,REFLECTIONS ON A ,POLITICAL ,TRIAL 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,LAUT] 

,AU?OR 3 ,FLOR5CE ,H[E 

,TEXT 3 

,) ! CONVICTION & S5T5C+ ( F\R ( ! FIVE DEF5DANTS1 ! FIR/ PHASE 9 ! ,BO/ON CONSPIRACY TRIAL HAS 5D$ & A GOOD MOM5T HAS COME = SOME CONSID]ATION ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! SO-CALL$ 0,SPOCK CASE10 ( :AT IT MEANS = ! 0PEACE MOVEM5T10 & :AT IT TELLS US AB\T ! /ATE ( ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY4 

,AMONG ANTI-W> ACTIVI/S !RE HAS BE5 MU* DISCONT5T ) RESPECT TO ! CONDUCT ( ! DEF5SE4 ,MANY HAD EXPECT$ A F>-REA*+ 9DICTM5T ( ! GOV]NM5T = ITS CRIM9AL BEHAVIOR 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,?OSE :O HAD BE5 HOP+ = A 0CONFRONTATION ) ILLEGAL & IMMORAL AU?ORITY0 >E NATURALLY DISAPPO9T$1 S9CE NO SU* CONFRONTATION TOOK PLACE4 ,9 FACT1 ! DEF5DANTS !MSELVES DID MAKE /RONG /ATEM5TS AB\T ! ILLEGALITY & B>B>ISM ( ! ,AM]ICAN W> 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( ,MI*AEL ,F]B]1 A RESI/] HIMSELF1 ! DEF5DANTS TOOK !IR /&1 )\T QUALIFICATIONS1 ON ! 0,CALL TO ,RESI/ ,ILLEGITIMATE ,AU?ORITY0 7SEE ?IS J\RNAL1 ,OCTOB] #a#b1 #a#i#f#g71 :I* ANN\NC$ ! 9T5TION ( ! SIGN]S TO SUPPORT RESI/ANCE TO ! ,VIETNAM W>1 & :I* 9SI/$ ?AT ACTIONS TAK5 9 SUPPORT ( RESI/ANCE 0>E AS LEGAL AS IS ! W> RESI/ANCE ( ! Y\NG M5 !MSELVES40 ,H[EV]1 ?IS ASPECT ( ! TRIAL WAS B>ELY REPORT$ 9 ! PRESS4 ,)9 ! FRAMEWORK DEF9$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 ADOPT$ BY ! ,C\RT1 & ACCEPT$ BY ! PRESS1 ! ISSUE ( ! LEGALITY ( ! W> WAS NOT P]T95T1 NOR WAS ! QUE/ION ( ! RI<T1 OR EV5 ! DUTY1 ( RESI/ANCE TO ,AM]ICAN AGGRESSION4 

,:Y %\LD REASONABLE PEOPLE HAVE BELIEV$ ?AT A F$]AL C\RT MI<T S]VE AS AN IMP>TIAL REF]EE 9 A DISPUTE BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ITS CRITICS1 OR EV5 AS A =UM ?AT MI<T CONTRIBUTE TO G5]AL UND]/&+ ( ! W>8 ,REC5T HI/ORY IS PROBABLY RESPONSIBLE1 9 P>T1 = ! MISPLAC$ OPTIMISM & CURR5T DISAPPO9TM5T4 ,S9CE ,BR[N VS4 ,BO>D ( ,$UCATION 9 #a#i#e#d1 A S]IES ( DECISIONS FAVOR+ CIVIL RI<TS ACTIVI/S & EXT5D+ CIVIL LIB]TIES HAS ACCU/OM$ US TO ?9K ( ! F$]AL C\RTS AS A BRAN* ( GOV]NM5T DEVOT$ TO ! DEF5SE ( HUMAN RI<TS & SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,A BROAD] HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE1 H[EV]1 W\LD REVEAL ?AT ONLY R>ELY >E !Y WILL+ TO ASSUME ?AT RESPONSIBILITY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! C\RTS >E MORE LIKELY TO CONFIRM A POLITICAL CONS5SUS SET ELSE:]E1 &1 9 ! PROCESS1 TO AVOID 9TRUD+ UPON ! PR]OGATIVES ( ! O!R BRAN*ES ( GOV]NM5T1 P>TICUL>LY ) RESPECT TO ! P[] TO MAKE W>4 ,! IDEA ?AT ! C\RTS MI<T UPHOLD OR EV5 S]I\SLY 5T]TA9 AN >GUM5T ON ! ILLEGALITY ( ! W> OR ! ABUSE ( EXECUTIVE P[] 9 WAG+ W> SEEMS1 !RE=E1 RHETORICAL OR NAIVE4 ,9 FACT1 ! CASE WAS PURSU$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ON GR\NDS SO N>R[ ?AT ! W> WAS EFFECTIVELY EXCLUD$ FROM CONSID]ATION4 

