,PRISONS & ,CRIME1 ,P>T #a 

#aif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY NILSON1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,MOD]N PHILAN?ROPY HAS ADD$ A NEW ROLE TO ! REP]TOIRE ( P5AL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,:ILE1 =M]LY1 ! ALLEG$ NECESSITY ( PRISONS RE/$1 SOLELY1 UPON !IR P5AL & PROTECTIVE *>ACT]1 TO-DAY A NEW FUNCTION1 CLAIM+ PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE1 HAS BECOME EMBODI$ 9 !SE 9/ITUTIONS -- ?AT ( RE=MATION4 

,H5CE1 ?REE OBJECTS -- RE=MATIVE1 P5AL1 & PROTECTIVE -- >E N[ S\<T TO BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY MEANS ( 5=C$ PHYSICAL RE/RA9T1 BY 9C>C]ATION ( A MORE OR LESS SOLIT>Y *>ACT]1 = A SPECIFIC1 OR MORE OR LESS 9DEF9ITE P]IOD4 

,SEEK+ TO PROMOTE ITS [N SAFETY1 SOCIETY DEB>S C]TA9 ELEM5TS1 CALL$ CRIM9ALS1 FROM P>TICIPATION 9 SOCIAL LIFE1 BY MEANS ( IMPRISONM5T4 ,?IS TEMPOR>Y ISOLATION ( ! (F5D] EXHAU/S ! PROTECTIVE ROLE ( PRISONS4 ,5TIRELY NEGATIVE 9 *>ACT]1 DOES ?IS PROTECTION B5EFIT SOCIETY8 ,DOES IT PROTECT8 

,LET US /UDY SOME ( ITS RESULTS4 

,FIR/1 LET US 9VE/IGATE ! P5AL & RE=MATIVE PHASES ( ! PRISON QUE/ION4 

,PUNI%M5T1 AS A SOCIAL 9/ITUTION1 HAS ITS ORIG9 9 TWO S\RCES2 FIR/1 9 ! ASSUMPTION ?AT MAN IS A FREE MORAL AG5T &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 RESPONSIBLE = HIS DEMEANOR1 SO F> AS HE IS SUPPOS$ TO BE COMPOS M5TIS2 &1 SECOND1 9 ! SPIRIT ( REV5GE1 ! RETALIATION ( 9JURY4 ,WAIV+1 = ! PRES5T1 ! DEBATABLE QUE/ION AS TO MAN'S FREE AG5CY1 LET US ANALYZE ! SECOND S\RCE4 

,! SPIRIT ( REV5GE IS A PURELY ANIMAL PROCLIVITY1 PRIM>ILY MANIFE/+ ITSELF :]E COMP>ATIVE PHYSICAL DEVELOPM5T IS COMB9$ ) A C]TA9 DEGREE ( 9TELLIG5CE4 ,PRIMITIVE MAN IS COMPELL$1 BY ! CONDITIONS ( HIS 5VIRONM5T1 TO TAKE ! LAW 9TO HIS [N H&S1 SO TO SPEAK1 9 FUR!RANCE ( HIS 9/9CTIVE DESIRE ( SELF-ASS]TION1 OR PROTECTION1 9 COP+ ) ! ANIMAL OR HUMAN AGGRESSOR1 :O IS WONT TO 9JURE OR JEOP>DIZE HIS P]SON OR HIS 9T]E/S4 ,?IS PROCLIVITY1 BORN ( ! 9/9CT ( SELF-PRES]VATION & DEVELOP$ 9 ! BATTLE = EXI/5CE & SUPREMACY1 HAS BECOME1 ) UNCIVILIZ$ MAN1 A SECOND 9/9CT1 ALMO/ AS POT5T 9 ITS VITALITY AS ! S\RCE IT PRIM>ILY DEVELOP$ FROM1 & OCCASIONALLY EV5 TRANSC5D+ ! SAME 9 ITS F]OCITY & CONQU]+1 = ! MOM5T1 ! DICTATES ( SELF-PRES]VATION4 

