,PREFACE TO ! ,BOOK ,SOCIETY & ,MO!RHOOD 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI3 
,SELECT$ ,>TICLES & ,SPEE*ES1 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#h#d2 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 ,SOCIETY & ,MO!RHOOD1 ,PETROGRAD1 #a#i#a#f1 PP4 #c-#a#h1 ABRIDG$2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 ,SALLY ,RYAN = M>XI/S4ORG1 #b2 
,PRO($3 & CORRECT$ BY ,*RIS ,CLAYTON #b#f4 

,KOLLONTAI BEGAN WORK ON H] BOOK ,SOCIETY & ,MO!RHOOD LONG BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 AFT] ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC FACTION 9 ! ,?IRD ,/ATE ,DUMA REQUE/$ H] TO WRITE A SECTION ON MAT]NITY 9SURANCE TO BE 9CLUD$ 9 DRAFT LEGISLATION ON LABOR 9SURANCE4 ,BY ! BEG9N+ ( #aiad ! WORK WAS COMPLET$ & GIV5 TO ! ,/ ,PET]SBURG PUBLI%+ H\SE ,ZHIZN I ,ZNANIYE 7,LIFE & ,KN[L$GE71 RUN BY ! ,BOL%EVIK HI/ORIAN & WRIT]1 ,VLADIMIR ,DMITRIYEVI* ,BON*-,BRUYEVI*4 ,IT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#a#f4 ,! BOOK IS ALMO/ #fe PAGES LONG & IS DIVID$ 9TO TWO SECTIONS4 ,! FIR/ SECTION DEALS ) ! MA9 ISSUES 9VOLV$3 ! REASONS = /ATE MAT]NITY 9SURANCE1 ! CAUSES ( ! FALL+ BIR?-RATE1 ! EFFECTS ( ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ( FEMALE LABOR ON 9FANT MORTALITY1 ! TYPES & =MS ( MAT]NITY 9SURANCE4 ,9 A VOLUM9\S APP5DIX1 ! AU?OR QUOTES ! MAT]NITY 9SURANCE LAWS ( #ad C\NTRIES1 ! RESOLUTIONS ADOPT$ ON ?IS SUBJECT AT CONF]5CES ( WOM5 SOCIALI/S1 A WIDE RANGE ( /ATI/ICAL MAT]IAL1 & A L>GE BIBLIOGRAPHY :I* 9CLUDES REF]5CE S\RCES 9 SIX ,EUROPEAN LANGUAGES4 

,AMONG ! NUM]\S PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY CONTEMPOR>Y REALITY !RE 
IS PROBABLY NONE MORE IMPORTANT = MANK9D1 NONE MORE VITAL & 
URG5T ?AN ! PROBLEM ( MO!RHOOD CREAT$ BY ! 
L>GE-SCALE CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,! PROBLEM ( 
PROTECT+ & PROVID+ = ! MO!R & Y\NG *ILD IS ONE 
?AT FACES SOCIAL POLITICIANS1 KNOCKS REL5TLESSLY AT ! DOOR 
( ! /ATESMAN1 5GAGES ! HEAL? & HYGI5E SPECIALI/S1 
CONC]NS ! SOCIAL /ATI/ICIAN1 HAUNTS ! REPRES5TATIVE 
( ! WORK+ CLASS & WEI<S D[N ON ! %\LD]S ( T5S ( 
MILLIONS ( MO!RS COMPELL$ TO E>N !IR [N LIV+4 

,SIDE BY SIDE ) ! PROBLEM ( SEX & M>RIAGE1 5VELOP$ 9 ! POETICAL LANGUAGE ( ! PSY*OLOGICAL SUFF]+1 9SOLUBLE DIFFICULTIES & UNSATISFI$ NE$S ( NOBLE S\LS1 !RE IS ALWAYS TO BE F\ND ! MAJE/IC & TRAGIC FIGURE ( MO!RHOOD WE>ILY C>RY+ H] HEAVY BURD54 ,NEO-MAL?USIANS1 SOCIAL-RE=M]S & PHILAN?ROPI/S HAVE ALL HA/5$ TO PROVIDE !IR [N P>TICUL> SOLUTION TO ?IS ?ORNY PROBLEM1 & ALL S+ ! PRAISES ( !IR [N ME?OD ( RE/OR+ P>ADISE LO/ TO MO!RS & BABIES4 

,MEAN:ILE ! NUMB] ( *ILDR5'S CORPSES GR[S & GR[S1 & 
! UNRULY BIR? RATE1 9/EAD ( 'S5SIBLY' RIS+ TO ! LEVEL 
?AT W\LD MEET ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! /ATE1 REVEALS AN 
UNPLEASANT T5D5CY TO /EADY DECL9E4 ,! PROSP]ITY ( 
NATIONAL 9DU/RY & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATIONAL ECONOMY 
DEP5D UPON A CON/ANT SUPPLY ( FRE% LABOR2 ! MILIT>Y 
MI<T ( ! NATION IS 5SUR$ BY ! CONT9UAL 9CREASE 9 ! 
ABLE-BODI$ MALE POPULATION4 ,:AT %\LD BE DONE IF ! 
POPULATION GR[? NOT ONLY DIM9I%ES ) EV]Y DECADE BUT1 AS 
IS ! CASE 9 ,FRANCE1 REPEAT$LY DROPS BEL[ REPLACEM5T LEVEL8 
,DI/URB$ BY !SE WORRY+ SYMPTOMS1 ! /ATE AU?ORITIES 9 
ONE C\NTRY AFT] ANO!R >E JO9+ ! RANKS ( ! DEF5D]S 
( Y\NG *ILDR5 & >E TURN+ TO A PR9CIPLE ALI5 9 SPIRIT 
TO ! MOD]N ORD]  -  ! PR9CIPLE ( 
/ATE MAT]NITY 9SURANCE1 A PR9CIPLE 9 %>P CONTRADICTION ) ! PRES5T SOCIAL /RUCTURE AS ! LATT] UND]M9ES ! BASIS ( M>RIAGE & VIOLATES ! FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTS ( PRIVATE-FAMILY RI<TS & RELATION%IPS4 ,H[EV]1 IF1 9 ! NAME ( 'HI<]' CONSID]ATIONS ( /ATE & UND] ! PRESSURE ( NECESSITY1 ! /ATE AU?ORITIES HAVE BE5 COMPELL$ TO ADVANCE & IMPLEM5T A MEASURE SO AT ODDS ) ! PREVAIL+ SPIRIT ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! B\RGEOIS WORLD1 AT ! O!R 5D ( ! SOCIAL SCALE1 AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! PR9CIPLE ( PROVID+ = & PROTECT+ MO!R & *ILD IS WELCOM$ ) 5?USIASM & SYMPA?Y4 

,! DEM& ?AT ! SOCIAL COLLECTIVE 7! COMMUNITY7 PROVIDE 
MAT]NITY 9SURANCE & *ILD PROTECTION WAS BORN ( ! 
IMM$IATE & VITAL NE$S ( ! CLASS ( HIR$ WORK]S4 ,( ALL 
! /RATA ( SOCIETY1 ?IS CLASS IS ! ONE :I* MO/ REQUIRES 
?AT A SOLUTION BE F\ND TO ! PA9FUL CONFLICT BETWE5 
COMPULSORY PR(ESSIONAL LABOR BY WOM5 & !IR DUTIES AS 
REPRES5TATIVES ( !IR SEX1 AS MO!RS4 ,FOLL[+ A P[]FUL 
CLASS 9/9CT RA!R ?AN A CLE>LY UND]/OOD IDEA1 ! 
WORK+ CLASS /ROVE TO F9D A WAY ( RESOLV+ ?IS 
CONFLICT4 

