,PUN*+ ! ,CLOCK 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,EV]YONE IS FAMILI> ) ! SORTS ( JOBS :OSE PURPOSE IS DIFFICULT TO DISC]N3 ,H,R CONSULTANTS1 ,P,R RESE>*]S1 COMMUNICATIONS COORD9ATORS1 F9ANCIAL /RATEGI/S1 LOGI/ICS MANAG]S4 ,! LI/ IS 5DLESS4 

,?IS IS H[ ,KURT1 A SUBCONTRACTOR = ! ,G]MAN MILIT>Y1 DESCRIBES HIS JOB3 

0,! ,G]MAN MILIT>Y HAS A SUBCONTRACTOR ?AT DOES ITS ,I,T WORK4 ,! ,I,T FIRM HAS A SUBCONTRACTOR ?AT DOES ITS LOGI/ICS4 ,! LOGI/ICS FIRM HAS A SUBCONTRACTOR ?AT DOES ITS P]SONNEL MANAGEM5T4 ,I WORK = ?AT COMPANY4 

0,LET'S SAY A SOLDI] MOVES TO AN (FICE TWO ROOMS D[N ! HALL4 ,9/EAD ( C>RY+ HIS COMPUT] OV]1 HE FILLS \T A =M4 ,! ,I,T SUBCONTRACTOR READS & APPROVES IT & =W>DS IT TO ! LOGI/ICS FIRM4 ,! LOGI/ICS FIRM APPROVES ! MOVE & REQUE/S P]SONNEL FROM US4 ,I GET AN EMAIL TO TRAVEL TO ! B>RACKS4 ,! B>RACKS >E UP TO ?REE HUNDR$ MILES AWAY FROM MY HOME1 SO ,I R5T A C>4 ,I DRIVE TO ! B>RACKS1 FILL \T A =M1 UNHOOK ! COMPUT]1 LOAD IT 9TO A BOX1 & SEAL ! BOX4 ,A GUY FROM ! LOGI/ICS FIRM C>RIES ! BOX TO ! NEW (FICE4 ,!RE1 ,I UNSEAL ! BOX1 FILL \T ANO!R =M1 HOOK UP ! COMPUT]1 GET A FEW SIGNATURES1 DRIVE BACK HOME1 S5D A LETT] ) ! PAP]WORK1 & !N ,I GET PAID40 

,9 #b#a#e1 ,Y\,GOV1 A POLL+ AG5CY1 ASK$ ,BRITONS :E!R !Y BELIEV$ !IR JOB MADE A 0MEAN+FUL CONTRIBUTION TO ! WORLD40 ,MORE ?AN A ?IRD--#c#g P]C5T--BELIEV$ IT DID NOT4 7,ONLY #e P]C5T SAID ?AT IT DID2 #ac P]C5T W]E UNC]TA947 ,A MORE REC5T POLL CONDUCT$ 9 ! ,NE!RL&S F\ND ?AT #d P]C5T ( ,DUT* WORK]S FELT !IR JOB HAD NO GOOD REASON TO EXI/4 

,\R SOCIETY VALUES WORK4 ,WE EXPECT A JOB TO S]VE A PURPOSE & TO HAVE A L>G] MEAN+4 ,= WORK]S :O HAVE 9T]NALIZ$ ?IS VALUE SY/EM1 !RE IS LITTLE ?AT IS MORE DEMORALIZ+ ?AN WAK+ UP FIVE DAYS A WEEK TO P]=M A TASK ?AT ONE BELIEVES IS A WA/E ( TIME4 

,IT'S NOT OBVI\S1 H[EV]1 :Y HAV+ A PO9TLESS JOB MAKES PEOPLE QUITE SO MIS]ABLE4 ,AFT] ALL1 A L>GE PORTION ( ! WORK=CE IS BE+ PAID--(T5 V]Y GOOD MONEY--TO DO NO?+4 ,!Y MI<T CONSID] !MSELVES =TUNATE4 ,9/EAD1 MANY FEEL WOR?LESS & DEPRESS$4 

,9 #a#i#a1 ! ,G]MAN PSY*OLOGI/ ,K>L ,GROOS DISCOV]$ ?AT 9FANTS EXPRESS EXTRAORD9>Y HAPP9ESS :5 !Y FIR/ DISCOV] !IR ABILITY TO CAUSE PR$ICTABLE EFFECTS 9 ! WORLD4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !Y MI<T SCRIBBLE ) A P5CIL BY R&OMLY MOV+ !IR >MS & H&S4 ,:5 !Y REALIZE ?AT !Y CAN A*IEVE ! SAME RESULT BY RETRAC+ ! SAME PATT]N1 !Y RESPOND ) EXPRESSIONS ( UTT] JOY4 ,GROOS CALL$ ?IS 0! PLEASURE AT BE+ ! CAUSE10 & SUGGE/$ ?AT IT WAS ! BASIS = PLAY4 