,EV5 ANIMALS POSSESS ! SPIRIT ( REV5GE4 ,! +5I\S ME?ODS FREQU5TLY ADOPT$ BY ELEPHANTS 9 CAPTIVITY1 9 AV5G+ !MSELVES UPON SOME P>TICUL>LY HECTOR+ SPECTATOR1 >E WELL KN[N4 ,DOGS & V>I\S O!R ANIMALS ALSO (T5 MANIFE/ ! SPIRIT ( REV5GE4 ,BUT IT IS ) MAN1 AT C]TA9 /AGES ( HIS 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T1 ?AT ! SPIRIT ( REV5GE REA*ES ITS MO/ PRON\NC$ *>ACT]4 ,AMONG B>B>IC & SEMI-CIVILIZ$ RACES ! PRACTICE ( P]SONALLY AV5G+ ONE'S WRONGS -- ACTUAL OR IMAG9>Y -- PLAYS AN ALL-IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! LIFE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,) !M1 REV5GE IS A MO/ VITAL MATT]1 (T5 ATTA9+ ! *>ACT] ( RELIGI\S FANATICISM1 ! HOLY DUTY ( AV5G+ A P>TICUL>LY FLAGRANT 9JURY DESC5D+ FROM FA!R TO SON1 FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION1 UNTIL ! 9SULT IS EXTIRPAT$ ) ! BLOOD ( ! (F5D] OR ( HIS PROG5Y4 ,:OLE TRIBES HAVE (T5 COMB9$ 9 ASSI/+ ONE ( !IR MEMB]S TO AV5GE ! DEA? ( A RELATIVE UPON A HO/ILE NEI<BOR1 & IT IS ALWAYS ! SPECIAL PRIVILEGE ( ! WRONG$ TO GIVE ! DEA?-BL[ TO ! (F5D]4 

,EV5 9 C]TA9 ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES ! OLD SPIRIT ( BLOOD-REV5GE IS /ILL V]Y /RONG4 ,! SEMI-B>B>IANS ( ! ,CAUCASUS1 ! IGNORANT PEASANTS ( ,S\!RN ,ITALY1 ( ,CORSICA & ,SICILY1 /ILL PRACTICE ?IS =M ( P]SONAL V5GEANCE2 SOME ( !M1 AS ! ,T%]KESSY1 = 9/ANCE1 QUITE OP5LY2 O!RS1 AS ! ,CORSICANS1 SEEK+ SAFETY 9 SECRECY4 ,EV5 9 \R SO-CALL$ 5LI<T5$ C\NTRIES ! SPIRIT ( P]SONAL REV5GE1 ( SWORN1 ET]NAL 5MITY1 /ILL EXI/S4 ,:AT >E ! SECRET ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,MAFIA TYPE1 SO COMMON 9 ALL ,S\? ,EUROPEAN L&S1 BUT ! MANIFE/ATIONS ( ?IS SPIRIT86 ,& :AT IS ! UND]LY+ PR9CIPLE ( DUEL+ 9 ITS V>I\S =MS -- FROM ! >M$ COMBAT TO ! FI/IC 5C\NT] -- BUT ?IS SPIRIT ( DIRECT V5GEANCE1 ! DESIRE TO P]SONALLY AV5GE AN 9SULT OR AN 9JURY1 FANCI$ OR REAL2 TO WIPE \T ! SAME1 EV5 ) ! BLOOD ( ! ANTAGONI/4 ,IT IS ?IS SPIRIT ?AT ACTUATES ! 5RAG$ HUSB& 9 ATTEMPT+ ! LIFE ( ! 0ROBB] ( HIS HONOR & HAPP9ESS40 ,IT IS ?IS SPIRIT ?AT IS AT ! BOTTOM ( ALL LYN*-LAW ATROCITIES1 ! FR5ZI$ MOB SEEK+ TO AV5GE ! B]EAV$ P>5T1 ! Y\NG WID[ OR ! \TRAG$ *ILD4 

