOLD5 ,AGE ( ISOLAT$1 SELF-SUFFICI5T AUT>*ICAL COMMUNITIES4 ,ONLY FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE CAN ,I EXPLA9 ! \TRI<T DI/ORTION 9 ,J]EMY'S PRES5TATION ( MY VIEWS4 ,HE UN]R+LY FAILS TO NOTE ?AT :5 ,I SPEAK ( A 0SELF-SUFFICI5T COMMUNITY0 9 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T0 7P4 #h71 ,I PREC$E IT ) ! ADJECTIVE 0RELATIVELY40 ,OBVI\SLY1 ,I MEAN MORE ?AN AUT>*Y :5 ,I USE ! ADJECTIVE1 BUT ,J]EMY IS \T TO NAIL ME AS AN 0AUT>*I/40 ,HAV+ COMMITT$ ?IS DI/ORTION1 ,J]EMY PROCE$S TO COMP\ND IT BY VIEW+ MY !SIS 9 SUPPORT ( REGIONAL 9TEGRATION AS SOME?+ ,I 0CONC$E40 ,Y\ SEE1 IT IS NOT ?AT ,I BELIEVE 9 REGIONAL 9TEGRATION1 BUT RA!R ?AT ,I 0CONC$E0 IT IS NECESS>Y4 ,I MU/1 ALAS1 ABIDE ) IT4 ,UNLESS ! READ] GOES BEYOND ,J]EMY'S RA!R %ADY ACC\NT1 H]E1 & READS ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM1 %E OR HE W\LD NEV] KN[ ?AT = SEV]AL PAGES ( MY ESSAY ON 0,T[>D A ,LIB]ATORY ,TE*NOLOGY0 ,I >GUE = REGIONAL 9TEGRATION & ! NE$ TO 9T]L9K RES\RCES BETWE5 ECOCOMMUNITIES4 ,J]EMY'S 5TIRE TREATM5T ( ?IS >EA ( DISCUSSION IS T+$ BY A C]TA9 9TELLECTUAL DI%ONE/Y4 ,BUT ,J]EMY DOESN'T KN[ :5 TO /OP4 ,HAV+ TURN$ AN >GUM5T = 9TEGRATION 9TO A M]E 0CONCESSION10 HE PROCE$S /ILL FUR!R TO COMP\ND HIS DI/ORTION BY 9V]T+ MY V]Y VIEW ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 WORK & TE*NOLOGY TO ! PO9T ( UTT] ABSURDITY4 0,BOOK*910 HE DECL>ES ) A GR& FL\RI%1 0TAKES HIS F9AL DOVE 9TO SCI5CE FICTION :5 HE 5VISIONS 'HUMANS ( ! FUTURE' :O SIMPLY =GET AB\T TE*NOLOGY & '/& AT ! 5D ( CYB]NAT$ ASSEMBLY L9E ) BASKETS TO C>T ! GOODS HOME40 7P4 #a#c#c7 

,N[1 ?IS C\LD BE CALL$ ! >T ( 0SELECTIVE QUOT+0 ?AT V]GES ON LY+ 9 ONE'S TEE?4 ,! READ] ( ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM :O CONSULTS PP4 #a#c#c-#c#e WILL F9D ?AT 0,BOOK*910 9 FACT1 REG>DS SU* A NOTION -- SO POPUL> 9 MANY CIRCLES :5 ! ESSAY WAS WRITT5 -- IS EXACTLY :AT MU/ BE AVOID$1 QUITE ASIDE FROM :E!R IT IS POSSIBLE OR NOT1 IF ! 0FRACTURE SEP>AT+ MAN FROM MA*9E0 IS TO BE HEAL$4 0,BOOK*90 IS >GU+ AGA9/ ! V]Y M5TALITY ?AT YIELDS ?IS SORT ( 0SCI5CE FICTION40 ,9DE$1 9 ! 5SU+ PAGE 0,BOOK*90 PROCE$S TO >GUE AS =CEFULLY AS HE CAN ?AT A BALANC$ RELATION%IP MU/ BE E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 WORK & ! MA*9E1 & ! MA*9E MU/ BE ASSIMILAT$ TO >TI/IC CRAFTSMAN%IP4 

