,RADICAL ,ALT]ITY IS ,JU/ ANO!R ,WAY ( SAY+ 0REALITY0 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,AS A RESPONSE TO ,$U>DO ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO'S CRITIQUE ( MY ESSAY 0,FETI%ES >E GODS 9 ! PROCESS ( CON/RUCTION10 ?IS PAP] 5T]S 9TO CRITICAL 5GAGEM5T ) AN?ROPOLOGICAL PROPON5TS ( :AT HAS BE5 CALL$ ! 0ONTOLOGICAL TURN40 ,AMONG O!R 5GAGEM5TS1 ,I NOTE ?AT MY [N REFLECTIONS ON ,MALAGASY FANAFODY1 OR M$IC9E1 >E 9=M$ BY JU/ ! SORT ( SELF-CONSCI\S REFLECTIONS MY 9=MANTS MAKE ON EPI/EMOLOGY1 SOME?+ ?AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S TYPICALLY IGNORE4 ,AFT] MAK+ NOTE ( ! >GUM5TS ( ,ROY ,BHASK> ?AT MO/ PO/-,C>TESIAN PHILOSOPHY RE/S ON AN 0EPI/EMIC FALLACY10 ,I FUR!R >GUE ?AT A REALI/ ONTOLOGY1 COMB9$ ) BROAD !ORETICAL RELATIVISM1 IS A MORE COMPELL+ POLITICAL POSITION ?AN ! 0ONTOLOGICAL AN>*Y0 & !ORETICAL 9TOL]ANCE ( ONTOLOGICAL TURN EXPON5TS4 

,KEYWORDS3 MAGIC1 ONTOLOGY1 EPI/EMOLOGY1 ,CRITICAL ,REALISM1 ,MADAGASC> 

,D$ICAT$ TO MY DE> FRI5D1 ,ROY ,BHASK>1 :O DI$ BE=E HIS TIME4 ,MAY HIS TIME COME SOON4 

,OLD FA%ION$ AN?ROPOLOGICAL DEBATES1 ( ! SORT MADE FAM\S BY1 SAY1 ,$MUND ,LEA* OR ,DAVID ,S*NEID]1 W]E ONCE ONE ( ! MO/ DRAMATIC--& 5T]TA9+-- SIGNS ( ! VITALITY ( ! DISCIPL9E4.<#a.> ,!Y DON'T SEEM TO HAPP5 MU* ANY MORE4 ,P]HAPS ?IS IS ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( FRAGM5TATION3 WE NO LONG] %>E 5\< ( A COMMON GR\ND EV5 TO AGREE ON :AT !RE IS TO >GUE AB\T4 ,C]TA9LY1 :5 AN?ROPOLOGI/S DO 5GAGE 9 POLEMICS N[ADAYS1 !Y MORE (T5 ?AN NOT SEEM TO BE TALK+ PA/ EA* O!R4 ,IF NOT %\T+4 

,9 ?IS S5SE1 IT MI<T BE SAID ?AT ,$U>DO ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO1 9 HIS REC5T ,M>ILYN ,/RA!RN LECTURE1 0,:O'S AFRAID ( ! ONTOLOGICAL WOLF80 7#b#a#e71 IS PROPOS+ WE REVIVE ! OLD GR& TRADITION4 ,9 S+L+ \T SOME ( ! >GUM5TS 9 AN ESSAY ,I WROTE ON FETI%ISM AS EXAMPLES ( :AT HE SUGGE/S %\LD BE 09ADMISSIBLE MOVES0 9 AN?ROPOLOGY 7,GRAEB] #b#e71 HE IS1 AT LEA/ AS ,I UND]/& HIM1 CALL+ = A RESPONSE2 ?R[+ D[N A GANTLET1 AS IT W]E1 BUT DO+ SO 9 SU* AN UNUSUALLY GRACI\S1 GOOD-NATUR$1 & FRI5DLY WAY ?AT IT /RIKES ME HIS *ALL5GE DOES GIVE US AN OPPORTUNITY TO REVIVE AN OLD TRADITION 9 A NEW1 MORE G5]\S SPIRIT4 ,I MU/ SAY ,I FEEL A LITTLE HONOR$ BY ! OPPORTUNITY4 ,I AM A DEEP ADMIR] ( ,$U>DO ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO'S WORK1 & ,I ALSO SEE HIM AS SOME?+ ( A FELL[ SPIRIT & POLITICAL ALLY1 9 ?AT WE BO? >E ACTIVI/S :O FEEL ?AT ! DISCIPL9E ( AN?ROPOLOGY IS NOT ONLY UNIQUELY POSITION$ TO ANSW] QUE/IONS ( UNIV]SAL PHILOSOPHICAL IMPORT1 BUT ALSO HAS SOME?+ CRUCIAL TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! CAUSE ( HUMAN FRE$OM4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 WE DEF9ITELY %>E 5\< COMMON GR\ND ?AT AN EXPLORATION ( \R DIFF]5CES C\LD BE 9/RUCTIVE4 

,F9ALLY1 ,I ?9K ! IMM$IATE TOPIC ( \R DISAGREEM5T--:AT IS & :AT IS NOT P]MISSIBLE = AN E?NOGRAPH] TO SAY AB\T A ,MALAGASY HAIL *>M--H[EV] APP>5TLY SPECIFIC1 DOES 9DE$ OP5 UP QUE/IONS \R DISCIPL9E W\LD DO WELL TO ADDRESS1 QUE/IONS ?AT DO 9DE$ HAVE L>G] POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS4 

,LET ME /ATE ! MATT] 9 BRIEF4 ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO HAS OV] ! LA/ DECADE BECOME SOME?+ ( A /&>D BE>] = :AT HAS COME TO BE KN[N 9 AN?ROPOLOGY AS ! 0ONTOLOGICAL TURN0 7H5CE1 ,O,T2 SEE1 AMONG O!RS3 ,C&EA #b#a#a2 ,H5>E1 ,HOLBRAAD1 & ,WA/EL #b#g2 ,HOLBRAAD #b#g1 #b#h1 #b#i1 #b#a#bA1 #b#a#bB2 ,P$]S5 #b#a1 #b#a#a1 #b#a#b2 ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO #b#c1 #b#a#c1 #b#a#e2 CF4 ,HEYWOOD #b#a#b2 ,LAIDLAW #b#a#b2 ,SALMOND #b#a#d74 ,9 HIS ,/RA!RN LECTURE1 HE S+LES ME \T AS AN EXAMPLE ( AN OLD-FA%ION$ AN?ROPOLOGI/ :O /ILL CL+S TO ! OLD HABITS ( BREEZILY DISMISS+ :AT US$ TO BE CALL$ 0APP>5TLY IRRATIONAL BELIEFS0--9 ?IS CASE1 ?AT A *>M CALL$ ,RAVOLOLONA CAN /OP HAIL/ORMS FROM FALL+ ON F>M]S' CROPS--AS UNTRUE 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE1 & !RE=E1 HAV+ TO BE EXPLA9$ AS A PROJECTION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ( SOME SORT4 ,SU* AN APPROA*1 HE SUGGE/S1 HAS REALLY NOT ADVANC$ 9 ANY FUNDAM5TAL WAY S9CE ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D 7#a#i#c#g7 >GU$ ?AT ,Z&E IDEAS AB\T WIT*CRAFT CANNOT BE LIT]ALLY TRUE1 & ?AT RA!R ?AN SIMPLY COMPILE APP>5TLY CONTRADICTORY /ATEM5TS & TRY TO IMAG9E :AT !SE PEOPLE W\LD HAVE TO ?9K 9 ORD] = ALL !SE /ATEM5TS TO BE CONSI/5T1 ! REAL TASK ( ! E?NOGRAPH] IS TO UND]/& H[ SOCIETY IS ORGANIZ$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT NO ONE EV] NOTICES ! /ATEM5TS >E CONTRADICTORY 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

,N[ ,I MU/ ADMIT ?AT1 = MY [N P>T1 ,I DON'T F9D AN AFF9ITY ) ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D P>TICUL>LY %AMEFUL4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ,I'VE ALWAYS BELIEV$ ?AT HIS EXPOSITION ( ,Z&E WIT*CRAFT IS ONE ( ! MO/ BRILLIANT ANALYZES ( IDEOLOGY EV] WRITT54 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D'S C5TRAL PO9T WAS ?AT1 :5 TALK+ 9 ! AB/RACT1 ,Z&E W\LD ALMO/ 9V>IABLY MAKE /ATEM5TS 7E4G41 WIT*ES >E A SMALL COLLECTIVE ( SELF-CONSCI\SLY EVIL AG5TS2 SONS ( MALE WIT*ES W]E ALWAYS WIT*ES TOO7 ?AT OBVI\SLY CONTRADICT$ EV]YDAY PRACTICE 7EV]YONE HAD ADMITT$ TO UNCONSCI\S WIT*CRAFT AT SOME PO9T 9 !IR LIVES1 NOBODY SPEAKS ( WIT* L9EAGES74 ,:Y DOES NO ONE SEEM TO NOTICE ?IS CONTRADICTION8 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D'S ANSW] IS ?AT !IR SOCIETY IS >RANG$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! TWO >E NEV] JUXTAPOS$4 ,Z&E >5'T SOCIOLOGI/S4 ,!Y DO NOT G5]ALIZE FROM :AT !Y SAY AB\T 9DIVIDUALS TO ?9K AB\T :AT IT W\LD MEAN = SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,BUT IS IT NOT EXACTLY ! SAME 9 \R [N SOCIETY1 :]E IT'S COMMONPLACE TO MAKE EQUALLY ABSURD G5]ALIZATIONS 70ANYONE :O'S SUFFICI5TLY DET]M9$ & G5U9ELY BELIEVES 9 !MSELVES CAN BECOME SUCCESSFUL07--DESPITE ! OBVI\S DAY-TO-DAY REALITY ?AT1 EV5 IF EV]Y S+LE P]SON 9 ! C\NTRY WOKE UP ONE MORN+ DET]M9$ TO BECOME ! NEXT ,SIR ,RI*>D ,BRANSON1 SOCIETY IS SO >RANG$ ?AT !RE W\LD /ILL HAVE TO BE BUS DRIV]S1 JANITORS1 NURSES1 & CA%I]S8 

,IF SO1 ! QUE/ION3 0,:AT W\LD ,Z&E HAVE TO BELIEVE = !SE /ATEM5TS TO BE CONSI/5T80 IS EXACTLY ! WRONG ONE TO ASK4 ,O,T]S ( C\RSE W\LD AGREE1 BUT = ! OPPOSITE REASON4 ,!Y W\LD >GUE ?AT ! QUE/ION DOES NOT GO F> 5\<3 ! REAL QUE/ION %\LD NOT BE 0,:AT W\LD ,Z&E HAVE TO BELIEVE80 BUT 0,:AT W\LD ! WORLD ACTUALLY HAVE TO BE LIKE = !SE /ATEM5TS TO BE CONSI/5T80 ,IT IS !N 9CUMB5T ON ! E?NOGRAPH] TO WRITE AS IF1 = ! ,Z&E AT LEA/1 ?IS WORLD ACTUALLY DOES EXI/2 TO RECOGNIZE ITS RADICAL ALT]ITY1 ACCEPT ?AT WE C\LD NEV] 5TIRELY UND]/& IT1 BUT NONE!LESS ALL[ ! CONCEPTS ?AT UND]LIE IT 0UNSETTLE0 \R [N !ORETICAL BELIEFS4 

,H5CE ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO'S OBJECTION TO MY >GUM5T AB\T ! ,MALAGASY HAIL *>M4 

,:AT ,I WILL DO 9 ?IS ESSAY IS1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ADDRESS ! SPECIFIC *>GE LEVEL$ AGA9/ ME BY PLAC+ MY REM>KS 9 FULL E?NOGRAPHIC CONTEXT4 ,DO+ SO1 ,I BELIEVE1 %ALL REVEAL :AT'S REALLY AT /AKE 9 ! RIFT BETWE5 ,O,T APPROA*ES & ?OSE ( AN?ROPOLOGI/S SU* AS MYSELF4 ,! ESSAY WILL !N EXPLORE SOME ( ! F\ND+ TEXTS ! CURR5T ,O,T TRADITION SO AS TO >GUE1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ?AT1 DESPITE PROTE/ATIONS TO ! CONTR>Y1 ,O,T DOES NOT AB&ON ! TRADITIONAL PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/ = A UNIV]SAL ONTOLOGY1 BUT RA!R PROPOSES ITS [N TACIT UNIV]SAL ONTOLOGY1 :I* IS ESS5TIALLY A =M ( PHILOSOPHICAL ,IDEALISM4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ,I PUT =W>D A CASE = COMB9+ ONTOLOGICAL REALISM ) !ORETICAL RELATIVISM1 & SUGGE/ ?AT1 F> FROM TRY+ TO IMPOSE MY [N !ORETICAL VIEWS ON MY ,MALAGASY 9T]LOCUTORS 0BEH9D !IR BACKS10 ?IS APPROA* IS F> CLOS] TO ! WAY ,MALAGASY T5D$ TO ?9K AB\T SU* QUE/IONS1 & !RE=E1 MORE CONDUCIVE TO A MEAN+FUL DIALOGUE AB\T ?OSE ?+S !Y CONSID]$ MO/ IMPORTANT4 

,! DEBATE 

,!RE'S NO NE$ H]E TO SUMM>IZE MY PAP] ON FETI%ISM 9 ANY DETAIL S9CE ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO ADDRESSES ONLY V]Y LITTLE ( IT1 BUT SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT IT IS L>GELY AN ESSAY ON D\BLE-?9K4 ,! WORD 0FETI%0 IS ORD9>ILY 9VOK$ :5 PEOPLE SEEM TO TALK ONE WAY & ACT ANO!R4 ,! SURPRIS+ ?+ IS ?AT ?IS CAN HAPP5 9 5TIRELY CONTR>Y WAYS4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! ,AFRICAN OBJECTS ?AT CAME TO BE LABEL$ 0FETI%ES0 BY ,EUROPEAN M]*ANTS & O!R TRAVEL]S1 ?OSE :O EMPLOY$ !M 9SI/$ ?AT ! OBJECTS W]E GODS BUT ACT$ AS IF !Y DID NOT BELIEVE ?IS 7SU* GODS C\LD BE CREAT$1 OR CA/ AWAY1 AS NE$$74 ,9 ! CASE ( CONTEMPOR>Y COMMODITY FETI%ISM1 IT'S QUITE ! OPPOSITE3 ! AV]AGE /OCKBROK] WILL 9SI/ HE DOES NOT REALLY 0BELIEVE0 ?AT PORK BELLIES >E DO+ ?IS OR SECURITIZ$ D]IVATIVES DO+ ?AT--I4E41 ?AT !SE >E JU/ FIGURES ( SPEE*4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE ACTS AS IF HE DOES BELIEVE !Y >E DO+ !SE ?+S4 ,I REM>K$ ?AT1 9 MY EXP]I5CE1 ,MALAGASY ODY--USUALLY TRANSLAT$ AS 0*>MS0--W]E QUITE SIMIL> TO ,AFRICAN FETI%ES 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,F9ALLY1 ,I SUGGE/$ ?AT ?IS K9D ( D\BLE-?9K IS TYPICAL ( MOM5TS ( SOCIAL CREATIVITY4 ,H]E1 A CLASSIC ,M>XI/ APPROA* ?AT SEES 0FETI%ISM0 AS JU/ A MATT] ( CONFUS+ ONE'S 9DIVIDUAL P]SPECTIVE ) ! NATURE ( A SOCIAL TOTALITY CANNOT BE APPLI$1 BECAUSE ! RELEVANT SOCIAL TOTALITY DOES NOT YET EXI/--9 FACT1 ?AT TOTALITY IS 9 ! PROCESS ( BE+ CREAT$ BY EXACTLY SU* APP>5TLY 0FETI%I/IC0 ACTS4.<#b.> 

,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO BYPASSES ALL ?IS & FOCUSES1 9/EAD1 ON A S+LE P>AGRAPH ?AT APPE>S T[>D ! ESSAY'S 5D4 ,IT US$ TO BE1 HE NOTES1 ?AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S C\LD DECL>E !IR 9=MANTS' UND]/&+ ( ! WORLD TO BE WRONG1 AS ,EVANS,PRIT*>D1 = EXAMPLE1 DID :5 HE 9=M$ HIS READ] ?AT 0,WIT*ES1 AS ! ,AZ&E CONCEIVE !M1 CANNOT EXI/0 7,EVANS-,PRIT*>D #a#i#c#g3 #f#c74 ,BUT ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO GO BACK TO ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D4 ,SOME /ILL SPEAK ?IS WAY4 ,AS AN ILLU/RATION1 HE CITES ! FOLL[+ PASSAGE FROM MY ESSAY3 

,( C\RSE IT W\LD ALSO BE GO+ TOO F> TO SAY ?AT ! FETI%I/IC VIEW IS SIMPLY TRUE3 ,LUNKANKA CANNOT REALLY TIE ANYONE'S 9TE/9ES 9TO KNOTS2 ,RAVOLOLONA CANNOT REALLY PREV5T HAIL FROM FALL+ ON ANYONE'S CROPS4 ,AS ,I HAVE REM>K$ ELSE:]E1 ULTIMATELY WE >E PROBABLY JU/ DEAL+ H]E ) ! P>ADOX ( P[]1 P[] BE+ SOME?+ :I* EXI/S ONLY IF O!R PEOPLE ?9K IT DOES2 A P>ADOX ?AT ,I HAVE ALSO >GU$ LIES ALSO AT ! CORE ( MAGIC1 :I* ALWAYS SEEMS TO BE SURR\ND$ BY AN AURA ( FRAUD1 %[MAN%IP1 & *ICAN]Y4 ,BUT ONE C\LD >GUE IT IS NOT JU/ ! P>ADOX ( P[]4 ,IT IS ALSO ! P>ADOX ( CREATIVITY4 7,GRAEB] #b#e3 #d#c2 QUOT$ 9 ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO #b#a#e3 #a#e7 

,?IS IS HIS RESPONSE3 

0,IT WAS ALREADY DECID$ FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+10 AS ,DELEUZE & ,GUATT>I MI<T HAVE SAID1 ?AT FETI%ES C\LD S]VE ONLY TO REPRES5T NECESS>Y ILLUSIONS CONJUR$ UP BY LIV+ 9 SOCIETY4 ,M>CIO ,GOLDMAN1 9 AN >TICLE FROM :I* ,I /OLE ?IS PASSAGE AS WELL AS ! G5]AL SPIRIT ( ! COMM5T>Y1 OBS]VES ?AT ,GRAEB]'S EF=T TO SAVE ! ,M>XIAN NOTION ( 0FETI%ISM10 NAMELY1 ?AT FETI%ES >E 0OBJECTS :I* SEEM TO TAKE ON HUMAN QUALITIES :I* >E1 ULTIMATELY1 REALLY D]IV$ FROM ! ACTORS !MSELVES10 IS SOME:AT MISPLAC$4 ,GRAEB] DOES TRY SOMEH[ TO RECONCILE ! ,M]9A TO ,M>X1 >GU+ ?AT FETI%ES ONLY BECOME 0DANG]\S0 :5 0FETI%ISM GIVES WAY TO !OLOGY1 ! ABSOLUTE ASSURANCE ?AT ! GODS >E REAL0 7REAL AS COMMODITIES1 ONE MI<T SAY74 ,! PROBLEM1 SAYS ,GOLDMAN 7#b#i3 #a#a#dFF71 IS ?AT ?IS BRAVE EF=T TO SAVE ! NATIVES' .<SIC.> FACE IS UND]TAK5 BEH9D ! LATT]'S BACK1 SO TO SPEAK4 ,ONE WOND]S1 FIR/LY1 IF ! CONV]SION ( FETI%ISM 9TO 0A WILL TO BELIEVE0 ?AT IS AT ! ROOT ( 7REAL1 SOCIAL7 P[] W\LD BE ACCEPT$ BY ! NATIVES4 ,& SECONDLY1 IF SU* A R$UCTION1 :I* S\NDS MORE LIKE AN ESSAY AT RECONCIL+ ONE EXPLICIT ,WE/]N ONTOLOGY 7TO WIT1 DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM7 ) ! ,M]9A'S IMPLICIT ONE1 RA!R ?AN AN EF=T TO PROBLEMATIZE \R [N ASSUMPTIONS1 DOES NOT 5D UP1 MORE ?AN SIMPLY LEAV+ UNT\*$1 RE9=C+ \R [N ONTOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK4 ,MAGICAL P[]1 AS ! ,M]9A CONCEIVE IT1 CANNOT EXI/4 7IBID47 

,:AT TO SAY AB\T ?IS PASSAGE8 ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO1 FOLL[+ AN E>LI] ESSAY BY ,M>CIO ,GOLDMAN 7#b#i71 APPE>S TO BE MAK+ ! FOLL[+ >GUM5TS3 

 ?AT !RE >E A PEOPLE CALL$ 0! ,M]9A0 TO :OM CAN BE COLLECTIVELY ASCRIB$ A C]TA9 0IMPLICIT ONTOLOGY10 :I* 9CLUDES A C]TA9 CONCEPTION ( MAGICAL P[]2 

 ?AT ,I AM D5Y+ ! LEGITIMACY ( ?IS 0,M]9A0 CONCEPTION :5 ,I SAY ,RAVOLOLONA 7A HAIL *>M7 CAN'T 0REALLY0 /OP HAIL2 

 ?AT ,I AM SUB/ITUT+ = ! EXPLICIT ,M]9A !ORY A DIFF]5T !ORY1 D]IV$ FROM ,M>X1 ?AT HOLDS SU* ILLUSIONS TO BE PROJECTIONS ( HUMAN QUALITIES ONTO MAT]IAL OBJECTS2 

 ?AT :ILE ,I CLAIM ! 0NATIVES0 TACITLY RECOGNIZE ?AT ?IS IS HAPP5+1 ,I AM NONE!LESS TRY+ TO MAKE MY >GUM5T 0BEH9D ! NATIVE'S BACKS0 BY MEANS ( /ATEM5TS 7SU* AS _?#b71 & !ORIES ( SOCIAL P[]1 ?AT !Y W\LD BE UNLIKELY TO AGREE )2 

 ?AT 9 DO+ SO1 ,I FAIL TO PROBLEMATIZE MY [N 7,M>XI/7 !ORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS 9 RESPONSE TO ?AT TACIT 0NATIVE0 ONTOLOGY ( MAGICAL 

,LET ME TAKE ! LA/ ( !SE1 _?#e1 FIR/4 

,GRANT$1 IT SEEMS UNREASONABLE TO EXPECT ! AU?OR TO HAVE MADE A DETAIL$ /UDY ( MY E>LI] E?NOGRAPHIC WRIT+S CONC]N+ ,MALAGASY FANAFODY OR 0M$IC9E0 7E4G41 ,GRAEB] #a#i#i#fA3 #a#e-#a#i2 #a#i#i#fB .<SEE ALSO #b#gB3 #b#b#f-#c#d1 #b#d#a-#d#c & PASSIM.>2 #b#a3 #a#h-#a#d1 #b#c#b-#d#e2 #b#e3 #d#b#a-#b#f2 #b#gA3 #c#e-#c#i1 #g#c-#h#f1 #a#c#i-#h#b1 #a#h#e-#h#g1 

#b#c#b-#c#f1 #b#d#b-#e1 #b#f#a-#c#h1 #c#b-#b#c1 #c#c#h-#d#g & PASSIM2 #b#gB3 #a#f#e1 #a#i#e1 #b#g#h-#g#i2 

#b#a#b3 #c#f-#c#i74 ,/ILL1 S9CE HE HAS PRESUMABLY READ ! PAP] HE IS CRITIQU+1 HE MU/ BE AW>E IT IS EXPLICITLY AN ATTEMPT TO EMPLOY E?NOGRAPHY TO PROBLEMATIZE ,M>XI/ !ORETICAL CATEGORIES4 ,! ESSAY CONCLUDES BY >GU+ ?AT ,AFRICAN 0FETI%ES0 >E NOT FETI%ES 9 ! ,M>XI/ S5SE AT ALL2 ?AT A CLASSIC ,M>XI/ ANALYSIS ( FETI%ISM CANNOT BE APPLI$ TO ANY CONTEXT 9VOLV+ DRAMATIC SOCIAL CREATIVITY2.<#c.> & ?AT1 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 :AT WE CALL FETI%ISM OR EV5 MAGIC1 CAN 9 A C]TA9 S5SE BE SAID TO BE TRUE4 ,! ESSAY EV5 SUGGE/S1 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! V]Y P>AGRAPH ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO CITES 9 HIS LECTURE1 ?AT :AT ,M>X W\LD CONSID] A FREE SOCIETY W\LD BE AT LEA/ 9 C]TA9 WAYS MORE FETI%I/IC ?AN \R [N6 

,PRESUMABLY1 !N1 ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO'S OBJECTION IS NOT ?AT ,I FAIL TO USE ! E?NOGRAPHIC MAT]IAL TO PROBLEMATIZE MY !ORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS1 BUT RA!R ?AT ,I FAIL TO DO SO 9 ! WAY HE BELIEVES ,I %\LD4 ,:AT ,I %\LD HAVE DONE WAS EXAM9E 0MAGICAL P[]1 AS ! ,M]9A CONCEIVE IT10 & !N TREAT IT NOT AS A !ORY OR BELIEF BUT AS REALITY1 ONE :I* 0WE ,WE/]N]S0 WILL NEV] BE ABLE TO COMPLETELY UND]/&1 & ONE TO :I* \R [N FAMILI> CATEGORIES LIKE ! FETI% DO NOT APPLY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !RE >E ONLY TWO P]MISSIBLE WAYS TO 0PROBLEMATIZE \R [N ASSUMPTIONS03 EI!R ONE CAN ACCEPT & TRY TO COME TO GRIPS ) ! RADICAL ALT]ITY ( 0NATIVE0 CONCEPTS1 & CONSID] ! IMPLICATIONS ( TREAT+ !M AS A =M ( REALITY 7BUT A REALITY ?AT EXI/S ONLY = ?IS ONE P>TICUL> GR\P ( 0NATIVES071 OR ONE CAN COME TO ACCEPT ! G5]AL !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK PROMULGAT$ BY PROPON5TS ( ! 0ONTOLOGICAL TURN40 ,& 9DE$ IT IS TRUE ?AT ,I'VE DONE NEI!R4 ,9/EAD1 ,I CONCLUD$ ?AT ! EXAMPLES ( ,BA,KONGO NKISI & ,MALAGASY ODY CAN TEA* US SOME?+ UNEXPECT$ AB\T HUMANS EV]Y:]E3 NOT JU/ ,MALAGASY F>M]S & A/ROLOG]S1 BUT 0,WE/]N AN?ROPOLOGI/S10 ,AMAZONIAN %AMANS1 ,EGYPTIAN %OPKEEP]S1 ,MEXICAN POETS1 & N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,G]MAN REVOLUTION>IES AS WELL4 

,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! OBJECTION IS NOT ?AT ,I DO NOT PROBLEMATIZE MY [N ASSUMPTIONS2 BUT ?AT ,I PROBLEMATIZE !M A LITTLE TOO MU*4 

,?IS /RIKES ME AS IMPORTANT1 & WE MI<T DO WELL H]E TO PAUSE A MOM5T & CONSID] :AT'S AT /AKE BE=E PROCE$+4 ,WE APPE> TO BE 9 ! PRES5CE ( TWO QUITE DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS ( :AT AN?ROPOLOGY IS ULTIMATELY AB\T4 ,>E WE UNSETTL+ \R CATEGORIES SO AS 7#a7 TO BETT] UND]/& ! 0RADICAL ALT]ITY0 ( A SPECIFIC GR\P ( PEOPLE 7:OEV] 0WE0 >E H]E TAK5 TO BE72 OR 7#b7 TO %[ ?AT 9 C]TA9 WAYS1 AT LEA/1 SU* ALT]ITY WAS NOT QUITE AS RADICAL AS WE ?\<T1 & WE CAN PUT ?OSE APP>5TLY EXOTIC CONCEPTS TO WORK TO REEXAM9E \R [N EV]YDAY ASSUMPTIONS & TO SAY SOME?+ NEW AB\T HUMAN BE+S 9 G5]AL8 ,OBVI\SLY ,I AM AN EXPON5T ( ! SECOND POSITION4 ,9 FACT1 IT /RIKES ME ?AT ! GREATE/ A*IEVEM5TS ( AN?ROPOLOGY HAVE COME PRECISELY :5 WE >E WILL+ TO MAKE ?AT SECOND MOVE3 TO SAY1 0,BUT >E WE NOT ALL1 9 A C]TA9 S5SE1 TOTEMI/S80 0,IS NOT W> A =M ( RITUAL SACRIFICE80 0,DOES NOT KN[L$GE ( ! LOGIC ( ,POLYNESIAN TABOO ALL[ US TO LOOK AT FAMILI> CATEGORIES LIKE ETIQUETTE1 OR ! SACR$1 9 A DIFF]5T LI<T80 