,SOCIAL PROGRESS1 H[EV]1 T5DS TO *ECK & ELIM9ATE ! PRACTICE ( DIRECT1 P]SONAL REV5GE4 ,9 SO-CALL$ CIVILIZ$ COMMUNITIES ! 9DIVIDUAL DOES NOT1 AS A RULE1 P]SONALLY AV5GE HIS WRONGS4 ,HE HAS DELEGAT$ HIS 0RI<TS0 9 ?AT DIRECTION TO ! ,/ATE1 ! GOV]NM5T2 & IT IS ONE ( ! 0DUTIES0 ( ! LATT] TO AV5GE ! WRONGS ( ITS CITIZ5S BY PUNI%+ ! GUILTY P>TIES4 ,?US WE SEE ?AT PUNI%M5T1 AS A SOCIAL 9/ITUTION1 IS BUT ANO!R =M ( REV5GE1 ) ! ,/ATE 9 ! ROLE ( ! SOLE LEGAL AV5G] ( ! COLLECTIVE CITIZ5 -- ! SAME WELL-DEF9$ SPIRIT ( B>B>ISM 9 DISGUISE4 ,! P5AL P[]S ( ! ,/ATE RE/1 !ORETICALLY1 ON ! PR9CIPLE ?AT1 9 ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY1 0AN 9JURY TO ONE IS ! CONC]N ( ALL02 9 ! WRONG$ CITIZ5 SOCIETY AS A :OLE IS ATTACK$4 ,! CULPRIT MU/ BE PUNI%$ 9 ORD] TO AV5GE \TRAG$ SOCIETY1 ?AT 0! MAJE/Y ( ! ,LAW BE V9DICAT$40 ,! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! PUNI%M5T MU/ BE ADEQUATE TO ! CRIME /ILL FUR!R PROVES ! REAL *>ACT] ( ! 9/ITUTION ( PUNI%M5T3 IT REVEALS ! ,OLD-,TE/AM5TAL SPIRIT ( 0AN EYE = AN EYE1 A TOO? = A TOO?10 -- A SPIRIT /ILL ALIVE 9 ALMO/ ALL SO-CALL$ CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES1 AS WITNESS CAPITAL PUNI%M5T3 A LIFE = A LIFE4 ,! 0CRIM9AL0 IS NOT PUNI%$ = HIS (F5SE1 AS SU*1 BUT RA!R ACCORD+ TO ! NATURE1 CIRCUM/ANCES & *>ACT] ( ! SAME1 AS VIEW$ BY SOCIETY2 9 O!R WORDS1 ! P5ALTY IS ( A NATURE CALCULAT$ TO BALANCE ! 9T5SITY ( ! LOCAL SPIRIT ( REV5GE1 >\S$ BY ! P>TICUL> (F5SE4 

,?IS1 !N1 IS ! NATURE ( PUNI%M5T4 ,YET1 /RANGE TO SAY -- OR NATURALLY1 P]HAPS -- ! RESULTS ATTA9$ BY P5AL 9/ITUTIONS >E ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( ! 5DS S\<T4 ,! MOD]N =M ( 0CIVILIZ$0 REV5GE KILLS1 FIGURATIVELY SPEAK+1 ! 5EMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ51 BUT BRE$S 9 HIS PLACE ! 5EMY ( SOCIETY4 ,! PRISON] ( ! ,/ATE NO LONG] REG>DS ! P]SON HE 9JUR$ AS HIS P>TICUL> 5EMY1 AS ! B>B>IAN DOES1 FE>+ ! WRA? & REV5GE ( ! WRONG$ ONE4 ,9/EAD1 HE LOOKS UPON ! ,/ATE AS HIS DIRECT PUNI%]2 9 ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! LAW HE SEES HIS P]SONAL 5EMIES4 ,HE NURTURES HIS WRA?1 & WILD ?\<TS ( REV5GE FILL HIS M9D4 ,HIS HATE T[>D ! P]SONS1 DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE1 9 HIS E/IMATION1 = HIS MIS=TUNE -- ! >RE/+ (FIC]1 ! JAIL]1 ! PROSECUT+ ATTORNEY1 JUDGE & JURY -- GRADUALLY WID5S 9 SCOPE1 & ! POOR UN=TUNATE BECOMES AN 5EMY ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,?US1 :ILE ! P5AL 9/ITUTIONS ON ! ONE H& PROTECT SOCIETY FROM ! PRISON] SO LONG AS HE REMA9S ONE1 !Y CULTIVATE1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! G]MS ( SOCIAL HATR$ & 5MITY4 