,FRANKLY1 :AT AM ,I TO MAKE ( ?IS K9D ( 0MISREAD+08 ,I DON'T WANT TO ?9K ?AT ,J]EMY IS A LI> OR A DI/ORT] -- M]ELY1 ?AT HE READS :AT HE WANTS TO BELIEVE4 ,?IS MODE ( 0READ+10 9 EFFECT1 IS A MODE ( ?9K+4 ,W]E ,I TO CRITICALLY EXAM9E ,J]EMY'S REVIEW L9E BY L9E1 ,I C\LD DEMON/RATE ?AT F> FROM OV]/AT+ ! POSSIBILITIES AT H& -- TE*NOLOGICALLY1 CULTURALLY1 & SOCIALLY -- ,I HAVE UND]/AT$ !M4 ,! AM\NT ( MAT]IAL ,I HAVE AMASS$ ON ECOTE*NOLOGIES ALONE S9CE 0,T[>D A ,LIB]ATORY ,TE*NOLOGY0 WAS WRITT5 W\LD BOGGLE ,J]EMY'S RA!R LIMIT$ IMAG9ATION4 ,! FACT IS ?AT ,J]EMY IS S+UL>LY CONS]VATIVE -- & ?IS CONS]VATISM P]MEATES HIS 5TIRE REVIEW4 ,HE TAKES ?+S AS !Y >E -- FROM ! RELATIONS ( ,TROY & ,P]? ,AMBOY TO ! NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR -- & M]ELY ADDS A DIFF]5T /RUCTURE 70WORK]S C\NCILS07 TO ! E/ABLI%$ ORD] ( ?+S4 ,HE SEES NO SIGNIFICANT *ANGE 9 ! SELF ?AT IS TO A*IEVE ?IS DIFF]5T /RUCTURE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T NOR DOES HE SEE ANY *ANGES ?AT PEOPLE WILL MAKE 9 !IR NE$S AS !Y *ANGE !MSELVES & SOCIETY4 ,J]EMY1 9 %ORT1 REASONS LIKE A B\RGEOIS SOCIOLOGI/ :O HAS B\<T COMMUNISM AS A GOOD IDEOLOGICAL PRODUCT BUT NEV] ASSIMILAT$ IT DIALECTICALLY OR P]MITT$ IT TO *ANGE HIS \TLOOK T[>D LIFE4 

,ONE C\LD GO ON 9DEF9ITELY UNRAVEL+ ! SKE9 ( HODGEPODGE CRITICISM ?AT ,J]EMY 9FLICTS ON ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM4 ,I WILL NOT 5T] 9TO ,J]EMY'S ATTEMPT TO DISSOLVE ECOLOGICAL MICRO5VIRONM5TS 9TO 0WORLDWIDE0 MACRO5VIRONM5TS 7SURELY ,J]EMY MU/ KN[ SOME?+ AB\T ! ECOSY/EM CONCEPT 9 ECOLOGY :I* /RESSES ! NE$ = A RECOGNITION ( LOCAL UNIQU5ESS71 NOR WILL ,I DEAL ) HIS SILLY ANALOGY = ! FASC9AT+ PROJECTIONS ,JACOB ,ROS9 PRES5TS = MOLECUL> 9DU/RIAL *EMI/RY4 ,9 MY OP9ION1 ,J]EMY JU/ DOESN'T KN[ :AT HE IS TALK+ AB\T4 ,HIS OBS]VATIONS ON CLASSICAL ,A!NS & ! WORD 0CITIZ50 >E ALSO SILLY4 ,I W\LD HAVE HOP$ ?AT ,J]EMY UND]/OOD ! :OLE ?RU/ ( MY >GUM5T3 NAMELY1 ?AT ,A!NS MU/ BE UND]/OOD NOT M]ELY 9 T]MS ( ITS SOCIAL LIMITATIONS 7LIMITATIONS :I* ,I W\LD HOPE WE ALL UND]/OOD7 BUT AS A POLIS :OSE ATTA9M5TS W]E ALL ! MORE REM>KABLE 9 SPITE ( ITS LIMITATIONS4 ,J]EMY'S ATTEMPT TO L9K MY ATTITUDE T[>D ! WORK+ CLASS ) ?AT ( ! 05D ( IDEOLOGY0 PEOPLE & ,TOM ,HAYD5 IS AS CRUDE AS ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE 0REVOLUTION>Y0 SC5>IO HE SEEMS TO IMPUTE TO ME4 ,AS A P]SON :O HAS SP5T T5 YE>S 9 HEAVY 9DU/RY AS A %OP /EW>D & UNION ACTIVI/1 ,I DON'T NE$ A S]MON AB\T MY 0MORAL CONTEMPT0 = ! PROLET>IAT4 ,HAV+ ACQUIR$ MY KN[L$GE ( ! PROLET>IAT FROM %OPS RA!R ?AN UNIV]SITY LIBR>IES1 ,I KN[ WORK]S TO BE NEI!R 9F]IOR NOR SUP]IOR TO ANY O!R DOM9AT$ SECTION ( ! POPULATION4 ,9 ADDRESS+ MYSELF TO ! DUBI\S 0PRIVILEGES0 ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 ,I WAS NOT TRY+ TO SAY ?AT !Y W]E MORE OPPRESS$ ?AN WORK]S BUT ?AT BO? CLASSES W]E N[ BE+ OPPRESS$ 9 NEW WAYS & 9 A NEW SOCIAL CONTEXT4 