,I %\LD EMPHASIZE3 C>RY+ \T ?IS SORT ( ANALYSIS IS NOT SIMPLY A MATT] ( 0,WE/]N]S0 EXPLOIT+ 0NATIVE0 WISDOM TO BETT] UND]/& !MSELVES4 ,ADMITT$LY1 WE LIVE 9 A VIOL5TLY UNEQUAL WORLD1 & EXI/+ /RUCTURES ( P[] WILL (T5 5SURE ?AT ?+S WILL TURN \T ?AT WAY4 ,BUT ?IS IS TRUE ( ANY 9TELLECTUAL PROJECT CONDUCT$ )9 /RUCTURES ( VIOL5T 9EQUALITY 79CLUD+ PROJECTS = ! RECOGNITION ( RADICAL ALT]ITY1 :I* CAN EASILY SLIP 9TO BECOM+ *>T]S = SOME SORT ( MORAL OR POLITICAL AP>!ID3 SEE ,LEVE #b#a#a2 ,GRAEB] #b#gB3 #b#h#h-#i74 ,ANY?+ CAN BE MADE TO S]VE ! PURPOSES ( P[]4 ,! POLITICAL QUE/ION 7AT LEA/ = ME7 IS3 :I* IS ! APPROA* BE/ SUIT$ TO SUPPORT ?OSE :O >E TRY+ TO *ALL5GE ?OSE /RUCTURES ( P[] & AU?ORITY1 & 9 :AT WAYS8 

0,E?NOGRAPHIC !ORY10 AS ,GIOVANNI DA ,COL & ,I 7#b#a#a7 HAVE T]M$ IT1 IS AN ATTEMPT TO MAKE ?IS LATT] APPROA* EXPLICIT4 ,!RE >E1 EFFECTIVELY1 TWO /EPS 9VOLV$1 REPEAT$ 5DLESSLY 70RECURSIVELY0 AS ! ,O,T]S W\LD PUT IT73 7#a7 AN ATTEMPT TO GRAPPLE ) ! 9T]NAL LOGIC ( AN APP>5TLY ALI5 CONCEPT OR =M ( PRACTICE 7BE>+ 9 M9D H]E ?AT CONCEPTS >E ALWAYS ! O!R SIDE ( A =M ( PRACTICE--I4E41 NUMB]S >E NOT PRIOR TO BUT AN EFFECT ( ! PRACTICE ( C\NT+1 TABOO IS AN EFFECT ( ! PRACTICE ( TABOO+1 ETC472 !N1 7#b7 AN EF=T TO REEXAM9E LESS APP>5TLY EXOTIC & MORE FAMILI> PRACTICES 9 ! LI<T ( ?IS ANALYSIS TO SEE IF \R COMMON S5SE NOTIONS >E 9 ANY S5SE P>TIAL1 9ADEQUATE1 OR WRONG4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! CONCEPT ( FETI%ISM IS ACTUALLY AN EXCELL5T ILLU/RATION ( ?IS4 ,AS ,WILLIAM ,PIETZ 7#a#i#h#e1 #a#i#h#g1 #a#i#h#h7 FAM\SLY >GU$1 ,EUROPEAN M]*ANTS OP]AT+ 9 ,WE/ ,AFRICA 9 ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES 9V5T$ ! WORD 0FETI%0 BECAUSE !Y LACK$ A LANGUAGE ) :I* TO TALK AB\T MANY ( ! PRACTICES !Y 5C\NT]$ AMONG !IR ,AFRICAN C\NT]P>TS2 ONCE !Y HAD DONE SO1 ! CONCEPT GAVE ,EUROPEAN ?9K]S A K9D ( CONCEPTUAL PIVOT ?AT ALL[$ !M TO SEE SOME ( !IR [N FAMILI> PRACTICES 7COMM]CIAL & SEXUAL7 9 A RADICALLY NEW LI<T4 ,! RESULT+ !ORIES ALL[$ O!RS TO RETURN TO ! ,AFRICAN MAT]IAL & DISCOV] ! ORIG9AL CONCEPTION ( 0FETI%ISM0 HAD BE5 WILDLY 9ADEQUATE1 :I* 9 TURN ALL[S US TO RE?9K \R [N !ORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS AB\T COMMODITY 0FETI%ISM0 444 & SO =?4 ,MY [N ESSAY WAS JU/ ANO!R MOM5T 9 ?AT ONGO+ EX*ANGE4 

,SOME PROPON5TS ( ,O,T >E WILL+ TO /ATE EXPLICITLY ?AT ONE ( ! MAJOR ADVANTAGES ( !IR [N APPROA* IS ?AT IT PROTECTS US FROM ! DISCOM=T ( MAK+ ?AT SECOND MOVE4 ,H]E1 ,M>T9 ,HOLBRAAD3 

,A COROLL>Y ( ?IS IS REM>K$ UPON MORE R>ELY & HAS TO DO ) ! WAY ! ONTOLOGICAL MOVE ACTUALLY PROTECTS BO? SIDES 9 ! PUTATIVE DISAGREEM5T4 ,PROPON5TS ( ! MOVE USUALLY EMPHASIZE H[ IT GETS US \T ( ! >ROGANCE ( ?9K+ ?AT ! PEOPLE WE /UDY >E SILLY :5 !Y SAY & DO ?+S ?AT TO US SEEM IRRATIONAL4 ,BUT EQUALLY IT GETS US \T ( ! RELATIVI/ IMPULSE TO SAY ?AT :AT WE CONSID] RATIONAL IS 0JU/ AS0 OP5 TO QUE/ION 7EQUALLY 0SITUAT$10 0CON/RUCT$10 & SO ON74 ,\R AN?ROPOLOGICAL DESIRE TO GIVE CR$IT TO ?OSE :O SEEM TO BE SAY+ 7BECAUSE WE MISUND]/& !M7 ?AT /ONES >E PEOPLE HAS NO BE>+ ON \R [N COMMONS5SE UND]/&+ ?AT !Y >E NOT3 AGA91 :AT C\NTS AS A /ONE 9 EI!R CASE IS DIFF]5T4 ,! ONTOLOGICAL TURN1 9 O!R WORDS1 PROTECTS \R 0SCI5CE0 & \R 0COMMON S5SE0 AS MU* AS IT PROTECTS ! 0NATIVE40.<#d.> 7,HOLBRAAD 9 ,ALB]TI1 ,F[LES1 ,HOLBRAAD1 ,M>%ALL1 & ,WITMORE #b#a#a3 #i#c2 ITALICS M9E7 

,?IS PASSAGE IS CRUCIAL BECAUSE IT LAYS B>E ! ULTIMATELY CONS]VATIVE NATURE ( ! ONTOLOGICAL PROJECT--AT LEA/1 9 ?IS P>TICUL> IT]ATION4 ,WE/]N SCI5CE & COMMON S5SE >E 0PROTECT$0 FROM *ALL5GE--:I* ( C\RSE1 NECESS>ILY1 ALSO MEANS ! PROTECTION ( ?OSE /RUCTURES ( AU?ORITY ?AT TELL US ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ ?AT CAN BE REF]R$ TO AS 0,WE/]N SCI5CE0 OR 0COMMON S5SE0--& :AT IT CONSI/S (--9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,S9CE AFT] ALL1 IF \R 9T]LOCUTOR W]E1 SAY1 A ,!RAVADA ,BUDDHI/ RE=M] 7E4G41 ,LEVE #b#a#a7 OR ,NAXALITE REVOLUTION>Y 7E4G41 ,%AH #b#a#c1 #b#a#d7 :O CLAIM$ TO HAVE A MESSAGE = ALL HUMANITY1 ! RESPONSE W\LD PRESUMABLY BE TO TELL H] TO PIPE D[N & SPEAK = H]SELF4 ,ANY W\LD-BE ,Z>A?U/RAS WILL JU/ HAVE TO GO BACK UP !IR M\NTA9S4 ,! ONTOLOGI/ IS EFFECTIVELY DECL>+3 

,I WILL NOT *ALL5GE ! AU?ORITY ( A ,CUBAN DIV9] :O TELLS ME ?AT 0P[D] IS P[]10 )9 ?AT SPACE ,I HAVE ALLOTT$ = ,CUBAN DIV9]S TO SPEAK ) AU?ORITY AB\T SU* MATT]S2 BUT BY ! SAME TOK51 ?AT DIV9] HAS NO BUS9ESS *ALL5G+ A ,WE/]N SCI5TI/ OP]AT+ )9 :AT ,I CONSID] A ,WE/]N SCI5TI/'S APPROPRIATE SPH]E ( AU?ORITY4 ,NEI!R1 = ?AT MATT]1 %ALL ,I MYSELF *ALL5GE ANY COMMONPLACE ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! NATURE ( TIME1 OBJECTS1 *ANGE1 SUBJECTS1 CONSCI\SNESS1 CREATIVITY1 OR ACTION ?AT MI<T BE PREVAL5T 9 ?AT SPH]E ,I HAVE DEF9$ AS 0! ,WE/10 = ?OSE PEOPLE ,I DEF9E AS 0,WE/]N]S10 ON ! BASIS ( ANY?+ ! ,CUBAN DIV9] MI<T SAY4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ! DIV9] CANNOT TELL US ANY?+ AB\T HUMAN BE+S 9 G5]AL2 NEI!R CAN ! AN?ROPOLOGI/4 ,WE MU/ ALL LEAVE ! WORLD1 AS ,WITTG5/E9 ONCE SAID1 PRECISELY AS WE F\ND IT4 

,N[ LET ME TURN TO ! P>TICUL> S5T5CE ?AT ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO'S CRITIQUE TURNS ON3 0,RAVOLOLONA CANNOT REALLY PREV5T HAIL FROM FALL+ ON ANYONE'S CROPS40.<#e.> 

,IT MI<T HELP TO EXPLA9 H]E ?AT 0,RAVOLOLONA0 IS ! NAME ( A FAM\S ,MALAGASY ODY1 OR 0*>M40 ,A *>M ( ?AT NAME WAS ONCE P>T ( ! (FICIAL PAN!ON ( SAMPY1 SOMETIMES CALL$ 0ROYAL PALLADIA0 7,B]G #a#i#g#i71 ?AT PROTECT$ ! ,M]9A K+DOM 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY2 ONE MANIFE/ATION ( :I* WAS KEPT AS A HAIL *>M ACROSS ! M\NTA9 FROM ,BETAFO1 ! COMMUNITY :]E ,I DID MY DOCTORAL FIELDWORK 9 ,MADAGASC> BETWE5 #aihi & #a#i#i#a4.<#f.> ,ONE F9DS IT H>D TO IMAG9E1 ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO SUGGE/S1 ?AT 0! ,M]9A0 W\LD HAVE AGRE$ ) SU* A /ATEM5T4 ,= ?IS REASON1 MY COMM5T IS ! V]Y DEF9ITION ( :AT %\LD BE AN 0ILLEGAL MOVE0 9 AN?ROPOLOGY1 S9CE ,I W\LD APPE> TO BE APPEAL+ TO A =M ( ,WE/]N KN[L$GE AB\T REALITY1 ROOT$ 9 SCI5CE1 ?AT MAKES UNIV]SAL CLAIMS & HOLDS ITSELF AS NECESS>ILY SUP]IOR TO ! UND]/&+S--OR 9DE$1 ! REALITIES--( ?OSE WE /UDY4.<#g.> 

,!RE >E A NUMB] ( PROBLEMS ) ?IS L9E ( CRITIQUE4 ,ONE IS ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( A GR\P ( PEOPLE :O CAN BE REF]R$ TO AS 0! ,M]9A40 ,9 ! PIECE ,I ACTUALLY C>EFULLY AVOID US+ ! WORD 0,M]9A0 9 ?IS WAY4.<#h.> ,!RE'S A SIMPLE REASON4 ,:ILE 0,M]9A0 DOES SEEM TO HAVE BE5 SOMETIMES US$ 9 ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES AS A G5]IC T]M = ! 9HABITANTS ( ! NOR!RN P>T ( ! C5TRAL PLATEAU ( ,MADAGASC>1 & HAS S9CE BECOME E/ABLI%$ 9 ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE1 NOT A S+LE P]SON ,I 5C\NT]$ DUR+ MY FIELDWORK EV] REF]R$ TO HIMOR H]SELF AS 0,M]9A40 ,!Y CALL$ !MSELVES ALL SORTS ( O!R ?+S3 BY !IR /ATUS GR\P 7&RIANA1 HOVA1 OR MA9TY71 GEOGRAPHICALLY 70PEOPLE FROM H]E 9 ! C5T] ( ! C\NTRY 444071 OR MANY O!R WAYS BESIDE4 ,IF !Y W]E SPEAK+ AB\T FANAFODY OR M$IC9E1 !Y ALMO/ 9V>IABLY REF]R$ TO !MSELVES SIMPLY AS 0,MALAGASY10 AS IF TO SUGGE/ ?AT 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 SOCIAL OR GEOGRAPHICAL DIFF]5CES W]E PRETTY MU* IRRELEVANT4 

,IT MADE S5SE ?AT !Y %\LD DO SO1 AS IDEAS & PRACTICES CONC]N+ FANAFODY W]E 9DE$ L>GELY UNI=M ACROSS ! ISL&4 ,BUT IT RAISES SOME /ICKY QUE/IONS = ! ONTOLOGI/4 ,M$IC9E IS ALWAYS TREAT$ AS A PAN-,MALAGASY PH5OM5ON2 IF !RE WAS A TACIT ONTOLOGY UND]LY+ IT1 PRESUMABLY1 IT MU/ BE ISL&-WIDE4 ,IDEAS AB\T ANCE/ORS1 ON ! O!R H&1 V>I$ CONSID]ABLY 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! ISL&4 ,DOES ?IS MEAN REALITY WAS LAY]$8 ,& IF SOMEONE LIV+ 9 ,BETAFO MI<T BE 9 A DIFF]5T REALITY FROM SOMEONE 9 ,TULE> :5 DEAL+ ) ANCE/ORS1 BUT 9 ! SAME REALITY :5 IT CAME TO FANAFODY1 !N :Y CAN'T BO? ( !M BE 9 ! SAME REALITY AS ,NEW ,YORK]S OR ,LONDON]S 9 SOME ?IRD WAY1 SAY1 :5 IT COMES TO EPIDEMIOLOGY8 

,?IS IS NOT JU/ IDLE MUS+4 ,IT'S DIRECTLY RELEVANT TO ! CONCEPT ( FANAFODY1 :I* WAS ALSO US$ TO REF] TO ! K9D ( M$IC9E ONE MI<T HAVE PRESCRIB$ AT A CL9IC OR PH>MACEUTICAL DISP5S>Y4 ,IT WAS COMMONPLACE TO JUXTAPOSE ANY?+ CONSID]$ 0,MALAGASY0 ) SOME?+ ELSE1 ?AT WAS CONSID]$ 0,VAZAHA0--A WORD :I* CAN BE TRANSLAT$ 0,FR5*10 0( ,EUROPEAN /OCK10 OR SIMPLY 0=EIGN40 ,!RE W]E BO? ,MALAGASY & ,VAZAHA WAYS ( DO+ MO/ ANY?+1 FROM EAT+ BREAKFA/ TO 5GAG+ 9 POLITICAL DEBATE4 ,?IS WAS TRUE ( M$IC9E AS WELL4 ,BUT IT'S IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ?IS HABIT IS NOT JU/ A PRODUCT ( COLONIALISM4 ,MADAGASC> WAS1 FROM ITS 9ITIAL SETTLEM5T1 A C5T] ( TRADE & MIGRATION1 & !RE IS REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ! HABIT ( JUXTAPOS+ 0,MALAGASY0 & =EIGN WAYS ( DO+ ?+S GOES BACK TO LONG BE=E ! COLONIAL P]IOD1 P]HAPS1 EV5 TO ! E>LIE/ DAYS ( HUMAN OCCUPATION 7,GRAEB] #b#a#cA7--?\< PRESUMABLY1 AT FIR/1 ! P>ADIGMATIC =EIGN]S W]E NOT ,VAZAHA BUT ,SILAMO 70,MUSLIMS074 

,:AT ,I'M GETT+ AT H]E IS ?AT IT'S SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE TO ?9K ( 0MAGICAL P[]1 AS ! ,M]9A CONCEIVE IT0--OR EV5 AS ,MALAGASY W\LD CONCEIVE IT--AS EXI/+ 9 ANY SORT ( CONCEPTUAL BUBBLE1 9 :I* ?OSE IDEAS DEF9E !IR [N REALITY4 ,FANAFODY HAS ALWAYS BE5 A =M ( 5GAGEM5T ) A L>G] WORLD4 ,?IS IS 9 P>T BECAUSE IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 SE5 AS SOMEH[ QU9TESS5TIALLY ,MALAGASY & DEF9$ AGA9/ ! \TSIDE WORLD2 BUT IT IS ALSO BECAUSE1 DESPITE ?AT1 IT HAS CONT9UALLY 9CORPORAT$ =EIGN TE*NIQUES1 OBJECTS1 & IDEAS4 ,9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 FANAFODY (T5 SEEMS TO HAVE 9VOLV$ BITS ( ,>ABIC WRIT+4 ,9 ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 AT ! HEI<T ( ! SLAVE TRADE1 *>MS W]E TYPICALLY COMPOS$ ( TWO ELEM5TS3 R>E WOODS1 & TRADE BEADS OR SILV] ORNAM5TS 7! LATT] MELT$ D[N FROM ,M>IA ,!RESA ?AL]S OR SIMIL> CO9S74 ,BO? ! BEADS & SILV] ORIG9ALLY CAME 9TO ,MADAGASC> AS =EIGN MONEY 7,$MUNDS #a#h#i#f2 ,B]N>D,?I]RY #a#i#d#f2 ,BLO* #a#i#i2 ,GRAEB] #a#i#i#f3 #a#d#a474 

,?IS S5SE ( DIALOGIC CONFRONTATION 9H]5T TO ! V]Y CON/ITUTION ( FANAFODY WAS ALSO REFLECT$ BY ! WAY PEOPLE TALK$ AB\T IT4 ,WAYS ( TALK+ AB\T M$IC9E >E--& BY ALL ACC\NTS HAVE ALWAYS BE5.<#i.>--M>K$ BY AN 5DLESS DIV]SITY ( (T5 CONTRADICTORY P]SPECTIVES1 9CLUD+ EXPRESSIONS ( DRAMATIC SKEPTICISM4 ,!SE CONTRADICTIONS >E NOT 9CID5TAL BUT CON/ITUTIVE ( ! NATURE ( FANAFODY ITSELF4 

,?IS1 9 TURN1 LEADS TO ! MO/ IMPORTANT PO9T ( ALL4 ,W\LD A ,MALAGASY 9=MANT OBJECT TO ! /ATEM5T 0,RAVOLOLONA CANNOT REALLY PREV5T HAIL FROM FALL+ ON ANYONE'S CROPS08 ,AS SOMEONE :O SP5T OV] A YE> LIV+ 9 A COMMUNITY ONCE PROTECT$ BY A *>M CALL$ ,RAVOLOLONA1 & ) NEI<BORS ?AT /ILL W]E1 ,I CAN ASSURE ! READ]3 PEOPLE SAID ?+S LIKE ?AT ALL ! TIME4 ,( C\RSE IT ALL DEP5DS ON :O Y\ ASK4 ,MANY 9HABITANTS ( ,BETAFO W]E QUITE 9SI/5T ?AT ,RAVOLOLONA C\LD NOT PREV5T ! HAIL UND] ANY CIRCUM/ANCES1 IT WAS SIMPLY A FRAUD--& SO1 = ?AT MATT]1 WAS !IR [N LOCAL HAIL *>M1 ,RAVATOMA9A1 [N$ BY A V]Y ANCI5T & V5]ABLE BUT HI<LY CONTROV]SIAL A/ROLOG] NAM$ ,RATSIZAFY4 ,MO/ ( !M W]E C>EFUL TO ADD !RE W]E O!R HAIL *>MS ?AT C\LD /OP HAIL1 OR ?AT !Y W]E PRETTY SURE !RE PROBABLY W]E4 ,BUT A FEW D5I$ ! EFFICACY ( HAIL *>MS ( ANY SORT4 ,>GUM5TS AB\T ! EFFICACY ( ONE OR ANO!R SORT ( FANAFODY1 OR ( FANAFODY 9 G5]AL1 W]E1 9 FACT1 SO COMMON ,I W\LD EV5 CALL !M A POPUL> =M ( 5T]TA9M5T--NOT AS POPUL>1 P]HAPS1 AS >GUM5TS AB\T MONEY OR COMPLEX POLYAMOR\S RELATION%IPS1 BUT POPUL> NONE!LESS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 MY /ATEM5T WAS NOT SOME K9D ( HI<H&$ DISMISSAL ( CONCEPTIONS HELD UNI=MLY BY SOME PEOPLE CALL$ 0! ,M]9A10 IT WAS AN 9T]V5TION 9 AN ONGO+ ,MALAGASY CONV]SATION4 ,IF IT CAME (F AS SLI<TLY CAVALI]1 IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE ,I ID5TIFI$ SO ?OR\<LY ) MY 9=MANTS ?AT ,I FELT ,I C\LD EXPRESS MYSELF AS ONE ( !M MI<T HAVE DONE4 

,:AT'S MORE1 ! EXI/5CE ( SU* >GUM5TS WAS ! V]Y />T+ PO9T ( MY ORIG9AL ANALYSIS4 ,BECAUSE ?IS WAS ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT MO/ SURPRIS$ ME :5 ,I />T$ DO+ FIELDWORK2 SOME?+ ,I DID NOT ANTICIPATE1 & ?AT DID 9DE$ UNSETTLE MY WORK+ ASSUMPTIONS4 ,I W5T TO ,MADAGASC> EXPECT+ TO 5C\NT] SOME?+ MU* LIKE A DIFF]5T ONTOLOGY1 A SET ( FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T IDEAS AB\T H[ ! WORLD WORK$2 :AT ,I 5C\NT]$ 9/EAD W]E PEOPLE :O ADMITT$ !Y DID NOT REALLY UND]/& :AT WAS GO+ ON ) FANAFODY1 :O SAID WILDLY DIFF]5T1 & (T5 CONTRADICTORY1 ?+S AB\T IT1 BUT :O W]E ALL 9 AGREEM5T ?AT MO/ PRACTITION]S W]E LI>S1 *EATS1 OR FRAUDS4 ,COM+ BACK FROM ! FIELD1 ,I CONSULT$ ) COLLEAGUES :O HAD BE5 9 SIMIL> SITUATIONS 79 ! ,&ES1 ,&AMAN ,ISL&S1 ,PAPUA ,NEW ,GU9EA 444 7 & DISCOV]$ ?AT SU* S5TIM5TS >E ACTUALLY QUITE COMMONPLACE4 ,!Y ALSO CONFESS$ !Y NEV] KNEW QUITE :AT TO DO ) !M4 ,& 9 FACT1 ?IS IS PRECISELY ! ASPECT ( MAGICAL PRACTICE ?AT IS MO/ (T5 DISMISS$ AS UNIMPORTANT1 OR SIMPLY LEFT \T ( E?NOGRAPHIC ACC\NTS4 

,SO ,I DECID$ TO TAKE MY 9=MANTS S]I\SLY1 & BY DO+ SO1 TO RE?9K MY !ORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS4 

,AS ,I PO9T \T 9 ! PASSAGE CIT$ BY ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO1 ! ESSAY ON FETI%ISM IS AN EXT5SION ( AN E>LI] >GUM5T3 ?AT ( ! LA/ *APT] ( MY BOOK ,T[>D AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORY ( VALUE 7#b#a74.<#a.> ,N[1 ,I FEEL A BIT AWKW>D QUOT+ MYSELF1 BUT 9 ?IS 9/ANCE IT SEEMS ?AT ,I WILL HAVE TO4 ,H]E IS H[ ! *A9 ( >GUM5T ?AT L$ TO ! CONCLUSIONS ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO CITES ORIG9ALLY BEGAN3 

,AN?ROPOLOGI/S USUALLY ACKN[L$GE ?IS SORT ( SKEPTICISM--! AURA ( AT LEA/ POT5TIAL DISBELIEF ?AT ALWAYS SEEMS TO SURR\ND ! SORT ( PH5OM5A ?AT GETS LABEL$ 0MAGIC0--BUT ALMO/ ALWAYS1 ONLY TO IMM$IATELY DISMISS IT AS UNIMPORTANT4 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D1 = 9/ANCE1 NOT$ ?AT MO/ ( ,Z&E HE KNEW 9SI/$ ?AT ! MAJORITY ( WIT*DOCTORS W]E FRAUDS & ?AT !RE W]E ONLY A H&FUL ( 0RELIABLE PRACTITION]S40 0,H5CE 9 ! CASE ( ANY P>TICUL> WIT*DOCTOR !Y >E NEV] QUITE C]TA9 :E!R RELIANCE CAN BE PLAC$ ON HIS /ATEM5TS OR NOT0 7#a#i#c#g3 #b#g#f74 ,SIMIL> ?+S HAVE BE5 REPORT$ AB\T CUR]S ALMO/ EV]Y:]E4 ,BUT ! CONCLUSION IS ALWAYS ! SAME3 S9CE EV]YONE1 OR MO/ EV]YONE1 AGREES !RE >E SOME LEGITIMATE PRACTITION]S1 ! SKEPTICISM IS UNIMPORTANT4 ,SIMIL>LY ) ! TRICKS1 ILLUSIONS1 & SLEI<TS ( H& US$ BY MAGICAL P]=M]S LIKE %AMANS OR M$IUMS 7PRET5D+ TO SUCK OBJECTS \T ( PEOPLE'S BODIES1 ?R[+ VOICES1 EAT+ GLASS74 ,! CLASSIC TEXT H]E BE+ ( C\RSE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS' 0,! SORC]] & HIS MAGIC0 7#a#i#e#h71 AB\T A Y\NG ,KWAKIUTL MAN :O LE>N$ %AMANIC TE*NIQUES 9 ORD] TO EXPOSE !IR PRACTITION]S AS FRAUDS1 BUT :O 5D$ UP BECOM+ A SUCCESSFUL CUR] ANYWAY4 ,! PO9T IS ALWAYS ?AT :ILE CUR]S 7= 9/ANCE7 CAN H>DLY HELP BUT KN[ ?AT MU* ( :AT !Y >E DO+ IS /AGE ILLUSION1 !Y ALSO ?9K ?AT S9CE IT DOES CURE PEOPLE1 ON SOME LEVEL IT MU/ BE TRUE4 ,SO AGA91 ! TRICKS >E ( NO SIGNIFICANCE4 ,N[ !RE >E GOOD HI/ORICAL REASONS :Y AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE T5D$ TO TAKE ?IS ATTITUDE--! EXI/5CE ( MISSION>IES BE+ ONLY ! MO/ OBVI\S--BUT :AT IF WE W]E TO TURN ?+S >\ND & CONSID] ?IS SKEPTICISM AS 9T]E/+ 9 ITSELF8 ,TAKE ATTITUDES T[>D CUR]S4 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D SAYS ?AT AT ,Z&E SEANCES1 NO ONE 9 ! AUDI5CE 0WAS QUITE C]TA90 :E!R OR NOT ! CUR] !Y W]E WAT*+ WAS A *>LATAN2 ,I F\ND ?IS TO BE EQUALLY TRUE 9 ,MADAGASC>4 ,PEOPLE T5D$ TO *ANGE !IR M9DS AB\T P>TICUL> CUR]S ALL ! TIME4 ,BUT CONSID] :AT ?IS MEANS4 ,CUR]S1 G5U9E OR NOT1 >E CLE>LY P[]FUL & 9FLU5TIAL PEOPLE4 ,IT MEANS ANYONE WAT*+ A P]=MANCE WAS AW>E ?AT ! P]SON 9 FRONT ( !M MI<T BE ONE :OSE P[] WAS BAS$ ONLY ON !IR ABILITY TO CONV9CE O!RS ?AT !Y HAD IT4 ,& ?AT1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 OP5S ! WAY = SOME POSSIBLY PR(\ND 9SI<TS 9TO ! NATURE ( SOCIAL P[]4 7,GRAEB] #b#a3 #b#d#c-#d#d7 

,9 O!R WORDS1 F> FROM >ROGANTLY DISC\NT+ :AT MY 9=MANTS TOLD ME1 ,I WAS TRY+ TO TAKE ?OSE 9=MANTS S]I\SLY1 EV5 :5 !Y W]E MAK+ ! SORT ( /ATEM5TS ?AT O!R E?NOGRAPH]S ORD9>ILY DISMISS AS UNIMPORTANT1 OR \TRI<T IGNORE4 

,NEI!R WAS ! ASS]TION ?AT M$IC9E ONLY OP]ATES BY CONV9C+ O!RS ?AT IT IS EFFECTIVE JU/ SOME?+ ,I EXTRAPOLAT$ FROM D\BTS AB\T 9DIVIDUAL HEAL]S4 

,MO/ PEOPLE ,I KNEW 9 ,MADAGASC> CONSID]$ IT A MATT] ( COMMON S5SE ?AT IF A P]SON REALLY DIDN'T BELIEVE 9 M$IC9E1 IT W\LDN'T WORK ON !M4 ,V]Y E>LY ON1 = 9/ANCE1 ,I HE>D A /ORY AB\T AN ,ITALIAN PRIE/ S5T !RE TO TAKE UP A P>I% :O1 ON HIS FIR/ DAY 9 ! C\NTRY1 WAS 9VIT$ TO D9N] BY A WEAL?Y ,MALAGASY FAMILY4 ,9 ! MIDDLE ( ! MEAL1 EV]YONE SUDD5LY PASS$ \T4 ,A FEW M9UTES LAT] TWO BURGL>S /ROLL$ 9 ?R\< ! FRONT DOOR1 & !N1 REALIZ+ SOMEONE WAS /ILL AWAKE1 RAN \T AGA9 9 FE>4 ,IT TURN$ \T !Y HAD PLANT$ AN ODY 9 ! H\SE TIM$ TO MAKE EV]YONE 9 IT FALL ASLEEP AT SIX ,P4,M4 BUT S9CE ! PRIE/ WAS A =EIGN] :O DIDN'T BELIEVE 9 ?AT K9D ( NONS5SE1 IT HAD NO EFFECT ON HIM4 