,IT WAS ONLY FEEL+ ITS WAY =W>D1 & DID NOT IMM$IATELY *OOSE ! RI<T PA?1 BUT NONE!LESS IT WAS )\T D\BT ! ORGANIZ$ SECTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS ?AT CALL$ = ! DEF5SE ( MO!RHOOD :5 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( O!R CLASSES W]E /ILL D5Y+ ! EXI/5CE ( ! V]Y PROBLEM1 & :5 ! MEASURES SUGGE/$ TO SOLVE IT W]E LOOK$ UPON AS *ILDI% UTOPIANISM4 ,AS E>LY AS ! FIR/ CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! LATE #a#h#fS1 ! SOCIALI/S RAIS$ ! QUE/ION ( ! PROTECTION ( WOM5 WORK]S AS MO!RS & REPRES5TATIVES ( !IR SEX4 ,S9CE !N ! ORGANIZ$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS HAVE CON/ANTLY RETURN$ TO ?IS QUE/ION4 ,! MEASURES ORIG9ALLY PROPOS$ BY ! WORK]S W]E1 IT IS TRUE1 SOME:AT 9CONSI/5T & CONTRADICTORY1 & DID NOT CORRESPOND TO ! BASIC T5D5CIES )9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,H[EV]1 AS ! CLOSE L9K BETWE5 ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T & ! TR5D ( 9CREAS+ FEMALE PR(ESSIONAL LABOR BECAME CLE>]1 ! BASIC DEM&S ( MALE & FEMALE WORK]S ON ?IS ISSUE W]E GRADUALLY DEF9$4 

,! DEM&S AT PRES5T BE+ PUT =W>D BY SOCIALI/S = ! 
PROTECTION ( & PROVISION = MO!R & *ILD >E FULLY 9 
ACCORD ) ! OV]ALL TASKS ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,! 
EVOLUTION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS IS CLE>LY DEMON/RAT+ ?AT 9 
?IS >EA ! DOM9ANT TR5D IS T[>DS ! TRANSF] TO ! 
SOCIAL COLLECTIVE 7COMMUNITY7 ( ?OSE TASKS & DUTIES ?AT 
HI!RTO W]E CONSID]$ TO BE ! 9ALI5ABLE FUNCTIONS ( ! 
MEMB]S ( 9DIVIDUAL FAMILIES4 

,?US IT HAS COME AB\T ?AT1 APPROA*+ ?IS ISSUE FROM DIFF]5T PO9TS ( VIEW & BAS+ !MSELVES ON DIFF]5T REASONS1 BO? ! /ATE AU?ORITIES ON ! ONE H& & ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES ON ! O!R HAVE >RIV$ AT ONE & ! SAME CONCLUSION1 NAMELY ! NE$ = /ATE PROTECTION & PROVISION = MO!RHOOD4 ,! DIFF]5CE ( OP9ION ?AT N[ EXI/S CONC]NS NOT ! RECOGNITION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( MAT]NITY 9SURANCE1 AS WAS ! CASE UNTIL FAIRLY REC5TLY1 BUT RA!R ! APPLICATION ( ?IS SOCIO-POLITICAL MEASURE1 ITS SCOPE & IMPLEM5TATION4 ,EV5 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES ?AT HAVE ALREADY TAK5 ! FIR/ /EPS T[>DS PROVID+ MAT]NITY 9SURANCE1 ! /ATE AU?ORITIES >E SEEK+ TO LIMIT !MSELVES TO ! M9IMUM1 MAK+ CONCESSION AFT] CONCESSION TO A DISAPPROV+ B\RGEOIS WORLD4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E DEM&+ RADICAL MEASURES & >E SUBJECT+ TO M]CILESS CRITICISM ! 9ADEQUATE RE=MS 9TRODUC$ BY ! PRES5T GOV]NM5TS1 :O >E ATTEMPT+ TO DEF5D ! MO!R & *ILD ) ONE >M1 :ILE UPHOLD+ ) ! O!R ! V]Y SY/EM ( EXPLOIT$ HIR$ LABOR :I* LEADS TO ! DE/RUCTION ( BO?4 

,! QUE/ION ( PROTECT+ & PROVID+ = MO!RHOOD VIA 
/ATE 9SURANCE IS ONE ?AT >OSE ONLY REC5TLY4 ,MOREOV]1 ONE 
( ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC FEATURES ( ?IS SOCIAL MEASURE IS 
?AT1 H]E1 PRACTICE PREC$$ !ORY4 ,! FIR/ /EP TO PROTECT 
! MO!R BY LEGISLATION WAS TAK5 9 ,SWITZ]L& 9 #a#h#g#h1 :5 
AN EI<T-WEEK MAT]NITY LEAVE = ! WORK+ MO!R WAS MADE 
COMPULSORY4 ,/ATE MAT]NITY 9SURANCE FIR/ BEGAN 9 ,G]MANY 
:51 9 #a#h#h#c1 A SPECIAL CLAUSE ON ASSI/ANCE = NURS+ 
MO!RS WAS 9CLUD$ 9 ! LAW ON HEAL? 9SURANCE4 ,NEI!R ( 
!SE MEASURES WAS DICTAT$ PRIM>ILY BY HUMANIT>IAN 
CONSID]ATIONS OR ! 9T]E/S ( WORK+ MO!RS4 ,!Y W]E 
BO? PROMPT$ BY ! SAME PH5OM5A1 :I* = ! FIR/ TIME 
W]E CAUS+ CONC]N AMONG /ATE AU?ORITIES3 ! HORRIFIC LEVEL 
( 9FANT MORTALITY 9 9DU/RIAL >EAS 7IT HAD REA*$ #fe P] 
C5T 9 ! 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS ( ,G]MANY BY ! #a#h#gS71 & 
! GR[+ %ORTAGE ( >MY RECRUITS4 

,H[EV]1 :ILE ! /ATE AU?ORITIES W]E TAK+ ! FIR/ PRACTICAL /EPS T[>DS PROTECTION & PROVISION = MO!R & *ILD1 !Y1 TOGE!R ) ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! B\RGEOIS WORLD1 W]E DR[N+ ) !IR CRIES ( DISAPPROVAL ! FIR/ APO/LES ( ! CONCEPT ( COMPREH5SIVE MAT]NITY 
9SURANCE1 SU* VISION>Y PHILAN?ROPI/S AS ,JULES ,SIMON1 ,FELIX ,P\SS9EAU1 ! FAM\S ,FR5* GYNECOLOGI/ ,ADOLPHE ,P9>D1 ! !ORETICIANS ,L\IS ,FRANK 9 ,BELGIUM & ,PAUL9A ,S*IFF 9 ,ITALY1 ,ELL5 ,KEY 9 ,SW$5 &1 LAT]1 ,RU? ,BRE 9 ,G]MANY1 ALL ( :OM ADVANC$ ?IS IDEA 9 ! NAME ( 'HUMANITY' & 'JU/ICE'1 9 ! NAME ( ! HEAL? & VIABILITY ( ! NATION1 9 ! NAME ( ! REASS]TION ( ! OLDE/ ( WOM5'S RI<TS  -  ! RI<T TO MO!RHOOD4 ,:ILE GIV+ WAY TO NECESSITY1 ! /ATE AU?ORITIES ATTEMPT$ = SOME TIME TO PRES]VE \TW>D DECORUM & TO GIVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! PRACTICAL RECOGNITION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( MAT]NITY 9SURANCE 9 NO WAY CONTRADICT$ ! 9VIOLABILITY ( ! PRIVATE FAMILY UNIT4 ,?US GOV]NM5TS CON/ANTLY EMPHASIZ$ ?AT PROVISION = NURS+ MO!RS IS NOT A MAT]NITY PAYM5T1 BUT SIMPLY A PAYM5T MADE DUR+ 5=C$ UNEMPLOYM5T4 