,ANO!R PO9T IS WOR? CL>IFY+4 ,MY PAMPHLET 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 7( :I* SOME #d1 COPIES HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 SEP>ATE PR9T+S & 9 AN?OLOGIES7 WAS ! FIR/ SIXTIES WORK ?AT1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 POS$ & PR$ICT$ ! *ANGES ?AT W\LD OCCUR 9 Y\NG WORK]S' ATTITUDES T[>D ! WORK E?IC & HI]>*Y4 ,I DID NOT SUCK ?IS VIEWPO9T FROM MY ?UMB4 ,IT CAME FROM A P]SONAL KN[L$GE ( TRADITIONAL WORK+ CLASS ATTITUDES T[>D WORK & HI]>*Y1 & FROM A KN[L$GE ( ! IMPACT ?AT ! C\NT]CULTURE WAS HAV+ ON PRES5T-DAY WORK+ CLASS Y\?4 ,N[ ?AT ?IS PR$ICTION IS BE+ H>VE/$ 9 REAL LIFE1 ,I F9D IT RA!R AMUS+ ?AT ?IS VIEW IS BE+ RIPP$ (F 7)\T ACKN[L$GM5T1 ( C\RSE7 BY MANY ,M>XI/S AS EVID5CE ( AN 0UPSURGE0 BY 0NEW0 WORK+ CLASS 0TYPES40 ,I W\LD BE QUITE DI/URB$1 H[EV]1 TO F9D ?AT ?IS VIEWPO9T IS US$ TO REE/ABLI% ! >*AIC CULT ( \VRI]ISME & TO VITIATE ! IMPACT ( ! C\NT]CULTURE AS A SOCIAL =CE4 ,!RE >E SIGNS ?AT ?IS IS OCCURR+4 ,LET ME MAKE IT CLE>1 H[EV]1 ?AT ,I AM NOT LEVEL+ ?IS ACCUSATION AGA9/ ,J]EMY2 9 FACT1 ,I WI% ,I C\LD4 ,= ,J]EMY !RE SEEMS TO BE NO PROBLEM AB\T ! PROLET>IAT'S PSY*E 9ASMU* AS ! ISSUE H>DLY EXI/S = HIM4 ,APP>5TLY1 LITTLE HAS *ANG$ AMONG WORK]S S9CE ! #a#h#fS1 :5 ,M>X WROTE ,CAPITAL -- M]ELY ?AT !Y HAVE BECOME MORE OR LESS 0CLASS CONSCI\S0 DUR+ DIFF]5T P]IODS ( HI/ORY4 

,AS TO ,M>X'S WRIT+S ON ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE AS EVID5CE ( HIS ATTITUDE T[>D A 0PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP10 ! LESS SAID1 ! BETT]4 ,IT IS A NOTORI\S FACT ?AT ,M>X'S ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE1 FROM :I* ,M>XI/S CULL ! MO/ LIB]T>IAN CONCEPTIONS ( ! 0PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP10 WAS A 0!ORETICAL LAPSE0 7%ALL WE SAY AN 0AN>*I/ DEVIATION087 :I* HE 0RECTIFI$0 ) V]Y SNIDE REM>KS AB\T ! ,COMMUNE & ! ,COMMUN>DS 9 ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE4 7,= A COMPREH5SIVE DISCUSSION ( ?IS 0!ORETICAL LAPSE10 SEE ,RON ,SUNY'S ,! ,BAKU ,COMMUNE1 :I* ,I ?9K WAS PUBLI%$ BY ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS A YE> OR TWO AGO47 ,M>X'S COMM5TS ON ! /ATE 9 ! ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM >E MU* TOO SPOTTY TO BE TAK5 AS DEF9ITIVE /ATEM5TS ( HIS VIEWS4 ,= REASONS ,I EXPLA9 9 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 ,M>X WAS ESS5TIALLY A C5TRALI/ & MORE (T5 ?AN NOT MODEL$ HIS VIEWS ( A PO/-REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD ON ! ,JACOB9 DICTATOR%IP -- ?AT IS1 9 MOM5TS :5 HE DID NOT CONC$E ?AT SOCIALISM 9 ,5GL& & ,AM]ICA 7,5GELS LAT] ADD$ ,FRANCE & MI<T JU/ AS WELL HAVE ADD$ ,G]MANY7 C\LD BE 9TRODUC$ BY P>LIAM5T>Y MEANS4 ,! TRU? IS ?AT ,M>X'S VIEWS W]E GUID$ BY ! 0OPPORTUNITY0 AT H&3 PREF]ABLY A ,JACOB9-TYPE DICTATOR%IP 9 HIS MORE REVOLUTION>Y MOM5TS1 A ,COMMUNE-TYPE 0/ATE0 BETWE5 #a#h#g#a-#g#e1 & :5 HE CONCEIV$ IT POSSIBLE1 A SOCIALI/ REPUBLIC L$ BY A WORK]S' P>TY & BAS$ ON A NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMY4 