,?AT MU* WAS COMMON KN[L$GE4 ,SEV]AL PEOPLE W5T EV5 FUR!R & 9SI/$ ?AT EV5 IF SOMEONE WAS US+ M$IC9E TO ATTACK Y\1 IT W\LDN'T WORK UNLESS Y\ KNEW !Y W]E DO+ IT4 

,N[1 ! FIR/ TIME ,I HE>D ?IS IT WAS FROM FAIRLY WELL $UCAT$ PEOPLE & ,I /RONGLY SUSPECT$ !Y W]E JU/ TELL+ ME :AT !Y ?\<T ,I WANT$ TO HE>4 ,AFT] ALL1 IT ALMO/ PRECISELY DESCRIBES ! ATTITUDE ( MO/ PEOPLE 9 ,AM]ICA3 ?AT IF MAGIC DOES WORK1 IT IS PURELY BY P[] ( SUGGE/ION4 ,BUT AS TIME W5T ON1 ,I MET A NUMB] ( A/ROLOG]S & CUR]S1 PEOPLE :O HAD NEXT TO NO =MAL S*OOL+ & CLE>LY W\LD HAVE HAD NO IDEA :AT ,AM]ICANS W]E SUPPOS$ TO ?9K 7ONE ( !M WAS ACTUALLY CONV9C$ ,I WAS ,AFRICAN71 :O TOLD ME EXACTLY ! SAME ?+4 ,& JU/ AB\T ANYBODY W\LD AGREE ) ?IS IF Y\ ASK$ !M 9 ! AB/RACT4 ,USUALLY !Y W\LD !N IMM$IATELY BEG9 TO (F] ALL SORTS ( QUALIFICATIONS--YES1 IT WAS TRUE1 UNLESS1 ( C\RSE1 IT WAS SOME?+ !Y'D PUT 9 Y\R FOOD4 ,OR UNLESS IT WAS ONE ( ?OSE REALLY P[]FUL LOVE *>MS4 ,OR UNLESS 444 

,! BIZ>RE ?+ IS ?AT ?IS PR9CIPLE WAS UTT]LY1 COMPLETELY1 CONTRADICT$ BY PRACTICE4 ,EV]YONE W\LD AGREE TO IT1 BUT NO ONE EV] ACT$ AS IF IT W]E TRUE4 ,IF Y\ GOT SICK1 Y\ W5T TO A CUR]4 ,! CUR] W\LD USUALLY TELL Y\ ?AT Y\R ILLNESS WAS CAUS$ BY SOMEONE US+ M$IC9E ( SOME K9D & !N1 REVEAL :O IT WAS & H[ !Y'D DONE IT4 ,OBVI\SLY1 IF M$IC9E CAN H>M Y\ ONLY IF Y\ KN[ SOMEONE IS US+ IT ON Y\1 ! :OLE PROC$URE W\LD MAKE NO S5SE4 ,9 FACT1 ! !ORY CONTRADICTS PRACTICE ON ALMO/ EV]Y LEVEL4 ,BUT IF NO ONE EV] ACTS AS IF IT W]E TRUE1 :Y DID ! !ORY EV5 EXI/8 7,GRAEB] #b#a3 #b#d#d-#d#e7 

,AS ,I M5TION$1 PEOPLE DISCUSS$ & >GU$ AB\T SU* MATT]S ALL ! TIME--NOT JU/ AB\T FANAFODY1 BUT ANY?+ HAV+ TO DO ) SPIRITS1 ANCE/ORS1 OR ! G5]AL CATEGORY ( ?+S ?AT OP]AT$ BY IMP]CEPTIBLE MEANS 7ZAVATRA MANAN-KAS9A74 ,IT WAS PRECISELY !SE CONV]SATIONS ?AT L$ ME TO DEVELOP ! NOTION ( ! P>ADOX ( CREATIVITY1 & H5CE ( POLITICS4.<#a#a.> 

,SU* CONV]SATIONS KNEW 5DLESSLY SUBTLETIES1 BUT SPEAK+ V]Y BROADLY1 !Y T5D$ TO TAKE ONE ( TWO DIRECTIONS4 ,EI!R ONE />T$ BY ASS]T+ ?AT :AT WE MI<T CALL MAGICAL P[]S DID EXI/1 BUT !N IMM$IATELY BEGAN QUALIFY+ ?AT MO/ ( ! CONCRETE EXAMPLES !Y ACTUALLY KNEW AB\T W]E PROBABLY SIMPLY SOCIAL PH5OM5ON 7S9CE ! A/ROLOG]S1 OR M$IUMS1 9 QUE/ION W]E IMPO/ORS74 ,OR ONE BEGAN BY ASS]T+ ?AT MAGICAL P[] WAS PURELY SOCIAL 9 NATURE--& !N1 IMM$IATELY BEGAN QUALIFY+ ?AT1 BY NOT+ C]TA9 TYPES ( FANAFODY ?AT ACTUALLY DID SEEM TO WORK :E!R Y\ ?\<T !Y %\LD OR NOT & EV51 9 SOME CASES1 BECAME P>TICUL>LY IRRITAT$ AT SKEPTICS & PUNI%$ !M 9 HORRIBLE WAYS4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 ,I CAME TO REALIZE1 0Y\ HAVE ! SAME UNCOM=TABLE RELATION BETWE5 TWO PREMISES ?AT >E PRETTY CLE>LY CONTRADICTORY1 YET 9 PRACTICE SEEM TO DEP5D ON ONE ANO!R0 7#b#a3 #b#d#e74 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! PREMISE ?AT H>MFUL M$IC9E ONLY AFFECTS Y\ IF Y\ BELIEVE 9 IT CAN ONLY BE TRUE IF MO/ PEOPLE ?9K IT ISN'T TRUE--S9CE1 OBVI\SLY NO ONE ACTUALLY DESIRES TO BE H>M$ BY EVIL M$IC9E4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! OPPOSITE PREMISE1 ?AT SPIRITS WILL PUNI% ?OSE :O SC(F AT !M1 OBVI\SLY DEP5DS ON ! EXI/5CE ( SKEPTICS4 

,MO/ W]E QUITE AW>E ( !SE P>ADOXES AS WELL1 & PLAY$ >\ND ) !M 9 5DLESS WAYS4 ,A TE5AGE SI/] & BRO!R1 ,NIVO & ,N>CISSE1 :OSE P>5TS HAD MOV$ FROM ! CITY TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ONCE EXPLA9$ TO ME ?AT AS SOON AS !Y >RIV$ 9 ! VILLAGE1 !IR NEI<BORS />T$ US+ H>MFUL M$IC9E TO TRY TO CAUSE !M TO FALL ILL1 JU/ SO !Y W\LD BE =C$ TO SUBMIT !MSELVES TO LOCAL HEAL]S :O ALSO HAPP5$ TO BE FIGURES ( POLITICAL AU?ORITY4 0,OH C\RSE IT DIDN'T WORK ON ME10 ,N>CISSE ASSUR$ ME1 0,I DON'T BELIEVE 9 ?AT SORT ( NONS5SE40 

,HIS SI/] LOOK$ SLI<TLY ANNOY$4 0,WELL1 ,I ?\<T ,I DIDN'T BELIEVE 9 IT EI!R10 %E SAID1 0,BUT ,I GUESS ,I MU/ BELIEVE 9 IT1 BECAUSE EV] S9CE ,I GOT H]E1 ,I JU/ KEEP GETT+ SICK ALL ! TIME40 

,MO/ E?NOGRAPH]S HAVE SIMPLY IGNOR$ SU* CONUNDRUMS1 OR AT BE/ TREAT$ ! SKEPTICAL DISC\RSE WAS SOMEH[ EXTRANE\S1 =EIGN1 A PRODUCT ( 0,WE/]N0 $UCATION1 OR O!RWISE AS DROSS PA/$ OV] ! REAL /UFF 7?AT IS1 :ATEV] SEEMS TO MO/ FLY 9 ! FACE ( 0,WE/]N COMMON S5SE074 ,BUT 9 ?IS CASE1 ! T5SION ( ! TWO CONTRADICTORY P]SPECTIVES PULL+ AT ONE ANO!R IS PRECISELY :AT IS CON/ITUTIVE ( ! WORLD ( FANAFODY1 & EV]Y?+ ASSOCIAT$ ) IT4 ,:AT'S MORE--& ?IS IS AN >GUM5T ?AT ,I CANNOT REALLY DEVELOP H]E1 BUT IT'S IMPORTANT--POLITICAL P[] WAS TREAT$ 9 EI<TE5?& N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,M]9A RITUAL 9 MU* ! SAME WAY4 ,! P[]FUL ODY ?AT PROTECT$ ! K+DOM W]E SIMIL>LY P>ADOXICAL3 !Y W]E CREAT$ BY RITUALS :I* POSIT$ ?AT !Y W]E BO? PRODUCTS ( COLLECTIVE AGREEM5T1 & AUTONOM\S P[]S 9 !IR [N RI<T4.<#a#b.> ,BUT SO W]E K+S4 ,! ,M]9A MON>* WAS TREAT$ EFFECTIVELY AS A K9D ( ODY1 & AS SU*1 BO? AS A BE+ CREAT$ 7& CONT9UALLY RECREAT$7 BY ! PEOPLE ?R\< CONSCI\S ACTS ( AGREEM5T1.<#a#c.> & AS SOME?+ PRIOR TO ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! PEOPLE1 ALI5 & 9COMPREH5SIBLE--BO? AT ! SAME TIME4 

,?IS1 TOO1 LEAD TO 5DLESS UNRESOLVABLE >GUM5TS3 E4G41 MY?S ?AT CLAIM$ ! RUL+ DYNA/Y DESC5D$ FROM HEAV5 W]E ALWAYS BALANC$ BY PROV]BS SU* AS 0K+S DID NOT REALLY COME D[N FROM ! SKY0 7,GRAEB] #b#a3 #b#c#g-#c#h74 ,& H]E TOO1 ! P>ADOXES W]E NOT 9CID5TAL1 BUT CON/ITUTIVE ( ! OBJECT2 EV5 ,MALAGASY MY?S AB\T ! ORIG9S ( LIFE & DEA?1 :I* >E SURELY SE5 AS CONVEY+ IMPORTANT TRU?S AB\T ! HUMAN CONDITION1 T5D TO 5D ) ! TAG-L9E1 0IT IS NOT ,I :O LIE2 !SE LIES COME FROM ANCI5T TIMES40 

,N[1 ( C\RSE1 ! ,O,T] MI<T /ILL OBJECT3 P]HAPS :AT Y\ SAY AB\T FANAFODY IS TRUE ON A C]TA9 LEVEL ( PRACTICE4 ,BUT IS ?IS NOT ALL PREMIS$ ON ! POSSIBLE EXI/5CE ( C]TA9 =MS ( P[] FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ALL[$ = 9 ! E?NOGRAPH]'S COMMONS5SE UNIV]SE1 & !RE=E1 A C]TA9 TACIT ONTOLOGY ALI5 TO \R [N8 

,I W\LD REPLY ?AT ?IS ALL TURNS ON :AT ONE ACTUALLY MEANS BY 0ONTOLOGY40 ,! MEAN+ ( ! T]M IS 9 NO WAY SELF-EVID5T4 ,MANY AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE COME TO USE IT V]Y LOOSELY1 AS LITTLE MORE ?AN A SYNONYM = 0CULTURE0 OR 0COSMOLOGY40 ,O,T]S HAVE SOME?+ MU* MORE SPECIFIC 9 M9D4 ,BE=E RESPOND+1 !N1 IT WELL BE NECESS>Y TO DELVE A LITTLE MORE DEEPLY 9TO :AT ?AT ACTUALLY IS4 

,ONTOLOGY1 EPI/EMOLOGY1 & O!R MOOT$ T]MS 

,ONE ?+ IS ABUNDANTLY CLE>3 :5 PROPON5TS ( ! ONTOLOGICAL TURN 9 AN?ROPOLOGY USE ! WORD 0ONTOLOGY10 !Y MEAN SOME?+ V]Y DIFF]5T FROM :AT PHILOSOPH]S HAVE TRADITIONALLY MEANT BY ! T]M4 

0,ONTOLOGY01 LIKE 0EPI/EMOLOGY10 OR 0SEMIOLOGY10 >E WORDS ( RELATIVELY REC5T CO9AGE4.<#a#d.> ,/ILL ! BROAD CONCEPTUAL DIVISIONS !Y REPRES5T CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! V]Y ORIG9S ( ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY4 ,AS A H&Y MNEMONIC1 ,I MI<T H]E MAKE APPEAL TO ! ?REE PREMISES PUT =W>D BY ! ,SOPHI/ ,GORGIAS ( ,LEONT9I1 A CONTEMPOR>Y ( ,SOCRATES1 :I* TOGE!R COMPRIS$ ! :OLE ( HIS PHILOSOPHY3 

 ,NO?+ EXI/S2 

 ,IF IT DID EXI/1 IT C\LD NOT BE KN[N2 

 ,IF IT C\LD BE KN[N1 IT C\LD NOT BE .<#a#e.> 

,N[1 AT FIR/ GLANCE1 !SE ?REE PREMISES MI<T SEEM TO D5Y ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( 7#a7 ONTOLOGY1 7#b7 EPI/EMOLOGY1 & 7#c7 SEMIOLOGY--OR AS MO/ N[ PREF] TO CALL IT1 SEMIOTICS4 ,BUT 9 FACT ?IS IS NOT ! CASE4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE 0ONTOLOGY0 IS NOT A WORD = 0BE+10 0WAY ( BE+10 OR 0MODE ( EXI/5CE10 BUT REF]S 9/EAD TO A DISC\RSE 7LOGOS7 AB\T ! NATURE ( BE+ 7OR ALT]NATELY1 AB\T ITS ESS5CE1 OR AB\T BE+ AS SU*1 OR 9 ITSELF1 OR AB\T ! BASIC BUILD+ BLOCKS ( REALITY 444 ! ONLY REALLY IMPORTANT WORD AT ?IS 9ITIAL JUNCTURE IS 0AB\T074 ,!RE=E1 0NO?+ EXI/S0 IS AN ONTOLOGICAL /ATEM5T4 ,SIMIL>LY1 0IF IT DID EXI/1 IT C\LD NOT BE KN[N0 IS AN EPI/EMOLOGICAL /ATEM5T1 IF OBVI\SLY A RA!R M9IMAL ONE3 S9CE EPI/EMOLOGY IS NOT KN[L$GE ( ! WORLD BUT RA!R1 A DISC\RSE CONC]N+ ! NATURE & POSSIBILITY ( KN[L$GE AB\T ! WORLD4 7,NOTE TOO ?AT SU* KN[L$GE PRESUPPOSES1 AS ,GORGIAS WAS AW>E1 ! EXI/5CE ( A WORLD ?AT KN[L$GE CAN BE AB\T4 ,Y\ CAN'T HAVE KN[L$GE ( SOME?+ ?AT ISN'T !RE--O!R ?AN ! KN[L$GE ?AT IT ISN'T4 ,GORGIAS IS JU/ ADD+ ?AT Y\ CAN'T HAVE KN[L$GE ( SOME?+ ?AT IS !RE EI!R .<NOT ?AT ANY?+ IS !RE.>47 ,F9ALLY1 SEMIOTICS IS NOT COMMUNICATION1 BUT ! /UDY ( COMMUNICATION1 OR MORE BROADLY A DISC\RSE AB\T ! NATURE & POSSIBILITY ( COMMUNICATION1.<#a#f.> & !RE=E PRESUMES ?AT !RE'S SOME?+ TO BE COMMUNICAT$4 

,9 CONTRA/1 :5 ,O,T]S DEPLOY !SE WORDS1 !Y SEEM TO MEAN SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,TO PROPOSE AN 9ITIAL APPROXIMATION3 ONTOLOGY CORRESPONDS TO 0WAY ( BE+0 OR 0MANN] ( BE+10 EPI/EMOLOGY 0WAY OR MANN] ( KN[+10 & SEMIOTICS1 IF ! T]M IS US$ IT AT ALL 7IT HAS BECOME UNFA%IONABLE71 AS 0WAY OR MANN] ( COMMUNICAT+40 

,N[ !RE'S NO?+ WRONG ) US+ WORDS 9 A NEW WAY1 BUT IF ONE DOES SO1 & DOES NOT MAKE IT CLE> H[ ONE'S NEW USAGE DIFF]S FROM ! MORE TRADITIONAL ONE1 ONE IS LIKELY TO CAUSE CONFUSION4 

,MANY ( :AT >E N[ CONSID]$ ! F\ND+ TEXTS ( ,O,T DO SEEM TO BE TRY+ !IR BE/ TO AVOID SU* CONFUSION4 0,S9CE !SE T]MS--'EPI/EMOLOGY' & 'ONTOLOGY'-->E MU* US$ & ABUS$ 9 PRES5T DAY DISC\RSE10 NOTE ,H5>E1 ,HOLBRAAD1 & ,WA/EL 9 :AT IS G5]ALLY CONSID]$ ! MO/ IMPORTANT F\ND+ TEXT ( ALL1 ! 9TRODUCTION TO ,?9K+ ?R\< ?+S 7#b#f3 #h71 0IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE QUITE EXPLICIT AB\T :AT WORK WE WANT !M TO DO = \R >GUM5T40 ,BUT IT'S NOT CLE> ?AT !Y 5TIRELY SUCCE$4 ,IT MI<T BE HELPFUL1 ,I ?9K1 TO LOOK AT ?IS ESSAY 9 P>TICUL>1 TO MAKE CLE> ! K9D ( SLIPPAGE !SE T]MS UND]GO4 

,! AU?ORS' C5TRAL >GUM5T IS ?AT PREC$+ DECADES HAD BEGUN TO SEE A BROAD--& HI!RTO UNACKN[L$G$--%IFT 7OR 0TURN07 9 AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORY 0FROM QUE/IONS ( KN[L$GE & EPI/EMOLOGY T[>DS ?OSE ( ONTOLOGY0 7#b#f3 #h74.<#a#g.> ,PREVI\S AN?ROPOLOGY1 !Y NOTE1 LIKE MO/ SOCIAL SCI5CES1 SAW ITSELF AS A =M ( KN[L$GE1 & CONSEQU5TLY1 SAW ITS MISSION AS A MATT] ( UND]/&+ & ACC\NT+ = ! =MS ( KN[L$GE ( ?OSE IT /UDI$ 7!IR CULTURES1 SYMBOLIC SY/EMS1 OR WORLDVIEWS74 ,:AT ?IS T5D$ TO MEAN 9 PRACTICE WAS IMPOS+ SOME !ORETICAL MODEL 7,/RUCTURALISM1 ,H]M5EUTICS1 ,DIALECTICAL ,MAT]IALISM 7 AS ! FRAMEWORK = UND]/&+ :AT ,MAL9[SKI ORIG9ALLY CALL$ 0! NATIVES' PO9T ( VIEW40 ,YET IT HAS BECOME 9CREAS+LY CLE> ?IS WAS A TRAP4 ,IT'S ONLY BY MOV+ AWAY FROM ?IS 0EPI/EMOLOGICAL ORI5TATION0 T[>DS AN 0ONTOLOGICAL ORI5TATION0 ?AT WE CAN ALL[ \R 9=MANTS TO SET ! T]MS1 EV5 IF IT MEANS 0UNSETTL+0 \R [N !ORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS ( :AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO SAY AB\T !M4 

,?IS IS AN ADMIRABLE AIM1 & C]TA9LY ! IDEA ?AT AN ONTOLOGICAL APPROA* W\LD MEAN TAK+ ONE'S 9=MANTS MORE S]I\SLY AS 9T]LOCUTORS IS ! HE>T ( ITS APPEAL4 ,= ! MOM5T1 ?\<1 ,I MA9LY WANT TO DRAW ATT5TION TO :AT IS HAPP5+ TO ! PHILOSOPHICAL T]MS4 ,! AU?ORS CITE1 AS 9SPIRATION1 A S]IES ( N[-FAM\S LECTURES DELIV]$ ALMO/ A DECADE BE=E 9 ,CAMBRIDGE BY ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO HIMSELF3 

,AN?ROPOLOGY SEEMS TO BELIEVE ?AT ITS P>AM\NT TASK IS TO EXPLA9 H[ IT COMES TO KN[ 7TO REPRES5T7 ITS OBJECT--AN OBJECT ALSO DEF9$ AS KN[L$GE 7OR REPRES5TATION74 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO KN[ IT8 ,IS IT DEC5T TO KN[ IT8 ,DO WE REALLY KN[ IT1 OR DO WE ONLY SEE \RSELVES 9 A MIRROR8 7,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO #a#i#i#h3 #i#b7 

,?IS ALL-TOO-FAMILI> QUE/ION1 0H[ CAN ,I KN[ ! ,O!R80 IS1 ABSOLUTELY1 AN EPI/EMOLOGICAL QUE/ION 9 ! PHILOSOPHICAL S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,!Y GO ON TO CITE ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO'S CONCLUSION1 ?AT ?IS REFLECTS A TRAP CREAT$ BY ,MOD]NI/ ?\<T3 

,! ,C>TESIAN RUPTURE ) M$IEVAL S*OLA/ICS PRODUC$ A RADICAL SIMPLIFICATION ( \R ONTOLOGY1 BY POSIT+ ONLY TWO PR9CIPLES OR SUB/ANCES3 UNEXT5D$ ?\<T & EXT5D$ MATT]4 ,SU* SIMPLIFICATION IS /ILL ) US4 ,MOD]NITY />T$ ) IT3 ) ! MASSIVE CONV]SION ( ONTOLOGICAL 9TO EPI/EMOLOGICAL QUE/IONS--?AT IS1 QUE/IONS ( REPRES5TATION--1 A CONV]SION PROMPT$ BY ! FACT ?AT EV]Y MODE ( BE+ NOT ASSIMILABLE TO OBDURATE 0MATT]0 HAD TO BE SWALL[$ BY 0?\<T40 ,! SIMPLIFICATION ( ONTOLOGY ACCORD+LY L$ TO AN 5ORM\S COMPLICATION ( EPI/EMOLOGY4 ,AFT] OBJECTS OR ?+S W]E PACIFI$1 RETREAT+ TO AN EXT]IOR1 SIL5T & UNI=M WORLD ( 0,NATURE10 SUBJECTS BEGAN TO PROLIF]ATE & TO *ATT] 5DLESSLY3 TRANSC5D5TAL ,EGOS1 LEGISLATIVE ,UND]/&+S1 PHILOSOPHIES ( LANGUAGE1 !ORIES ( M9D1 SOCIAL REPRES5TATIONS1 LOGIC ( ! SIGNIFI]1 WEBS ( SIGNIFICATION1 DISCURSIVE PRACTICES1 POLITICS ( KN[L$GE--Y\ NAME IT4 7IBID47 

,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO'S ASSESSM5T H]E IS SUB/ANTIALLY CORRECT AS WELL4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ! S\L_/BODY1 M9D_/MATT] DIVISION WAS H>DLY ! BRA9*ILD ( ,DESC>TES2 IT GOES BACK AT LEA/ TO ,PY?AGORAS4 ,BUT ,DESC>TES 9TRODUC$ A MU* MORE RADICAL V]SION ( ! DI*OTOMY1 L>GELY1 ,I W\LD >GUE1 BY ELIM9AT+ ! OLD ,/OIC_/,NEOPLATONI/ CATEGORY ( IMAG9ATION1 :I* = ! ,S*OLA/ICS HAD S]V$ AS A QUASI-MAT]IAL 9T]M$I>Y BETWE5 ! TWO4.<#a#h.> ,AS A RESULT1 PHILOSOPHY DID TURN AWAY FROM QUE/IONS AB\T ! NATURE ( ! WORLD1 :I* W]E 9CREAS+LY RELEGAT$ TO SCI5CE1 & T[>D QUE/IONS AB\T ! POSSIBILITY ( KN[L$GE4 ,HUMEAN SKEPTICISM1 & ,KANT'S APRIORI/ RESPONSE1 W]E OBVI\SLY CRUCIAL TURN+ PO9TS 9 ?IS RESPECT4 

,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO GOES ON TO >GUE ?AT AS A RESULT1 SOCIAL SCI5CES HAVE T5D$ TO FOCUS ON QUE/IONS ( M9D OV] BODY1 9TELLECT OV] LIV$ REALITY4 ,?IS IS A SOME:AT T\<] CASE TO MAKE 7!RE'S AN AWFUL LOT ( RESOLUTELY MAT]IALI/ SOCIAL SCI5CE7 BUT SURELY !RE >E /RONG CURR5TS PULL+ 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,:AT ,I WANT TO EMPHASIZE H]E ?\< IS ?AT AS HE MAKES ! >GUM5T1 ONE CAN ALREADY OBS]VE ! T]M 0EPI/EMOLOGY0 %IFT+ FROM ITS CLASSIC PHILOSOPHICAL MEAN+ 70QUE/IONS AB\T ! NATURE OR POSSIBILITY ( KN[L$GE07 TO 0QUE/IONS ( KN[L$GE10 & !N TO SIMPLY 0KN[L$GE40 ,/RUCTURALISM ITSELF1 TO TAKE ONE FAIRLY R&OM EXAMPLE1 IS H>DLY A =M ( 0EPI/EMOLOGY40 ,IT MI<T HAVE 9VOLV$ AN EPI/EMOLOGY1 A !ORY ( ! NATURE ( KN[L$GE1 BUT :5 ,CLAUDE ,LEVI-,/RAUSS 7#a#i#e#h7 PROPOS$ A /RUCTURAL ANALYSIS ( ! ,O$IPUS MY? AS A /ORY AB\T EYES & FEET1 HE WAS 9 NO S5SE ELABORAT+ ON ?AT !ORY4 ,HE WAS SIMPLY APPLY+ IT1 5GAG+ 9 ?AT SORT ( SOCIAL SCI5CE ONE W\LD 5GAGE 9 IF ONE ASSUM$ ?AT !ORY WAS TRUE4.<#a#i.> 

,H5>E1 ,HOLBRAAD1 & ,WA/EL 7#b#f3 #i7 GO ON TO >GUE3 

,! ASSUMPTION1 !N1 HAS ALWAYS BE5 ?AT AN?ROPOLOGY IS AN EPI/EME-- 9DE$1 ! EPI/EME ( O!RS' EPI/EMES1 :I* WE CALL CULTURES 7CF4 ,WAGN] #a#i#h#a2 ,/RA!RN #a#i#i74 ,! 9VET]ACY ( ?IS ASSUMPTION1 >GU$ ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO1 IS [$ TO ! FACT ?AT IT IS A DIRECT COROLL>Y ( 0\R0 ONTOLOGY--! ONTOLOGY ( MOD]N ,EURO-,AM]ICANS1 ?AT IS4 

,& ! PROBLEM ) ?AT1 9 TURN1 IS ?AT S9CE ?IS ,EURO-,AM]ICAN ONTOLOGY ASSUMES ?AT !RE IS ONE REAL WORLD1 ONE NATURE--! ONE REVEAL$ BY ,WE/]N SCI5CE--IT ALSO ASSUMES ?AT DIFF]5CE CAN ONLY BE A MATT] ( DIFF]5T P]SPECTIVES ON1 OR DIFF]5T WAYS ( P]CEIV+1 KN[+1 OR REPRES5T+ ?AT S+LE REALITY4 ,?IS LEADS TO A BIFURCATION )9 ! SCI5CES4 0,NATURAL0 SCI5CE IS D$ICAT$ TO UNVEIL+ ! UNI=M LAWS ?AT GOV]N ?AT UNDIFF]5TIAT$ REALITY2 0SOCIAL0 SCI5CE IS ! /UDY ( DIFF]5T WAYS DIFF]5T PEOPLE ?9K AB\T OR REPRES5T IT4 

,!SE =MULATIONS 9VOLVE A CURI\S EFFACEM5T ( ! DOMA9 ( ACTION4 ,SURELY SOCIAL SCI5TI/S DO NOT SIMPLY /UDY H[ PEOPLE P]CEIVE1 KN[1 OR REPRES5T ! WORLD2 !Y ALSO /UDY H[ !Y 9T]ACT ) IT1 %APE IT & >E %AP$ BY IT--NOT TO M5TION1 H[ !Y ACT ON ONE ANO!R4 ,BUT FRAM+ ?+S 9 ?IS WAY W\LD MAKE IT MU* MORE DIFFICULT TO MA9TA9 ! CONCEPTUAL CL>ITY ( ! >GUM5T4.<#b.> 