,DESPITE !IR 9CONSI/5CY1 ! /ATE AU?ORITIES >E BE+ 
COMPELL$ 9 PRACTICE TO MOVE FUR!R & FUR!R ALONG ! ROAD 
( /ATE PROTECTION & PROVISION = MO!RS4 ,:]EAS1 ONLY 
SOME TW5TY YE>S AGO1 ! IDEA ( /ATE MAT]NITY 9SURANCE WAS 
LOOK$ UPON AS UTOPIANISM1 N[ SU* 9SURANCE IS A PRACTICAL 
REALITY 9CLUD$ AMONG ! URG5T SOCIO-POLITICAL TASKS FAC+ 
ANY 'F>-SI<T$' GOV]NM5T4 

,ALL ?OSE MEASURES TO PROTECT & PROVIDE = MO!R & *ILD :I* >E N[ BE+ IMPLEM5T$ BY ! AU?ORITIES ) EXTREME CAUTION & CIRCUMSPECTION >E1 ( C\RSE1 V]Y F> FROM ADEQUATE4 ,!Y >E1 AS YET1 NO?+ MORE ?AN ! FIR/ UNC]TA9 /EPS ON ! LONG & DIFFICULT PA? ?AT LEADS TO ! REALIZATION ( ! IDEAL3 ! TRANSF] ( ! TASK ( C>+ = ! NEW G5]ATION1 SO PRECI\S TO MANK9D1 FROM ! %\LD]S ( PRIVATE1 9DIVIDUAL P>5TS TO ! :OLE COMMUNITY4 ,:AT HAS BE5 DONE SO F> 9 ?IS >EA IS NO?+ MORE ?AN ! PROCLAMATION & RECOGNITION ( ! PR9CIPLE  -  BUT ?IS ITSELF IS ( MAJOR IMPORTANCE & BR+S ) IT MANY IMPLICATIONS4 

,OV] ! LA/ T5 YE>S1 I4E41 9 ! FIR/ DECADE ( ! #b? 
C5TURY1 AN IMPORTANT /EP =W>D HAS BE5 TAK5 ON ! 
QUE/ION ( MAT]NITY 9SURANCE4 ,9 REC5T YE>S ?IS ISSUE HAS 
NOT ONLY BE5 RAIS$ AT WORK]S' CONGRESSES1 BUT HAS ALSO COME 
TO ! ATT5TION ( ! BROAD PUBLIC & >\S$ 9T]E/ AMONG 
PUBLIC HYGI5E EXP]TS & PHYSICIANS1 /ATI/ICIANS & SOCIAL 
POLITICIANS4 ,9 A NUMB] ( C\NTRIES IT HAS REMA9$ CON/ANTLY 
ON ! P>LIAM5T>Y AG5DA4 ,IT PROVOK$ HEAT$ DEBATE 9 ! 
,G]MAN ,REI*/AG 7! #a#i#a-#a#i#a#a SESSION71 :ILE ! ,FR5* 
,ASSEMBLY & ,S5ATE HAVE DISCUSS$ ! QUE/ION SEV]AL TIMES 
DUR+ REC5T YE>S 7#a#i#h-#a#i#a#c71 & ! ,5GLI% ,P>LIAM5T 
T\*$ UPON IT DUR+ ! DEBATE ( ! NATIONAL 9SURANCE BILL 7#a#i#i & #a#i#a#c74 ,IT HAS BE5 DEBAT$ 9 ! ,ITALIAN P>LIAM5T 7#a#i#e-#a#i#a71 9 ! ,SWISS ,F$]AL ,ASSEMBLY 7#a#i#f-#a#i#a#a71 ! ,AU/RIAN P>LIAM5T 7#a#i#i-#a#i#a#c71 9 ! ,NORWEGIAN ,/ORT+ 7#a#i#i-#a#i#a#a71 9 ! NATIONAL P>LIAM5TS ( ,SW$51 ,F9L& ,RUMANIA & ,S]BIA1 & AT ! ,?IRD ,/ATE ,DUMA 9 ,RUSSIA DUR+ ! ELABORATION ( LEGISLATION ON HEAL? 9SURANCE 7#a#i#i-#a#i#a#b74 ,! RESULT HAS BE5 ! 9TRODUCTION ( /ATE 9SURANCE = NURS+ MO!RS 9 EI<T ,EUROPEAN /ATES 7,ITALY1 ,FRANCE1 ,NORWAY1 ,SWITZ]L&1 ,RUSSIA1 ,RUMANIA1 ,5GL&1 & ,S]BIA-,BOSNIA-,H]ZEGOV9A7 & ,AU/RALIA1 & ALSO ! EXT5SION ( 9SURANCE LEGISLATION COV]+ WORK+ MO!RS 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES ?AT HAD ALREADY 9TRODUC$ ?IS =M ( SOCIAL 9SURANCE 7,G]MANY1 ,AU/RIA1 ,HUNG>Y & ,LUXEMB\RG74 

,NONE!LESS1 DESPITE ! 9DISPUTABLE SIGNS ( GR[+ 9T]E/ 
9 ! QUE/ION ( PROVID+ = MO!R & *ILD1 ?IS TASK1 
:I* IS ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE = ! /ATE1 IS /ILL 
RECEIV+ TOO LITTLE ATT5TION EV5 9 C\NTRIES :I* >E 
LEAD+ ! WAY 9 T]MS ( SOCIAL LEGISLATION4 ,! /ATE 
AU?ORITIES >E DO+ ALL !Y CAN TO LIMIT !MSELVES TO 
RE=MS 9 ! N>R[ SPH]E ( DIRECT PROTECTION = NURS+ 
MO!RS1 LEAV+ ! WORK+ MO!R TO SP5D ! RE/ ( H] 
LIFE SUBJECT$ TO PRECISELY ?OSE DELET]I\S LIV+ & WORK+ 
CONDITIONS :I* R5D] NORMAL MO!RHOOD IMPOSSIBLE4 ,:AT IS 
MORE1 ! QUE/ION ( PROVISION & PROTECTION = MO!R & 
*ILD IS AN ASPECT ( SOCIAL POLICY :I* CANNOT BE >BITR>ILY 
SEP>AT$ (F FROM O!R1 CLOSELY RELAT$ RE=MS AFFECT+ ! 
LABOR & LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,WILL ! 
MO!R & *ILD GA9 ANY SIGNIFICANT B5EFIT FROM ! 
9TRODUCTION ( RELATIVELY COMPREH5SIVE PROTECTION IF ! 
WORK+ WOMAN IS SUBJECT$ = ! RE/ ( ! TIME TO 
UNRE/RICT$ EXPLOITATION BY CAPITAL1 IF H] WORK+ DAY IS SO 
LONG AS TO SAP H] /R5G?1 & ! :OLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS 
EXI/S P]MAN5TLY ON ! $GE ( />VATION8 

,IF ! PROBLEM ( PROTECTION & PROVISION = MO!R & *ILD IS TO RECEIVE A SOLUTION ?AT IS 9 ANY WAY SATISFACTORY1 ?IS CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ BY ! SIMULTANE\S 9TRODUCTION ( A COMPLEX SY/EM ( RADICAL F9ANCIAL & ECONOMIC RE=MS1 :I* ALL /ATE AU?ORITIES >E SO RELUCTANT TO ACCEPT4 ,! RUL+ CIRCLES PREF] TO /RET* \T !IR PROTECT+ >M TO ! WOMAN ( ! WORK+ CLASS ONLY AT ! MOM5T :5 %E IS PROVID+ ! /ATE ) A NEW MEMB]1 :ILE = ! RE/ ( ! TIME IT LEAVES H] 9 ! GRIP ( M]CILESS EXPLOITATION BY CAPITAL4 ,?IS SAME MI/AKE IS REPEAT$ BY ! SOCIAL-RE=M]S :5 !Y 
SUGGE/ ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ISOLAT$ SOLUTIONS TO ! PROBLEM ( MO!RHOOD1 REJECT+ ALL ?OSE FUNDAM5TAL DEM&S ADVANC$ BY ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS 9 BEHALF ( ! WORK+ WOMAN BO? AS A MEMB] ( ! WORK+ CLASS & AS ! BE>] ( ! FUTURE1 AS A MO!R4 