,DEPRIV$ ( HIS LIB]TY1 HIS RI<TS1 & ! 5JOYM5T ( LIFE2 ALL HIS NATURAL IMPULSES1 GOOD & BAD ALIKE1 SUPPRESS$2 SUBJECT$ TO 9DIGNITIES & DISCIPL9$ BY H>% & (T5 9HUMANELY SEV]E ME?ODS1 & G5]ALLY MALTREAT$ & ABUS$ BY (FICIAL BRUTES :OM HE DESPISES & HATES1 ! Y\NG PRISON]1 UTT]LY MIS]ABLE1 COMES TO CURSE ! FACT ( HIS BIR?1 ! WOMAN ?AT BORE HIM1 & ALL ?OSE RESPONSIBLE1 9 HIS EYES1 = HIS MIS]Y4 ,HE IS BRUTALIZ$ BY ! TREATM5T HE RECEIVES & BY ! REVOLT+ SI<TS HE IS =C$ TO WITNESS 9 PRISON4 ,:AT MANHOOD HE MAY HAVE POSSESS$ IS SOON ]ADICAT$ BY ! 0DISCIPL9E40 ,HIS IMPOT5T RAGE & BITT]NESS >E TURN$ 9TO HATR$ T[>D EV]Y?+ & EV]YBODY1 GR[+ 9 9T5SITY AS ! YE>S ( MIS]Y COME & GO4 ,HE BROODS OV] HIS TR\BLES & ! DESIRE TO REV5GE HIMSELF GR[S 9 9T5SITY1 HIS UNTIL !N P]HAPS UNDEF9$ 9CL9ATIONS >E TURN$ 9TO /RONG ANTI-SOCIAL DESIRES1 :I* GRADUALLY BECOME A FIX$ DET]M9ATION4 ,SOCIETY HAD MADE HIM AN \TCA/2 IT IS HIS NATURAL 5EMY4 ,NOBODY HAD %[N HIM EI!R K9DNESS OR M]CY2 HE WILL BE M]CILESS TO ! WORLD4 

,!N HE IS RELEAS$4 ,HIS =M] FRI5DS SPURN HIM2 HE IS NO MORE RECOGNIZ$ BY HIS ACQUA9TANCES2 SOCIETY PO9TS ITS F+] AT ! EX-CONVICT2 HE IS LOOK$ UPON ) SCORN1 D]ISION1 & DISGU/2 HE IS DI/RU/$ & ABUS$4 ,HE HAS NO MONEY1 & !RE IS NO *>ITY = ! 0MORAL LEP]40 ,HE F9DS HIMSELF A SOCIAL ,I%MAEL1 ) EV]YBODY'S H& TURN$ AGA9/ HIM -- & HE TURNS HIS H& AGA9/ EV]YBODY ELSE4 

,! P5AL & PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS ( PRISONS ?US DEFEAT !IR [N 5DS4 ,!IR WORK IS NOT M]ELY UNPR(ITABLE1 IT IS WORSE ?AN USELESS2 IT IS POSITIVELY & ABSOLUTELY DETRIM5TAL TO ! BE/ 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY4 

,IT IS NO BETT] ) ! RE=MATIVE PHASE ( P5AL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! P5AL *>ACT] ( ALL PRISONS -- WORKH\SES1 P5IT5TI>IES1 /ATE PRISONS -- EXCLUDES ALL POSSIBILITY ( A RE=MATIVE NATURE4 ,! PROMISCU\S M+L+ ( PRISON]S 9 ! SAME 9/ITUTION1 )\T REG>D TO ! RELATIVE CRIM9ALITY ( ! 9MATES1 CONV]TS PRISONS 9TO V]ITABLE S*OOLS ( CRIME & IMMORALITY4 