,BE=E ,GROOS1 MO/ ,WE/]N POLITICAL PHILOSOPH]S1 ECONOMI/S1 & SOCIAL SCI5TI/S ASSUM$ ?AT HUMANS SEEK P[] \T ( EI!R A DESIRE = CONQUE/ & DOM9ATION OR A PRACTICAL NE$ TO GU>ANTEE PHYSICAL GRATIFICATION & REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS4 ,GROOS'S 9SI<T HAD P[]FUL IMPLICATIONS = \R UND]/&+ ( ! =MATION ( ! SELF1 & ( HUMAN MOTIVATION MORE G5]ALLY4 ,*ILDR5 COME TO SEE ?AT !Y EXI/ AS DI/9CT 9DIVIDUALS :O >E SEP>ATE FROM ! WORLD >\ND !M BY OBS]V+ ?AT !Y CAN CAUSE SOME?+ TO HAPP51 & HAPP5 AGA94 ,CRUCIALLY1 ! REALIZATION BR+S A DELI<T1 ! PLEASURE AT BE+ ! CAUSE1 ?AT IS ! V]Y F\NDATION ( \R BE+4 

,EXP]IM5TS HAVE %[N ?AT IF A *ILD IS ALL[$ TO EXP]I5CE ?IS DELI<T BUT !N IS SUDD5LY D5I$ IT1 HE WILL BECOME 5RAG$1 REFUSE TO 5GAGE1 OR EV5 )DRAW FROM ! WORLD 5TIRELY4 ,! PSY*IATRI/ & PSY*OANALY/ ,FRANCIS ,BR\CEK SUSPECT$ ?AT SU* TRAUMATIC EXP]I5CES CAN CAUSE MANY M5TAL HEAL? ISSUES LAT] 9 LIFE4 

,GROOS'S RESE>* L$ HIM TO DEVISE A !ORY ( PLAY AS MAKE-BELIEVE3 ,ADULTS 9V5T GAMES & DIV]SIONS = ! SAME REASON ?AT AN 9FANT DELI<TS 9 HIS ABILITY TO MOVE A P5CIL4 ,WE WI% TO EX]CISE \R P[]S AS AN 5D 9 !MSELVES4 ,?IS1 ,GROOS SUGGE/$1 IS :AT FRE$OM IS--! ABILITY TO MAKE ?+S UP = ! SAKE ( BE+ ABLE TO DO SO4 

,! MAKE-BELIEVE ASPECT ( ! WORK IS PRECISELY :AT P]=M]S ( BULL%IT JOBS F9D ! MO/ 9FURIAT+4 ,JU/ AB\T ANYONE 9 A SUP]VIS$ WAGE-LABOR JOB F9DS IT MADD5+ TO PRET5D TO BE BUSY4 ,WORK+ IS MEANT TO S]VE A PURPOSE--IF MAKE-BELIEVE PLAY IS AN EXPRESSION ( HUMAN FRE$OM1 !N MAKE-BELIEVE WORK IMPOS$ BY O!RS REPRES5TS A TOTAL LACK ( FRE$OM4 ,IT'S UNSURPRIS+1 !N1 ?AT ! FIR/ HI/ORICAL OCCURR5CE ( ! NOTION ?AT SOME PEOPLE \<T TO BE WORK+ AT ALL TIMES1 OR ?AT WORK %\LD BE MADE UP TO FILL !IR TIME EV5 9 ! ABS5CE ( ?+S ?AT NE$ DO+1 CONC]NS WORK]S :O >E NOT FREE3 PRISON]S & SLAVES4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 HUMAN WORK PATT]NS HAVE TAK5 ! =M ( 9T5SE BUR/S ( 5]GY FOLL[$ BY RE/4 ,F>M+1 = 9/ANCE1 IS G5]ALLY AN ALL-H&S-ON-DECK MOBILIZATION >\ND PLANT+ & H>VE/1 ) ! (F-SEASONS OCCUPI$ BY M9OR PROJECTS4 ,L>GE PROJECTS SU* AS BUILD+ A H\SE OR PREP>+ = A FEA/ T5D TO TAKE ! SAME =M4 ,?IS IS TYPICAL ( H[ HUMAN BE+S HAVE ALWAYS WORK$4 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ACT+ O!RWISE W\LD RESULT 9 GREAT] EFFICI5CY OR PRODUCTIVITY4 ,(T5 IT HAS PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE EFFECT4 