,BUT ALL ( ?IS IS SECOND>Y TO :AT CONC]NS ME EV5 MORE DEEPLY -- ! M5TALITY ?AT P]MEATES ,J]EMY'S REVIEW4 ,M>X1 [+ TO HIS ATTEMPT TO PRODUCE A 0SCI5TIFIC0 SOCIALISM1 AT ONCE DEVALU$ & D5ATUR$ ! LIB]T>IAN & IMAG9ATIVE ELEM5TS ( E>LY ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM4 ,M>T9 ,BUB] DISCUSSES ?IS REGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ) CONSID]ABLE 9SI<T & S5SITIVITY 9 HIS ,PA?S 9 ,UTOPIA4 ,BUT AT LEA/ ,M>X & ,5GELS RETA9$ ! HI< TRADITION ( ,HEGELIAN ?\<T & ! ,FR5* UTOPI/S 9 !IR VISION ( COMMUNISM4 ,ONE CAN /ILL F9D 9 ,5GELS' ,ANTI-,DUHR+1 = ALL ITS %ORTCOM+S1 ! CONCEPT ( ! R\ND$ 9DIVIDUAL 9 A R\ND$ SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES & ON A TRANSC5D5CE ( ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 M5TAL & PHYSICAL WORK1 & HUMANITY & NATURE4 ,5GELS DOES NOT ACCEPT URBAN LIFE1 ! NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR1 & ! 9DU/RIAL /RUCTURE AS IT IS4 ,HE RADICALLY *ALL5GES ! 5TIRE 5SEMBLE -- NOT1 LIKE ,J]EMY1 (F]S CUTSY MODIFICATIONS ?AT WILL 0IMPROVE0 ?+S ONCE WORK]S' C\NCILS TAKE OV]4 ,5GELS RETA9S ! LOVE ( ! POLIS-TYPE SOCIETY ?AT SO PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ ,HEGEL & ,G]MAN CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY4 ,ONE S5SES 9 ,ANTI-,DUHR+ ! 9FLU5CE ( ! BE/ 9 ,HELL5ISM & ,F\RI]ISM1 ! DESIRE = A NEW S5SIBILITY & = NEW GEI/IGE RELATIONS BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S4 

,9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! DEA? ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 WE HAVE SE5 ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW TYPE ( 0,M>XI/03 ONE :OSE \TLOOK IS OP]ATIONAL RA!R ?AN SPECULATIVE1 SOCIOLOGICAL 7& 0SOCIALI/07 RA!R ?AN COMMUNI/1 /RUCTURAL RA!R ?AN DIALECTICAL1 9TELLECTUALLY COLORLESS RA!R ?AN IMAG9ATIVE4 ,I'M SORRY TO SAY ?AT ! ?9K+ ( ?IS TYPE ( 0,M>XI/0 IS TYPIFI$ BY ,J]EMY'S REVIEW4 ,P]HAPS ! K9DE/ NAME ,I CAN GIVE IT IS 0ASSEMBLY-L9E SOCIALISM40 ,J]EMY1 TO TELL ! TRU?1 WRITES LIKE A SOCIAL 5G9E]4 ,HE IS BASICALLY CONC]N$ NOT ) SELF-MANAGEM5T BUT ) 0MANAGEM5T10 & WORK]S C\NCILS HAPP5 TO BE ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC WAY ( 0ADM9I/]+0 ! :AT-IS4 ,HE RAISES VIRTUALLY EV]Y M$IOCRE >GUM5T ?AT ONE C\LD EXPECT FROM A /REET HECKL] OR A B\RGEOIS SOCIOLOGI/ -- & ! TWO >E M]ELY ! OPPOSITE SIDES ( ! SAME 0COMMONS5SICAL0 CO94 ,:O WILL CLEAN UP ! G>BAGE8 ,:O WILL DO ! DIRTY WORK8 ,WON'T 0SELF-SUFFICI5T COMMUNITIES0 BEHAVE LIKE P>O*IAL SMALL T[NS 9 ,9DIANA8 ,WON'T PEOPLE BE GRE$Y8 ,H[ WILL ! MAJORITY BE PREV5T$ FROM OPPRESS+ ! M9ORITY4 ,WON'T ,PEORIA TRY TO OPPRESS ,O%KO% BY )HOLD+ MAT]IALS FROM IT -- OR :ATEV] AD NAUSEAM8 ,IT MATT]S LITTLE ?AT ,J]EMY RAISES ALL ( !SE QUE/IONS AS SU*1 BUT ?IS IS ! WAY HE ?9KS4 