,PROTECTION & PROVISION = MO!R & *ILD CON/ITUTE AN 
9TEGRAL P>T ( ! TOTAL NETWORK ( SOCIAL RE=MS 9DICAT$ 
BY ! WORK+ CLASS1 & ?IS IS ! *IEF M]IT ( ?OSE 
MEASURES TO PROTECT MO!RS PROPOS$ BY ! 
,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS4 ,!SE MEASURES MAKE UP1 AS IT W]E1 
CONSECUTIVE RUNGS 9 ! LADD] :I* LEADS TO ! IDEAL-AIM 
?AT BECKONS US TO FOLL[ 9 PURSUIT - ! COMPREH5SIVE SOLUTION 
( ! PROBLEM ( MO!RHOOD4 ,?IS PROBLEM IS CLOSELY B\ND UP 
) BASIC CLASS OBJECTIVES & CANNOT BE SOLV$ IF ! ULTIMATE 
AIM ( ?AT CLASS IS NOT REALIZ$4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS PRECISELY 
BECAUSE ! ISSUE ( MAT]NITY 9SURANCE CON/ITUTES AN 9TEGRAL 
P>T ( ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM & IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM IT1 IT 
IS PRECISELY BECAUSE ?IS PROBLEM AFFECTS AS NO O!R ! 
9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ?AT ONE CANNOT BUT BE SURPRIS$ 
?AT SOCIALI/ ?\<T HAS DONE SO LITTLE AS REG>DS ! 
!ORETICAL ELABORATION ( ! QUE/ION ( PROVISION = MO!RS 
& PROTECTION = Y\NG *ILDR54 ,!RE IS NO ISSUE ( 
SOCIAL POLICY SO SCANTILY REPRES5T$ 9 SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE 
AS ?IS FUNDAMETAL & COMPLEX ISSUE ( MO!RHOOD1 SO IMPORTANT 
= ! FUTURE4 

,PRACTICE HAS H]E1 ONCE AGA91 \T/RIPP$ !ORY1 & ! V]Y DEM&S MADE BY ! SOCIALI/S 9 ! SPH]E ( PROTECTION & PROVISION = MO!R & *ILD >E /ILL 9 ! PROCESS ( TAK+ %APE4 ,!RE IS AS YET NO WORK IMBU$ ) ! SPIRIT ( SOCIALISM :I* PROVIDES A S]I\S & 9 ANY WAY COMPREH5SIVE ANALYSIS ( ?IS SECTION ( ! WORK+-CLASS PROGRAM & EXAM9ES TO :AT EXT5T ! PRACTICAL MEASURES & DEM&S PUT =W>D CORRESPOND TO ! AIMS ( ! CLASS & ! 9T]E/S ( ! MOVEM5T1 & ?IS DESPITE ! FACT ?AT SU* A QUE/ION M]ITS MORE S]I\S ATT5TION ON ! P>T ( ?OSE :O REPRES5T ! CLASS ?AT IS MO/ AFFECT$ BY IT4 ,DOES NOT ?IS ISSUE T\* UPON ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL ESS5TIALS ( MOD]N SOCIETY8 ,DOES NOT DIRECTLY AFFECT ! FATE ( ! FAMILY8 ,DOES IT NOT ALT] ! V]Y NATURE ( M>ITAL RELATIONS8 ,DOES IT NOT CON/ITUTE AN IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 ! F\NDATIONS ( ! PROPOS$ FUTURE SOCIAL /RUCTURE8 ,IS IT NOT TIME TO CORRELATE ! DEM& = COMPREH5SIVE MAT]NITY 9SURANCE ) ! BASIC OBJECTIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 TO CLE>LY RECOGNIZE ! POSITION OCCUPI$ BY ?IS P>T ( ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM 9 ! TOTAL MAJE/IC PLAN ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION8 
,SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE /ILL DOES NOT PROVIDE A CLE>1 
!ORETICALLY SUB/ANTIAT$ ANSW] TO ! FOLL[+ IMPORTANT 
QUE/ION3 :I* ( ! EXI/+ =MS ( MAT]NITY 9SURANCE 
MO/ CORRESPONDS TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS & COMES 
CLOSE/ TO MEET+ ITS BASIC OBJECTIVES8 ,IS ! SPREAD ( ?AT 
=M ( MAT]NITY PROVISION :I* COMPRISES 9SURANCE = 
EXPECTANT & NURS+ MO!RS )9 ! HEAL? 9SURANCE SY/EM 
 - ! =M ADOPT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,G]MANY & TAK5 AS A 
MODEL BY MANY O!R GOV]NM5TS  -  9 FACT DESIRABLE FROM ! 
PO9T ( VIEW ( ! WORK]S8 ,%\LD IT NOT RA!R S]VE M]ELY 
AS A TRANSITIONAL /AGE 9 ! MOVE T[>DS A MORE COMPLETE1 A 
MORE COMPREH5SIVE SY/EM ( MAT]NITY PROVISION :I*1 9 VIEW 
( ! SCALE ( ! TASK ITSELF1 %\LD BECOME P>T (A SOCIAL 
9SURANCE SY/EM F\ND$ UPON A DIFF]5T PR9CIPLE8  

 ,! 
ANSW]S TO !SE QUE/IONS DEP5D ON ! WAY MAT]NITY 9SURANCE 
IS TO BE DEF9$ & ! ATTITUDE TO ! FUNCTION ( 
*ILD-BE>+4 ,!RE EXI/ ?REE DIFF]5T PO9TS ( VIEW ON 
?IS SUBJECT4 

,IF ONE ADOPTS ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! ,G]MAN LEGISLATORS & EQUATES GIV+ BIR? ) A PA?OLOGICAL PH5OM5ON1 AN ILLNESS RESULT+ 9 5=C$ UNEMPLOYM5T1 AGA9/ :I* ! WOMAN IS 9SUR$1 !N ! FACT ?AT MAT]NITY 9SURANCE & HEAL? 9SURANCE >E TREAT$ AS ONE APPE>S LOGICAL4 ,BUT DOES ?IS ID5TIFICATION MEET ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS8 ,& CAN ANY COMPREH5SIVE MAT]NITY PROVISIONS BE BR\<T )9 ! N>R[1 ALREADY CLE>LY DEF9$ FRAMEWORK ( HEAL? 9SURANCE8 ,! V]Y LEGISLATORS :O 9TRODUC$ ?IS ID5TIFICATION >E COMPELL$1 EV5 GIV5 ! PRES5T MODE/ SCALE ( MAT]NITY 9SURANCE1 TO GO BEYOND ! CONF9ES ( HEAL? 9SURANCE & APP5D SUPPLEM5T>Y P>AGRAPHS ON WORK+ MO!RS4 ,UNWILL+ TO RECOGNIZE MAT]NITY 9SURANCE AS AN 9DEP5D5T BRAN* ( SOCIAL 9SURANCE1 ! LEGISLATORS >E OPT+ = A MIDDLE PA? & CONV]T+ MAT]NITY PROVISION 9TO A FUNCTION ( ! HEAL? 9SURANCE SY/EM ?AT IS CONCEPTUALLY DI/9CT FROM ORD9>Y SICKNESS B5EFIT4 