,ONE REASON ?AT WORK WAS HI/ORICALLY IRREGUL> IS BECAUSE IT WAS L>GELY UNSUP]VIS$4 ,?IS IS TRUE ( M$IEVAL FEUDALISM & ( MO/ LABOR >RANGEM5TS UNTIL RELATIVELY REC5T TIMES1 EV5 IF ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 WORK] & BOSS WAS /RIK+LY UNEQUAL4 ,IF ?OSE AT ! BOTTOM PRODUC$ :AT WAS REQUIR$ ( !M1 ?OSE AT ! TOP C\LDN'T BE BO!R$ TO KN[ H[ ! TIME WAS SP5T4 

,MO/ SOCIETIES ?R\<\T HI/ORY W\LD NEV] HAVE IMAG9$ ?AT A P]SON'S TIME C\LD BELONG TO HIS EMPLOY]4 ,BUT TODAY IT IS CONSID]$ P]FECTLY NATURAL = FREE CITIZ5S ( DEMOCRATIC C\NTRIES TO R5T \T A ?IRD OR MORE ( !IR DAY4 0,I'M NOT PAY+ Y\ TO L\NGE >\ND10 REPRIM&S ! MOD]N BOSS1 ) ! \TRAGE ( A MAN :O FEELS HE'S BE+ ROBB$4 ,H[ DID WE GET H]E8 

,BY ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 ! COMMON UND]/&+ ( :AT TIME WAS HAD *ANG$2 IT BECAME A GRID AGA9/ :I* WORK WAS MEASUR$1 RA!R ?AN ! WORK ITSELF BE+ ! MEASURE4 ,CLOCK T[]S FUND$ BY LOCAL M]*ANT GUILDS W]E ]ECT$ ?R\<\T ,EUROPE4 ,!SE SAME M]*ANTS PLAC$ HUMAN SKULLS ON !IR DESKS AS MEM5TO MORI1 TO REM9D !MSELVES ?AT !Y %\LD MAKE QUICK USE ( !IR TIME4 ,! PROLIF]ATION ( DOME/IC CLOCKS & POCKET WAT*ES ?AT CO9CID$ ) ! ADV5T ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION 9 ! LATE EI<TE5? C5TURY ALL[$ = A SIMIL> ATTITUDE T[>D TIME TO SPREAD AMONG ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,TIME CAME TO BE WIDELY SE5 AS A F9ITE PROP]TY TO BE BUDGET$ & SP5T1 MU* LIKE MONEY4 ,& !SE NEW TIME-TELL+ DEVICES ALL[$ A WORK]'S TIME TO BE *OPP$ UP 9TO UNI=M UNITS ?AT C\LD BE B\<T & SOLD4 ,FACTORIES />T$ TO REQUIRE WORK]S TO PUN* ! TIME CLOCK UPON 5T]+ & LEAV+4 

,! *ANGE WAS MORAL AS WELL AS TE*NOLOGICAL4 ,ONE BEGAN TO SPEAK ( SP5D+ TIME RA!R ?AN JU/ PASS+ IT1 & ALSO ( WA/+ TIME1 KILL+ TIME1 SAV+ TIME1 LOS+ TIME1 RAC+ AGA9/ TIME1 & SO =?4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 AN EPISODIC /YLE ( WORK+ WAS 9CREAS+LY TREAT$ AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM4 ,ME?ODI/ PREA*]S EXHORT$ 0! HUSB&RY ( TIME02 TIME MANAGEM5T BECAME ! ESS5CE ( MORALITY4 ,! POOR W]E BLAM$ = SP5D+ !IR TIME RECKLESSLY1 = BE+ AS IRRESPONSIBLE ) !IR TIME AS !Y W]E ) !IR MONEY4 

,WORK]S PROTE/+ OPPRESSIVE CONDITIONS1 MEAN:ILE1 ADOPT$ ! SAME NOTIONS ( TIME4 ,MANY ( ! FIR/ FACTORIES DIDN'T ALL[ WORK]S TO BR+ 9 !IR [N TIMEPIECES1 BECAUSE ! [N] PLAY$ FA/ & LOOSE ) ! FACTORY CLOCK4 ,LABOR ACTIVI/S NEGOTIAT$ HI<] H\RLY RATES1 DEM&$ FIX$-H\R CONTRACTS1 OV]TIME1 TIME & A HALF1 TWELVE- & !N EI<T-H\R WORK %IFTS4 ,! ACT ( DEM&+ 0FREE TIME10 ?\< UND]/&ABLE1 RE9=C$ ! NOTION ?AT A WORK]'S TIME REALLY DID BELONG TO ! P]SON :O HAD B\<T IT4 