,I F9D ?IS M5TALITY ALL ! MORE DISQUIET+ :5 IT APPE>S 9 A COMRADE & A FRI5D :O IS LIKELY TO 9VOKE ! NAME ( ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK AS A TEA*]4 ,IT IS ONLY REC5TLY 9 AN >TICLE BY ,RUSSELL ,JACOBY 7SEE ,TELOS ,NO4 #a1 ,W9T] #a#i#g#a7 ?AT ,I LE>N$ H[ E>NE/LY ,PANNEKOEK HAD OCCUPI$ HIMSELF AS F> BACK AS #aiab ) ! GEI/IGE NATURE ( ! PROLET>IAT & ITS ORGANIZATIONS -- H[ HE ATTEMPT$ TO UPROOT B\RGEOIS SUBJECTIVITY NOT ONLY FROM ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T BUT FROM ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,AS ONE :O FEELS CLOS] TO ! ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/S ?AN ANY O!R ORGANIZ$ GR\P 9 ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T1 ,I W\LD EV5 MORE E>NE/LY ASK !M TO EXPLORE ! EM]G5CE ( ! GEI/IGE ISSUE AS IT APPE>S TODAY -- TO ADVANCE ! WORK :I* ,PANNEKOEK BEGAN 9TO !IR [N ]A1 NOT TO D5ATURE IT ) AN ECONOMI/IC S5SIBILITY4 ,WE HAVE HAD 5\< ( ?IS S5SIBILITY 9 ! DISMAL SEV5TY YE>S ?AT HAVE POISON$ ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM & L$ TO SO MANY TRAGIC DEFEATS4 ,! WORK ,GEI/ 7,SPIRIT7 IS A GOOD ONE4 ,AS A COMRADE & FRI5D1 ,I W\LD HOPE ?AT IT IS TAK5 S]I\SLY BY ! ,ROOT & ,BRAN* PEOPLE ) DUE RESPECT TO ! MEMORY ( ,PANNEKOEK AS WELL AS TO ! ISSUES HE RAIS$4 

,J]EMY ,BRE*] ,RESPONDS 

,WE ALL FACE ! SAME PROBLEM ( GETT+ FROM ! K9D ( SOCIETY WE HAVE TO ! K9D ( SOCIETY WE WANT4 ,I HAD HOP$ ?AT ,MURRAY W\LD TRY TO ANSW] SOME ( ! QUE/IONS ,I RAIS$ AB\T HIS APPROA* TO ?IS PROBLEM4 ,9/EAD1 HE SEEMS TO HAVE APPLI$ ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! BE/ DEF5SE IS A GOOD (F5SE4 ,HE MAKES LITTLE ATTEMPT TO ANSW] ! CRITICISMS ( HIS BOOK1 & 9/EAD ATTACKS ! PRESUM$ POSITIONS ( ! REVIEW]1 ( HIS PRESUM$ TRADITION1 OR EV5 ( ! 0,M>XI/ SECTS0 TO :I* HE IS PRESUM$ TO BELONG4 ,?IS MAY BE A GOOD DEBAT+ TACTIC1 BUT ,I WI% ,MURRAY'S REPLY DID MORE TO CL>IFY ! ISSUES ,I TRI$ TO RAISE4 

,MURRAY /ATES ?AT ! 0REAL ISSUE BETWE5 ,J]EMY & MYSELF0 IS :E!R ,M>XISM IS SUFFICI5T1 OR :E!R IT MU/ BE TRANSC5D$1 & 0= ! RE/1 MY DISPUTE ) ,J]EMY'S REVIEW BOILS D[N TO A HO/ ( LOGI/ICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE PROBLEMS40 ,MURRAY ?US NEATLY IGNORES ALL ! CONCRETE PROBLEMS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 7NOT 0ADM9I/RATION07 :I* W]E ! CORE ( MY CRITIQUE4 ,HIS UNWILL+NESS TO DEAL ) !SE ISSUES IS 9DICAT$ BY HIS CON/ANT USE ( SU* PHRASES AS 0,I WILL NOT GET 9TO ?IS K9D ( NONS5SE10 .<ETC4.>4 ,?IS IS H[ TO DUCK QUE/IONS 9/EAD ( ANSW]+ !M4 