,9/EAD1 ! AU?ORS CONCLUDE ?AT :AT'S NE$$ IS NOT TO EXAM9E H[ HUMAN PROJECTS ( ACTION1 OR = ?AT MATT]1 NON-HUMAN PROJECTS1 PROBLEMATIZE !SE DIVISIONS 7BODY_/M9D1 NATURE_/CULTURE1 MAT]IAL_/IDEAL1 ETC47 BUT RA!R1 TO RE?9K ! V]Y IDEA ?AT ONE CAN SPEAK ( A S+LE1 UNDIFF]5TIAT$1 NATURAL WORLD AT ALL4 ,\R 9SI/5CE ON ! UNITY ( NATURE 7& !RE=E1 AS A COROLL>Y1 \R ASSUMPTION ?AT ALL DIFF]5CE CAN ONLY BE CULTURAL7 IS1 !Y SAY1 A PRODUCT ( \R [N ,WE/]N1 DUALI/ ONTOLOGY4 ,WE %\LD NOT IMPOSE IT ON O!RS4 ,9 FACT WE %\LD NOT EV5 IMPOSE IT ON \RSELVES--AT LEA/1 :5 WE >E ?9K+ AB\T O!RS4 ,9 ! PRES5CE ( G5U9E ALT]ITY1 WE MU/ SPEAK NOT ( PEOPLE :O HAVE RADICALLY DIFF]5T BELIEFS AB\T1 OR P]CEPTIONS (1 A S+LE %>$ WORLD1 BUT ( PEOPLE :O LIT]ALLY 9HABIT DIFF]5T WORLDS4 ,WE MU/ ACCEPT ! EXI/5CE ( 0MULTIPLE ONTOLOGIES40 

,NOTE H]E H[ 9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS >GUM5T1 ! MEAN+ ( 0ONTOLOGY0 HAS ALSO UND]GONE PR(\ND *ANGES4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF 0ONTOLOGY0 SIMPLY MEANS A DISC\RSE AB\T 0! NATURE ( BE+ 9 ITSELF10 ONE C\LD H>DLY ASS]T ?AT ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHY IS P>TICUL>LY MONOLI?IC3 MO/ PHILOSOPH]S CONSID]$ 0GREAT0 >E CONSID]$ GREAT L>GELY BECAUSE !Y CAME UP ) A DIFF]5T ONTOLOGY1 & EV5 ,O,T]S DRAW MU* ( !IR CONCEPTION ( :AT A NON-DUALI/ ONTOLOGY MI<T BE LIKE FROM ! WORK ( ,GILLES ,DELEUZE1 :O NEV] CLAIM$ TO BE DO+ ANY?+ MORE ?AN WRIT+ HIS [N CREATIVE SYN!SIS ( IDEAS D]IV$ FROM SU* PO/-,C>TESIAN PHILOSOPH]S AS ,LEIBNIZ1 ,SP9OZA1 ,NIETZS*E1 ,B]GSON1 & ,:ITEHEAD4 ,SO 0ONTOLOGY0 DRIFTS FROM BE+ AN EXPLICIT =M ( PHILOSOPHICAL DISC\RSE TO REF]R+ TO !--L>GELY TACIT-- SET ( ASSUMPTIONS UND]LY+ ! PRACTICE ( NATURAL & SOCIAL SCI5CE 7:I* DO T5D TO REMA9 /UBBORNLY FIX$1 :ATEV] PHILOSOPH]S SAY AB\T !M71 & FROM !RE1 TO BE+ ! TACIT ASSUMPTIONS UND]LY+ ANY SET ( PRACTICES OR MODES ( BE+ ( ANY K9D AT ALL4 

,:AT HAPP5S1 !N1 TO ! OLD] PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTIONS--LETS CALL !M ,ONTOLOGY#a1 ,EPI/EMOLOGY#a1 & ,SEMIOTICS#a1 SO AS TO DI/+UI% !M FROM ! NEW ,O,T USAGES1 :I* WE CAN REF] TO AS ,ONTOLOGY#b & ,EPI/EMOLOGY#b--UND] ?IS NEW DISP5SATION8 ,WELL1 IF ,EPI/EMOLOGY#b REALLY JU/ REF]S1 AS ,H5>E1 ,HOLBRAAD1 & ,WA/EL 7#b#f3 #i7 CLAIM1 TO 0SY/EMATIC =MULATIONS ( KN[L$GE10 !N IT FOLL[S ?AT ALL BRAN*ES ( PHILOSOPHY1 9CLUD+ ,ONTOLOGY#a1 ,EPI/EMOLOGY#a1 & ,SEMIOTICS#a1 >E SIMPLY DIFF]5T =MS ( ,EPI/EMOLOGY#b--& !RE=E1 PRECISELY :AT ,O,T ?9K]S PROPOSE TO MOVE AWAY FROM4 ,9 :I* CASE1 W\LD NOT ,ONTOLOGY#b HAVE TO REF] 7JU/ BY PROCESS ( ELIM9ATION7 TO TACIT ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! NATURE ( BE+ 09 ITSELF 0 & ! =MS ( ACTION & MODES ( EXP]I5CE !SE MAKE POSSIBLE 7OR1 POSSIBLY1 TOO1 TO ! AN?ROPOLOGI/S' EXPLICIT !ORIES AB\T SU* TACIT ASSUMPTIONS78 ,?IS W\LD APPE> TO BE ! CASE4 ,BUT ?AT RAISES ANO!R PROBLEM3 ,:AT1 9 ?AT CASE1 W\LD 09 ITSELF 0 MEAN8 ,CONSID] H]E ! FOLL[+ DEF9ITION1 :I* ,I MU/ EMPHASIZE COMES FROM SOMEONE ,I CONSID] TO BE AN UNUSUALLY SUBTLE & PHILOSOPHICALLY SOPHI/ICAT$ ,O,T ?9K]3 0,ONTOLOGY--! 9VE/IGATION & !ORIZATION ( DIV]SE EXP]I5CES & UND]/&+S ( ! NATURE ( BE+ ITSELF 0 

7,SCOTT #b#a#c3 #h#e#i7 

,LET'S UNPACK ?IS4 ,SO3 ONTOLOGY.<#b#a.> BEG9S AS A MODE ( ACADEMIC !ORY-MAK+1 A =M ( DISC\RSE1 BUT ITS OBJECT IS NOT DISC\RSE 7S9CE ?AT1 PRESUMABLY W\LD BE ,EPI/EMOLOGY#b7 BUT 0EXP]I5CES & UND]/&+S ( ! NATURE ( BE+ ITSELF40 0,UND]/&+0 S\NDS A LOT LIKE KN[L$GE1 BUT LET'S SAY = ! SAKE ( >GUM5T ?AT WE >E SPEAK+ ( ! TACIT UND]/&+S UND]LY+ C]TA9 =MS ( 0EXP]I5CE40 ,>GUABLY ?IS MI<T ESCAPE ! *>GE ( ,EPI/EMOLOGY#b4 ,BUT ?AT LEADS TO ! QUE/ION3 ,H[ EXACTLY IS IT POSSIBLE TO HAVE AN EXP]I5CE ( 0! NATURE ( BE+ ITSELF 08 ,ONE CAN C]TA9LY HAVE EXP]I5CE ( SPECIFIC MANIFE/ATIONS ( BE+ 7TOO?PICKS1 OCEANS1 BAD MUSIC COM+ FROM A P>TY UP/AIRS 444 74 ,BUT NORMALLY ?AT'S JU/ CALL$ 0EXP]I5CE40 ,P]HAPS A MY/ICAL EXP]I5CE1 SU* AS MI<T HAVE BE5 HAD BY ,JALAL AL-D9 AL-,RUMI OR ,MEI/] ,ECKH>T1 MI<T QUALIFY AS AN EXP]I5CE ( 0! NATURE ( BE+ ITSELF 08 ,BUT PRESUMABLY1 ?IS IS NOT ! SORT ( ?+ ! AU?OR IS TALK+ AB\T EI!R4 ,IT ONLY REALLY MAKES S5SE IF 0BE+ ITSELF 0 IS SIMPLY :ATEV] 0UND]/&+S0 PEOPLE MI<T BE SAID TO HAVE ( IT4 ,9 :I* CASE ALL 0ITSELF 0 IS REALLY DO+ H]E IS PO9T+ TO ?AT FAMILI> AN?ROPOLOGICAL OBJECT1 ! TACIT ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! NATURE ( TIME1 SPACE1 ACTION1 P]SONHOOD1 & SO ON1 ?AT UND]LIE :AT US$ TO BE CALL$ A P>TICUL> CULTURAL UNIV]SE--JU/1 N[ CON/RUCT$ AS AN 0AS IF10 ! SORT ( ,ONTOLOGY#a ONE IMAG9ES ! PEOPLE ONE IS /UDY+ W\LD CON/RUCT1 W]E !Y ! SORT ( PEOPLE :O SP5T !IR TIME 5GAG+ 9 SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY4 

,IF SO1 ! MEAN+ HAS *ANG$ LITTLE S9CE ,IRV+ ,HALL[ELL FIR/ 9TRODUC$ ! WORD 9 HIS ESSAY 0,OBJIWAY ONTOLOGY1 BEHAVIOR1 & WORLD-VIEW0 BACK 9 #a#i#f4.<#b#b.> ,:AT'S *ANG$ IS NOT ! QUE/ = UND]LY+ ASSUMPTIONS1 BUT ! L>G] SIGNIFICANCE BE+ ASCRIB$ TO !M4 ,:AT ,O,T]S >E >GU+1 UNLESS ,I V]Y MU* MISUND]/& !M1 IS ?AT :5 9 ! PRES5CE ( ASSUMPTIONS1 OR AS !Y PUT IT1 0CONCEPTIONS0 ?AT >E SUFFICI5TLY =EIGN TO ! E?NOGRAPH]'S [N 7E4G41 ?AT /ONES >E P]SONS1 OR P[D] IS P[]71 ! E?NOGRAPH] MU/ ACT AS IF ?OSE CONCEPTIONS >E--= ! SPEAK]S1 & ANYONE PRESUM$ TO %>E !IR ,ONTOLOGY#b--CON/ITUTIVE ( REALITY1 & !RE=E ( NATURE1 ITSELF4 

,?IS 0AS IF 0 IS CRUCIAL4 ,SAY+ !RE >E 0MANY NATURES0 MI<T SEEM LIKE A V]Y RADICAL CLAIM4 ,BUT NO ONE IS ACTUALLY >GU+ ?AT !RE >E P>TS ( ! WORLD :]E WAT] RUNS UPHILL1 !RE >E ?REE-HEAD$ FLY+ MONKEYS1 OR PI CALCULATES TO #c4#a#e4 ,!Y >E NOT EV5 SUGGE/+ !RE >E REALLY PLACES :]E TAPIRS LIVE 9 VILLAGES--AT LEA/1 IF 0REALLY0 MEANS IT W\LD MAKE S5SE TO SAY TAPIRS LIVE 9 VILLAGES EV5 9 A WORLD :]E !RE HAD NEV] BE5 ,AM]9DIANS :O SAID !Y DID4 ,EA* DIFF]5T NATURE1 !N1 CAN ONLY EXI/ 9 RELATION TO A SPECIFIC GR\P ( HUMAN BE+S %>+ ! SAME ,ONTOLOGY#b4 

,?IS AT LEA/ SAVES ! =MULATION FROM OBVI\S ABSURDITY4 ,BUT EV5 H]E1 ! LANGUAGE (T5 SEEMS TO SLIP BACK & =? BETWE5 ! SUBJUNCTIVE 0AS IF 0 & SIMPLE DECL>ATIVE4 ,H]E IS ,H5>E1 ,HOLBRAAD1 & ,WA/EL 7#b#f3 #a#d1 ITALICS 9 ! ORIG9AL7 DEF5D+ !IR CLAIMS ?AT1 SAY1 ,CUBAN ,IFA DIV9]S EXI/ 9 A DIFF]5T 0WORLD0 AGA9/ ! OBVI\S OBJECTION3 

,IF ?+S REALLY >E DIFF]5T1 AS WE >GUE1 !N :Y DO !Y SEEM ! SAME8 ,IF 0DIFF]5T WORLDS0 RESIDE 9 ?+S1 SO TO SPEAK1 !N H[ C\LD WE HAVE MISS$ !M = SO LONG8 ,:Y1 :5 WE LOOK AT ,CUBAN DIV9]S' P[D]S1 DO WE SEE JU/ ?AT--P[D]8 .<,BECAUSE.> ! V]Y NOTION ( P]CEPTION SIMPLY REIT]ATES ! DI/9CTION ?AT 0DIFF]5T WORLDS0 COLLAPSES4 ,! PO9T AB\T DIFF]5T WORLDS IS ?AT !Y CANNOT BE 0SE50 9 A VISUALI/ S5SE4 ,!Y >E1 AS IT W]E1 A-VISIBLE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 COLLAPS+ ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 CONCEPTS & ?+S 7APPE>ANCE & REALITY7 =CES US TO CONCEIVE ( A DIFF]5T MODE ( DISCLOSURE ALTOGE!R4 

,AT FIR/ GLANCE1 ?IS SEEMS TO MAKE NO K9D ( S5SE4 ,IF ONE DISSOLVES AWAY ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 APPE>ANCE & REALITY AS SO MU* FALSE ,C>TESIAN DUALISM1 %\LDN'T ?AT MEAN ?AT ?+S >E :AT !Y APPE> TO BE1 & !RE=E1 ?AT ?+S ?AT LOOK ! SAME >E ! SAME & ?AT'S PRETTY MU* ?AT8 ,BUT :AT ! AU?ORS >E REALLY SAY+ IS V]Y DIFF]5T3 ?AT WE %\LDN'T PAY TOO MU* ATT5TION TO :AT ?+S LOOK LIKE1 BUT %\LD 9/EAD LI/5 TO :AT PEOPLE SAY4 ,MOREOV]1 .<AU?ORITATIVE.> /ATEM5TS MU/ BE TREAT$ AS A W9D[ ONTO 0CONCEPTS10 & CONCEPTS TREAT$--?R\< A =M ( 0RADICAL CON/RUCTIVISM0--AS IF !Y W]E !MSELVES REALITIES ( ! SAME ONTOLOGICAL /&+ AS 0?+S10 OR 9DE$1 CON/ITUTIVE ( ! WORLD ITSELF4.<#b#c.> 

,! 0ONTOLOGICAL TURN10 !N1 9VOLVES NOT ONLY AB&ON+ ! PROJECT ( ONTOLOGY#a1 BUT ADOPT+ A TACIT ONTOLOGY :I* SEEMS 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHICAL ,IDEALISM4.<#b#d.> ,IDEAS G5]ATE REALITIES4 ,ONE C\LD GO EV5 FUR!R4 ,:AT !Y SEEM TO BE PROPOS+ IS AB&ON+ ! 5TIRE PROJECT ( PHILOSOPHY 7OR AT LEA/1 PHILOSOPHY 9 ANY?+ LIKE ! =MS IT HAS HI/ORICALLY TAK5 9 ,EUROPE1 ,9DIA1 ,*9A1 OR ! ,ISLAMIC ,WORLD47 ,SCI5CE1 9 CONTRA/1 W\LD BE PRES]V$1 BUT AS ! SPECIAL PROP]TY ( 0,WE/]N]S0 OR 0,EURO-,AM]ICANS0.<#b#e.>--:I* IF TAK5 S]I\SLY1 W\LD AM\NT TO ONE ( ! GREATE/ ACTS ( 9TELLECTUAL !FT 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 S9CE AFT] ALL1 MU* ( :AT UND]LIES :AT WE N[ CALL 0,WE/]N SCI5CE0 WAS ACTUALLY DEVELOP$ 9 PLACES LIKE ,P]SIA1 ,B5GAL1 & ,*9A1 & 9 7D>E ,I SAY87 ! REAL WORLD4 ,MO/ SCI5TIFIC RESE>* IS NO LONG] BE+ CONDUCT$ BY ,EURO-,AM]ICANS AT ALL4 

,I KN[ ?IS IS A BIT UNFAIR4 ,SU* PROPOSALS >E NOT REALLY MEANT TO BE TAK5 9 ?IS K9D ( PROGRAMMATIC WAY4 ,MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE1 ,O,T IS A !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK DESIGN$ TO OP5 SPACE 9 ORD] TO 5GAGE 9 A P>TICUL> =M ( E?NOGRAPHIC PRACTICE4 ,& ?IS =M ( PRACTICE IS NOT )\T ITS M]ITS4 ,HAV+ SAID MU* ?AT IS CRITICAL1 LET ME 5D1 !N1 ON A POSITIVE NOTE4 ,I ?9K ! REAL /R5G? ( ,O,T LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT IT 5C\RAGES :AT MI<T BE CALL$ A /ANCE ( CREATIVE RESPECT T[>DS ! OBJECT ( E?NOGRAPHIC 9QUIRY4 ,BY ?IS ,I MEAN FIR/ ( ALL ?AT IT />TS FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT S9CE ! WORLDS WE >E /UDY+ CANNOT BE 5TIRELY KN[N1 :AT WE >E REALLY 9 ! PRES5CE ( IS--AS ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO 7#b#a#e3 #a#c7 PUTS IT1 BORR[+ LANGUAGE FROM ,DELEUZE1 0! POSSIBILITY1 ! ?REAT OR PROMISE ( ANO!R WORLD CONTA9$ 9 ! 'FACE_/GAZE ( ! O!R1'0 A POSSIBILITY ?AT CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ ?R\< ! E?NOGRAPH]1 EV5 AS ! E?NOGRAPH]1 9 TRY+ TO DESCRIBE--LET ALONE EXPLA9--?IS O!R WORLD1 9EVITABLY BETRAYS ?AT PROMISE1 OR1 AS HE PUTS IT1 0DISSIPATES ITS /RUCTURE10 AT LEA/ TO A C]TA9 EXT5T4 ,YET DESPITE ! 9EVITABILITY ( BETRAYAL1 ! TASK ( ! E?NOGRAPH] IS NONE!LESS TO TRY TO KEEP ?AT POSSIBILITY ALIVE4 ,RADICAL ALT]ITY CAN NEV] BE CONTA9$ BY \R DESCRIPTIONS1 ! >GUM5T GOES1 & WE CANNOT UND]/& IT ?R\< D$UCTIVE REASON+2 RA!R1 ! E?NOGRAPH]'S TASK IS A CREATIVE1 EXP]IM5TAL1 EV5 POETIC PROJECT--AN ATTEMPT TO GIVE LIFE TO AN ALI5 REALITY ?AT UNSETTLES \R BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AB\T :AT C\LD EXI/4 ,9S(> AS !RE IS A W> GO+ ON H]E1 IT IS A W> ! E?NOGRAPH] %\LD NEV] W94 

,:AT IF ! WORLD DID EXI/ BUT WE JU/ C\LDN'T PROVE IT8 

,IF ! GREATE/ /R5G? ( ,O,T IS ITS WILL+NESS TO EMBRACE ! LIMITS ( HUMAN KN[L$GE 7?AT IS1 AS A =M ( ,EPI/EMOLOGY#a72 ITS GREATE/ FLAW1 TO MY M9D AT LEA/1 IS ?AT IT DOESN'T TAKE ?IS PR9CIPLE NE>LY F> 5\<4 ,RADICAL ALT]ITY APPLIES ONLY TO RELATIONS BETWE5 CULTURAL WORLDS4 ,!RE IS NEV] ANY S5SE ?AT PEOPLE EXI/+ 9SIDE O!R ,ONTOLOGIES#b HAVE ANY TR\BLE UND]/&+ EA* O!R1 LET ALONE ! WORLD >\ND !M2 RA!R1 \T ( RESPECT = !IR O!RNESS1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO ACT AS IF !IR COMM& ( !IR 5VIRONM5T W]E SO ABSOLUTE ?AT !RE W]E NO DIFF]5CE :ATEV] BETWE5 !IR IDEAS AB\T1 SAY1 TREES1 & TREES !MSELVES4 

,IT /RIKES ME ?AT BY DO+ SO1 & ESPECIALLY1 BY FRAM+ ?IS ATTITUDE AS AN E?ICAL IMP]ATIVE1 ,O,T MAKES IT EFFECTIVELY IMPOSSIBLE = US TO RECOGNIZE ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+S ALL HUMANS REALLY DO HAVE 9 COMMON3 ! FACT ?AT WE ALL HAVE TO COME TO GRIPS1 TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R1 ) :AT WE CANNOT KN[4 

,9 PHILOSOPHICAL T]MS1 :AT ,O,T IS PROPOS+ IS SIMPLY AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL V>IATION ( ! TRANSC5D5TAL ME?OD1 AN EX]CISE ?AT SETS \T TO D$UCE ! 0CONDITIONS ( POSSIBILITY0 = HUMAN EXP]I5CE3 ESS5TIALLY1 TO ASK1 :AT W\LD HAVE TO BE TRUE 9 ORD] = EXP]I5CE TO BE POSSIBLE8.<#b#f.> ,IMMANUEL ,KANT MO/ FAM\SLY US$ ! TRANSC5D5TAL ME?OD TO PRODUCE HIS LI/ ( A PRIORI CONCEPTUAL CATEGORIES ( ?\<T 7! OPPOSITION ( UNITY & PLURALITY2 ! NOTION ( CAUSE & EFFECT1 ETC471 ALONG ) SU* BASIC FRAMEWORKS AS ! NOTION ( TIME AS A RELATION ( PA/1 PRES5T1 & FUTURE4.<#b#g.> ,ALL !SE1 HE >GU$1 C\LD NOT BE D]IV$ FROM EXP]I5CE1 S9CE !Y ALREADY HAD TO BE PRES5T1 9 ! M9D1 = US TO EXP]I5CE ANY?+ ! WAY WE DO AT ALL4 ,= ,KANT1 !SE W]E NOT ONTOLOGICAL CATEGORIES4 ,KANT REJECT$ ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( ,ONTOLOGY#a1 AS HE DID NOT BELIEVE WE C\LD SAY ANY?+ AB\T ! NATURE ( ?+S 9 !MSELVES4 

,N[1 !RE'S ALWAYS BE5 A /RA9 9 AN?ROPOLOGY ?AT HAS S\<T TO APPLY A SIMIL> ANALYSIS TO P>TICUL> SOCIAL OR CULTURAL =MS ( EXP]I5CE1 & ?US1 TO SEEK TO F9D CULTURAL CATEGORIES US+ ! SAME APPROA* ,KANT US$ = CONCEPTUAL CATEGORIES4 ,AFT] ALL1 ?IS IS V]Y CLOSE TO :AT E?NOGRAPH]S 9V>IABLY DO-- I4E41 ASK1 0:AT W\LD PEOPLE HAVE TO ?9K 9 ORD] = ALL !SE /ATEM5TS TO BE TRUE80 ,(T5 ?IS LEADS AN?ROPOLOGI/S TO CONFLATE ! TWO1 :I* IS A PROBLEM1 BECAUSE ,KANTIAN CATEGORIES & CULTURAL CATEGORIES >E 9 NO S5SE ! SAME ?+4 ,OR EV5 ! SAME SORT ( ?+4 ,A TYPICAL 7& ,I'VE ALWAYS FELT1 SLI<TLY EMB>RASS+7 E>LY EXAMPLE IS ,DURKHEIM & ,MAUSS' ESSAY ,PRIMITIVE CLASSIFICATION 7.<#a#i#c.> #a#i#f#c2 CF4 ,S*MAUS #b#d71 :I* >GUES ?AT ,KANTIAN CATEGORIES >E BE/ VIEW$ NOT AS PRIOR TO EXP]I5CE BUT AS ! PRODUCTS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 & !RE=E DIFF]5T 9 DIFF]5TLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETIES--CONFLAT+1 9 ?IS CASE1 ! >RANGEM5T ( TIME 9TO A P>TICUL> SEQU5CE 7E4G41 SUMM]1 FALL1 W9T] 444 71 ) ! V]Y NOTION ?AT IT %\LD BE POSSIBLE TO >RANGE ANY?+ 9 A TEMPORAL SEQU5CE ( ANY K9D AT ALL4.<#b#h.> ,?IS IS OBVI\SLY A BASIC CATEGORY ]ROR1 AS G5]ATIONS ( FIR/ YE> GRADUATE /UD5TS =C$ TO READ ! ESSAY HAVE REGUL>LY PO9T$ \T4 ,YET ! TEMPTATION TO MAKE SIMIL> >GUM5TS NEV] SEEMS TO GO AWAY4 ,O,T1 FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 MI<T BE CONSID]$ AN EXTREME RADICALIZATION ( SU* AN APPROA*3 ONE ?AT >GUES ?AT REALITY IS KN[ABLE1 S9CE CONCEPTS >E REALITY1 & !N DEPLOYS A MORE ELABORATE MODE ( TRANSC5D5TAL >GUM5TATION3 9/EAD ( PROCE$+ DIRECTLY FROM EXP]I5CE TO CONCEPTS1 IT />TS FROM C]TA9 SORTS ( V]BAL /ATEM5TS 70P[D] IS P[]07 & PROPOSES ONE MU/ EMPLOY ! TRANSC5D5TAL ME?OD TO D]IVE FROM !SE /ATEM5TS ! 0CONCEPTS0 7AGA91 A C]TA9 K9D ( TIME1 A C]TA9 MODE ( CAUSALITY7 ?AT MU/ BE TREAT$ AS IF !Y W]E CON/ITUTIVE NOT JU/ ( EXP]I5CE BUT ( REALITY ITSELF4.<#b#i.> 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ?IS IS NOT JU/ ,IDEALISM--IT IS AB\T AS EXTREME A =M ( ,IDEALISM AS IT IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE4.<#c.> 

,IT IS POSSIBLE1 H[EV]1 TO DEPLOY ! SAME SORT ( TRANSC5D5TAL ME?OD 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION3 TO APPLY IT1 ?AT IS1 TO PROBLEMS ( ,ONTOLOGY#a1 TO QUE/IONS CONC]N+ ! NATURE ( REALITY ITSELF4 ,?IS IS ! APPROA* TAK5 BY ,ROY ,BHASK> & O!RS ( ! ,CRITICAL ,REALI/ TRADITION 7H5CE1 ,C,R3 ,BHASK> #a#i#g#e1 #a#i#g#i1 #a#i#h#f1 #a#i#h#i1 #a#i#i#d2 ,>*]1 ,BHASK>1 ,COLLI]1 ,LAWSON1 & ,NORRIE #a#i#i#h2 ,H>TWIG #b#g2 ,SAY] #b#a#a74.<#c#a.> ,BHASK>'S PHILOSOPHICAL POSITION IS F> TOO COMPLEX TO SUM UP 9 ANY DETAIL1 BUT IT SETS \T FROM ! SAME OBS]VATION AS ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO'S3 S9CE ,DESC>TES1 ,WE/]N PHILOSOPHY HAS %IFT$ AWAY FROM QUE/IONS ( ONTOLOGY & T[>D QUE/IONS ( EPI/EMOLOGY4 ,HE P>TS WAYS1 ?\<1 :5 HE ADDS3 9 DO+ SO1 IT HAS T5D$ TO CONFUSE ! TWO4 ,! RESULT IS :AT HE DUBS 0! EPI/EMIC FALLACY03 ! QUE/ION 0DOES ! WORLD EXI/80 HAS COME TO BE TREAT$ AS 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM 0H[ CAN ,I PROVE ! WORLD EXI/S80 OR EV5 0IS IT POSSIBLE = ME TO HAVE DEF9ITIVE KN[L$GE ( ?IS WORLD80 ,BUT ?IS IMPLIES A FALSE PREMISE3 ?AT IF A WORLD DID EXI/1 IT W\LD !RE=E BE POSSIBLE TO HAVE ABSOLUTE OR COMPREH5SIVE KN[L$GE ( IT4 ,!RE IS SIMPLY NO REASON TO ASSUME ONE FOLL[S FROM ! O!R4 ,!RE'S NO 9TR9SIC REASON !RE C\LD NOT BE A WORLD CONFIGUR$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT PHILOSOPH]S LIV+ 9 IT C\LD NOT COME UP ) ABSOLUTE PRO( ( ITS EXI/5CE1 & :5 IT COMES TO DEF9ITIVE & COMPREH5SIVE KN[L$GE1 ! PREMISE ACTUALLY SEEMS NOT JU/ WRONG BUT BACKW>DS4 ,IT MAKES MU* BETT] S5SE TO DEF9E 0REALITY0 AS PRECISELY ?AT :I* WE CAN NEV] KN[ COMPLETELY2 :I* WILL NEV] BE 5TIRELY 5COMPASS$ 9 \R !ORETICAL DESCRIPTIONS4 ,! ONLY ?+S AB\T :I* WE CAN HAVE ABSOLUTE & COMPREH5SIVE KN[L$GE >E ?+S WE HAVE MADE UP4 