,H[EV]1 !RE IS ANO!R VIEW ( MAT]NITY PROVISION SUPPORT$ 
MA9LY BY ! ,ROMANCE C\NTRIES3 MAT]NITY IS VIEW$ AS A 
P>TICUL> SOCIAL FUNCTION1 & ! ASSI/ANCE GIV5 TO ! 
WORK+ MO!R IS TREAT$ AS A REW>D = ! S]VICE 
?AT ! MO!R IS P]=M+ = ! /ATE4 ,SU* A PO9T ( 
VIEW RESULTS 9 ! =MULATION ( A DIFF]5T PR9CIPLE ( 
MAT]NITY 9SURANCE ?AT IS NOT CONNECT$ ) ILLNESS & 
5=C$ UNEMPLOYM5T1 & :I* MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO SEP>ATE 
(F MAT]NITY PROVISION AS A SPECIAL & 9DEP5D5T BRAN* ( 
9SURANCE4 ,IS ?IS VIEWPO9T ACCEPTABLE = ! WORK+ CLASS8 ,DOES IT MEET ! 9T]E/S ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,?IS IS ANO!R QUE/ION TO :I* NO DIRECT ANSW] IS TO BE F\ND 9 SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE4 

,F9ALLY !RE IS ! ?IRD VIEW ( MAT]NITY PROVISION AS ONE ( 
! MEANS ( LI<T5+ ! BURD5 ( MO!RHOOD = ! WOMAN 
WORK]1 AS A TRANSITIONAL /AGE ON ! WAY TO A SITUATION 9 
:I* CONC]N = ! NEW G5]ATION WILL CEASE TO LIE ) 
9DIVIDUALS & WILL BE H&$ OV] TO SOCIETY4 ,?AT ?IS LA/ 
VIEW COMES CLOSE/ TO MEET+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS 
CAN BE SE5 FROM ! FACT ?AT IT MO/ FULLY CORRESPONDS BO? TO 
! IDEAL ( ! FUTURE RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! SEXES & TO 
! MUTUAL OBLIGATIONS ( ! COMMUNITY & ! 9DIVIDUAL :I* 
>E TO UND]LIE A SOCIAL SY/EM BUILT UPON A DIFF]5T LABOR 
PR9CIPLE4 ,9 =MULAT+ ! SOCIAL MEASURES :I* >E DESIGN$ 
TO PROTECT MO!RHOOD1 ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS MU/ PROCE$ 
ON ! BASIS ( ?IS ULTIMATE IDEAL-AIM1 :I* PROMISES FULLY TO 
RESOLVE ! PROBLEM ( MO!RHOOD4 ,?IS FUNDAM5TAL PROPOSAL & 
IDEAL MU/ ALSO S]VE AS ! CRIT]ION :5 ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY IS 
*OOS+ BETWE5 DIFF]5T SY/EMS ( MAT]NITY 
9SURANCE4 

,H[EV]1 9 ORD] TO *OOSE CORRECTLY BETWE5 !SE =MS ( MAT]NITY PROVISION1 ONE MU/ C>EFULLY EXAM9E ! ?IRD ( ! PO9TS ( VIEW CIT$ ABOVE 9 ORD] TO JUDGE TO :AT EXT5T IT DOES1 9 FACT1 CORRESPOND TO ! G5]AL PLAN = ! FUTURE DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY & TO ?OSE SOCIALI/ IDEALS ?AT FOLL[ !REFROM4 

,?AT VIEW ( MAT]NITY 9SURANCE :I* SEES IT AS A MEASURE TO 
LI<T5 ! BURD5 ( MO!RHOOD = ! WORK+-CLASS WOMAN 
&1 AT ! SAME TIME1 AS A MEASURE 5C\RAG+ ! TRANSF] ( 
CONC]N = ! NEW G5]ATION FROM PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS 
7P>5TS7 TO ! COMMUNITY1 IS ACCEPTABLE ONLY IF ONE ADMITS 
?AT ! PRES5T =M ( ! FAMILY WILL 9EVITABLY COLLAPSE & 
DIS9TEGRATE 9 ! C\RSE ( ! FUTURE HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION ( 
SOCIETY4 ,:ILE ! FAMILY WAS /RONG1 /ABLE1 VIABLE1 :ILE ! 
WOMAN LIV$ & WORK$ EXCLUSIVELY )9 ! FAMILY1 ! 
QUE/ION ( PROTECT+ & PROVID+ = MO!RHOOD C\LD NEV] 
>ISE4 

,! PROBLEM ( MO!RHOOD IS AN (FSPR+ ( L>GE-SCALE CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 AS >E A NUMB] ( O!R URG5T SOCIAL ILLS :I* TOGE!R COMPOSE ! SOCIAL QUE/ION FAC+ MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,! PROBLEM ( MAT]NITY CAME 9TO EXI/5CE TOGE!R ) ! LABOR PROBLEM1 HAS EXI/$ S9CE ! WOM5 ( ! DEPRIV$ /RATA ( SOCIETY HAVE BE5 COMPELL$ TO TE> ! *ILD FROM ! BREA/ & TAKE !IR LABOR TO ! LABOR M>KET4 

,! TREM5D\S EVOLUTION ( ECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT1 OV] ! 
LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S1 HAS OV]TURN$ ALL ! F\NDATIONS ( 
PREVI\S SOCIO-ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 HAS DIRECTLY AFFECT$ ! 
ORGANIZATION ( ! FAMILY & CAUS$ ITS PREVI\S =MS TO 
DIS9TEGRATE4 ,! FAMILY AS IT HAS COME D[N TO US WAS BAS$ ON 
SPECIFIC ECONOMIC PR9CIPLES4 ,IT RE/$ ON PRODUCTION RELATIONS 
:I* AT ?AT TIME B\ND ! MEMB]S ( ONE FAMILY MORE FIRMLY 
?AN C\LD EV5 ! CLOSE/ BLOOD TIES4 ,9 ! DAYS :5 ! 
FAMILY WAS AN ECONOMIC UNIT1 ! SMALLE/ ECONOMIC UNITY ( ! 
COMMUNITY1 & MOREOV] NBT M]ELY A CONSUM] BUT ALSO A 
PRODUC]1 A CREATIVE UNIT1 ! FAMILY 7G5S7 WAS ABLE1 ?ANKS TO 
ITS JO9T USE ( :AT WAS !N ! MAJOR TOOL 
( PRODUCTION -  L& - TO PRODUCE ALL ?AT WAS NECESS>Y = ITS 
MEMB]S2 C>E = ! Y\NG1 !IR MAT]IAL SUPPORT1 UPBR++ 
& TRA9+ W]E P>T ( ITS NATURAL & 9ALI5ABLE 
OBLIGATIONS4 ,9 ORD] TO FL\RI% 7BO? ECONOMICALLY & 
SOCIALLY71 ! FAMILY REQUIR$ NEW MEMB]S1 A CON/ANT 9FL[ ( 
FRE% LABOR4 ,IT IS NOT AT ALL SURPRIS+ ?AT RESPONSIBILITY 
= ! NEW G5]ATION !N LAY ) ! FAMILY1 & ?AT ! 
FAMILY ALONE C>RI$ ! FULL BURD5 ( ! SUPPORT & 
UPBR++ ( ! Y\NG] G5]ATION4 

,TODAY1 H[EV]1 :5 ! FAMILY AS A SPECIFIC SOCIAL UNIT HAS NO PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS )9 ! B\RGEOIS ORD]1 ) ITS WIDESPREAD DIVISION ( LABOR & 9DIVIDUALI/IC PR9CIPLE ( PRODUCTION1 !RE >E NO LONG] ANY POSITIVE >GUM5TS ?AT CAN JU/IFY LEAV+ ALL RESPONSIBILITY = ! NEW G5]ATION ) ?IS PRIVATE UNIT4 