,I AM SORRY ,MURRAY FEELS ,I HAVE DI/ORT$ HIS POSITION2 ,I TOOK CONSID]ABLE PA9S TO PRES5T IT ACCURATELY4 ,I AGREE ) HIM ?AT READ]S %\LD LOOK AT HIS BOOK & JUDGE !MSELVES :E!R ,I HAVE DONE SO4 ,! ONLY TWO SPECIFIC DI/ORTIONS HE *>GES ME ) H>DLY SUPPORT ! *>GE1 H[EV]3 

,MURRAY SAYS ,I DI/ORT HIS POSITION BY PORTRAY+ HIM AS A BELIEV] 9 9DEP5D5T COMMUNITIES1 :]EAS HE SPECIFICALLY >GUES = REGIONAL 9TEGRATION4 ,BUT ?IS IS EXACTLY ! CONTRADICTION ,I WAS TRY+ TO BR+ \T 9 MY REVIEW4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ,MURRAY OPPOSES ALL BUT 0FACE-TO-FACE0 GR\PS AS 0M$IAT$40 7,?IS IS ! BASIS ( HIS CRITIQUE ( WORK]S' C\NCILS47 ,ON ! O!R H&1 HE SAYS HE DOES NOT BELIEVE 9 AUT>*IC COMMUNITIES1 BUT 9 REGIONAL 9TEGRATION4 ,:5EV] HE FEELS ACCUS$ ( BELIEV+ 9 ONE SIDE ( ?IS CONTRADICTION1 HE PO9TS TO HIS /ATEM5TS 9 FAVOR ( ! O!R4 ,BUT BY HIS [N DEF9ITION ! TWO >E MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE3 Y\ CANNOT HAVE L>GE-SCALE COOP]ATION )\T 0M$IAT$0 RELATIONS4 ,I HAD HOP$ ,MURRAY W\LD CLE> UP ?IS C5TRAL AMBIGUITY ( HIS APPROA* 9 REPLY+ TO MY REVIEW2 ,I /ILL HOPE HE WILL DO SO ELSE:]E4 

,MURRAY SAYS ,I MAKE HIM APPE> TO ADVOCATE A SOCIETY 9 :I* A FULLY AUTOMATIC TE*NOLOGY W\LD TURN \T ALL NE$$ PRODUCTS & PEOPLE W\LD SIMPLY COLLECT !M4 ,MURRAY PO9TS \T ?AT 9 FACT HE CONSID]S SU* A /ATE ( AFFAIRS SOME?+ TO BE AVOID$4 ,READ]S ( MY REVIEW WILL RECALL1 H[EV]1 ?AT ,I NEV] SAID HE ADVOCAT$ SU* A ?+2 9DE$1 ?AT WAS NOT EV5 ! ISSUE4 ,! ISSUE WAS HIS BELIEF ?AT ?IS IS ONE ( ! SOCIAL OPTIONS MADE POSSIBLE BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,IF ,MURRAY DOESN'T BELIEVE IT IS POSSIBLE1 :Y DOES HE MAKE SU* A PO9T ( W>N+ AGA9/ IT8 ,?IS IS :AT ,MURRAY CALLS C>RY+ ! >T ( 0SELECTIVE QUOTATION0 TO ! PO9T ?AT IT V]GES ON 0LY+ 9 ONE'S TEE?40 

,I MADE :AT ,I ?\<T W]E SOME RA!R COMMONS5SE CRITICISMS ( ,MURRAY'S EXPECTATIONS = TE*NOLOGY4 ,I ?\<T 9 HIS REPLY HE MI<T TRY TO CORRECT ME1 DRAW+ ON HIS CONSID]ABLE KN[L$GE4 ,9/EAD HE PROMISES /ILL FUR!R M>VELS3 0,! AM\NT ( MAT]IAL ,I HAVE AMASS$ ON ECOTE*NOLOGIES ALONE 444 W\LD BOGGLE ,J]EMY'S RA!R LIMIT$ IMAG9ATION40 ,I AM READY TO HAVE MY IMAG9ATION BOGGL$1 BUT ,I HOPE ! NEW M>VELS >E SOME:AT MORE CONV9C+ ?AN ! LA/ BAT*4 

,MURRAY SEEMS TO MAKE A BASIC *ANGE 9 HIS APPROA* :5 HE /ATES ?AT HE DOESN'T BELIEVE ?AT ! 0MIDDLE CLASSES0 >E 0MORE OPPRESS$ ?AN ! WORK]S40 ,9 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM1 9 CONTRA/1 HE /ATES ?AT CAPITALISM 0T5DS TO DEGRADE !M MORE ABJECTLY ?AN ANY O!R /RATUM 9 SOCIETY40 ,I HOPE HE WILL CL>IFY HIS VIEW1 & :E!R HE HAS *ANG$ IT1 AT SOME FUTURE PO9T4 