,BHASK> APPLIES ! TRANSC5D5TAL ME?OD TO ASK NOT JU/ AB\T ! CONDITIONS ( POSSIBILITY ( EV]YDAY ACTION & EXP]I5CE1 BUT ABOVE ALL1 ( ! CONDITIONS ( POSSIBILITY ( CONTEMPOR>Y SCI5CE4 ,H]E HE FOCUSES P>TICUL>LY ON PRACTICE1 ASK+ NOT ONLY :Y SCI5TIFIC EXP]IM5TS >E POSSIBLE 7:Y IS IT POSSIBLE TO CONTRIVE SITUATIONS ) REGUL>LY PR$ICTABLE RESULTS871 BUT ALSO :Y !Y >E NECESS>Y 7:Y IS IT NOT POSSIBLE TO HAVE PR$ICTIVE KN[L$GE ( EV5TS UNLESS ONE HAS DEVOT$ 5ORM\S LABOR 9TO CREAT+ SU* CONTRIV$ SITUATIONS874 ,TO ANSW] ?OSE QUE/IONS1 HE PROPOSES A 0DEP? ONTOLOGY0 ?AT ID5TIFIES ULTIMATE REALITY ) 0ME*ANISMS0 & 0T5D5CIES0 ?AT OP]ATE ON A S]IES ( EM]G5T LEVELS ( COMPLEXITY4 ,H[ !SE ME*ANISMS WILL 9T]ACT1 \TSIDE ! CONTEXT ( SCI5TIFIC EXP]IM5TS1 IS 9H]5TLY UNPR$ICTABLE4 ,?IS LA/1 ,C,R HOLDS1 IS TRUE = TWO REASONS3 P>TLY1 BECAUSE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO KN[ H[ T5D5CIES 70LAWS07 OP]ATIVE ON DIFF]5T EM]G5T LEVELS ( REALITY WILL AFFECT ONE ANO!R 9 OP5-SY/EM 70REAL WORLD07 SITUATIONS2 P>TLY TOO BECAUSE1 ON EV]Y ONE ( ?OSE EM]G5T LEVELS1 />T+ ) ! SUBATOMIC1 FRE$OM IS TO SOME DEGREE 9H]5T 9 ! NATURE ( ! UNIV]SE ITSELF4 

,CRITICAL ,REALI/S >GUE--COMPELL+LY1 9 MY VIEW--?AT MO/ CONTEMPOR>Y PHILOSOPHICAL POSITIONS >E SIMPLY V>IATIONS ON ! EPI/EMIC FALLACY4 ,TO TAKE ONE P>TICUL>LY SALI5T EXAMPLE3 BO? ,POSITIVI/S & ,PO//RUCTURALI/S T5D TO AGREE ?AT IF !RE W]E A REAL WORLD 9DEP5D5T ( ! SUBJECT1 IT %\LD BE POSSIBLE 7AT LEA/ 9 PR9CIPLE7 = ! SUBJECT TO HAVE ABSOLUTE & COMPREH5SIVE KN[L$GE ( IT4 ,POSITIVI/S >GUE ?AT SU* KN[L$GE IS POSSIBLE2 ,PO//RUCTURALI/S1 9 MO/ CASES AT LEA/1 >GUE ?AT S9CE SU* KN[L$GE IS IMPOSSIBLE1 ONE MU/ CONCLUDE !RE IS NO 9DEP5D5T REALITY AT ALL4 

,H]E ,I CAN RETURN TO ! F9AL ELEM5T 9 ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO'S CRITIQUE--NAMELY1 ?AT !RE IS A CONTRADICTION BETWE5 MY POLITICAL ORI5TATION & MY !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK3 

,AS WE %ALL SEE1 NOT ALL POLITICAL AN>*I/S ACCEPT ONTOLOGICAL AN>*Y1 I4E4 ! IDEA ?AT ! ONLY VIABLE POLITICAL MEAN+ ( ONTOLOGY 9 \R TIMES DEP5DS ON ACCEPT+ ALT]ITY & EQUIVOCATION AS 0UNSUBSUMABLE0 BY ANY TRANSC5D5T PO9T ( VIEW 7! V]Y IDEA ( A TRANSC5D5T PO9T ( VIEW IS AN OXYMORON1 :I* DID NOT PREV5T IT FROM BE+ POSIT$ BY SOME ONTOLOGIES74 7,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO #b#a#e3 #a2 ITALICS 9 ORIG9AL7 

,! FIR/ REF]5CE IS CLE>LY TO MYSELF1 S9CE AS ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO LAT] SUGGE/S1 ,I CAN ONLY BE APPEAL+ TO SU* A 0TRANSC5D5T PO9T ( VIEW0 :5 ,I WROTE ?AT ,RAVOLOLONA C\LDN'T REALLY /OP ! HAIL4 ,MU* BETT] TO ADOPT :AT 7HE NOTES7 ! AN>*I/ ESSAYI/ ,PET] ,LAMBORN ,WILSON HAS CALL$ 0ONTOLOGICAL AN>*Y0 & ACKN[L$GE ?AT ANY SU* PRIVILEG$ KN[L$GE1 & !RE=E1 MORAL P]SPECTIVE1 IS IMPOSSIBLE4 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE 9 ?IS CONTEXT ?AT 0ONTOLOGICAL AN>*Y0 IS A POSITION ?AT ,WILSON DOES NOT1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 DEVELOP 9 ! WORKS HE PUBLI%ES UND] HIS [N NAME1 BUT ONLY 9 ?OSE WRITT5 PSEUDONYM\SLY UND] ! P]SONA ( AN IMAG9>Y1 MAD ,ISMAILI POET NAM$ ,HAKIM ,BEY 7#a#i#h#e1 #a#i#i#d74 ,H]E IS ,BEY'S DESCRIPTION ( 0ONTOLOGICAL AN>*Y 9 A NUT%ELL03 

,S9CE ABSOLUTELY NO?+ CAN BE PR$ICAT$ ) ANY REAL C]TA9TY AS TO ! 0TRUE NATURE ( ?+S01 ALL PROJECTS 7AS ,NIETZS*E SAYS7 CAN ONLY BE 0F\ND$ ON NO?+40 ,& YET !RE MU/ BE A PROJECT--IF ONLY BECAUSE WE \RSELVES RESI/ BE+ CATEGORIZ$ AS 0NO?+40 ,\T ( NO?+ WE WILL MAKE SOME?+3 ! ,UPRIS+1 ! REVOLT AGA9/ EV]Y?+ :I* PROCLAIMS3 0,! ,NATURE ( ,?+S IS SU*-@&-SU*40 ,WE DISAGREE1 WE >E UNNATURAL1 WE >E LESS ?AN NO?+ 9 ! EYES ( ! ,LAW--,DIV9E ,LAW1 ,NATURAL ,LAW1 OR ,SOCIAL ,LAW--TAKE Y\R PICK4 ,\T ( NO?+ WE WILL IMAG9E \R VALUES1 & BY ?IS ACT ( 9V5TION WE %ALL LIVE4 7,BEY #a#i#i#d3 #a7 

,VALUES !N >E BAS$ ON NO?+ BUT !IR [N ASS]TION4 ,! OBVI\S MORAL P]ILS ( ?IS POSITION MI<T BE GAUG$ BY ! FACT ?AT1 )9 AN>*I/ CIRCLES1 ,WILSON HAS EV] S9CE BE5 SURR\ND$ BY CONTROV]SY1 [+ TO ACCUSATIONS ( HAV+ 9V5T$ ?IS V]Y >GUM5T TO JU/IFY P$OPHILIA4.<#c#b.> 

,SO3 DOES 0ONTOLOGICAL AN>*Y0 MEAN ANYONE CAN MAKE UP :ATEV] VALUES !Y LIKE8 7,OR DOES IT MEAN ?AT ONLY C]TA9 PEOPLE CAN87.<#c#c.> 

,!SE >E EXACTLY ! SORT ( QUE/IONS ?AT MOTIVAT$ ,ROY ,BHASK>--HIMSELF A POLITICAL ACTIVI/--TO TURN TO ! PHILOSOPHY ( SCI5CE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,ONE ( HIS PRIM>Y 9T]LOCUTORS WAS ,PAUL ,FEY]AB5D1 AN AN>*I/ PHILOSOPH] ( SCI5CE 7E4G41 ,FEY]AB5D #a#i#g#e74 ,FEY]AB5D DID 9DE$ TAKE ! POSITION ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO 5DORSES1 ?\< S9CE HE WAS US+ TRADITIONAL PHILOSOPHICAL LANGUAGE1 HE !RE=E CONCLUD$ ?AT ONTOLOGY#a IS UNNECESS>Y1 & ?AT ANY CONTEMPOR>Y SCI5TIFIC !ORY IS JU/ ONE ( ANY NUMB] ( 9COMM5SURABLE P]SPECTIVES1.<#c#d.> ALL ( :I* TO SOME DEGREE CON/RUCT !IR O/5SIBLE OBJECTS1 NO ONE ( :I* HAS ANY PRIVILEG$ PUR*ASE ON TRU?4 ,HE REF]R$ TO ?IS POSITION AS 0,EPI/EMOLOGICAL ,AN>*Y40.<#c#e.> 

,FEY]AB5D'S WAS A CRUCIAL 9T]V5TION & ! NOTION ( 9COMM5SURABLE P]SPECTIVES HAS BE5 5ORM\SLY 9FLU5TIAL ON SOCIAL !ORY4 ,ON POLITICS AS WELL4 ,MO/ RADICAL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS N[ADAYS HAVE COME TO ACCEPT ?AT DEMOCRACY NECESS>ILY MEANS ACCOMMODAT+ A DIV]SITY ( 9COMM5SURABLE P]SPECTIVES4 ,I HAVE MYSELF TRI$ TO 9CORPORATE ?IS SPIRIT 9 MY WORK1 LONG BE=E ,I WAS 5TIRELY AW>E ( ITS HI/ORY4.<#c#f.> ,BUT ,I ALSO F9D ,BHASK>'S RESPONSE TO ,FEY]AB5D COMPELL+4.<#c#g.> ,RA!R ?AN REJECT ! NOTION ?AT DIFF]5T !ORIES OR P]SPECTIVES L>GELY CON/RUCT !IR OBJECTS1 & >E (T5 9 MANY WAYS 9COMM5SURABLE1 ,BHASK> >GU$ ?AT ?IS WAS TRUE--BUT IT DID NOT MEAN ONE NE$$ TO REJECT ,ONTOLOGY#a4 

,! MI/AKE H]E1 ACCORD+ TO ,BHASK>1 LAY PRECISELY 9 ! ASSUMPTION ?AT A S+LE REALITY NECESS>ILY MEANS ACCEPTANCE ( A S+LE 0TRANSC5D5TAL PO9T ( VIEW40 ,?IS1 HE PO9T$ \T1 WAS A P]FECT EXAMPLE ( ! EPI/EMIC FALLACY4 ,! FACT ?AT ! OBJECT ( SCI5CE IS1 TO SOME DEGREE1 CON/ITUT$ BY ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( SCI5CE ITSELF1 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT REALITY IS 5TIRELY SO CON/ITUT$2 RA!R1 HE >GU$1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ACC\NT = MANY ASPECTS ( SCI5TIFIC PRACTICE 7EXP]IM5TS1 AGA97 )\T APPEAL TO :AT HE CALL$ AN 09TRANSITIVE DIM5SION0 ( REALITY--I4E41 ASPECTS ( ! WORLD ?AT W\LD REMA9 ! SAME EV5 IF SCI5CE1 SCI5TI/S1 OR = ?AT MATT] HUMANS ( ANY SORT1 W]E TO DISAPPE> 5TIRELY4.<#c#h.> ,SO IT'S NOT ! P]SPECTIVE ?AT'S TRANSC5D5TAL 7?AT W\LD 9DE$ BE A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS7 BUT ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL ASPECTS ( REALITY--9 ! CLASSIC S5SE ( 0TRANSC5D5TAL0 AS SOME?+ :I* CAN HAVE EFFECTS ON US1 BUT WE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 CANNOT AFFECT4 ,H[EV]1 ONCE AGA91 IT IS ONE ( ! DEF9+ QUALITIES ( REALITY ?AT IT CANNOT BE COMPLETELY KN[N1 LET ALONE 5COMPASS$ )9 ANY ONE P>TICUL> P]SPECTIVE4 

,ACCEPT+ ?IS MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT SCI5TI/S CAN SAY ?+S ?AT >E TRUE1 & BY ! SAME TOK51 !Y CAN SAY ?+S ?AT >E FALSE4 7,IT'S QUITE POSSIBLE--9DE$1 ,I W\LD SAY1 LIKELY--?AT A SIGNIFICANT P]C5TAGE ( :AT CURR5TLY PASSES = SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE IS1 9 FACT1 9CORRECT47 ,IT ALSO MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT O!R1 9COMM5SURABLE P]SPECTIVES ON REALITY1 :E!R COMMON S5SE1 TE*NICAL EXP]TIZE1 ,MAORI COSMOGONIC MY?1 ,V$ANTA1 OR /&UP COM$Y1 CAN BE ABLE TO SAY O!R ?+S ?AT >E EQUALLY TRUE ?AT SCI5CE CANNOT SAY--OR 9DE$1 W\LD NEV] ?9K TO4 ,ALL !SE P]SPECTIVES >E TO A C]TA9 DEGREE 9COMM5SURABLE4 ,NONE!LESS1 )\T A REALI/ ONTOLOGY#a1 & )\T SOME WAY TO AN*OR VALUES 9 IT1.<#c#i.> ONE W\LD HAVE NO SOLID BASIS ON :I* TO >GUE EI!R ?AT ALL CONTA9 TRU?1 OR ?AT A DIV]SITY ( 9COMM5SURABLE P]SPECTIVES IS 9 ANY WAY DESIRABLE4 

,AFT] ALL1 ! M]E ASS]TION ( A VALUE MEANS NO?+ 9 ITSELF3 ?AT IS1 UNLESS1 AS SOME ( MY ,MALAGASY FRI5DS W\LD NO D\BT HA/5 TO PO9T \T1 Y\ MANAGE TO CONV9CE O!RS ?AT ! VALUE IS BAS$ ON SOME?+ O!R ?AN ITS M]E ASS]TION4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT TAK+ ONE'S 9T]LOCUTORS S]I\SLY MEANS1 NOT JU/ AGREE+ ) EV]Y?+ !Y SAY 7OR EV51 PICK+ \T !IR MO/ APP>5TLY /RANGE OR CONTRADICTORY /ATEM5TS & TRY+ TO IMAG9E A WORLD 9 :I* ?OSE /ATEM5TS W\LD BE LIT]ALLY TRUE7 BUT />T+ FROM ! RECOGNITION ?AT NEI!R P>TY TO ! CONV]SATION WILL EV] COMPLETELY UND]/& ! WORLD >\ND !M1 OR = ?AT MATT]1 EA* O!R4 ,?AT'S SIMPLY P>T ( :AT IT MEANS TO BE HUMAN4 ,MO/ ( :AT OBVI\SLY & IMM$IATELY UNITES US ACROSS BORD]S ( EV]Y SORT1 CONCEPTUAL 9CLUD$1 IS ! RECOGNITION ( \R COMMON LIMITATIONS3 :E!R ?AT BE ! FACT ?AT ALL ( US >E MORTAL1 OR ?AT NONE ( US CAN NEV] KN[ ) C]TA9TY H[ \R PROJECTS WILL PAN \T4 

,:AT'S MORE1 IF ONE GOES SLI<TLY FUR!R & >GUES NOT JU/ ?AT REALITY CAN NEV] BE FULLY 5COMPASS$ 9 \R IMAG9ATIVE CON/RUCTS1 BUT ?AT REALITY IS ?AT :I* CAN NEV] BE FULLY 5COMPASS$ 9 \R IMAG9ATIVE CON/RUCTS1 !N SURELY 0RADICAL ALT]ITY0 IS JU/ ANO!R WAY ( SAY+ 0REALITY40 ,BUT 0REAL0 IS NOT A SYNONYM = 0NATURE40 ,WE CAN NEV] COMPLETELY UND]/& CULTURAL DIFF]5CE BECAUSE CULTURAL DIFF]5CE IS REAL4 ,BUT BY ! SAME TOK51 NO ONE ,IATMUL1 ,NAMBIKW>A1 OR ,IRI%-,AM]ICAN WILL EV] BE ABLE TO COMPLETELY UND]/& ANY O!R BECAUSE 9DIVIDUAL DIFF]5CE IS REAL TOO4 ,! REALITY ( O!R PEOPLE IS ! DEGREE TO :I* Y\ CAN NEV] BE QUITE SURE :AT !Y'RE GO+ TO DO4.<#d.> ,BUT F9ALLY1 ALL ( US >E 9DE$ FAC$ ) ! /UBBORN REALITY--?AT IS1 IMM$IATE UNPR$ICTABILITY1 ULTIMATE UNKN[ABILITY--( ! PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T ?AT SURR\NDS US4 

,MALAGASY EPI/EMOLOGY1 OR1 GRACEFUL FIGURES DRAWN ON AN ABYSS 

,H]E IS ,G]MA91 ! Y\NG] BRO!R ( MY FRI5D ,>M& FROM ,BETAFO1 TALK+ AB\T ,VAZIMBA SPIRITS3 

,VAZIMBA >E A K9D ( ?+ ?AT ISN'T SE54 ,!Y DON'T %[ !IR BODIES LIKE1 SAY1 PEOPLE DO1 OR DIV9E SPIRITS :5 !Y POSSESS M$IUMS & CURE PEOPLE4 ,IF Y\ C>RY PORK TO A PLACE :]E ONE IS1 !N ?AT NI<T1 AS SOON AS Y\ KILL ! LI<T Y\ LOOK & !RE'S ?IS H& MOV+ T[>DS Y\4 ,AS SOON AS Y\ LI<T ! C&LE AGA91 IT'S GONE4 ,OR1 SAY Y\'RE WA%+ Y\R FACE 9 Y\ DON'T KN[ :AT IT IS & LIKELY AS NOT Y\R FACE WILL SWELL UP HUGELY LIKE ?IS1 & IT ABSOLUTELY WON'T GO AWAY UNTIL Y\ BURN 9C5SE OV] IT4 ,Y\ TAKE IT TO SOMEONE TO GIVE IT HAS9A1 & !N Y\'RE CUR$4 ,BUT ?AT'S ALL Y\ KN[3 Y\ HAVE ABSOLUTELY NO IDEA :AT WAS 9 ! WAT]4 79 ,GRAEB] #b#gA3 #b#b#a7 

,P]HAPS ! ONE EXPRESSION ,I HE>D ! MO/1 :5 PEOPLE TALK$ AB\T SPIRITS1 WAS SIMPLY 0,I DON'T KN[40 ,SPIRITS W]E 9H]5TLY UNKN[ABLE4 7,! SPIRITS ?AT POSSESS$ M$IUMS W]E ULTIMATELY UNKN[ABLE AS WELL47 ,I 5D$ UP CONCLUD+ ?IS LACK ( KN[L$GE WAS NOT 9CID5TAL2 IT WAS F\NDATIONAL4 ,TO PUT IT BLUNTLY1 :ILE ,O,T W\LD 5C\RAGE ME TO PRIVILEGE ! FACT ?AT ,I WILL NEV] FULLY UND]/& ,MALAGASY CONCEPTIONS AS TO ACT AS IF ?OSE CONCEPTIONS W]E SIMPLY DET]M9ANT ( REALITY1 ,I DECID$ TO PRIVILEGE ! FACT ?AT MY ,MALAGASY 9T]LOCUTORS 9SI/$ !Y DID NOT UND]/& REALITY EI!R2 ?AT NOBODY EV] WILL BE ABLE TO UND]/& ! WORLD COMPLETELY1 & ?AT ?IS GIVES US SOME?+ TO TALK AB\T4 ,IT ALSO GIVES US ! OPPORTUNITY TO UNSETTLE ONE ANO!R'S IDEAS 9 A WAY ?AT MI<T PROVE G5U9ELY DIALOGIC4 

,9 MY [N E?NOGRAPHIC REFLECTIONS ON FANAFODY1 ,I >GUE1 9 EFFECT1 ?AT ONE CANNOT BEG9 TO UND]/& ,MALAGASY IDEAS ON ! SUBJECT )\T UND]/&+ !IR ,EPI/EMOLOGY#a4 ,BECAUSE TO A L>GE EXT5T1 IDEAS AB\T SPIRITS W]E !MSELVES A =M ( EPI/EMOLOGY--?AT IS1 !Y >E REFLECTIONS ON ! POSSIBILITY ( KN[L$GE4 ,ON ONE LEVEL1 KN[L$GE WAS P[]4 ,ON ANO!R1 P[] WAS ?AT :I* ONE CANNOT KN[4 ,PEOPLE W\LD ALMO/ NEV] SAY SU*-&-SU* A P]SON 0HAD0 AN ODY2 !Y W\LD SAY %E 0KNEW0 7MAHAY71 0KNEW H[ TO USE0 7MAHAY MAMPIASA71 OR 0KNEW H[ TO CON/RUCT0 7MAHAY MANAMBOATRA7 ONE4.<#d#a.> ,P[] WAS ABOVE ALL KN[L$GE2 BUT IT WAS ALSO KN[L$GE ( ! MANIPULATION ( =CES ?AT W]E !MSELVES 9H]5TLY 9COMPREH5SIBLE 7TSY HITA1 TSY AZO1 TSISY DIKANY74 

,! WORD = KN[L$GE 9 G5]AL 7FAHALALANA7 WAS R>ELY US$2 NORMALLY ONE SPOKE EI!R ( FAHATSI>OVANA 7MEMORY1 KN[L$GE ( ! PA/7 OR FAHAIZANA 7KN[-H[1 PRACTICAL KN[L$GE1 ORI5T$ TO ! FUTURE47 ,FAHATSI>OVANA WAS TYPICALLY 9 ! CONTEXT ( SOME SORT ( ANCE/RAL AU?ORITY1 BUT R>ELY O!RWISE4 ,MO/ KN[L$GE WAS FAHAIZANA1 S9CE IT WAS ALMO/ 9V>IABLY TI$ TO A PRACTICE ( SOME SORT OR ANO!R4 ,C]TA9LY1 ANY?+ TO DO ) M$IC9E1 OR FANAFODY--A WORD ) A SEMANTIC RANGE SPANN+ FROM H]BAL CONCOCTIONS TO CURE A SORE ?ROAT TO *>MS ?AT CAUS$ ONE'S OPPON5TS TO BECOME TONGUE-TI$ :ILE >GU+ A LAW SUIT--WAS A =M ( FAHAIZANA4 ,BUT SO WAS ACADEMIC KN[L$GE1 :I* 9VOLV$ DO+ RESE>*1 TAK+ TE/S1 & WRIT+ & DELIV]+ PAP]S4 ,FAHAIZANA WAS NOT AU?ORITY BUT %E] P[]1 & (T5 CONSID]$ AT LEA/ A LITTLE MORALLY AMBIGU\S AS A RESULT4 

,ODY1 OR 0*>MS10 W]E NOT H[EV] SIMPLY AN EXT5SION ( HUMAN KN[L$GE4 ,!Y W]E P[]$ BY SPIRITS 7LOLO1 ZAVATRA1 FANAHY71.<#d#b.> :I*--9 ! CASE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL ODY ANYWAY--W]E TREAT$ AS IF !Y HAD !IR [N AUTONOM\S AG5CY1 MOODS1 :IMS1 EV5 P]SONALITIES4 ,BUT ( !SE SPIRITS 09 !MSELVES10 NO KN[L$GE WAS POSSIBLE4 ,EV5 ! MO/ FAM\S & RESPECT$ A/ROLOG]S & CUR]S W\LD 9SI/ ?AT IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY ANY?+ AB\T !M2 ANYONE :O CLAIM$ O!RWISE WAS A LI> OR A FOOL4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE P[] WAS ?AT :I* WAS 9VISIBLE1 =MLESS1 G5]IC1 HIDD5--IT WAS %E] POT5TIALITY4 ,HUMAN KN[L$GE C\LD DIRECT ?IS G5]IC P[] 9TO SPECIFIC =MS & CAPACITIES--MO/ ODY W]E MADE ( BITS ( WOOD & O!R OBJECTS1 :OSE NAMES SPECIFI$ ONE SORT ( ACTION ! ODY C\LD TAKE1 & SOMEONE ADEPT AT FANAFODY W\LD HAVE TO KN[ NOT ONLY ! 5DLESS V>IETIES ( +R$I5TS BUT ! SCI5CE ( A/ROLOGY TO DET]M9E ! EXACT MOM5T AT :I* !Y %\LD BE TAK51 PROCESS$1 & COMB9$4 ,BUT ! SPIRITS !MSELVES1 KN[L$GE C\LD NOT T\*4 ,EV5 FAM\S ODY ?AT HAD NAMES & P]SONALITIES--LIKE ,RAVOLOLONA OR ,RAVATOMA9A--W]E NAM$ AFT] !IR PHYSICAL +R$I5TS1 & NOT ! SPIRITS ?AT ANIMAT$ !M & GAVE !M AG5CY4 ,ONE DIDN'T EV5 KN[1 9 FACT1 IF !SE SPIRITS W]E S+UL> OR PLURAL4 ,!Y W]E ?AT :I* C\LD NOT BE KN[N4.<#d#c.> 

,HAS9A WAS ! G5]IC T]M = ANY K9D ( P[] ?AT OP]ATES BEYOND ! POSSIBILITY ( HUMAN UND]/&+3 IT WAS ! P[] ( ANCE/ORS1 SPIRITS1 M$IC9E1 BUT ALSO P]SUASIVE LANGUAGE 7,DELIVRE #a#i#g#a3 #a#d#c-#d#e71 & F9ALLY1 IT WAS ALSO ! WORD = OBJECTS GIV5 TO UNKN[N =CES TO PALLIATE !M1 P9 !M D[N1 TO BESEE* !M TO GIVE A P>TICUL> FAVOR1 & EV51 FROM !RE1 TO EV5TUALLY BECOME CON/ITU5TS ( ODY 9 !IR [N RI<T 7,ELLIS #a#h#c#h3 #d#c#e2 ,CALLET #a#i#h3 #e#f2 ,*APUS & ,RATSIMBA #a#i#e#c3 #i#aN#a#c#d2 ,GRAEB] #b#gA3 #c#f-#c#h74 ,AS NOT$ E>LI]1 AN ANALOG\S PROCESS 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY WAS US$ 9 POLITICAL RITUAL TO PRODUCE ROYAL P[]4 ,HAS9A WAS REAL 5\<4 ,9EXPLICABLE ?+S DID HAPP54 ,BUT Y\ C\LD KN[ SO LITTLE AB\T ! CAUSES ( SU* EV5TS ?AT NO ONE C\LD EV5 BE SURE :E!R !Y W]E A PURELY SOCIAL PH5OM5ON1 OR ROOT$ 9 SOME?+ ELSE4 

,:AT ,I'D REALLY DRAW ATT5TION TO IS ?AT :AT ,MALAGASY PEOPLE SEEM TO BE DO+ 9 MANY ( !SE CASES IS /RIK+LY ANALOG\S TO :AT ,O,T]S SUGGE/ = ! PRACTICE ( ! AN?ROPOLOGI/3 !Y >E 5GAG+ 9 AN IMAG9ATIVE1 POETIC PROCESS TO COME TO T]MS ) A REALITY ?AT !Y KN[ !Y CAN NEV] 5TIRELY UND]/&4 ,ONE ( ! QUALITIES ( ?IS IMAG9ATIVE PROCESS IS ?AT IT ALWAYS T5DS TO L+] ON ! BORD] BETWE5 >TI/RY & SIMPLE FRAUD4 ,RECALL ! ,MALAGASY COSMOGONIC MY?S M5TION$ E>LI]4 ,!Y GRAPPLE ) ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS ( LIFE1 LOVE1 DEA?--! DEEPE/ MY/]IES ( HUMAN EXI/5CE4 ,!Y >E ALSO OBVI\SLY JOKES2 PEOPLE LAU< AT !M1 CALL !M 0! LIES ( \R ANCE/ORS0--?\< MO/ ALSO FEEL1 ON SOME LEVEL1 !Y >E ALSO TRUE4 ,JU/ NOT TRUE 9 ANY LIT]AL S5SE4 ,9 FACT1 = EV]Y GREAT EXI/5TIAL QUE/ION !RE >E USUALLY HALF A DOZ5 MY?IC ANSW]S ?AT PLA9LY CONTRADICT4 ,ONE C\LD1 C]TA9LY1 ASK 0:AT W\LD !SE PEOPLE HAVE TO BELIEVE80 OR 0:AT W\LD REALITY HAVE TO BE LIKE = !M80 9 ORD] = ALL !SE DIFF]5T /ORIES NOT TO CONTRADICT1 !N TREAT ! RESULT+ 0CONCEPTS0 AS DET]M9ATE ( A REALITY WE WILL NEV] FULLY UND]/&4 ,BUT DO+ SO W\LD NOT BE A MATT] ( 0TAK+ \R 9T]LOCUTORS S]I\SLY40 ,AS PRETTY MU* ANY ONE ( ?OSE 9T]LOCUTORS W\LD BE HAPPY TO PO9T \T1 ! REAL PO9T IS ! TELL]S DON'T REALLY UND]/& SU* MATT]S EI!R1 NOBODY DOES1 ! E?NOGRAPH] DOESN'T EI!R1 & ?AT MEANS ULTIMATELY1 WE'RE ALL 9 ! SAME BOAT4 