,! FAMILY ( TRIBAL LIFE1 ! FAMILY AS A PRODUCTIVE UNIT 
PROVID+ ITS MEMB]S ) ALL ! ESS5TIALS ( LIFE1 HAS 
PASS$ 9TO HI/ORY4 ,N[ NOT ONLY ! FA!RS BUT 9CREAS+LY 
! MO!RS ALSO >E WORK+ NOT )9 & = ! FAMILY1 BUT 
\TSIDE ! FAMILY1 ON & = ! M>KET1 S]V+ ) !IR 
LABOR NOT !IR BLOOD RELATIVES BUT /RANG]S :O >E CONSUM]S 
ON ! COMMODITY M>KET4 ,N[ ! CON/ANT 9FL[ ( FRE% 
LABOR1 NECESS>Y TO 5SURE ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! 
PRODUCTIVE =CES1 IS NO LONG] NE$$ BY ! FAMILY1 BY A 
SELF-5CLOS$1 SMALL1 PRIVATE UNIT1 BUT BY ! :OLE ( ! 
SOCIAL COLLECTIVE4 

,LOGICALLY IT W\LD APPE> ?AT RESPONSIBILITY = ! NEW G5]ATION %\LD LIE ) ?AT ECONOMIC UNIT1 ) ?AT SOCIAL COLLECTIVE :I* HAS NE$ ( ?AT G5]ATION = ITS [N FUTURE EXI/5CE4 ,ONCE ! FAMILY HAS ACTUALLY CEAS$ TO EXI/ AS AN ECONOMIC UNIT1 ONCE IT HAS CEAS$ TO REQUIRE AN 9FLUX ( FRE% LABOR1 ONCE ! ADULT RECEIVES :AT HE NE$S TO LIVE NOT FROM ! FAMILY BUT FROM ! WID] COMMUNITY1 ! C>E ( Y\NG *ILDR5 & ! MO!RS :O GIVE BIR? TO !M %\LD ALSO BE ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ?IS COMMUNITY4 ,SU* AN >GUM5T1 H[EV]1 IS ACCEPTABLE ONLY TO A SOCIETY ?AT IS G5U9ELY CONC]N$ TO C>E = ! 9T]E/S ( ! 5TIRE ':OLE' 5TRU/$ TO IT444 ,PRES5T /ATE AU?ORITIES ON ! O!R H&1 :O S]VE ONLY ! 9T]E/S ( ! MONOPOLI/S1 SEEK TO MAKE USE ( ! READY-MADE LABOR =CE :ILE FREE+ !MSELVES ( ALL RESPONSIBILITY = ! LIFE ( ! *ILDR5 & MO!RS1 PREF]R+ TO IMPOSE ON ! 9DIVIDUAL PRIVATE FAMILY ?OSE OBLIGATIONS :I* IT ONCE BORE AT ANO!R1 E>LI] /AGE 9 HUMAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,SU* AN 9APPROPRIATE & CONTRADICTORY /ATE ( AFFAIRS C\LD ONLY >ISE HI/ORICALLY1 BUT HI/ORY IS CALL$ UPON TO CORRECT ?IS UNREASONABLE SITUATION BY GRADUALLY 9CREAS+ COMMUNAL CONC]N OV] ! FATE ( *ILDR5 & !IR MO!RS4 

,! ?\<TLESSNESS & 9DIFF]5CE %[N BY MOD]N SOCIETY 
T[>DS ?IS IMPORTANT QUE/ION ( ! FATE ( MO!RS & 
*ILDR5 WILL APPE> AS GROSS NEGLIG5CE TO FUTURE 
G5]ATIONS4 ,TODAY WE >E 9 NO WAY SURPRIS$ ?AT ! /ATE 
ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY = ! SICK1 ! H&ICAPP$1 ! 
9SANE1 ?AT IT BUILDS S*OOLS & UNIV]SITIES & MA9TA9S 
PUBLIC LIBR>IES & MUSEUMS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 WE W\LD BE 
AMAZ$ IF ! PUBLIC AU?ORITIES SUDD5LY DECL>$ ?AT ! 
UPBR++ & $UCATION ( Y\NG PEOPLE WAS A MATT] NOT = 
! /ATE BUT = ! FAMILY1 PO9T+ TO ! FACT ?AT ONCE1 9 
TRIBAL LIFE1 ALL ! KN[L$GE A MAN ACQUIR$ HE ACQUIR$ )9 
! SELF-CONTA9$ FAMILY UNIT4 ,! PEOPLE ( ! FUTURE WILL BE 
NO LESS AMAZ$ AT ! PRES5T COMMON ASS]TION ?AT CONC]N = 
! FATE ( MO!R & *ILD IS NOT AN OBLIGATION ( ! 
COMMUNITY4 

,IF ! /ATE F9DS IT TO ITS B5EFIT TO ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY = ! UPBR++ & $UCATION ( Y\?1 SURELY IT %\LD VIEW IT AS EV5 MORE IMPORTANT TO SAVE ! HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S 7& 9 ,RUSSIA MORE ?AN A MILLION7 *ILDR5 :O P]I% AS A RESULT ( 9ADEQUATE PROTECTION & ! TOTAL LACK ( PROVISION = MO!RHOOD4 ,!SE HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( *ILDR5 >E1 AFT] ALL1 NOT ONLY FUTURE PRODUC]S1 BUT ALSO ! FUTURE TAX-PAY]S SO DESIR$ BY' ! /ATE &1 MOREOV]1 ALSO POSSIBLE RECRUITS6 

,! ATTEMPT TO PRES]VE ! =M] OBLIGATIONS ( ! FAMILY ON 
! BASIS ( ITS \TMOD$ =M HAS ! MO/ REGRETTABLE 
CONSEQU5CES HI<LY DAMAG+ TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE ( 
SOCIETY3 IT LEADS TO ! DELIB]ATE L[]+ ( ! BIR? RATE 
& 
9CREASES 9FANT MORTALITY4 .<#a.> 
,) ! FULL WEI<T ( RESPONSIBILITY = *ILDR5 LY+ ON ! 9DIVIDUAL FAMILY1 ?OSE FAMILIES ?AT BELONG TO ! MO/ DEPRIV$ SECTION ( ! POPULATON F9D *ILDR5 SU* AN 9TOL]ABLE BURD51 F9D ?AT !Y BR+ SU* WORRY1 DIFFICULTY & SORR[1 ?AT A NEO-,MAL?USIAN APPROA* SEEMS ! ONLY SOLUTION4 ,IF ! WORK] HAS MANAG$1 BY OV]COM+ 5ORM\S DIFFICULTIES1 TO ATTA9 A C]TA9 LEVEL ( ECONOMIC SECURITY & CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T1 !N ! ONLY WAY HE CAN SAFEGU>D ?IS PRECI\S A*IEVEM5T ON GETT+ M>RI$ IS TO REMA9 *ILDLESS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! LACK ( PROVISION = MO!RHOOD1 ! LACK ( ! NECESS>Y PROTECTION ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! MO!R1 LEAVE ! WOMAN 5TIRELY 9 ! P[] ( ?OSE PRODUCTION RELATIONS :I* DE/ROY BO? H] & H] *ILD4 

,! LACK ( PROVISION = MILLIONS ( MO!RS1 & ! LACK ( 
CONC]N = Y\NG *ILDR5 ON ! P>T ( SOCIETY1 >E ! CAUSE ( 
! PRES5T BITT] CONFLICT OV] ! 9COMPATIBILITY ( FEMALE 
PR(ESSIONAL LABOR & MO!RHOOD1 A CONFLICT :I* LIES AT ! 
HE>T ( ! :OLE PROBLEM ( MO!RHOOD4 ,?IS CONFLICT HAS ONLY TWO 
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS3 #a7 EI!R ! WOMAN MU/ BE RETURN$ TO ! HOME 
& =BIDD5 ANY P>TICIPATION 9 NATIONAL ECONOMIC LIFE OR #b7 SU* 
SOCIAL MEASURES1 9CLUD+ COMPREH5SIVE MAT]NITY 9SURANCE & 
PROVISION = Y\NG *ILDR51 MU/ BE IMPLEM5T$ AS WILL 5ABLE ! 
WOMAN TO FULFILL H] NATURAL CALL+ )\T AB&ON+ H] 
PR(ESSIONAL OBLIGATIONS1 )\T LOS+ H] ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE1 
& )\T )DRAW+FROM ACTIVE P>TICIPATION 9 ! /RUGGLE = 
! IDEALS ( H] CLASS4 