,! SAME IS TRUE ( RE=MATORIES4 ,!SE 9/ITUTIONS1 SPECIFICALLY DESIGN$ TO RE=M1 DO AS A RULE PRODUCE ! VILE/ DEG5]ATION4 ,! REASON IS OBVI\S4 ,RE=MATORIES1 ! SAME AS ORD9>Y PRISONS1 USE PHYSICAL RE/RA9T & >E PURELY P5AL 9/ITUTIONS -- ! V]Y IDEA ( PUNI%M5T PRECLUDES TRUE RE=MATION4 ,RE=MATION ?AT DOES NOT EMANATE FROM ! VOLUNT>Y IMPULSE ( ! 9MATE1 ONE :I* IS ! RESULT ( FE> -- ! FE> ( CONSEQU5CES & ( PROBABLE PUNI%M5T -- IS NO REAL RE=MATION2 IT LACKS ! V]Y ESS5TIALS ( ! LATT]1 & SO SOON AS ! FE> HAS BE5 CONQU]$1 OR TEMPOR>ILY EMANCIPAT$ FROM1 ! 9FLU5CE ( ! PSEUDO-RE=MATION WILL VANI% LIKE SMOKE4 ,K9DNESS ALONE IS TRULY RE=MATIVE1 BUT ?IS QUALITY IS AN UNKN[N QUANTITY 9 ! TREATM5T ( PRISON]S1 BO? Y\NG & OLD4 

,SOME TIME AGO ,I READ ! ACC\NT ( A BOY1 ?IRTE5 YE>S OLD1 :O HAD BE5 CONF9$ 9 *A9S1 NI<T & DAY = ?REE CONSECUTIVE WEEKS1 HIS P>TICUL> (F5SE BE+ ! T]RIBLE CRIME ( AN ATTEMPT$ ESCAPE FROM ! ,WE/*E/]1 ,N4 ,Y41 ,HOME = ,9DIG5T ,*ILDR5 7,WEEKS CASE1 ,SUP]9T5D5T ,PI]CE1 ,*RI/MAS1 #a#h#i#e74 ,?AT WAS BY NO MEANS AN EXCEPTIONAL 9/ANCE 9 ?AT 9/ITUTION4 ,NOR IS ! P5AL *>ACT] ( ! LATT] EXCEPTIONAL4 ,!RE IS NOT A S+LE PRISON OR RE=MATORY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES :]E EI!R FLOGG+ & CLUBB+1 OR ! /RAI<T-JACKET1 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T1 & 0R$UC$0 DIET 7SEMI-/>VATION7 >E NOT PRACTIC$ UPON ! UN=TUNATE 9MATES4 ,& ?\< RE=MATORIES DO NOT1 AS A RULE1 USE ! 0MEANS ( P]SUASION0 ( ! NOTORI\S ,BROCKWAY1 ( ,ELMIRA1 ,N4 ,Y41 YET FLOGG+ IS PRACTIC$ 9 SOME1 & />VATION & ! DUNGEON >E A P]MAN5T 9/ITUTION 9 ALL ( !M4 