,TO GIVE AN ILLU/RATION ( ! K9D ( ANALYSIS ?IS P]SPECTIVE OP5S UP TO US1 LET ME RETURN TO HAS9A4 ,! WORD IS (T5 EMPLOY$ :]E AN ,5GLI% SPEAK] MI<T REF] TO 0LUCK10 0*ANCE10 OR 0=TUNE0 7?\< 9 ! LATT] CASE IT OV]LAPS ) ANO!R WORD1 V9TANA74 ,IT TOOK ME QUITE SOME TIME TO UND]/& ?IS USAGE4 ,H[ DID IT FIT ) ! NOTION ( 09VISIBLE EFFICACY0 OR 0SACR$ P[]08 ,WAS EV]Y?+1 EV5 EV]YDAY EV5TS1 ULTIMATELY CAUS$ BY SPIRITS8 ,!N ONE DAY IT OCCURR$ TO ME3 MY ,MALAGASY FRI5DS1 EV5 ?OSE :O DID SPEAK ,EUROPEAN LANGUAGES1 W]E EQUALLY PUZZL$ :5EV] ,I APPLI$ ! LANGUAGE ( /ATI/ICAL PROBABILITY TO EV]YDAY EV5TS3 E4G41 0:AT'S ! *ANCE ! VAN WILL LEAVE 9 ! NEXT T5 M9UTES80 LET ALONE 0,I SAY #a-TO-#a IT'LL TURN \T Y\ LEFT IT 9 Y\R O!R BAG40 ,SU* /ATEM5TS MADE NO S5SE TO !M4 ,ON REFLECTION1 IT OCCURR$ TO ME ?AT \R [N APPLICATION ( /ATI/ICS TO EV]YDAY EV5TS IS REALLY JU/ AS PECULI> AS PURPORT$LY MY/ICAL CONCEPTS LIKE MANA1 HAS9A1 OR SAKTI4 ,WE >E1 EFFECTIVELY1 QUANTIFY+ ! EXACT DEGREE TO :I* WE DON'T KN[ :AT'S GO+ TO HAPP54 

,ULTIMATELY1 HUMAN BE+S >E ALL 9 ! SAME EXI/5TIAL DILEMMA4 ,WE CAN ALMO/ NEV] PR$ICT FUTURE EV5TS ) ANY ACCURACY2 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 ! MORE TIME PASSES S9CE SOME?+ DOES HAPP51 ! LESS S5SE IT MAKES TO SPEAK AS IF ANY?+ ELSE 0C\LD0 HAVE HAPP5$ 9/EAD4 ,?IS IS EQUALLY TRUE ( SOCIAL SCI5TI/S1 :O MAKE A SPECIALTY ( WRIT+ AB\T PA/ EV5TS AS IF !Y C\LD HAVE BE5 PR$ICT$1 EV5 ?\< :5 !Y ACTUALLY DO TURN !IR H&S TO PR$ICT+ ! FUTURE1 !Y ALMO/ 9V>IABLY GET IT WRONG4 ,:5EV] WE 5C\NT] AN 0APP>5TLY IRRATIONAL0 BELIEF1 WE >E LIKELY TO BE 9 ! PRES5CE ( AN EXI/5TIAL QU&>Y1 A PUZZLE :I* NO ONE1 REALLY1 WILL EV] BE ABLE TO COMPLETELY FIGURE \T4.<#d#d.> 

,A F9AL NOTE ON ! POLITICAL RAMIFICATIONS ( !ORETICAL IDEAS 

,I BEGAN ?IS ESSAY BY OBS]V+ ?AT ,I SEEM TO HAVE BE5 PRES5T$ ) A *ALL5GE4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 ,I WAS BE+ ASK$ :Y MY !ORETICAL POSITION WAS NOT SIMPLY A =M ( CONDESC5D+ POSITIVISM4 ,I ALSO SAID ,I ?\<T IT W\LD BE USEFUL TO CL>IFY ! ACTUAL !ORETICAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,$U>DO ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO & MYSELF1 S9CE !RE SEEM$ TO BE SOME?+ G5U9ELY AT /AKE 9 ! MATT]4 

,IT %\LD N[ BE CLE> ?AT WE DO1 9DE$1 TAKE ALMO/ DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ META!ORETICAL POSITIONS4 ,I AM AN ONTOLOGICAL REALI/ & !ORETICAL RELATIVI/4.<#d#e.> ,I VALUE ! DEVELOPM5T ( A RI* DIV]SITY ( 7AT LEA/ P>TLY7 9COMM5SURABLE !ORETICAL P]SPECTIVES ON A REALITY ?AT1 ,I BELIEVE1 CAN NEV] BE 5TIRELY 5COMPASS$ BY ANY ONE ( !M--= ! V]Y REASON ?AT IT IS REAL4 ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO1 9 CONTRA/1 TAKES A V]Y DIFF]5T APPROA* TO ONTOLOGY1 & 7UNLESS ,I MISREAD HIM7 F9DS PREVI\S !ORETICAL APPROA*ES 7E4G41 ,H]M5EUTICS1 ,DIALECTICAL ,MAT]IALISM1 OR CLASSICAL ,/RUCTURALISM71 9S(> AS !Y >E SO MANY =MS ( ,EPI/EMOLOGY1 TO BE PR(\NDLY WRON<EAD$ 9 !IR APPROA*4 

,N[1 9S(> AS ,O,T IS JU/ DEVELOP+ A NEW SET ( QUE/IONS = E?NOGRAPH]S TO PUT TO !IR MAT]IALS1 IT W\LD BE SILLY TO OBJECT 79DE$1 IT W\LD BE 9CONSI/5T = !ORETICAL RELATIVI/ TO DO SO74 ,ANYWAY1 :O W\LD REALLY OPPOSE A CALL TO APPROA* \R MAT]IAL 9 A MORE CREATIVE & EXP]IM5TAL FA%ION8 ,?IS IS SURELY A GOOD ?+4 ,:AT'S MORE1 ! ATTEMPT TO GRAPPLE ) ONTOLOGICAL QUE/IONS1 FROM ,IRV+ ,HALL[ELL 7#a#i#f7 TO ,F]D ,MY]S 7#a#i#h#f7 TO ,MI*AEL ,SCOTT 7#b#a#c7 HAS CLE>LY CONTRIBUT$ GREATLY TO ! DISCIPL9E1 & ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO'S [N WRIT+S ON ,P]SPECTIVISM 7#a#i#i#b1 #a#i#i#h1 #b#d7 9 P>TICUL> MAKE UP1 9 MY OP9ION1 ! S+LE MO/ />TL+LY ORIG9AL CONTRIBUTION TO AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORY 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,! PROBLEMS1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 >ISE L>GELY :5 ,O,T BEG9S MAK+ EXPLICITLY POLITICAL CLAIMS1 & !RE=E1 SETT+ ITSELF UP AS A META!ORY ?AT CAN LEGISLATE :AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S %\LD & %\LD NOT SAY4.<#d#f.> 

,MU* ?\< ,I HESITATE TO SAY IT1 CONSID]+ ,O,T'S /AT$ HO/ILITY TO ! TRADITION ( CULTURAL RELATIVISM1 ! PROBLEMS SEEM /RIK+LY SIMIL> TO :AT HAPP5$ :5 RELATIVI/S /OPP$ SEE+ !MSELVES JU/ AS PROMULGAT+ A ME?ODOLOGY1 A WAY ( UND]/&+ CULTURES 09 !IR [N T]MS10 & />T$ TO 9SI/ ?AT RELATIVISM %\LD BE SE5 AS HAV+ A MORAL & POLITICAL /ATUS1 TOO4.<#d#g.> ,IT WAS UND]/&ABLE ?AT !Y %\LD DO SO4 ,MANY ( ! PEOPLE /UDI$ BY AN?ROPOLOGI/S W]E1 AT ! TIME1 WIDELY DISMISS$ AS 0SAVAGES0 OR 0PRIMITIVES0 :OSE P]SPECTIVES1 IDEALS1 & ES!TICS W]E TREAT$ AS 9TR9SICALLY UNWOR?Y1 OR EV5 PA?OLOGICAL4 ,SOME BASIC MORAL PO9TS--?AT IT MAKES NO S5SE TO >GUE ?AT WE>+ LIP-PLUGS IS SOMEH[ OBJECTIONABLE1 BUT WE>+ E>R+S IS NOT2 ?AT IT IS OBJECTIONABLE TO 5ACT LAWS =BIDD+ ! HOLD+ ( POTLAT*ES--OBVI\SLY HAD TO BE MADE4 ,& NO ONE ELSE WAS REALLY MAK+ !M4 ,BUT ! MOM5T RELATIVISM BECAME A POLITICAL PR9CIPLE1 LET ALONE A GUIDE TO LEGISLATION--! MOM5T SOME BEGAN TO SAY ?AT NO ONE HAD ! RI<T TO /& 9 JUDGM5T OV] ANY /ATEM5T OR ACTION C>RI$ \T )9 A CULTURAL UNIV]SE DIFF]5T FROM !IR [N--PROBLEMS >OSE4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 :O GETS TO DEF9E :AT C\NTS AS A 0CULTURAL UNIV]SE08 ,CAN ,NU] NOT JUDGE ,D9KA1 OR >E ALL ,NILOTIC SPEAK]S CLOSE 5\< ?AT !Y CAN BE CONSID]$ MEMB]S ( ! SAME MORAL COMMUNITY8 ,9 DRAW+ BORD]S1 ONE CAN'T SIMPLY FOLL[ 0NATIVE CATEGORIES0 BECAUSE Y\ NE$ TO HAVE ?OSE BORD]S TO KN[ :O ! RELEVANT 0NATIVES0 >E4 ,SO !RE NE$S TO BE AN EXT]NAL AU?ORITY :O DECIDES ON BORD]S4 ,BUT !N ! SAME PROBLEM CROPS UP AGA9 :5 Y\ HAVE TO DECIDE :O1 9SIDE ?OSE BORD]S1 GETS TO DEF9E :AT %\LD BE CONSID]$ 0,NU] IDEAS40 ,*ANCES >E !RE'S NEXT TO NO?+ ?AT EV]Y S+LE 9DIVIDUAL Y\ HAVE JU/ DEF9$ AS 0,NU]0 WILL AGREE ON4 ,SO ! RELATIVI/ MU/ APPEAL TO AU?ORITATIVE VIEWS4 ,BUT H[ >E ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES TO BE ID5TIFI$8 ,ONE CANNOT USE 0,NU] IDEAS0 TO ID5TIFY !M BECAUSE ?AT'S JU/ CIRCUL> AGA93 Y\ NE$ TO KN[ :O ! AU?ORITIES >E1 FIR/1 9 ORD] TO KN[ :AT 0,NU] IDEAS0 AB\T AU?ORITY ACTUALLY >E4.<#d#h.> ,SO1 ODDLY1 IF Y\ >E A CULTURAL RELATIVI/1 AU?ORITY IS ! ONE ?+ AB\T :I* Y\ CAN'T BE RELATIVI/IC4 ,F9ALLY1 ! MOM5T ONE DECIDES ONE CANNOT /& 9 JUDGM5T OV] ! VIEWS ( SOMEONE RESID+ 9 A DIFF]5T CULTURAL UNIV]SE 7SOMEONE :O IS ,NU]1 ,D9KA1 ETC471 ONE IMM$IATELY DEVELOPS ! NE$ = A SPECIAL SUP]CATEGORY--SU* AS 0MOD]N0 OR 0,WE/]N0--9 :I* TO 9CLUDE ?OSE VIEWS ONE FEELS ONE %\LD BE ALL[$ TO DISAGREE ) OR CONDEMN4 ,?IS CATEGORY !RE=E T5DS TO BALLOON 5DLESSLY1 UNTIL IT 5COMPASSES EV]YONE FROM ,MALAYSIAN SCI5TI/S TO ,S9HALESE AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 ,CREOLE PLANTATION-[N]S1 OR ,IRAQI POLITICIANS--I4E41 PRETTY MU* ANYONE A RELATIVI/ MI<T POSSIBLY WI% TO SAY IS 9 ANY S5SE WRONG AB\T ANY?+--UNTIL IT LOOKS NO?+ LIKE ANY ( ! O!R CATEGORIES 9 ANY WAY4.<#d#i.> 

,DOES ,O,T1 OR 9TRODUC+ ! ,DELEUZIAN NOTION ( RADICAL ALT]ITY AS A POLITICAL PR9CIPLE1 ACTUALLY IMPROVE ?IS SITUATION8 ,IT SEEMS TO ME IT MAKES IT EV5 WORSE4 ,! ONLY MAJOR DIFF]5CE ,I CAN MYSELF MAKE \T ) ! RELATIVI/ POSITION1 9 REG>D TO !SE SPECIFIC PROBLEMS1 IS ?AT SOME ADVOCATES 7E4G41 ,HOLBRAAD #b#a#a7 TAKE ! CONS]VATIVE IMPLICATIONS ( CLASSICAL RELATIVISM EV5 FUR!R1 & PROPOSE ?AT ,O,T PROTECTS EV5 AU?ORITATIVE VIEWS )9 0! ,WE/40 ,:AT'S MORE1 NOT ONLY DOES IT APPE> TO CONT9UE TO REQUIRE UNIV]SAL /&>DS = RECOGNIZ+ LEGITIMATE AU?ORITY 7EV5 ACROSS 0WORLDS071 IT PROPOSES ?AT ?OSE AU?ORITIES BE GRANT$ AU?ORITY OV] DET]M9+ ! NATURE ( REALITY ITSELF1 )9 !IR DESIGNAT$ T]RITORY1 :E!R OR NOT ! 9DIVIDUALS 9 QUE/ION ACTUALLY WI% TO BE GRANT$ SU* AU?ORITY6 ,?IS1 TO MY M9D1 IS ! ULTIMATE IRONY4 ,HAV+ BE5 ACCUS$ ( 9TRODUC+ ,M>XI/ !ORIES 0BEH9D ! NATIVES' BACK0 ,I CANNOT HELP BUT TURN ! QUE/ION BACK AGA93 DO ,O,T]S REALLY ?9K ?AT MO/ ( ! PEOPLE :O AN?ROPOLOGI/S /UDY W\LD ACTUALLY AGREE ) ! PROPOSITION ?AT !Y LIVE 9 A FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T 0NATURE0 OR 0ONTOLOGY0 ?AN O!R HUMANS--LET ALONE ?AT WORDS DET]M9E ?+S8.<#e.> 

,! PROBLEM ) CULTURAL RELATIVISM IS ?AT IT PLACES PEOPLE 9 BOXES NOT ( !IR [N DEVIS+4 ,AS A M]E 9TELLECTUAL PROBLEM1 IT'S NOT A BIG ONE4 ,! MOM5T RELATIVISM BECOMES A MORAL OR POLITICAL POSITION1 H[EV]1 IT BECOMES V]Y BIG 9DE$4 ,ONTOLOGY#b JU/ SUB/ITUTES A DEEP] BOX4 

,SOME PEOPLE LIKE DEEP BOXES4 ,!RE SEEMS EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ?OSE ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO WORKS )1 ?OSE ) :OM HE /RUGGLES = RI<TS TO 0ONTOLOGICAL SELF-DET]M9ATION10 C\NT AMONG !IR NUMB]4 ,BUT BY ?AT SAME TOK51 ONE MU/ RESPECT ! DESIRES ( ?OSE :O WI% = !IR BOXES TO BE %ALL[]1 OR DO NOT WI% TO BE PLAC$ 9 ANY SORT ( BOX AT ALL4 

,AN IDEA ?AT IS NOT DANG]\S IS UNWOR?Y ( BE+ CALL$ AN IDEA AT ALL4 

- ,OSC> ,WILDE4 

,9 MY MORE CYNICAL MOM5TS1 ,I SOMETIMES ?9K ( SOCIAL !ORY AS A K9D ( GAME1 :]E ONE ( ! PRIZES IS TO SEE :O CAN COME UP ) ! WILDE/1 MO/ %OCK+1 MO/ DANG]\S-S\ND+ IDEA1 ?AT /ILL DOES NOT (F] ANY MEAN+FUL *ALL5GE TO EXI/+ /RUCTURES ( AU?ORITY4 ,& ?AT WE HAVE BECOME SO US$ TO PLAY+ ?IS GAME ?AT WE NO LONG] RECOGNIZE :AT A G5U9ELY DANG]\S IDEA W\LD EV5 LOOK LIKE4 

,LET ME ILLU/RATE :AT ,I MEAN BY ?IS4 

,I REM>K$ E>LI] ?AT AN ONTOLOGICAL REALISM ?AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO SAY SOME SCI5TIFIC /ATEM5TS >E TRUE ALSO MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO SAY O!R ONES >E FALSE4 ,LET ME TURN ?IS >\ND = A MOM5T--EV5 IF IT MEANS VIOLAT+ A K9D ( UNSPOK5 TABOO 9 AN?ROPOLOGICAL WRIT+ 7& ,I'M AW>E ?AT SAY+ :AT ,I'M AB\T TO SAY C\LD POT5TIALLY GET ME 9TO F> MORE TR\BLE ?AN ADVOCACY ( ANY SORT ( 0RADICAL SOCIAL !ORY0 EV] C\LD73 BE+ ABLE TO SAY ?AT C]TA9 =MS ( MAGIC DON'T REALLY WORK IS :AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT O!R =MS ( MAGIC DO4 

,9 ! CASE ( ,MALAGASY FANAFODY1 ?IS MI<T NOT SEEM SO EXTRAVAGANT A /ATEM5T4 ,AS ,I'VE M5TION$1 FANAFODY REPRES5TS A CONT9UUM1 FROM H]BAL 9FUSIONS & P\LTICES1 MANY ( :I* CLE>LY DO HAVE PH>MACOLOGICAL PROP]TIES 7SOME KN[N1 SOME AS YET UNKN[N TO MA9/REAM SCI5CE71 TO *>MS DESIGN$ TO CA/ LI<TN+1 R5D] ! BE>] 9VISIBLE1 OR DRIVE ONE'S EX-BOYFRI5D 9SANE BY CAUS+ HIM TO BE POSSESS$ BY AN EVIL <O/4 ,BUT ,I AM NOT JU/ REF]R+ TO ! NOTORI\SLY AMBIGU\S BORD]S BETWE5 0SOMATIC0 & 0PSY*OLOGICAL0 EFFECTS H]E4 ,:AT ,I AM SAY+ IS P]HAPS !RE >E AT LEA/ SOME CASES :]E ! PRACTICE ( FANAFODY1 OR O!R =MS ( :AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E US$ TO CALL+ 0MAGIC10 9VOLVE CAUSATIVE ME*ANISMS WE SIMPLY DON'T YET UND]/&4 ,!RE >E1 AFT] ALL1 PL5TY ( ALT]NATIVE TRADITIONS 9 SCI5CE1 UNI=MLY TREAT$ ) VIOL5T HO/ILITY BY ! 9TELLECTUAL MA9/REAM1 ?AT SPECULATE AB\T SU* POSSIBILITIES4 7,SOME 9VOLVE 9VE/IGAT+ IDEAS ORIG9ALLY PROPOS$ BY PHILOSOPH]S LIKE ,PEIRCE1 ,:ITEHEAD1 OR ,B]GSON1 BUT ! MOM5T ONE MAKES SU* IDEAS \T ( ! LECTURE-HALLS & USES !M AS ! BASIS = SCI5TIFIC EXP]IM5TS1 ONE IS CA/ AMONG ! FLAKES47 ,NO D\BT MANY ( !IR EXPON5TS >E EV]Y BIT ! CRANKS & LUNATICS !Y'RE REGUL>LY MADE \T TO BE4 ,BUT :AT IF SOME ( !M W]E RI<T8 

,:AT ,I'M EFFECTIVELY ASK+1 !N1 IS 0:AT IF ,RAVOLOLONA REALLY C\LD PREV5T ! HAIL FROM FALL+ ON PEOPLE'S CROPS80 ,I MU/ CONFESS IT /ILL /RIKES ME AS UNLIKELY4 ,:5 ,I HAD TO CALL IT1 ,I DEF9ITELY CAME D[N ON ! SIDE ( ! SKEPTICS ON ?IS ONE4 ,BUT MAYBE1 JU/ POSSIBLY1 ,I WAS WRONG4 ,/ILL1 ( ONE ?+ ,I AM C]TA93 WE'LL NEV] HAVE ANY *ANCE ( F9D+ \T IF WE COMMIT \RSELVES TO TREAT+ EV]Y /ATEM5T \R 9=MANTS MAKE ?AT SEEMS TO FLY 9 ! FACE ( ACCEPT$ IDEAS ( PHYSICAL POSSIBILITY AS IF IT W]E ! GATE TO SOME ALT]NATIVE REALITY WE WILL NEV] COMPREH5D4 ,5GAG+ 9 SU* ?\<T EXP]IM5TS DOES NOT REALLY OP5 US TO UNSETTL+ POSSIBILITIES4 ,OR1 ANYWAY1 NOT ! K9D ( UNSETTL+ POSSIBILITIES ?AT >E LIKELY TO GET ANYONE FIR$ FROM !IR JOBS4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 IT ULTIMATELY PROTECTS US FROM ?OSE POSSIBILITIES1 9 JU/ ! WAY ,HOLBRAAD SUGGE/$ ,O,T PROTECTS ,WE/]N SCI5CE & COMMON S5SE4 

,I BEGAN ) ! ,AZ&E1 SO LET ME !N 5D ) !M4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,EVANS,PRIT*>D /ATES ?AT ,Z&E WIT*CRAFT BELIEFS CANNOT BE LIT]ALLY TRUE4 ,BUT !RE IS ONE FAM\S PASSAGE :]E HE SEEMS TO QUALIFY ?AT4 ,AFT] TELL+ H[ HIS 9=MANTS EXPLA9$ TO HIM ?AT WIT*ES S5D \T !IR IMMAT]IAL SUB/ANCE 9 ! =M ( BRI<T LI<TS MOV+ ALONG PA?S AT NI<T1 TO SEIZE & DE/ROY ! S\LS ( !IR VICTIMS1 HE REM>KS3 

,I HAVE ONLY SE5 WIT*CRAFT ONCE ON ITS PA?4 ,I HAD BE5 SITT+ LATE 9 ! HUT WRIT+ NOTES4 ,AFT] MIDNI<T1 BE=E RETIR+1 ,I TOOK MY SPE> & W5T = MY USUAL NOCTURNAL /ROLL4 ,I WAS WALK+ 9 ! G>D5 AT ! BACK ( MY HUT1 AMONG ! BANANA TREES1 :5 ,I NOTIC$ A BRI<T LI<T PASS+ AT ! BACK ( MY S]VANTS' HUTS T[>DS ! HOME/EAD ( A MAN CALL$ ,TUPOI4 ,AS ?IS SEEM$ WOR? 9VE/IGATION ,I FOLL[$ ITS PASSAGE UNTIL A GRASS SCRE5 OBSCUR$ ! VIEW4 ,I RAN QUICKLY ?R\< MY HUT TO ! O!R SIDE 9 ORD] TO SEE :]E ! LI<T WAS GO+ TO1 BUT DID NOT REGA9 SI<T ( IT4 ,I KNEW ?AT ONLY ONE MAN1 A MEMB] ( MY H\SEHOLD1 HAD A LAMP ?AT MI<T HAVE GIV5 (F SO BRI<T A LI<T1 BUT ! NEXT MORN+1 HE TOLD ME ?AT HE HAD NEI!R BE5 \T LATE AT NI<T NOR HAD HE US$ HIS LAMP4 ,!RE DID NOT LACK READY 9=MANTS TO TELL ME ?AT :AT ,I HAD SE5 WAS WIT*CRAFT4 ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS1 ON ! SAME MORN+1 AN OLD RELATIVE ( ,TUPOI & AN 9MATE ( HIS HOME/EAD DI$4 ,?IS EV5T FULLY EXPLA9$ ! LI<T ,I HAD SE54 ,I NEV] DISCOV]$ ITS REAL ORIG91 :I* WAS POSSIBLY A H&FUL ( GRASS LIT BY SOMEONE ON HIS WAY TO DEFECATE1 BUT ! CO9CID5CE ( ! DIRECTION ALONG :I* ! LI<T MOV$ & ! SUBSEQU5T DEA? ACCORD$ WELL ) ,Z&E IDEAS4 7,EVANS-,PRIT*>D #a#i#c#g3 #c#d7 

,TRUE1 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D PROVIDES ONE POT5TIAL1 0RATIONAL0 EXPLANATION1 BUT HE DOESN'T SEEM TO SET MU* /OCK BY IT4 ,& ! SIMPLE1 MATT]-(-FACT QUALITY ( ! DESCRIPTION IS CLE>LY DESIGN$ TO OP5 UP A S5SE ( UNSETTL+ POSSIBILITY3 :O KN[S1 MAYBE !RE ACTUALLY IS SOME?+ GO+ ON H]E ?AT WE JU/ DON'T KN[ AB\T8 ,S9CE AFT] ALL1 IF SOMEONE ?AT NO-NONS5SE TELLS Y\ !RE MI<T BE SOME?+ HAPP5+ ?AT SCI5CE CAN'T ACC\NT =1 ONE HAS TO CONFRONT ! POSSIBILITY ?AT HE MI<T ACTUALLY BE RI<T4 

,REF]5CES 

,ALB]T1 ,E!L4 #a#i#e#f4 0,! CLASSIFICATION ( VALUES1 A ME?OD & ILLU/RATION40 ,AM]ICAN ,AN?ROPOLOGI/ #eh 7#b73 #b#b#a-#d#h4 

,ALB]T1 ,E!L1 & ,CLYDE ,KLUCKHOHN4 #a#i#e#i4 ,VALUES1 E?ICS1 & ES!TICS4 ,GL5COE1 ,I,L3 ,FREE ,PRESS4 

,ALB]TI1 ,B5JAM91 ,SEV]9 ,F[LES1 ,M>T9 ,HOLBA>D1 ,YVONNE ,M>%ALL1 & ,*RI/OPH] ,WITMORE4 #b#a#a4 0',WORLDS O!RWISE'3 ,>*AEOLOGY1 AN?ROPOLOGY1 & ONTOLOGICAL DIFF]5CE40 ,CURR5T ,AN?ROPOLOGY #eb 7#f73 #h#i#f-#i#a#b4 

,>*] ,M>G>ET1 ,ROY ,BHASK>1 ,&REW ,COLLI]1 ,TONY ,LAWSON1 & ,ALAN ,NORRIE1 $S4 #a#i#i#h4 ,CRITICAL REALISM3 ,ESS5TIAL READ+S4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,B>NES1 ,JONA?AN4 #a#i#g#i4 ,! PRE-,SOCRATIC PHILOSOPH]S4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE @& ,KEGAN ,PAUL4 ,B]G1 ,G]ALD4 #a#i#g#i4 0,ROYAL AU?ORITY & ! PROTECTOR SY/EM 9 N9ETE5? C5TURY ,IM]9A40 ,9 ,MADAGASC> 9 HI/ORY3 ,ESSAYS FROM ! #a#i#gS1 $IT$ BY ,R4 ,K5T1 #a#b-#b#b4 ,ALBANY3 ,! ,F\NDATION = ,MALAGASY ,/UDIES4 

,B]N>D-,?I]RY1 ,S4 #a#i#d#f4 0,P]LES MAGIQUES A ,MADAGASC>40 ,J\RNAL DES ,AFRICANI/ES #b#i3 #c#c-#i4 

,BEY1 ,HAKIM4 #a#i#h#e4 ,T4,A4,Z43 ,! TEMPOR>Y AUTONOM\S ZONE1 ONTOLOGICAL AN>*Y1 POETIC T]RORISM4 ,BROOKLYN3 ,AUTONOM$IA4 

------4 #a#i#i#d4 0,ONTOLOGICAL AN>*ISM 9 A NUT%ELL40 ,9 ,IMM$IATISM3 ,ESSAYS BY ,HAKIM ,BEY1 #a-#f1 ,$9BUR<3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

,BHASK>1 ,ROY4 #a#i#g#e4 ,A REALI/ !ORY ( SCI5CE4 ,LE$S3 ,LE$S ,BOOKS4 

------4 #a#i#g#i4 ,! POSSIBILITY ( NATURALISM4 ,BRI<TON3 ,:EAT%EAD4 

------4 #a#i#h#f4 ,SCI5TIFIC REALISM & HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 ,LONDON3 ,V]SO4 

------4 #a#i#h#i4 ,RECLAIM+ REALITY4 ,LONDON3 ,V]SO4 

------4 #a#i#i#d4 ,PLATO ETC43 ,! PROBLEMS ( PHILOSOPHY1 & !IR RESOLUTIONS4 ,LONDON3 ,V]SO4 

,BLO*1 ,MAURICE4 #a#i#i4 0,! SYMBOLISM ( MONEY 9 ,IM]9A40 ,9 ,MONEY & ! MORALITY ( EX*ANGE1 $IT$ BY ,MAURICE ,BLO* & ,JONA?AN ,P>RY1 #a#f#e-#i1 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,C&EA1 ,MATEI4 #b#a#a4 0,5DO_/,EXO40 ,COMMON ,KN[L$GE #a#g3 #a#d#f-#e4 

,CALLET1 ,R4 ,P4 #a#i#h4 ,TANT>A NY ,&RIANA ETO ,MADAGASC>4 ,TANAN>IVE3 ,ACADEMIE ,MALGA*E4 

,*APUS1 ,G-,S41 & ,E4 ,RATSIMBA1 $S4 #a#i#e#c-#a#i#e#h4 ,HI/OIRES DES ,ROIS 7#d VOLUMES1 ,A ,FR5* TRANSLATION ( ,CALLET'S ,TANT>A NY ,&RIANA74 ,TANAN>IVE3 ,ACADEMIE ,MALGA*E4 

,CL>K1 ,H5RY4 #a#h#i#f4 0,! ,ZANAK',ANTITRA TRIBE3 ,ITS ORIG9S & PECULI>ITIES40 ,ANTANAN>IVO ,ANNUAL & ,MALAGASY ,MAGAZ9E #a#f3 #d#e-#e#f4 

,COLLI]1 ,&REW4 #a#i#i#i4 ,BE+ & WOR?4 7,CRITICAL REALISM3 ,9T]V5TIONS74 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