,AS ! :EEL ( HI/ORY CANNOT BE TURN$ BACK AT WILL1 ! FIR/ ,I SOLUTION MU/ BE DISC>D$4 ,EV5 IF IT PROV$ POSSIBLE =CIBLY TO REMOVE WOM5 FROM ALL ! SPH]ES ( ECONOMIC LIFE 9 :I* H] LABOR IS N[ WIDELY & REGUL>LY US$1 !SE MEASURES W\LD /ILL BE 9CAPABLE ( PREV5T+ ! FUR!R DIS9TEGRATION ( ! FAMILY4 ,?US A WOMAN ) A *ILD :O WAS RETURN$ TO ! DY+ FAMILY HE>? W\LD HAVE EV5 LESS PROVISION AGA9/ ! DEPRIVATION1 C>E & SORR[ CAUS$ BY ! BURD5 ( 
NUM]\S *ILDR5 ?AN %E HAS 9 ! PRES5T SET ( TRANSITORY CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,!RE !RE=E REMA9S ONLY ! SECOND SOLUTION ADVANC$ BY ! 
ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS SOLUTION MEANS ?AT ! QUE/ION 
( 9SURANCE MU/ BE APPROA*$ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( 
LI<T5+ ! BURD5 ( MO!RHOOD = WORK+-CLASS WOM5 BY 
GRADUALLY 9CREAS+ SOCIAL CONC]N = ! FATE ( Y\NG 
*ILDR5 & PROVID+ COMPREH5SIVE PROTECTION ( ! 9T]E/S 
( ! MO!RS !MSELVES4 ,BAS+ ONESELF ON ! G5]AL PATT]N 
( ! FUTURE HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ONE 
CANNOT BUT CONCLUDE ?AT MAT]NITY 9SURANCE MU/ BE VIEW$ NOT 
AS M]E ASSI/ANCE R5D]$ NECESS>Y BY TEMPOR>Y UNEMPLOYM5T 
& 9SEP>ABLE FROM HEAL? 9SURANCE1 NOR AS A REW>D PAID 
TO MO!RS = ! S]VICE !Y HAVE R5D]$ TO ! /ATE1 BUT 
AS A /EP =W>D 9 ! PROCESS ( TRANSF]R+ C>E ( ! 
NEXT G5]ATION 9TO ! H&S ( ! COMMUNITY1 AS ONE ( ! 
MEASURES LEAD+ TO FEMALE EMANCIPATION4 

,SU* AN APPROA* TO ! QUE/ION ( MAT]NITY 9SURANCE FOLL[S FROM ! V]Y PR9CIPLE UND]LY+ ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 & FULLY CORRESPONDS TO ?AT NEW MORALITY 9 ! SPH]E ( RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! SEXES ?AT IS GRADUALLY TAK+ %APE AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! V]Y C\RSE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,/ATI/ICS FROM EV]Y C\NTRY %[ ONE & ! SAME PICTURE3 ! 
AGE AT :I* PEOPLE1 EV5 FROM ! WORK+ CLASS1 >E 5T]+ 
9TO M>RIAGE IS CON/ANTLY RIS+4 ,PREVI\SLY1 WORK]S 
M>RI$ AT ! AGE ( #b-#b#b YE>S2 N[ !Y M>RY AT ! AGE ( 
#b#g-#b#i YE>S4 ,L[ WAGES ON ! ONE H& & 9CREAS+ CULTURAL 
REQUIREM5TS ON ! O!R DO NOT P]MIT ! WORK] TO ASSUME ALL 
! RESPONSIBILITIES ( M>RI$ LIFE AT AN E>LY AGE4 ,H[EV]1 
NEI!R ! HE>T NOR PHYSIOLOGICAL NE$S TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! 
SIZE ( ! WEEKLY WAGE444 ,! RUSULT 'IRREGUL> RELATION%IPS' 
&1 AS ! NOVELI/S CALL IT1 'FREE LOVE'2 & ?IS FREE 
COHABITATION LEADS TO FREE MO!RHOOD1 ! FULL BURD5 ( :I* 
FALLS UPON ! WOMAN4 

,FREE MO!RHOOD1 ! 'RI<T TO BE A MO!R'1 F9E WORDS1 & :AT WOMAN'S HE>T DOES NOT RESPOND TO ?IS NATURAL REQUIREM5T8 ,H[EV]1 9 ! PRES5T CIRCUM/ANCES1 'FREE MO!RHOOD' IS A H>% RI<T :I* NOT ONLY DOES NOT LIB]ATE ! WOMAN1 BUT IS ! S\RCE ( 5DLESS %AME1 HUMILIATION1 & DEP5D5CE1 ! CAUSE ( CRIME & DEA?444 ,IS IT !N SURPRIS+ ?AT 9 SU* ABNORMAL CIRCUM/ANCES ! WOMAN DOES ALL %E CAN TO B9D TO H] ! MAN :O IS ! FA!R ( H] *ILD 9 
ORD] TO TRANSF] TO HIS %\LD]S ! EXP5SE ( PROVID+ = ! *ILD8 ,= HIS P>T1 ! MAN CONC$ES1 I4E4 AGREES TO ! LEGISLATION ( !IR RELATION%IP1 (T5 NOT SO MU* \T ( LOVE = ! WOMAN & *ILD1 BUT \T ( A S5SE ( DUTY4 ,IF !RE HAD BE5 NO 'CONSEQU5CES'1 ?OSE :O HAD COME TOGE!R FREELY W\LD SEP>ATE ON FRI5DLY T]MS TO GO !IR DIFF]5T WAYS1 BUT ! *ILD EXI/S1 & ! 'GUILTY' MAN CONSID]S IT HIS DUTY TO LEAD ! WOMAN D[N ! AISLE 9 ORD] TO %>E ! BURD5 ( FAMILY C>E4 

,H[ (T5 IS IT ?AT ! C]EMONY ( M>RIAGE1 EV5 AMONG ! 
WORK+ CLASS1 IS A FUN]AL S]VICE SAID OV] ! CORPSE ( DEAD 
FEEL+S444 ,IS IT !N SURPRIS+ ?AT FE> ( ! CONSEQU5CES 
OBLIGES ! WORK]S TO BE W>Y AS REG>DS RELATIONS BETWE5 
LOV]S1 & TO HAVE REC\RSE MORE & MORE FREQU5TLY TO 
NEO-,MAL?USIAN PRACTICES4 

,! PROBLEM IS ALSO NOT SOLV$ :5 ! MAN1 HAV+ REFUS$ TO M>RY1 AGREES TO PAY *ILD MA9T5ANCE TO ! WOMAN :O HAS HAD HIS *ILD4 ,ECONOMIC DEP5D5CE IS ALWAYS FELT TO BE OPPRESSIVE1 BURD5SOME & HUMILIAT+4 ,IT IS P>TICUL>LY BURD5SOME = A WORK+ WOMAN ACCU/OM$ FROM H] Y\? TO ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE1 EV5 FROM H] P>5TS4 ,?IS WORK-BAS$ ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE GRADUALLY MOLDS ! WOMAN 9TO A FELL[ COMRADE1 AN ACTIVE & CONSCI\S MEMB] ( H] CLASS4 ,! FACT ( RECEIV+ 'F9ANCIAL SUPPORT' FROM A COMRADE-9->MS IS SO UNPLEASANT1 SO BITT]1 ?AT IT MAY COMPLETELY W>P ! MO/ S9C]E & FRI5DLY ( RELATIONS1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME IT RE9=CES ! MAT]IAL DEP5D5CE ( ! WOMAN ON ! MAN & VIOLATE S ! PR9CIPLE ( ! EQUALITY ( ALL ! MEMB]S ( ONE & ! SAME CLASS4 