,ASIDE FROM ! P5AL *>ACT] ( RE=MATORIES & ! D]OGATORY 9FLU5CE ! DEPRIVATION ( LIB]TY & 5JOYM5T EX]CISE ON ! Y\?FUL M9D1 ! ASSOCIATIONS 9 ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS PRECLUDE1 9 ! MAJORITY ( CASES1 ALL RE=MATION4 ,EV5 9 ! RE=MATORIES NO ATTEMPT IS MADE TO CLASSIFY ! 9MATES ACCORD+ TO ! COMP>ATIVE GRAVITY ( !IR (F5SES1 NECESSITAT+ DIFF]5T MODES ( TREATM5T & SUITABLE COMPANION%IP4 ,9 ! SO-CALL$ RE=M S*OOLS & RE=MATORIES *ILDR5 ( ALL AGES -- FROM #e TO #be -- >E KEPT 9 ! SAME 9/ITUTION1 CONGREGAT$ = ! SEV]AL PURPOSES ( LABOR1 LE>N+ & RELIGI\S S]VICE1 & ALL[$ TO M+LE ON ! PLAY+ GR\NDS & ASSOCIATE 9 ! DORMITORIES4 ,! 9MATES >E (T5 CLASSIFI$ ACCORD+ TO AGE OR /ATURE1 BUT NO ATT5TION IS PAID TO !IR RELATIVE DEPRAVITY4 ,! ABSURDITY ( SU* ME?ODS IS SIMPLY A/\ND+4 ,PAUSE & CONSID]4 ,! Y\?FUL CULPRIT :O IS SU* PROBABLY *IEFLY 9 CONSEQU5CE ( BAD ASSOCIATIONS1 IS PUT AMONG ! *OICE/ ASSORTM5T ( VICI\SNESS & IS EXPECT$ TO RE=M6 ,& ! FA!RS & MO!RS ( ! NATION CALMLY LOOK ON1 & EI!R DIRECTLY FUR!R ?IS SPECIES ( 9SANITY OR BY !IR SIL5CE APPROVE & 5C\RAGE ! ,/ATE'S WORK ( BRE$+ CRIM9ALS4 ,BUT SU* IS HUMAN NATURE -- WE SWE> IT IS DAY-TIME1 ?\< IT BE PIT*-D>K2 ! OLD SPIRIT ( CR$O QUIA ABSURDUM E/4 

,IT IS UNNECESS>Y1 H[EV]1 TO 5L>GE FUR!R UPON ! DEBAS+ 9FLU5CE ?OSE /EEP$ 9 CRIME EX]T OV] !IR MORE 9NOC5T COMPANIONS4 ,NOR IS IT NECESS>Y TO DISCUSS FUR!R ! RE=MATIVE CLAIMS ( RE=MATORIES4 ,! FACT ?AT FULLY #f P]C5T ( ! MALE PRISON POPULATION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E GRADUATES ( 0,RE=MATORIES0 CONCLUSIVELY PROVES ! RE=MATIVE PRET5SIONS ( ! LATT] ABSOLUTELY GR\NDLESS4 ,! R>E CASES ( Y\?FUL PRISON]S HAV+ REALLY RE=M$ >E 9 NO S5SE DUE TO ! 0B5EFICIAL0 9FLU5CE ( IMPRISONM5T & ( P5AL RE/RA9T1 BUT RA!R TO ! 9NATE P[]S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL HIMSELF4 

,D\BTLESS !RE EXI/S NO O!R 9/ITUTION AMONG ! DIV]SIFI$ 0A*IEVEM5TS0 ( MOD]N SOCIETY1 :I*1 :ILE ASSUM+ A MO/ IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! DE/9IES ( MANK9D1 HAS PROV5 A MORE REPREH5SIBLE FAILURE 9 PO9T ( ATTA9M5T ?AN ! P5AL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,MILLIONS ( DOLL>S >E ANNUALLY EXP5D$ ?R\<\T ! 0CIVILIZ$0 WORLD = ! MA9T5ANCE ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS1 & NOT)/&+ EA* SUCCESSIVE YE> WITNESSES ADDITIONAL APPROPRIATIONS = !IR IMPROVEM5T1 YET ! RESULTS T5D TO RETROGADE RA!R ?AN ADVANCE ! PURPORTS ( !IR F\ND+4 

,! MONEY ANNUALLY EXP5D$ = ! MA9T5ANCE ( PRISONS C\LD BE 9VE/$1 ) AS MU* PR(IT & LESS 9JURY1 9 GOV]NM5T BONDS ( ! PLANET ,M>S1 OR SUNK 9 ! ,ATLANTIC4 ,NO AM\NT ( PUNI%M5T CAN OBVIATE CRIME1 SO LONG AS PREVAIL+ CONDITIONS1 9 & \T ( PRISON1 DRIVE M5 TO IT4 

7,S\RCE3 ,MO!R ,E>? #a1 NO4 #f 7,AUGU/ #a#i#f73 #b#c-#b#i47 

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