DA ,COL1 ,GIOVANNI1 & ,DAVID ,GRAEB]4 #b#a#a4 0,=EWORD3 ,! RETURN ( E?NOGRAPHIC !ORY40 ,HAU3 ,J\RNAL ( ,E?NOGRAPHIC ,!ORY #a 7#a73 VI-XXXV4 

,COPALLE1 ,A4 #a#h#b#g4 0,VOYAGE DANS L'9T]EUR DE ,MADAGASC> ET A LA CAPITALE DU ROI ,RADAMA1 P5DANT LES ANNEES #ahbe ET #a#h#b#g40 ,BULLET9 DE LA ,ACADEMIE ,MALGA*E ,V,I,I .<#a#i#a.>3 #g-#g#c4 

,DELEUZE1 ,GILLES & ,GUATT>I1 ,FELIX4 #a#i#h#g4 ,A ?\S& PLATEAUS3 ,CAPITALISM & S*IZOPHR5IA4 ,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS4 

,DELIVRE1 ,ALA94 #a#i#g#d4 ,L',HI/OIRE DES ROIS D',IM]9A3 ,9T]PRETATION D'UNE TRADITION ORALE4 ,P>IS3 ,KL9CKSIECK4 

,DOM5I*I1 ,JEAN-,PI]RE4 #a#i#h#e4 ,LES ,DIEUX AU S]VICE DES ROIS3 ,HI/OIRE ORALE DES SAMP9'&RIANA \ PALLADIUMS ROYAUX DE ,MADAGASC>4 ,P>IS3 ,C,N,R,S4 

,DURKHEIM1 ,EMILE1 & ,M>CEL ,MAUSS4 7#a#i#c7 #a#i#f#c4 ,PRIMITIVE CLASSIFICATION4 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,RODNEY ,NE$HAM4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,$MUNDS1 ,WILLIAM4 #a#h#i#f4 0,BY-GONE ORNAM5TATION & DRESS AMONG ! ,HOVA ,MALAGASY40 ,ANTANAN>IVO ,ANNUAL & ,MALAGASY ,MAGAZ9E #b3 #d#f#h-#g#g4 

------4 #a#h#i#g4 0,*>MS & SUP]/ITIONS 9 S\!A/ ,IM]9A40 ,ANTANAN>IVO ,ANNUAL & ,MALAGASY ,MAGAZ9E #b#b3 #f#a-#f#g4 

,ELLIS1 ,WILLIAM4 #a#h#c#h4 ,HI/ORY ( ,MADAGASC>4 ,VOLUME #a4 ,LONDON3 ,FI%] @& ,SON4 

,ESPIRITO ,SANTO1 ,DIANA1 & ,NICO ,TASSI4 #b#a#c4 ,MAK+ SPIRITS3 ,MAT]IALITY & TRANSC5D5CE 9 CONTEMPOR>Y RELIGIONS4 ,LONDON3 ,I4 ,B4 ,TAURIS4 

,EVANS-,PRIT*>D1 ,E4 ,E4 #a#i#c#g4 ,WIT*CRAFT1 ORACLES & MAGIC AMONG ! ,AZ&E4 ,OX=D3 ,CL>5DON ,PRESS4 

,FEY]AB5D1 ,PAUL4 #a#i#g#e4 ,AGA9/ ME?OD3 ,\TL9E ( AN AN>*I/ !ORY ( KN[L$GE4 ,LONDON3 ,V]SO4 

,GOLDMAN1 ,M>CIO4 #b#i4 0,HI/ORIAS1 DEVIRES E FETI%ES DAS RELIGIOES AFRO-BRASILEIRAS3 5SAIO DE SIMETRIZACAO ANTROPOLOGICA40 ,ANALISE ,SOCIAL #dd 7#a#i73 #a#e-#c#g4 .<,ALSO RELEAS$ 9 ! SAME YE> AS 0,AN ,AFRO-,BRAZILIAN !ORY ( ! CREATIVE PROCESS3 ,AN ESSAY 9 AN?ROPOLOGICAL SYMMETRIZATION40 ,SOCIAL ,ANALYSIS #ec 7#b73 #a#h-#b#i4.> 

,GRAEB]1 ,DAVID4 #a#i#i#fA4 0,BEADS & MONEY3 ,NOTES T[>D A !ORY ( WEAL? & P[]40 ,AM]ICAN ,E?NOLOGI/ #bc 7#a73 #d-#b#d4 

------4 #a#i#i#fB4 0,LOVE MAGIC & POLITICAL MORALITY 9 ,C5TRAL ,MADAGASC>1 #a#h#g#e-#a#i#i40 ,G5D] & ,HI/ORY #h 7#c73 #d#a#f-#c#i4 

------4 #a#i#i#g4 0,MANN]S1 DEF]5CE & PRIVATE PROP]TY40 ,COMP>ATIVE ,/UDIES 9 ,SOCIETY & ,HI/ORY #ci 7#d73 #f#i#d-#g#b#h4 

------4 #b#a4 ,T[>D AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORY ( VALUE3 ,! FALSE CO9 ( \R [N DREAMS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PALGRAVE4 

------4 #b#e4 0,FETI%ISM AS SOCIAL CREATIVITY1 OR FETI%ES >E GODS 9 PROCESS ( CON/RUCTION40 ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,!ORY #e 7#d73 #d#g-#c#h4 

------4 #b#gA4 ,LO/ PEOPLE3 ,MAGIC & ! LEGACY ( SLAV]Y 9 ,MADAGASC>4 ,BLOOM+TON3 ,9DIANA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

------4 #b#gB4 ,POSSIBILITIES3 ,ESSAYS ON HI]>*Y1 REBELLION1 & DESIRE4 ,OAKL& & ,$9BUR<3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 

------4 #b#a#a4 ,DEBT3 ,! FIR/ #e YE>S4 ,BROOKLYN3 ,MELVILLE ,H\SE4 

------4 #b#a#b4 0,! SWORD1 ! SPONGE1 & ! P>ADOX ( P]=MATIVITY3 ,SOME OBS]VATIONS ON FATE1 LUCK1 F9ANCIAL *ICAN]Y1 & ! LIMITS ( HUMAN KN[L$GE40 ,SOCIAL ,ANALYSIS #ef 7#a73 #b#e-#d#b4 

------4 #b#a#cA4 0,CULTURE AS CREATIVE REFUSAL40 ,CAMBRIDGE ,AN?ROPOLOGY #ca 7#b73 #a-#a#i4 

------4 #b#a#cB4 0.<,PO/SCRIPT.> ,IT IS VALUE ?AT BR+S UNIV]SES 9TO BE+40 ,H,A,U3 ,! ,J\RNAL ( ,E?NOGRAPHIC ,!ORY #c 7#b73 #b#a#i-#d#c4 

,HALL[ELL1 ,A4 ,IRV+4 #a#i#f4 0,OJIBWAY ONTOLOGY1 BEHAVIOR1 & WORLD-VIEW40 ,9 ,CULTURE 9 HI/ORY3 ,ESSAYS 9 HONOR ( ,PAUL ,RAD91 $IT$ BY ,/ANLEY ,DIAMOND1 #d#i-#h#b4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,H>TWIG1 ,M]VUN1 ,$4 #b#g4 ,A DICTION>Y ( CRITICAL REALISM4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,H5>E1 ,AMIRA1 ,M>T9 ,HOLBA>D1 & ,S>I ,WA/ELL4 #b#g4 0,9TRODUCTION3 ,?9K+ ?R\< ?+S40 ,9 ,?9K+ ?R\< ?+S3 ,!ORIZ+ >TIFACTS E?NOGRAPHICALLY1 $IT$ BY ,AMIRA ,H5>E1 ,M>T9 ,HOLBRAAD @& ,S>I ,WA/ELL1 #a-#c#a1 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,HEYWOOD1 ,PAOLO4 #b#a#b4 0,AN?ROPOLOGY & :AT !RE IS3 ,REFLECTIONS ON 'ONTOLOGY4'0 ,CAMBRIDGE ,AN?ROPOLOGY #c 7#a73 #a#d#c-#e#a4 

,HOLBRAAD1 ,M>T94 #b#g4 0,! P[] ( P[D]3 ,MULTIPLICITY & MOTION 9 ! DIV9ATORY COSMOLOGY ( ,CUBAN ,IFA 7OR MANA1 AGA9740 ,9 ,?9K+ ?R\< ?+S3 !ORIZ+ >TIFACTS E?NOGRAPHICALLY1 $IT$ BY ,AMIRA ,H5>E1 ,M>T9 ,HOLBRAAD1 & ,S>I ,WA/ELL1 #a#h#i-#b#b#e4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

------4 #b#h4 0,DEF9ITIVE EVID5CE1 FROM ,CUBAN GODS40 ,9 ,OBJECTS ( EVID5CE1 $IT$ BY ,MAT!W ,5GELKE1 ,J\RNAL ( ! ,ROYAL ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,9/ITUTE #ad 7#a73 #i#c-#a#i4 

------4 #b#i4 0,ONTOGRAPHY & ALT]ITY3 ,DEF9+ AN?ROPOLOGICAL TRU?40 ,SOCIAL ,ANALYSIS #ec 7#b73 #h-#i#c4 

------4 #b#a#bA4 ,TRU? 9 MOTION3 ,! RECURSIVE AN?ROPOLOGY ( ,CUBAN DIV9ATION4 ,*ICAGO3 ,*ICAGO ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

------4 #b#a#bB4 0,TRU? BEYOND D\BT3 ,IFA ORACLES 9 ,HAVANA40 ,HAU3 ,J\RNAL ( ,E?NOGRAPHIC ,!ORY #b 7#a73 #h#a-#a#i4 

,HOLBRAAD1 ,M>T91 ,MORT5 ,AXEL ,P$]S51 & ,$U>DO ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO4 #b#a#d4 0,! POLITICS ( ONTOLOGY3 ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL POSITIONS40 ,CULTURAL ,AN?ROPOLOGY1 WWW4CULAN?4ORG4 

,KUHN1 ,?OMAS4 #a#i#f#b4 ,! /RUCTURE ( SCI5TIFIC REVOLUTIONS4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,LAIDLAW1 ,JAMES4 #b#a#b4 0,ONTOLOGICALLY *ALL5G$40 ,AN?ROPOLOGY ( ,?IS ,C5TURY1 #d AOTCPRESS4COM4 

,LAT\R1 ,BRUNO4 #b#g4 ,REASSEMBL+ ! SOCIAL3 ,AN 9TRODUCTION TO ACTOR-NETWORK !ORY ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,LEVE1 ,LAUR54 #b#a#a4 0,ID5TITY40 ,CURR5T ,AN?ROPOLOGY #eb 7#d73 #e#a#c-#c#e4 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS1 ,CLAUDE4 #a#i#e#h4 ,AN?ROPOLOGIE /RUCTURALE4 ,P>IS3 ,PLON4 

,MY]S1 ,F]D4 #a#i#h#f4 ,P9TUPI C\NTRY1 ,P9TUPI SELF3 ,S5TIM5T1 PLACE1 & POLITICS AMONG WE/]N DES]T ,ABORIG9ES4 ,WA%+TON3 ,SMI?SONIAN ,9/ITUTION ,PRESS4 

,P$]S51 ,MORT5 ,AXEL4 #b#a4 0,TOTEMISM1 ANIMISM & ,NOR? ,ASIAN 9DIG5\S ONTOLOGIES40 ,J\RNAL ( ! ,ROYAL ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,9/ITUTE #g 7#c73 #d#a#a-#b#g4 

------4 #b#a#a4 ,NOT QUITE %AMANS3 ,SPIRIT WORLDS & POLITICAL LIVES 9 NOR!RN ,MONGOLIA4 ,I?ACA1 ,N,Y3 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

------4 #b#a#b4 0,COMMON NONS5SE3 ,A REVIEW ( C]TA9 REC5T REVIEWS ( ! 'ONTOLOGICAL TURN4'0 ,AN?ROPOLOGY(?IS ,C5TURY1 #e4 AOTCPRESS4COM4 

------4 #b#a#c4 0,ISL&S ( NATURE3 ,9SUL> OBJECTS & FROZ5 SPIRITS 9 NOR!RN ,MONGOLIA40 ,9 ,AN?ROPOLOGY & ,NATURE $IT$ BY ,KIR/5 ,HA/RUP1 #i#f-#a#h1 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,PIETZ1 ,WILLIAM4 #a#i#h#e4 0,! PROBLEM ( ! FETI% ,I40 ,R,E,S3 ,J\RNAL ( ,AN?ROPOLOGY & ,ES!TICS #i3 #e-#a#g4 

------4 #a#i#h#g4 0,! PROBLEM ( ! FETI% ,I,I3 ,! ORIG9 ( ! FETI%0 ,R,E,S3 ,J\RNAL ( ,AN?ROPOLOGY & ,ES!TICS #a#c3 #b#c-#d#e4 

------4 #a#i#h#h4 0,! ,PROBLEM ( ! FETI% ,I,I,IA3 ,BOSMAN'S ,GU9EA & ! 5LI<T5M5T !ORY ( FETI%ISM40 ,R,E,S3 ,J\RNAL ( ,AN?ROPOLOGY & ,ES!TICS #a#f3 #a#e-#b#c4 

,R5EL1 ,*>LES4 #a#i#a#e4 0,AMULETTES MALGA*ES1 ODY ET SAMPY40 ,BULLET9 DE L',ACADEMIE ,MALGA*E ,N4,S4 7#b73 #b#i-#b#h#a4 

,SALMOND1 ,AMIRIA ,J4 ,M4 #b#a#d4 0,TRANS=M+ TRANSLATIONS 7P>T ,I,I73 ,ADDRESS+ ONTOLOGICAL ALT]ITY40 ,HAU3 ,J\RNAL ( ,E?NOGRAPHIC ,!ORY #d 7#a73 #a#e#e-#h#g4 

,SAY]1 ,&REW4 #b#a#a4 ,:Y ?+S MATT] TO PEOPLE3 ,SOCIAL SCI5CE1 VALUES & E?ICAL LIFE4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,S*MAUS1 ,W>R54 #b#d4 ,RE?9K+ ,DURKHEIM & HIS TRADITION4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,SCOTT1 ,MI*AEL4 #b#a#c4 0,! AN?ROPOLOGY ( ONTOLOGY 7RELIGI\S SCI5CE8740 ,J\RNAL ( ! ,ROYAL ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,9/ITUTE ,N4,S4 7#a#i73 #h#e#i-#g#b4 

,%AH1 ,ALPA4 #b#a#c4 0,! 9TIMACY ( 9SURG5CY3 ,BEYOND CO]CION1 GRE$ OR GRIEVANCE 9 ,MAOI/ ,9DIA40 ,ECONOMY & ,SOCIETY #db 7#c73 #d#h-#e#f4 

------4 #b#a#d4 0,! MUCK ( ! PA/3 ,REVOLUTION & SOCIAL TRANS=MATION 9 ,MAOI/ ,9DIA40 ,J\RNAL ( ,ROYAL ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,9/ITUTE #b3 #c#c#g-#e#f4 

,/RA!RN1 ,M>ILYN4 #a#i#i4 0,>TIFACTS ( HI/ORY3 EV5TS & ! 9T]PRETATION ( IMAGES40 ,9 ,CULTURE & HI/ORY 9 ! ,PACIFIC1 $IT$ BY ,J4 ,SIIKALA1 #b#d-#d#d4 ,HELS9KI3 ,F9NI% ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY4 

,TODD1 ,ZOE4 #b#a#d4 0,AN 9DIG5\S FEM9I/'S TAKE ON ! ONTOLOGICAL TURN3 ',ONTOLOGY' IS JU/ ANO!R WORD = COLONIALISM40 ZOE&!CITY4WORDPRESS4COM4 

,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO1 ,$U>DO4 #a#i#i#b4 ,FROM ! 5EMY'S PO9T ( VIEW3 HUMANITY & DIV9ITY 9 AN ,AMAZONIAN SOCIETY4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

------4 #a#i#i#h4 0,COSMOLOGICAL DEIXIS & ,AM]9DIAN P]SPECTIVISM40 ,J\RNAL ( ! ,ROYAL ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,9/ITUTE ,N4,S4 7#d73 #d#f#i-#h#h4 

------4 #b#c4 0,&40 ,MAN*E/] ,PAP]S 9 ,SOCIAL ,AN?ROPOLOGY #g4 

------4 #b#d4 0,P]SPECTIVAL AN?ROPOLOGY & ! ME?OD ( CONTROLL$ EQUIVOCATION40 ,TIPITI #b 7#a73 #c-#b#b4 

------4 #b#a#b4 0,COSMOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVISM 9 ,AMAZONIA & ELSE:]E40 ,F\R LECTURES DELIV]$ AT ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,SOCIAL ,AN?ROPOLOGY1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,CAMBRIDGE4 ,FEBRU>Y- ,M>* #a#i#i#h4 ,HAU ,MA/]CLASS ,S]IES4 WWW4HAUJ\RNAL4ORG4 

------4 #b#a#c4 0,! RELATIVE NATIVE40 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,JULIA ,SAUMA & ,M>T9 ,HOLBRAAD4 ,HAU3 ,J\RNAL ( ,E?NOGRAPHIC ,!ORY #c 7#c73 #d#g#c-#e#b4 

------4 #b#a#e4 0,:O'S AFRAID ( ! ONTOLOGICAL WOLF3 ,SOME COMM5TS ON AN ONGO+ AN?ROPOLOGICAL DEBATE40 ,CAMBRIDGE ,AN?ROPOLOGY #cc 7#a73 #b-#a#g4 

,WAGN]1 ,ROY4 7#a#i#g#e7 #a#i#h#a4 ,! 9V5TION ( CULTURE4 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 ,:ITEHEAD1 ,ALFR$ ,NOR?4 #a#i#b#c4 ,PROCESS & REALITY3 ,AN ESSAY 9 COSMOLOGY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MAC,MILLAN4 

,W9*1 ,PET]4 #a#i#f#d4 0,UND]/&+ A PRIMITIVE SOCIETY40 ,AM]ICAN ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,QU>T]LY #a 7#d73 #c#g-#b#d4 

.<#a.> ,I W\LD LIKE TO ?ANK ,RITA ,A/UTI1 ,MAURICE ,BLO*1 ,SOPHIE ,C>APETIAN1 ,GIOVANNI DA ,COL1 ,REBECCA ,COLES1 ,JULIE ,GOLDSMI?1 ,/EPHANIE ,GROHMANN1 ,M]VYN ,H>TWIG1 ,]ICA ,LAGALISSE1 ,NIALL ,MC,DEVITT1 ,HAYD] ,AL-,MOHAMMAD1 ,HEA?COTE ,RU?V51 ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S1 ,ALPA ,%AH1 ,DAVID ,W5GR[1 ,HEA!R ,WILLIAMS1 & ,MAT!W ,WILDE = HELPFUL READ+S & REFLECTIONS4 

.<#b.> ,& ( C\RSE !RE'S NO GU>ANTEE ! ATTEMPT WILL ACTUALLY WORK4 

.<#c.> ,9 ?IS WAY1 IT SOME:AT RESEMBLES ! >GUM5T MADE >\ND ! SAME TIME BY ,BRUNO ,LAT\R 7#b#g7--I4E41 ?AT ,DURKHEIMIAN SOCIAL SCI5CE MI<T BE ADEQUATE 9 ORD9>Y TIMES1 BUT IT CANNOT H&LE SITUATIONS ( SOCIAL CREATIVITY4 ,LAT\R SEEMS TO HAVE DISAGRE$1 S9CE AFT] ,I S5T HIM ! PAP] >\ND ?IS TIME1 HE IMM$IATELY /OPP$ ANSW]+ MY COMMUNICATIONS4 

.<#d.> ,AT LEA/ H]E 0NATIVE0 IS PLAC$ 9 SC>E QUOTES4 

.<#e.> ,LUNKANKA1 :I* IS ALSO CIT$1 IS NOT 9 FACT A ,MALAGASY ODY AT ALL BUT A ,BA,KONGO NKISI ?AT HAD BE5 DISCUSS$ 9 A LONG QUOTE E>LI] 9 ! ESSAY 7,GRAEB] #b#e3 #d#a#g74 ,! AU?OR MI/AK5LY ASSUMES BO? W]E ,MALAGASY4 

.<#f.> ,! SAMPY W]E (FICIALLY DE/ROY$ ON ,QUE5 ,RANAVALONA ,I,I'S CONV]SION TO ,*RI/IANITY 9 #a#h#f#i2 ! WORD WAS *OS5 TO TRANSLATE 0IDOL0 9 ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T & FANAMPOANA SAMPY 70S]V+ ! IDOLS07 BECAME ! WORD = 0HEA!NISM40 ,AS A RESULT NO ONE N[ADAYS W\LD ADMIT TO HAV+ ANY?+ TO DO ) SAMPY4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y HAIL *>MS 7ODY HAV&RA7--:OSE P[]S >E BY NO MEANS LIMIT$ TO HAIL-->E1 H[EV]1 CLE>LY LATT]-DAY V]SIONS ( ! SAME ?+ & (T5 HAVE ! SAME NAMES & P[]S4 ,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ,RAVOLOLONA WAS ONE ( ! ROYAL SAMPY1 ALBEIT A M9OR ONE 7IT DOESN'T MAKE ALL ! (FICIAL LI/S72 IT WAS SAID TO HAVE ESCAP$ ! ROYAL PURGE & TO HAVE BE5 TAK5 (F 9 SECRET TO BECOME ! (FICIAL GU>DIAN ( A P[]FUL ANCE/RY CALL$ ! ,ZANAK',ANTITRA 9 ! REGION ( ,>IVONIMAMO1 ! SAME >EA :]E ,I DID MY FIELDWORK 7,CL>K #a#h#i#f3 #d#e#e-#e#f2 ,R5EL #a#i#a#e3 #a#d#b1 #a#e#h-#e#i2 ,DOM5I*9I #a#i#h#e3 #f#i#d-#i#f74 ,!RE W]E ANY NUMB] ( 9C>NATIONS ( ,RAVOLOLONA 9 ! REGION :5 ,I WAS !RE1 AS !RE W]E TOO ( ITS RIVAL *>M1 ,RAVATOMA9A4 ,! /ORY ,I WAS TOLD 9 ,BETAFO WAS ?AT ! CURR5T HOLD] ( ,RAVATOMA9A HAD *AS$ ,RAVALOLONA OV] A NE>BY M\NTA9 TO A T[N CALL$ ,AMBATOMIVOLANA2 TO ?IS DAY1 ! TWO RIVAL *>MS TRY TO PU% ! HAIL ONTO ONE ANO!R'S FIELDS 7SEE ,GRAEB] #b#gA3 #b#g#g-#g#i1 & MY DISCUSSION ( 0,! WEA!R AS A DOMA9 ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE10 IBID43 #b#h#b-#i#b74 

.<#g.> ,ADMITT$LY1 ! T]M IS US$ ) A C]TA9 AMBIGUITY3 ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO IS O/5SIBLY SAY+ ?AT IF ,O,T IS A ,WITTG5/E9IAN 0LANGUAGE GAME10 ?IS W\LD BE AN ILLEGAL MOVE4 ,BUT S9CE ,I AM OBVI\SLY NOT PLAY+ ?AT P>TICUL> LANGUAGE GAME1 & HE IS /ILL CRITICIZ+ ME1 HE PRESUMABLY HOLDS ?OSE /&>DS %\LD APPLY TO ALL E?NOGRAPH]S4 

.<#h.> ,I DO USE ! T]M AS AN ADJECTIVE1 ESPECIALLY :5 REF]R+ TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,I ALSO REF] ONCE TO 0,IM]9A10 ! T]RITORY ( ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,M]9A K+DOM4 ,9 :AT FOLL[S ,I WILL USE 0,M]9A0 MA9LY = ! N9ETE5? C5TURY K+DOM4 

.<#i.> ,OBVI\SLY \R 9=MATION ON SU* MATT]S IS QUITE LIMIT$ FROM E>LI] P]IODS BUT ! E>LY-N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,M]9A K+ ,RADAMA ,I WAS A NOTORI\S SKEPTIC :O IS REPORT$ TO HAVE TOLD =EIGN VISITORS HE FELT ALL ASPECTS ( FANAFODY1 P>TICUL>LY ! ROYAL SAMPY1 TO HAVE BE5 SIMPLE FRAUDS1 NOT+ ?AT RELIGION ITSELF WAS1 9 HIS WORDS1 0A POLITICAL 9/ITUTION0 7E4G41 ,COPALLE #a#h#b#g74 ,HE WAS ALSO FAM\S = MAK+ UP TE/S ( HIS SAMPY'S P[]S1 SAY1 BY HID+ AN OBJECT 9 HIS PALACE & *ALL5G+ !IR KEEP]S TO F9D !M 7E4G41 ,ELLIS #a#h#c#h3 #d#h1 #d#a#a-#a#b1 ETC42 ,CALLET #a#i#h3 #a#a#d-#e74 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 :ILE OBS]V]S AT ! TIME NOT$ ?AT ! KEEP]S ALWAYS FAIL$ HIS TE/S1 LAT] ORAL TRADITIONS--SOME ( :I* ,I HE>D MYSELF--9V]T$ ! /ORIES & 9SI/ ! MO/ P[]FUL ONES MIRACUL\SLY CONF\ND$ HIS ATTEMPTS TO EXPOSE !M4 

.<#a.> ,9 FACT IT WAS ORIG9ALLY WRITT5 TO BE P>T ( ?AT *APT]1 BUT HAD TO BE CUT = SPACE4 

.<#a#a.> ,IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ALL !SE CONV]SATIONS TOOK PLACE 5TIRELY 9 ,MALAGASY4 ,I D\BT PEOPLE W\LD HAVE SPOK5 AB\T !SE ?+S 9 ! SAME WAY HAD !Y BE5 SPEAK+ ,FR5*4 

.<#a#b.> ,ONE TYPICAL MISSION>Y S\RCE3 0UNTIL ! CONSECRATION S]VICE HAD BE5 HELD1 & ! PL$GE ( ALLEGIANCE GIV51 ! *>M1 AL?\< F9I%$ 9 REG>D TO ITS CON/RUCTION & G5]AL *>ACT]I/ICS1 WAS JU/ A PIECE ( WOOD TO !M0 7,$MUNDS #a#h#i#g3 #f#b2 ITALICS M9E74 ,MANY O!R S\RCES CONFIRM IT IS COLLECTIVE AGREEM5T ?AT GIVES P[] TO ! *>M4 ,H[EV]1 O!R /ORIES EQUALLY 9SI/ ?AT ! SPIRIT ( C]TA9 *>MS CAME TO !IR FUTURE [N] 9 DREAMS & VISIONS & CAUS$ HIM TO 0DISCOV]0 !M 7E4G41 ,DOM5I*9I #a#i#h#e74 

.<#a#c.> ,= 9/ANCE1 ANY TIME SUBJECTS CAME TO AN (FICIAL AGREEM5T OR REGI/]$ AN (FICIAL CONTRACT ( ANY K9D1 !Y ALWAYS HAD TO GIVE A SMALL PIECE ( SILV] TO ! K+2 ?IS WAS REF]R$ TO AS MANAS9',&RIANA1 :I* 9 ?IS CONTEXT IS BE/ TRANSLAT$1 0GIV+ P[] TO ! K+10 ,9 ! ANNUAL ,ROYAL ,BA? C]EMONY1 SU* 0GIFTS ( P[]0 9 ! =M ( SILV] CO9S W]E REPEAT$ BY ! 5TIRE K+DOM1 & ! K+ W5T ?R\< A RITUAL PROCESS ?AT PRECISELY REPLICAT$ ! CREATION ( A P[]FUL ODY OR *>M 7SEE ,GRAEB] #a#i#i#f3 #a#e-#a#i2 #b#gA3 #c#e-#c#i74 

.<#a#d.> ,ONTOLOGY IS USUALLY TRAC$ BACK TO A ,G]MAN PHILOSOPH] NAM$ ,JACOB ,LORH>D 9 #a#f#f4 ,EPI/EMOLOGY WAS 9TRODUC$ MU* LAT]1 BY ! ,SCOTTI% PHILOSOPH] ,JAMES ,FR$]ICK ,F]RI] 9 #a#h#e#d4 ,SEMIOTICS 9 M5TION$ 9 ,LOCKE BUT ONLY REALLY COMES 9TO COMMON USAGE AS A LEGACY FROM ,C4 ,S4 ,PEIRCE'S WORKS ( ! #a#h#fS ONW>DS1 & SEMIOLOGY EV5 LAT]1 FROM ,SAUSSURE 9 ! #a#i#bS4 

.<#a#e.> ,GORGIAS DID APP>5TLY WRITE A BOOK ,CONC]N+ :AT IS NOT1 OR1 ON NATURE4 ,IT HAS NOT SURVIV$4 ,= A GOOD SUMMATION ( HIS >GUM5TS SEE ,B>NES #a#i#g#i3 #a#c#f-#c#g4 

.<#a#f.> ,I WAS AB\T TO WRITE 0( HUMAN COMMUNICATION10 BUT 9 FACT ,C4 ,S4 ,PEIRCE1 :O 9V5T$ ! T]M1 BELIEV$ ?AT COMMUNICATION TOOK PLACE ON ALL LEVELS ( PHYSICAL REALITY1 & ?AT T]MS LIKE 0ICONISM0 OR 09DEXICALITY0 C\LD EV5 BE APPLI$ TO ! WORK+S ( ATOMIC P>TICLES4 