,H[ DIFF]5T W\LD BE ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! SEXES 9 ! 
WORK+ CLASS IF ! QUE/ION ( 'CONSEQU5CES' WAS NOT ! 
DET]M9+ FACTOR 9 DECID+ :E!R TO M>RY1 & IF IT DID 
NOT JO9 BY =CE 9 A SITUATION :]E ! :OLE VALUE ( ! 
RELATION%IP IS BAS$ ON 9N] FRE$OM4 ,H[EV]1 !RE IS ONLY 
ONE WAY TO FREE M>RIAGE ( ! CALCULATIONS ?AT HAVE BECOME A 
P>T ( IT & :I* HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) LOVE1 BUT RESULT 
FROM ! PRESSURES IMPOS$ BY ! FAMILY AS IT N[ EXI/S1 & 
?AT IS TO ADVANCE ! PR9CIPLE ( G5]AL & COMPREH5SIVE 
PROVISION = MO!RHOOD4 

,IF EV]Y WORK+ WOMAN WAS GU>ANTE$ ! POSSIBILITY ( GIV+ BIR? TO H] *ILD 9 HEAL?Y CONDITIONS1 ) ! APPROPRIATE C>E = H]SELF & H] *ILD1 ! POSSIBILITY ( LOOK+ AFT] ! *ILD DUR+ ! FIR/ WEEKS ( ITS LIFE1 ! POSSIBILITY ( FE$+ HIM H]SELF )\T ! RISK ( LOSS ( PAY1 
?IS W\LD CON/ITUTE ! FIR/ /EP TO ! DESIGNAT$ 5D4 ,IF1 9 ADDITION1 ! /ATE & ! COMMUNITY W\LD UND]TAKE TO BUILD REFUGES = EXPECTANT & NURS+ WOM51 TO PROVIDE M$ICAL CONSULTATIONS = MO!R & *ILD1 & TO SUPPLY HI<-QUALITY MILK & A LAYETTE1 IF !RE WAS A BROAD NETWORK ( CRE*ES1 NURS]Y S*OOLS & *ILDR5'S C5T]S :]E ! WORK+ MO!R C\LD LEAVE H] *ILD ) A QUIET M9D1 ?IS W\LD BE ! SECOND /EP T[>DS ! DESIGNAT$ 5D4 

,IF SOCIAL LEGISLATION ATTA*$ DUE IMPORTANCE TO ! 
PROTECTION ( FEMALE LABOR1 E/ABLI%$ A %ORT WORK+ DAY1 
BREAK P]IODS = NURS+ MO!RS & A %ORT5$ DAY = Y\NG 
GIRLS1 TOOK /EPS TO REPLACE H>MFUL PRODUCTION ME?ODS ) 
TE*NIQUES LESS 9JURI\S TO FEMALE PHYSIOLOGY1 PROHIBIT$ A 
NUMB] ( DANG]\S LABOR PRACTICES1 ETC41 ?IS W\LD BE ! 
?IRD /EP T[>DS ! DESIGNAT$ 5D4 

,F9ALLY1 IF ! COMMUNITY - I4E4 ! /ATE - W\LD GU>ANTEE TO MO!RS DUR+ PREGNANCY1 BIR? & ! CURS+ P]IOD MAT]IAL ASSI/ANCE SUFFICI5T TO MEET ! NE$S ( BO? H] & ! *ILD1 ?IS W\LD BE ! F\R? & MO/ IMPORTANT /EP =W>D4 

,! WORK+ CLASS N[ FACES ! FOLL[+ TASK3 TO A*IEVE 
EV]Y:]E ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ?OSE RE=MS & SOCIAL 
MEASURES :I* W\LD NOT ONLY TAKE FROM ! %\LD]S ( WOM5 
BURD5$ ) PR(ESSIONAL LABOR ! MA9 LOAD ( MO!RHOOD1 
BUT W\LD ALSO GU>ANTEE ! NECESS>Y C>E = ! NEW-BORN 
*ILD1 ?US SAV+ ?IS Y\NG LIFE1 ?AT HAS B>ELY />T$ ON 
ITS WAY1 FROM ! JAWS ( PREMATURE DEA?4 ,! PROBLEM ( 
MO!RHOOD IS CLOSELY L9K$ TO ! FATE ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 
& BO? ITS SEXES1 WOM5 & M51 HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 ITS 
SOLUTION4 ,ONLY IF ! :OLE ( SOCIETY IMPLEM5TS ! PR9CIPLE 
( RATIONALLY PROVID+ = ! MO!R & PROTECT+ ! *ILD 
CAN RELATIONS BETWE5 ! SEXES AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS BE 
CLEANS$ ( ?AT B\RGEOIS GRIME :I* N[ BESMIR*ES !M4 ,ONLY 
?IS WILL FACILITATE ! EM]G5CE ( ! NEW MORALITY & ! 
NEW RELATIONS BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 REQUIR$ BY ! MOVEM5T3 
! 9CREASE 9 COMRADE%IP BETWE5 ! TWO SEXES ) !IR 
TOTAL ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE ! ONE FROM ! O!R4 

,FROM :I*EV] ANGLE ONE APPROA*ES ! QUE/ION ( MAT]NITY 9SURANCE1 FROM A PO9T ( VIEW LIMIT$ /RICTLY TO CONSID]ATIONS ( /ATE1 FROM A CLASS PO9T ( VIEW OR FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! 9T]E/S ( MANK9D AS A :OLE1 ! CONCLUSION REMA9S ONE & ! SAME3 MAT]NITY 9SURANCE IS 
A SOCIAL POLICY ISSUE REQUIR+ IMM$IATE ATT5TION & MU/ BE FUR!R DEVELOP$ & IMPROV$4 

,! MORE COMPLETELY & COMPREH5SIVELY ?IS PROBLEM IS SOLV$ 
)9 ! FRAMEWORK ( MOD]N PRODUCTION RELATIONS1 ! %ORT] 
WILL BE ! PA? TO ! NEW ']A' ( HUMAN HI/ORY444 
,FOOTNOTES 

#a4 
 ',! PR9CIPLE ( LAY+ ! ECONOMIC BURD5 ( ! UPBR++ ( *ILDR5 UPON ! PRIVATE H\SEHOLDS RESPONSIBLE = BR++ !M PHYSICALLY 9TO ! WORLD1' SAYS ,DOCTOR ,S*MIDT1 'IS SO UNREASONABLE1 SU* A MAD IDEA 444 ?AT \R DESC5DANTS WILL BE TOTALLY UNABLE TO UND]/& ! \TLOOK ( AN AGE TO :I* ?IS PR9CIPLE APPE>$ NORMAL & SELF-EVID5T4' ,DR4 ,KASP> ,S*MIDT1 ',DIE ,MUTT]S*AFTS-V]-SI*]UNG ALS ,GRUNDLAGE E9] MUTT]RE*TLI*-POLYGAMIS*5 ,SEXUALORDNUNG' 9 ,POLITIS*-,ANTROPOLOGIS*E ,REVUE1 ,NO4 #e1 #a#i#f1 ,S4 #b#h#c4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #d1 #bba 3 ,PREFACE TO ! ,BOOK ,SOCIETY & ,MO!RHOOD -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,PREFACE TO ! ,BOOK ,SOCIETY & ,MO!RHOOD -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/