,AS = ! MATT] ( 0,GEI/10 ! QUE/ION IS NOT :E!R ONE BELIEVES 9 IT1 BUT :]E IT COMES FROM4 ,PANNEKOEK'S CONCEPTION ( ! 0SPIRITUAL0 TRANS=MATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS ROOT$ V]Y EXPLICITLY 9 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( WORK]S TO EA* O!R & TO CAPITAL4 7,9DE$1 ,I AM SURPRIS$ TO SEE ,MURRAY'S ADVICE TO LE>N FROM ,PANNEKOEK ON ?IS PO9T1 S9CE ,I HAVE ALWAYS CONSID]$ HIM IF ANY?+ TOO ME*ANICAL 9 HIS VIEW ( H[ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS PRODUCE WORK+ CLASS 0,GEI/407 ,IT IS JU/ ! LACK ( ?IS K9D ( GR\ND+ 9 ! ACTUAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE ?AT ,I >GU$ ,MURRAY'S !ORY LACKS4 ,9/EAD ( TRY+ TO DEAL ) ?IS CRITICISM1 H[EV]1 ,MURRAY SIMPLY CALLS ! CRITICISM 0,M>XI/0 & !RE=E BAD4 

,?R\<\T ,MURRAY'S PIECE ,I HAD ! ODD S5SATION ?AT HE WAS REALLY ATTACK+ SOMEONE ELSE1 NOT ME4 ,I AM NOT N[1 NOR HAVE ,I EV] BE51 AN OR?ODOX1 NEO-1 ,LUKACIAN1 OR ,GRAMSCIAN ,M>XI/4 ,F> FROM HAV+ /OOD ALO( FROM ! RADICAL MOVEM5T & CULTURE ( ! #a#i#fS 9 SOME PRESUM$ ,M>XI/ SCORN1 ,I HAVE BE5 AN ACTIVE P>TICIPANT 9 MO/ ( ITS PHASES2 IT CON/ITUT$ MY BASIC POLITICAL EXP]I5CE4 ,BUT JU/ AS ,MURRAY ?9KS WE MU/ 0TRANSC5D0 ,M>XISM 9 ! S5SE ( 9CORPORAT+ ! BE/ ( IT & GO+ FUR!R 7A ?\<T ) :I* ,I :OLEHE>T$LY AGREE71 SO ,I ?9K WE HAVE TO TRANSC5D ?AT MOVEM5T 9 JU/ ! SAME WAY4 ,MY REVIEW WAS 9 P>T AN ATTEMPT TO />T ?AT PROCESS4 ,I DO NOT DESCRIBE ,MURRAY AS A CRYPTO-NATURALI/ OR *>GE HIM ) ADVOCAT+ AN UPRIS+ ON ! ,L[] ,EA/ ,SIDE2 ON ! CONTR>Y ,I 9DICAT$ ?AT HE DIFF]5TIATES HIMSELF FROM ! ANTI-TE*NOLOGI/S1 & SPECIFICALLY PRAIS$ HIM = RECOGNIZ+ ?AT NO REVOLUTION IS POSSIBLE 9 ! ,U4,S4 )\T ! P>TICIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,F> FROM D5Y+ ?AT PEOPLE *ANGE !MSELVES & !IR RELATION%IPS AS !Y *ANGE !IR SOCIETY -- ,I ASSUME ?IS IS :AT ,MURRAY MEANS BY ! 0NEW SELF0 -- ,I WROTE A BOOK REC5TLY ) ?IS AS ! C5TRAL !ME4 ,F> FROM BELIEV+ ?AT !RE HAS BE5 LITTLE *ANGE 9 WORK]'S CONSCI\SNESS S9CE ! #a#h#fS1 ,I AM CURR5TLY WORK+ ON A BOOK :OSE AIM IS TO %[ H[ WORK]'S ATTITUDES >E *ANG+ & :Y4 ,! ONLY FUNCTION ,I CAN SEE = ! *>ICATURE ,MURRAY HAS DRAWN ( ME IS TO RE9=CE HIS CONT5TION ?AT MY QUE/IONS NE$ NOT BE TAK5 S]I\SLY4 ,SU* AD HOM9EM >GUM5T IS AGA9 GOOD DEBAT+ TACTICS1 BUT NOT TOO HELPFUL 9 GETT+ \T ( ?IS S9K WE LIVE 9 9TO SOME K9D ( DEC5T SOCIETY4 

  

.<#a.> ,IT IS A BIT UNN]V+ TO HE> HIM DEF5D ,A!NS AGA9/ ! *>GE ( BE+ 0A SLAVE ECONOMY :I* BUILT ITS CIVILIZATION & G5]\S HUMANI/IC \TLOOK ON ! BACKS ( HUMAN *ATTELS 4440 ,ONE MI<T EXPECT A REVOLUTION>Y TO WOND] H[ ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY LOOK$ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( A SLAVE4 