.<#a#g.> ,NOTE H]E ! AMBIGUITY ( ! PHRAS+3 0QUE/IONS ( KN[L$GE & EPI/EMOLOGY40 ,?IS IMPLIES !Y >E NOT EXACTLY ! SAME ?+4 ,BUT 9 ! RE/ ( ! ESSAY ! WORDS COME TO BE US$ APP>5TLY 9T]*ANGEABLY4 

.<#a#h.> ,SEE = 9/ANCE ,GRAEB] #b#gB3 #f#f-#f#i4 ,I D\BT MANY ,O,T]S %>E ?IS P>TICUL> DIAGNOSIS1 BY ! WAY4 ,MO/ SEEM TO REJECT IMAG9ATION AS YET ANO!R SUBSET ( :AT !Y CALL 0EPI/EMOLOGY10 ?\< ,I MYSELF W\LD >GUE ?AT ?IS IS ONLY TRUE ( :AT ,I'VE ELSE:]E CALL$ 0TRANSC5D5T0 AS OPPOS$ TO 0IMMAN5T0 IMAG9ATION1 ! LATT] BE+ AN ELEM5T 9 ALL =MS ( ACTION4 ,!IR ULTIMATE SOLUTION1 ?AT ( E?NOGRAPHIC CREATIVITY1 SEEMS TO ME TO BE SIMPLY A RETURN ( ?AT IMAG9ATIVE PROJECT UND] ANO!R NAME4 

.<#a#i.> ,?US :5 ,H5>E1 ,HOLBRAAD1 & ,WA/EL DO DEF9E EPI/EMOLOGY1 IT IS AS 0! V>I\S SY/EMATIC =MULATIONS ( KN[L$GE0 7#b#f3 #i71 ?AT IS1 AS ANY KN[L$GE 9=M$ BY !ORY ( ANY K9D4 

.<#b.> ,I NOTE ?AT 9 MORE REC5T !ORETICAL /ATEM5TS ,O,T]S HAVE BEGUN TO EMPHASIZE PRACTICE1 BUT IT DOES NOT SEEM TO HAVE EFFECT$ !IR [N PRACTICE 9 ANY NOTICEABLE WAY4 

.<#b#a.> ,WRIT+ EI!R ,ONTOLOGY#a OR ,ONTOLOGY#b W\LD SEEM 9APPROPRIATE H]E1 S9CE ! AU?OR SEEMS TO BE TRY+ TO =MULATE A SYN!SIS BETWE5 !M4 

.<#b#b.> ,HALL[ELL WAS NOT QUITE ! FIR/4 ,!RE WAS SOME?+ ( A SPATE ( REF]5CES TO ONTOLOGY >\ND ! TIME ,HALL[ELL WAS WRIT+4 ,AS F> AS ,I CAN MAKE \T1 ! P]SON REALLY RESPONSIBLE = 9TRODUC+ ! T]M 0ONTOLOGY0 9TO ,AN?ROPOLOGY WAS ,E!L ,ALB]T1 AN ANALYTIC PHILOSOPH] WORK+ ) ! ,H>V>D ,VALUES ,PROJECT DIRECT$ BY ,CLYDE ,KLUCKHOHN 7E4G41 ,ALB]T #a#i#e#f74 ,%E PROPOS$ DIVID+ ! UND]LY+ PR9CIPLES ( ANY CULTURE ORD] 9TO ,METAPHYSICS 7CONSI/+ ( ,ONTOLOGIES & ,COSMOLOGIES71 ,EPI/EMOLOGIES1 ,PSY*OLOGIES1 & ,VALUES1 & MANY WORK+ )9 OR 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,VALUES ,PROJECT ADOPT$ V>IATIONS ON ?IS APPROA* 7,ALB]T @& ,KLUCKHOHN #a#i#e#i74 ,IT SEEMS UNLIKELY ,HALL[ELL WAS UNAW>E ( ?IS4 

.<#b#c.> ,JU/ 9 CASE ! READ] ?9KS ,I AM EXAGG]AT+3,?\< ,F\CAULT W\LD SAY ?AT DISC\RSE CREATES ITS OBJECTS1 HE /ILL WORKS FROM ! PRESUMPTION ?AT !RE IS SOME REAL-WORLD FODD] \T !RE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :ILE A BODY MAY NOT BE MALE OR FEMALE UNTIL A DISC\RSE ( G5D] 9VOKES ?IS AS AN OP]ATIVE DI/9CTION1 !RE IS /ILL A BODY TO :I* ! DISC\RSE REF]S4 ,BY CONTRA/1 :AT IS ADVANC$ H]E IS1 IF Y\ LIKE1 AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T K9D ( CON/RUCTIVISM--A RADICAL CON/RUCTIVISM NOT DISSIMIL> TO ?AT 5VISAG$ BY ,DELEUZE ,DISC\RSE CANHAVE EFFECTS NOT BECAUSE IT 0OV]-DET]M9ES REALITY10 BUT BECAUSE NO ONTOLOGICAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 0DISC\RSE0 & 0REALITY0 P]TA9S 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 CONCEPTS CAN BR+ AB\T ?+S BECAUSE CONCEPTS & ?+S JU/ >E ONE & ! SAME0 7,H5>E1 ,HOLBRAAD1 ,WA/EL #b#f3 #a#c74,APP>5TLY !RE'S VIRTUALLY NO?+1 NO MATT] H[ OBVI\SLY CRAZY1 A CONTEMPOR>Y ACADEMIC CAN'T GET AWAY ) IF !Y F9D SOME WAY TO ATTRIBUTE IT TO ,GILLES ,DELEUZE4 7,& 9 ?IS CASE ! AU?ORS !MSELVES ADMIT ! L9K IS FAIRLY T5U\S47 

.<#b#d.> ,O,T]S WILL NO D\BT OBJECT ?AT ?IS IS UNFAIR1 S9CE !Y >E TRY+ TO DISSOLVE AWAY ! V]Y DUALISM ?AT MAKES AN OPPOSITION BETWE5 ,MAT]IALISM & ,IDEALISM POSSIBLE3 BUT PRETTY MU* EV]YONE CLAIMS ?AT N[ADAYS4 ,! QUE/ION IS :E!R !Y >E TRY+ TO DISSOLVE ,MAT]IALISM 9TO ,IDEALISM1 ,IDEALISM 9TO ,MAT]IALISM1 OR BO? ,MAT]IALISM & ,IDEALISM 9TO SOME?+ ELSE4 ,ALL EVID5CE PO9TS TO ! FIR/4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,H5>E1 ,HOLBRAAD1 & ,WA/EL'S TEXT 7IBID471 WORDS LIKE 0MAT]IAL0 OR 0PHYSICAL0 REGUL>LY APPE> 9 SC>E-QUOTES1 BUT WORDS LIKE 0CONCEPT0 7AKA 0IDEA07 OR 0CONCEPTION0 NEV] DO4 

.<#b#e.> ,I HESITATE TO /ATE ! OBVI\S1 BUT ! WORD 0,WE/]N]S0 IS L>GELY US$1 N[ADAYS1 AS A EUPHEMISM = 0:ITE PEOPLE40 ,OBVI\SLY ,O,T]S >E NO MORE GUILTY ( ?IS ?AN ANYONE ELSE BUT IT NE$S TO BE REM>K$ ON4 

.<#b#f.> ,= 9/ANCE ,HOLBRAAD1 ,P$]S51 & ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO 7#b#a#d7 DEF9E ,O,T AS ! 0COMP>ATIVE1 E?NOGRAPHICALLY-GR\ND$ TRANSC5D5TAL D$UCTION ( ,BE+40 

.<#b#g.> ,TIME & SPACE W]E NOT1 TE*NICALLY1 0CATEGORIES0 = ,KANT 7?\< !Y W]E = ,>I/OTLE74 ,NEV]!LESS1 !Y HAD A SIMIL> A PRIORI CONCEPTUAL /ATUS4 

.<#b#h.> ,P>T ( ?IS BL9DNESS IS NO D\BT MADE POSSIBLE1 AGA91 BY PRIORITIZ+ AB/RACT REFLECTION 70EXP]I5CE07 OV] ACTION 7:I* 9TEGRATES EXP]I5CE74 ,SURELY ONE CANNOT ORGANIZE ONE'S AFFAIRS 9 ANY WAY1 LET ALONE ORGANIZE A SOCIAL GR\P 9TO MOIETIES LABEL$ 0SUMM]0 & 0W9T]0 OR :AT-HAVE-Y\1 UNLESS Y\ >E ALREADY OP]AT+ ) AN AW>5ESS ?AT ALL EV5TS >E NOT SIMULTANE\S1 ?AT ACTIONS HAVE EFFECTS1 & SO ON4 ,IT IS WOR? REM>K+ ?AT SOME PHILOSOPH]S1 LIKE ,ALFR$ ,NOR? ,:ITEHEAD 7#a#i#b#i71 TAKE ! SAME >GUM5T FUR!R & ACCUSE ,KANT HIMSELF ( AB/RACT+ EXP]I5CE FROM ACTION4 ,:5 ONE 9/9CTIVELY JUMPS \T ( ! WAY ( AN ONCOM+ VEHICLE1 ,:ITEHEAD OBS]VES1 ONE DOES NOT DO SO BECAUSE ( A S]IES ( CONSCI\S CALCULATIONS ?AT BE+ HIT WILL CAUSE 9JURY1 BUT DUE TO AN UNCONSCI\S LEVEL ( OP]ATION :]E \R ACTIONS >E 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ?OSE ( FI%1 OR 9SECTS1 OR TO SOME DEGREE EV5 PLANTS4 ,IT SEEMS REASONABLE TO CONCLUDE1 !RE=E1 NOT ?AT NOTIONS ( TIME1 OR CAUSE1 DO EXI/ 9 ! M9DS ( ANTS & %RUBS1 BUT RA!R ?AT ALL PHYSICAL 5TITIES OP]ATE 9 A REAL WORLD :]E TIME & CAUSE >E P>T ( REALITY1 & WE KN[ ?IS BECAUSE 0WE0 >E NOT ACTUALLY DI/+UI%ABLE FROM \R BODIES4 

.<#b#i.> ,SO ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO 7#b#a#e3 #a7 >GUES ?AT ! RISE ( ! T]M ONTOLOGY IS DUE 9 P>T 0TO ! EXHAU/ION ( ! CRITICAL NOMOS ?AT SEP>AT$ ! PH5OM5ON FROM ! ?+ 9 ITSELF0--APP>5TLY1 BY SAY+ !RE IS NO ?+ 9 ITSELF & RELABEL+ :AT ,HUSS]L W\LD CALL PH5OM5OLOGY AS 0,ONTOLOGY#b40 

.<#c.> ,QUITE REC5TLY1 SOME ,O,T]S1 9CLUD+ ,P$]S5 7#b#a#c7 & ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO HIMSELF 7#b#a#e3 #f71 HAVE PROPOS$ AN AFF9ITY BETWE5 ,O,T & ,SPECULATIVE ,REALISM4 ,I MU/ ADMIT ?IS ONE LEAVES ME BAFFL$4 ,H[ DOES ONE SQU>E :AT IS ESS5TIALLY A V>IATION ON ,KANTIAN ME?OD ) A POSITION RESOLUTELY OPPOS$ TO ,KANTIANISM 9 ANY =M8 

.<#c#a.> ,IT WAS ! />T+-(F PO9T = ! >GUM5T 9 MY VALUE BOOK AT WELL 7SEE ,GRAEB] #b#a3 #e#a-#e#d74 

.<#c#b.> ,! FICTIONAL P]SONA1 ,BEY1 IS AN \T-&-\T P$OPHILE2 ! DEGREE TO :I* ,BEY CAN BE TREAT$ AS A /&-9 = ! AU?OR 9 SU* MATT]S IS1 AS ONE MI<T IMAG9E1 MU* CONTE/$4 

.<#c#c.> ,I NOTE ?AT :ILE ,BEY REJECTS ALL AU?ORITIES & ALL C]TA9TIES1 ! ACTUAL POSITION ( ,O,T SEEMS TO BE ! OPPOSITE--AT LEA/ :5 SPEAK+ ( ?OSE :O CAN BE CLASSIFI$ AS DULY AU?ORIZ$ 0NATIVES40 ,?IS IS :Y ,BHASK> 7#a#i#h#f3 #d#a7 9SI/S ?AT 0)\T REALISM1 FALLIBILISM COLLAPSES 9TO DADAISM--9TO AN EPI/EMOLOGICAL DISPLACEM5T ( ,HUMEAN ONTOLOGICAL SKEPTICISM 7'ANY?+ MAY HAPP5'74 ,& SKEPTICISM H]E 7'ANY?+ GOES'71 AS ELSE:]E1 MEANS 9 PRACTICE TACIT ACQUIESC5CE 9 ! /ATUS QUO1 I4E4 MORE OR LESS1 'EV]Y?+ /AYS'4 ,IRRESPECTIVE ( ! AU?OR'S 9T5TIONS1 SKEPTICISM 7AS AN>*ISM7 IS 9V>IABLY DOGMATIC 7& CONS]VATIVE7 9 EFFECT40 ,ONE CAN OBS]VE ! SLIPPAGE P]FECTLY 9 ! ,HOLBRAAD QUOTE CIT$ ABOVE1 :]E ONTOLOGICAL AN>*Y 5DS UP BECOM+ ! BUTTRESS = EXI/+ =MS ( AU?ORITY4 ,& SPEAK+ AS AN ACTIVI/1 ,I CAN AFFIRM ?AT ! MO/ SY/EMATIC MORAL RELATIVI/S ,I'VE EV] P]SONALLY >GU$ ) HAVE BE5 POLICE4 

.<#c#d.> ,FEY]AB5D WAS 9 FACT L>GELY RESPONSIBLE = 9TRODUC+ ! WORD 09COMM5SURABILITY0 9TO ACADEMIC DISC\RSE4 

.<#c#e.> ,AGA91 US+ ! T]M 9 ITS TRADITIONAL S5SE1 ,EPI/EMOLOGY#a4 ,:ILE ,?OMAS ,KUHN 7#a#i#f#b7 IS ORD9>ILY CR$IT$ ) 9TRODUC+ ! NOTION ( 9COMM5SURABLE !ORETICAL APPROA*ES1 ,FEY]AB5D WAS ALREADY US+ ! T]M 9 ! #a#i#eS4 

.<#c#f.> ,= 9/ANCE1 ! FIR/ TWO !ORETICAL ESSAYS ,I PUBLI%$ 7,GRAEB] #a#i#i#f1 #a#i#i#g7 W]E QUITE 9T5TIONALLY MEANT TO REPRES5T DIFF]5T1 & TO SOME DEGREE 9COMM5SURABLE1 P]SPECTIVES ON OV]LAPP+ PROBLEMS4 ,! SAME MI<T BE SAID ( MY WORK ON VALUE 7#b#a1 #b#a#cB7 & ON DEBT 7#b#a#a74 

.<#c#g.> ,I'M ACTUALLY 9 POSSESSION ( A M>K$-UP COPY ( ,FEY]AB5D'S ,AGA9/ ME?OD ?AT ,BHASK> ONCE PLUCK$ (F HIS (FICE %ELF TO GIVE TO ME4 0,FEY]AB5D IS GREAT10 HE ASSUR$ ME1 0HE WAS A G5U9E AN>*I/1 & ! BOOK IS JU/ WOND]FUL4 ,Y\ %\LD READ IT6 ,( C\RSE ,I TOTALLY DISAGREE ) IT MYSELF40 

.<#c#h.> ,ANYWAY IT'S NOT MY IMPRESSION ?AT ,O,T]S W\LD ACTUALLY D5Y ?IS2 !Y JU/ DECL>E IT 0ILLEGAL0 TO PO9T IT \T4 

.<#c#i.> ,H5CE ! 0CRITICAL0 ELEM5T 9 0,CRITICAL ,REALISM40 ,A KEY P>T ( ! ,C,R 9TELLECTUAL PROJECT IS TO F9D A SOLD PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS = OV]COM+ ! ,HUMEAN FACT_/VALUE DI/9CTION--S9CE SIMPLY WAV+ A MAGIC W& & DECL>+ IT ABOLI%$1 AS SO MANY TRY TO DO1 REALLY DOES NOT SUFFICE4 ,BHASK>'S >GUM5T1 AGA91 CANNOT BE LAID \T 9 DETAIL1 BUT HE BEG9S BY PO9T+ \T ?AT 0FACT0 IS NOT A SYNONYM = 0REALITY40 ,A FACT IS A /ATEM5T AB\T REALITY1 :I* HAS ! QUALITY ( BE+ TRUE4 ,SIMPLY ACCEPT+ ?AT C]TA9 ?+S >E 0FACTS0 & O!RS >5'T ASSUMES A VALUE3 ?AT TRUE /ATEM5TS >E PREF]ABLE TO FALSE ONES4 ,ANY NUMB] ( O!R VALUES CAN BE D]IV$ FROM ?IS ONE3 = 9/ANCE1 ,BHASK> >GUES ?AT ANY =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 7HE GIVES CAPITALISM AS AN EXAMPLE7 :I* CAN ONLY REPRODUCE ITSELF BY REPRES5T+ ITSELF FALSELY1 IS !RE=E LESS DESIRABLE ?AN ONE ?AT W\LD NOT4 ,O!RS WORK+ 9 ! ,C,R TRADITION HAVE TRI$ TO ROOT VALUES 9 REALITY ITSELF3 = 9/ANCE1 ,&REW ,COLLI]'S ,BE+ & WOR? 7#a#i#i#i71 :I* BEG9S ) A ,SP9OZI/ >GUM5T ?AT ALL =MS ( EXI/5CE ) A T5D5CY TO P]SI/ 9 !IR BE+ 7,SP9OZA'S CONATUS7 CAN BE CONSID]$ VALUES TO !MSELVES4 ,AS ?IS EXAMPLE %[S1 ,C,R IS H>DLY A !ORETICAL /RAITJACKET3 IT 9CLUDES ,M>XI/S1 ,SP9OZI/S1 ,AUGU/9IANS1 ,BUDDHI/S1 ,:ITEHEADIANS1 & MANY MORE BESIDES4 

.<#d.> ,IT ALSO MEANS RECOGNIZ+ !IR FRE$OM4 ,9 ! AFT]WORD ( ,LO/ PEOPLE 7#b#gA3 #c#g#i-#i#b71 ,I MAKE ! >GUM5T ?AT \R RECOGNITION ( O!RS AS HUMAN IS GR\ND$ ABOVE ALL 9 !IR UNPR$ICTABILITY1 9 ! LIMITS TO \R POSSIBLE KN[L$GE ( !M4 ,?IS WAS L>GELY 9SPIR$ BY MY [N 5GAGEM5T ) ,MALAGASY ,EPI/EMOLOGY#a4 

.<#d#a.> ,! ONLY REAL EXCEPTIONS W]E V]Y FAM\S ODY LIKE ,RAVOLOLONA ?AT HAD NAMES & HI/ORIES1 :I* (T5 SELECT$ !IR [N]S4 ,BUT EV5 ?IS WAS ONLY :5 SPEAK+ SPECIFICALLY AB\T ! ODY2 :5 SPEAK+ ( ! [N]1 ONE W\LD /ILL LIKELY SAY 0!Y KNEW0 HAIL *>MS1 LI<TN+ *>MS1 ETC4 

.<#d#b.> ,FANAHY IS ! G5]IC WORD = 0S\L10 9CLUD+ ! S\L ( LIV+ HUMANS1 BUT WAS ONLY OCCASIONALLY US$ = SPIRITS BEH9D FANAFODY4 ,LOLO LIT]ALLY MEANS 0<O/10 S9CE EV]YONE D5I$ ?AT ! SPIRITS' P[]+ *>MS HAD ANY?+ TO DO ) SPIRITS ( ! DEAD1 IT SEEMS TO BE US$ 9 ?IS CONTEXT AS A G5]IC T]M = DISEMBODI$ SPIRIT4 ,ZAVATRA JU/ MEANS 0?+40 ,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY !Y W]E KN[N G5]ICALLY AS ,RANAK&RIANA 7,CALLET #a#i#h3 #h#c-#h#e1 #a#c#d1 #a#g#i-#h#b71 BUT W]E SIMIL>LY NAMELESS1 9DI/+UI%ABLE ONE FROM ! O!R1 & UNKN[ABLE4 

.<#d#c.> ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?IS H]E BECAUSE ! L9E ( CRITIQUE ?AT BEG9S ) ,GOLDMAN 7#b#f2 E*O$1 = EXAMPLE1 BY ,TASSI @& ,ESPIRITO ,SANTO #b#a#c3 #i#f7 ASS]TS ?AT ,AFRO-,BRAZILIAN 0FETI%ES0 >E SE51 BY !IR MAK]S1 AS ACTIVAT+ 9TR9SIC P[]S ?AT EXI/ )9 MAT]IAL SUB/ANCES1 :I* IS ( C\RSE FITT+ ) A ,LAT\RIAN PO9T ( VIEW4 ,I HAVE TO ASSUME ?IS IS SO1 BUT MU/ EMPHASIZE ?AT1 9 ! CASE ( ,MALAGASY FANAFODY1 IT WAS EXPLICITLY NOT ! CASE4 ,MY [N 9=MANTS W]E QUITE 9SI/5T AB\T ?IS 7& ALL E>LI] S\RCES AGREE74 ,! P[] CAME FROM ! CONJUNCTION ( SOCIAL AGREEM5T & 9VISIBLE SPIRIT7S72 ! +R$I5TS ESS5TIALLY *ANNEL$ ?AT G5]IC AG5CY 9TO ! P[] TO DO SPECIFIC ?+S4 ,EXPLANATIONS ( ,BA,KONGO NKISI >E QUITE SIMIL>1 EXCEPT ?AT ! P[]S >E (T5 DESCRIB$ AS SPIRITS ( ! DEAD2 & ! 5TIRE PO9T AB\T ! >BITR>9ESS ( ,E>LY ,MOD]N ,WE/ ,AFRICAN 0FETI%ES0 DOES TURN ON ! FACT ?AT ! QUALITIES ( ! OBJECT >E NOT :AT'S IMPORTANT4 ,! E>LY S\RCES C\LD ALWAYS BE WRONG1 BUT S9CE !Y DO 9 FACT CON=M ) ! MORE REC5T E?NOGRAPHY 9 ?IS RESPECT1 IT W\LD BE NICE TO HAVE AT LEA/ ONE CASE ( AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ 9 ,AFRICA1 FLU5T 9 ! PRACTITION]S' [N LANGUAGE1 REPORT+ SOMEONE :O ACTUALLY SAID ?AT ! P[] IS 9H]5T 9 ! 0MAT]IALITY0 ( ! FETI%ES BE=E REV]S+ \R VIEWS ON ?IS4 

.<#d#d.> ,JU/ TO HEAD (F POSSIBLE MISUND]/&+S1 ,I AM NOT1 H]E1 ADVOCAT+ ANY?+ LIKE ! ,WITTG5/E9IAN POSITION ADVANC$ BY PHILOSOPH]S LIKE ,PET] ,W9* 7#a#i#f#d7--?AT MAGIC1 & SIMIL> IDEAS1 >E BE/ SE5 NOT AS ASS]TIONS ( P[] BUT WAYS ( REFLECT+ ON ! LIMITS ( HUMAN P[]4 ,MAGIC IS 9DE$ AN ASS]TION ( P[]4 ,IT IS AN ASS]TION ( P[] ?AT PLAYS ON ! LIMITS ( \R KN[L$GE4 

.<#d#e.> ,= ANYONE CURI\S 7,I'M NOT SURE IF ANYONE IS71 ,I T5D TO COMB9E A BROADLY ,CRITICAL ,REALI/ FRAMEWORK ) ,M>XIAN1 ,SP9OZI/1 & ,:ITEHEADIAN ELEM5TS4 

.<#d#f.> ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO HAS LONG SPOK5 ( 0ONTOLOGICAL SELF-DET]M9ATION0 AS A POLITICAL PROJECT1 BUT ! MO/ EXPLICIT DECL>ATION ( ,O,T AS A POLITICAL MOVEM5T IS ,HOLBRAAD1 ,P$]S51 & ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO'S 0,! POLITICS ( ! ONTOLOGICAL TURN0 7#b#a#d71 9 :I* ! AU?ORS DECL>E ,O,T TO BE 0REVOLUTION>Y0 9 EV]Y S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,9 AN ACCOMPANY+ ONL9E DISCUSSION HO/$ BY ! J\RNAL ,CULTURAL ,AN?ROPOLOGY !Y COMPILE F\RTE5 DIFF]5T REFLECTIONS1 BY A V>IETY ( AU?ORS1 ON ! POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ,O,T4 ,H]E IS A LI/ ( WORDS ?AT DO NOT APPE> 9 A S+LE ESSAY3 S]F1 SLAVE1 CA/E1 RACE1 CLASS1 PATRI>*Y1 W>1 >MY1 PRISON1 POLICE1 GOV]NM5T1 POV]TY1 HUNG]1 9EQUALITY4 7,I LEAVE \T 0G5D]0 BECAUSE ! PHRASE 0TACITLY G5D]$ P]SPECTIVE0 DOES APPE> 9 ONE47 ,GRANT$1 ! ESSAYS W]E QUITE %ORT1 BUT = A DISCUSSION ( O/5SIBLY REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS1 ! ABS5CE ( ANY ( !SE T]MS ACROSS ALL ( !SE ESSAYS IS /ILL REM>KABLE4 

.<#d#g.> ,SO1 ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S3 0,RELATIVISM WAS NOT & %\LD NOT BE A VULG> MORAL RELATIVISM4 ,IT WAS ALWAYS A MODE ( ASSESS+ ! CONDITIONS ( POSSIBILITY ( ! CULTURAL PRACTICES ( O!RS1 H5CE ( COMP>ATIVE ONTOLOGY4 ,9 ?AT S5SE1 ONTOLOGICAL 9VE/IGATION WAS BUILT 9TO ! DISCIPL9E3 A CONDITION ( ! POSSIBILITY ( AN?ROPOLOGY ITSELF 0 7P]SONAL COMMUNICATION1 ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#e74 

.<#d#h.> ,?IS IS NOT JU/ PLAY+ GAMES ) LOGIC2 ONE ( ! FIR/ ?+S ONE USUALLY LE>NS1 ON SETTL+ 9TO AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL FIELD SITE1 IS ?AT OP9IONS AB\T :O CAN SPEAK ) AU?ORITY >E %>PLY DIVID$4 ,TO RETURN TO ! ,NU]3 OBVI\SLY LOCAL ELD]S 70BULLS07 HAVE A C]TA9 AU?ORITY--ALMO/ EV]YONE W\LD AGREE ) ?AT4 ,BUT :AT AB\T PROPHETS8 ,& IF PROPHETS C\NT1 DO WE 9CLUDE ALL ( !M1 OR JU/ ! ONES ?AT SEEM TO HAVE ! LEA/ CONTROV]SIAL VIEWS8 ,IF PROPHETS & LOCAL ELD]S DISAGREE1 :OSE VIEWS TAKE PREC$5CE8 ,& :AT AB\T LEOP>D-SK9 PRIE/S_/*IEFS8 

.<#d#i.> ,! FIR/ P>T ( ! >GUM5T AB\T RELATIVISM ,I'VE DEVELOP$ AT GREAT] L5G? 9 AN ESSAY CALL$ 0,OPPRESSION10 & ! SECOND1 9 ONE CALL$ 0,!RE NEV] WAS A ,WE/0 7BO? 9 ,GRAEB] #b#gB74 

.<#e.> ,9 ?IS CASE1 ! LEGACY ( ,P]SPECTIVISM MADE IT POSSIBLE TO AVOID ! QUE/ION1 S9CE IT MAKES A /RONG CASE ?AT MANY 9DIG5\S PEOPLES 9 ! ,AM]ICAS W\LD1 9DE$1 AGREE ) AT LEA/ SOME ( !SE PROPOSITIONS4 ,BUT SURELY MO/ PEOPLE :O LIVE 9 ,S5EGAL1 ,K>NATAKA1 OR ,MADAGASC> W\LD NOT4 ,TYPICALLY1 :5 CRITICS 7E4G41 ,HEYWOOD #b#a#b7 MAKE ! FAIRLY OBVI\S PO9T ?AT ,O,T SEEMS TO BE IMPOS+ IT'S [N 0META-ONTOLOGY10 ! RESPONSE IS TO 9SI/ ?AT ,O,T IS NOT A !ORY1 BUT A ME?OD 70ONTOGRAPHY10 E4G41 ,HOLBRAAD #b#a#b3 #b#f#c-#f#d1 ,P$]S5 #b#a#b74 ,?IS IS A VALID RESPONSE1 BUT 9 O!R CONTEXTS1 ! V]Y SAME AU?ORS 7E4G41 ,HOLBRAAD1 ,P$]S51 & ,VIVEIROS DE ,CA/RO #b#a#d7 PROPOSE ?AT ,O,T %\LD BE CONSID]$ A 0REVOLUTION>Y0 POLITICAL MOVEM5T (1 PRESUMABLY1 UNIV]SAL IMPORT4 ,!SE TWO POSITIONS APPE> TO BE IRRECONCILABLE4 ,IF ALT]ITY IS A POLITICAL PR9CIPLE1 !RE HAS TO BE SOME WAY ( DET]M9+ :O IS ,O!R & :O IS NOT4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #b#h? ,NOVEMB] #bba FROM WWW4HAUJ\RNAL4ORG47 

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