,! IDEA ?AT WORK]S HAVE A MORAL OBLIGATION TO ALL[ !IR WORK+ TIME TO BE DICTAT$ HAS BECOME SO NORMALIZ$ ?AT MEMB]S ( ! PUBLIC FEEL 9DIGNANT IF !Y SEE1 SAY1 TRANSIT WORK]S L\NG+ ON ! JOB4 ,?US BUSYWORK WAS 9V5T$3 TO AMELIORATE ! SUPPOS$ PROBLEM ( WORK]S NOT HAV+ 5\< TO DO TO FILL AN EI<T-H\R DAY4 ,TAKE ! EXP]I5CE ( A WOMAN NAM$ ,W5DY1 :O S5T ME A LONG HI/ORY ( PO9TLESS JOBS %E HAD WORK$3 

0,AS A RECEPTIONI/ = A SMALL TRADE MAGAZ9E1 ,I WAS (T5 GIV5 TASKS TO P]=M :ILE WAIT+ = ! PHONE TO R+4 ,ONCE1 ONE ( ! AD-SALES PEOPLE DUMP$ ?\S&S ( PAP] CLIPS ON MY DESK & ASK$ ME TO SORT !M BY COLOR4 ,%E !N US$ !M 9T]*ANGEABLY4 

0,ANO!R EXAMPLE3 MY GR&MO!R LIV$ 9DEP5D5TLY 9 AN AP>TM5T 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY 9TO H] E>LY N9ETIES1 BUT %E DID NE$ SOME HELP4 ,WE HIR$ A V]Y NICE WOMAN TO LIVE ) H]1 HELP H] DO %OPP+ & LAUNDRY1 & KEEP AN EYE \T 9 CASE %E FELL OR NE$$ HELP4 ,SO1 IF ALL W5T WELL1 !RE WAS NO?+ = ?IS WOMAN TO DO4 ,?IS DROVE MY GR&MO!R CRAZY4 ',%E'S JU/ SITT+ !RE6' %E W\LD COMPLA94 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! WOMAN QUIT40 

,?IS S5SE ( OBLIGATION IS COMMON ACROSS ! WORLD4 ,RAMADAN1 = EXAMPLE1 IS A Y\NG ,EGYPTIAN 5G9E] WORK+ = A PUBLIC 5T]PRISE 9 ,CAIRO4 

,! COMPANY NE$$ A TEAM ( 5G9E]S TO COME 9 EV]Y MORN+ & *ECK :E!R ! AIR CONDITION]S W]E WORK+1 !N HANG >\ND 9 CASE SOME?+ BROKE4 ,( C\RSE1 MANAGEM5T C\LDN'T ADMIT ?AT2 9/EAD1 ! FIRM 9V5T$ =MS1 DRILLS1 & BOX-TICK+ RITUALS CALCULAT$ TO KEEP ! TEAM BUSY = EI<T H\RS A DAY4 0,I DISCOV]$ IMM$IATELY ?AT ,I HADN'T BE5 HIR$ AS AN 5G9E] AT ALL BUT REALLY AS SOME K9D ( TE*NICAL BUREAUCRAT10 ,RAMADAN EXPLA9$4 0,ALL WE DO H]E IS PAP]WORK1 FILL+ \T *ECKLI/S & =MS40 ,=TUNATELY1 ,RAMADAN GRADUALLY FIGUR$ \T :I* ONES NOBODY W\LD NOTICE IF HE IGNOR$ & US$ ! TIME TO 9DULGE A GR[+ 9T]E/ 9 FILM & LIT]ATURE4 ,/ILL1 ! PROCESS LEFT HIM FEEL+ HOLL[4 0,GO+ EV]Y WORKDAY TO A JOB ?AT ,I CONSID]$ PO9TLESS WAS PSY*OLOGICALLY EXHAU/+ & LEFT ME DEPRESS$40 

,! 5D RESULT1 H[EV] EXASP]AT+1 DOESN'T SEEM ALL ?AT BAD1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ,RAMADAN HAD FIGUR$ \T H[ TO GAME ! SY/EM4 ,:Y C\LDN'T HE SEE IT1 !N1 AS /EAL+ BACK TIME ?AT HE'D SOLD TO ! CORPORATION8 ,:Y DID ! PRET5SE & LACK ( PURPOSE GR9D HIM D[N8 

,A BULL%IT JOB--:]E ONE IS TREAT$ AS IF ONE W]E USEFULLY EMPLOY$ & =C$ TO PLAY ALONG ) ! PRET5SE--IS 9H]5TLY DEMORALIZ+ BECAUSE IT IS A GAME ( MAKE-BELIEVE NOT ( ONE'S [N MAK+4 ,( C\RSE ! S\L CRIES \T4 ,IT IS AN ASSAULT ON ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( SELF4 ,A HUMAN BE+ UNABLE TO HAVE A MEAN+FUL IMPACT ON ! WORLD CEASES TO EXI/4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #b#h? ,NOVEMB] #bba FROM H>P]S4ORG47 

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