.<#b.> ,IT SEEMS ?AT NO ONE IS SO UNHAPPY AS ! POOR LITTLE RI* KID4 ,! SOLUTION TO ! MIS]Y ( ! PRIVILEG$1 H[EV]1 CAN BE F\ND )\T RESORT TO REVOLUTION IF ,BOOK*9 IS CORRECT4 ,ALL ?AT IS NE$$ IS TO 5LI<T5 ! UNPRIVILEG$ WORK]S AB\T ! MIS]IES ( ! AFFLU5T1 & ,I CONFID5TLY PR$ICT ?AT /REAMS ( WORK]S WILL /EP =W>D ( !IR [N FREE WILL TO TAKE ON !MSELVES ! BURD5 ( !SE FALSE 0PRIVILEGES10 RELIEV+ ! MIDDLE CLASSES ( !IR PA9 & ALL[+ !M TO OCCUPY ! WORK]S'S PLACE 9 ! FACTORY1 SECURE 9 ?AT HAPPY ORGAN ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,9 !IR NEW-F\ND LEISURE & MIS]Y1 ! WORK]S MI<T !N EV5 EXP]I5CE ! 0EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION0 ( !IR PSY*ES :I* W\LD MAKE !M AT LONG LA/ RIPE = REVOLUTION4 

.<#c.> ,P]HAPS HE MEANS 09T]E/S AS WORK]S0 AS CONTRA/$ ) 09T]E/S AS HUMAN BE+S40 ,P]HAPS HE MEANS ?AT ! 9T]E/S 9 FRE$OM1 PL5TIFUL GOODS & S]VICES1 SELF-DIRECTION1 ETC41 >E 09T]E/S AS HUMANS0 RA!R ?AN 09T]E/S AS WORK]S40 ,BUT !N ALL 9T]E/S W\LD BE 09T]E/S AS HUMANS0 & ! CONCEPT ( 09T]E/S ( MEMB]S ( A CLASS0 W\LD BE MEAN+LESS4 ,I W\LD MA9TA91 H[EV]1 ?AT ! CONCEPT ( ! COMMON 9T]E/S ( A CLASS IS EXTREMELY USEFUL1 S9CE GR\PS ( 9DIVIDUALS DO 9 FACT HAVE COMMON 9T]E/S GR[+ \T ( A COMMON SITUATION 9 SOCIETY :I* DIFF]S FROM ?AT ( O!R GR\PS4 ,!IR 9T]E/S >E ( C\RSE 0HUMAN0 9 ?AT !Y >E ! 9T]E/S ( HUMAN BE+S -- BUT DECID$LY NOT 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y >E ! 9T]E/S ( ALL HUMAN BE+S4 

.<#d.> ,BOOK*9 MAKES A TELL+ CRITIQUE ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T2 IT IS UN=TUNATE ?AT HE HAS P]PETUAT$ ! TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ HABIT ( HOLD+ ,M>X RESPONSIBLE = ! S9S ( ALL ?OSE :O W\LD SPEAK 9 HIS NAME4 ,?IS IS EXACTLY AS FAIR AS ! TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ HABIT ( PORTRAY+ AN>*ISM AS NO?+ BUT ! IRRATIONAL BOMB ?R[+ OCCASIONALLY P]PETRAT$ 9 ITS NAME4 ,! 5TIRE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T HAS BE5 WEAK5$ = A C5TURY BY ! IRRESPONSIBILITY ( BO? SIDES 9 ?IS DEBATE2 BO? HAVE SY/EMATICALLY DI/ORT$ EA* O!RS' POSITIONS4 ,HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE1 F> FROM V9DICAT+ EI!R P>TY1 HAS %[N ?AT EA* WAS WEAKE/ PRECISELY :]E IT FAIL$ TO LE>N FROM ! O!R4 ,SURELY WE CAN N[ =EGOE ! /]ILE POLEMICS & SYN!SIZE ! 9SI<TS ( BO? TRADITIONS4 

.<#e.> ,IT ALSO CURI\SLY P>ALLELS ,L59'S VIEW ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS IS UNABLE TO FI<T = ANY?+ BEYOND GA9S )9 CAPITALISM1 UNLESS A REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS IS BR\<T TO IT BY ! MORE 5LI<T5$ MIDDLE CLASS REVOLUTION>IES1 :O HAVE REJECT$ MIDDLE CLASS SOCIETY & JO9$ ! SELF-PROCLAIM$ BE>]S ( 0REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS40 

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