,AS 9 ANY DRAFT CASE1 ! GOV]NM5T S\<T TO LIMIT DISCUSSION TO ! VIOLATION ( A P>TICUL> SECTION ( ! ,MILIT>Y ,SELECTIVE ,S]VICE ,ACT4 ,:5 DRAFT RESI/]S COME BE=E ! C\RT = REFUS+ 9DUCTION1 !Y >E NOT P]MITT$ TO EXPLA9 !IR OPPOSITION TO ! W>4 ,OR :51 OCCASIONALLY1 AN EXTRAORD9>Y OR CURI\S JUDGE P]MITS AN EXPLANATION1 IT IS RUL$ IRRELEVANT TO ! QUE/ION ( GUILT OR 9NOC5CE & IS ADMITT$ ONLY TO ASSESS *>ACT] OR MOTIVATION1 PRIM>ILY = PURPOSES ( S5T5C+4 ,SEV]AL DRAFT REFUS]S1 9CLUD+ ,DAVID ,MIT*ELL & ,DONALD ,WEA!RALL1 HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO DEF5D !MSELVES BY CIT+ ,NUREMB]G ,PR9CIPLE ,V,I,I1 ?AT 0COMPLICITY 9 ! COMMISSION ( A CRIME AGA9/ PEACE1 A W> CRIME1 OR A CRIME AGA9/ HUMANITY444IS A CRIME UND] 9T]NATIONAL LAW40 ,BUT ! F$]AL JUDGES 9 ,CONNECTICUT1 ,ILL9OIS1 & ELSE:]E HAVE EXCLUD$ SU* CONSID]ATIONS FROM ! C\RT1 & TO W9 A GUILTY V]DICT1 ! PROSECUTION HAS HAD ONLY TO %[ ?AT ! DEF5DANTS HAD1 9 FACT1 REFUS$ 9DUCTION4 

,SIMIL>LY1 ,JUDGE ,FRANCIS ,J4 ,W4 ,=D ( ! ,F$]AL ,DI/RICT ,C\RT 9 ,BO/ON LIMIT$ DISCUSSION TO ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! FIVE DEF5DANTS HAD CONSPIR$ TO VIOLATE ! ,SELECTIVE ,S]VICE ,ACT4 ,?\< ! DEF5DANTS 9DIVIDUALLY W]E ABLE TO /ATE !IR POSITION AGA9/ ! W>1 !RE WAS NO S]I\S DISCUSSION ( :AT !Y CORRECTLY REG>D$ AS ! MAJOR ISSUE3 :E!R ! GOV]NM5T HAS CONSPIR$ -- TO USE ! WORD+ ( ! ,NUREMB]G ,PR9CIPLES -- 9 ! 0PLANN+1 PREP>ATION1 9ITIATION OR WAG+ ( A W> ( AGGRESSION OR A W> 9 VIOLATION ( 9T]NATIONAL TREATIES1 AGREEM5TS OR ASSURANCES02 OR :E!R IT IS 5GAG$ 9 0VIOLATIONS ( ! LAWS OR CU/OMS ( W> :I* 9CLUDE1 BUT >E NOT LIMIT$ TO1 MURD]1 ILL-TREATM5T OR DEPORTATION TO SLAVE LABOR OR = ANY O!R PURPOSE ( CIVILIAN POPULATION ( OR 9 OCCUPI$ T]RITORY4441 WANTON DE/RUCTION ( CITIES1 T[NS1 OR VILLAGES1 OR DEVA/ATION NOT JU/IFI$ BY MILIT>Y NECESSITY02 OR :E!R IT IS 5GAG$ 9 SU* CRIMES AGA9/ HUMANITY AS 0MURD]1 EXT]M9ATION1 5SLAVEM5T1 DEPORTATION & O!R 9HUMAN ACTS DONE AGA9/ ANY CIVILIAN POPULATION44440 

,NOR WAS ! JURY P]MITT$ TO CONSID] TE/IMONY CONC]N+ A POSSIBLE CONSPIRACY BY ! GOV]NM5T TO DECEIVE A NAIVE & UN9=M$ ,CONGRESS1 SO ?AT IT W\LD ACCEPT :AT ! =M] ,ATTORNEY ,G5]AL REG>DS AS A 0FUNCTIONAL EQUIVAL5T0 ( A DECL>ATION ( W>1 NOR C\LD IT CONSID] :E!R ! GOV]NM5T'S SY/EMATIC RESORT TO LIES & DECEIT TO RALLY POPUL> SUPPORT = CRIM9AL ACTS IS NOT EVID5CE ( CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT CRIMES AGA9/ PEACE4 

,SU* QUE/IONS W\LD BE RAIS$ 9 A TRIBUNAL CONC]N$ ) FUNDAM5TAL ISSUES ( LEGALITY & JU/ICE1 ) ! LIMITS ( A GOV]NM5T'S LEGITIMATE AU?ORITY & ! *>ACT] ( A CITIZ5'S RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,?\< ! ,AM]ICAN C\RTS CANNOT S]I\SLY BE EXPECT$ TO DEAL ) !SE QUE/IONS1 !Y >E1 NEV]!LESS1 ! QUE/IONS ?AT MU/ BE CONSID]$ BY ANYONE :O TAKES S]I\SLY HIS RESPONSIBILITY AS A CITIZ54 ,HAD !SE ISSUES BE5 ADMITT$ 9 ! ,BO/ON CONSPIRACY CASE1 ! DEF5DANT W\LD1 9 EFFECT1 HAVE BE5 ! GOV]NM5T2 ! FIVE 0CONSPIRATORS0 C\LD HAVE 9TRODUC$ EVID5CE ON ! NATURE ( ! W> & >GU$ ?AT RESI/ANCE IS JU/IFI$ BY ! ,NUREMB]G ,PR9CIPLES4 ,IF !SE ,PR9CIPLES >E ACCEPT$ AS VALID 7A QUE/ION TO :I* WE RETURN BEL[71 !N ONE MU/ CONCLUDE EI!R ?AT \R SY/EM ( LAW IS RIDICUL\S1 OR ELSE ?AT IT GU>ANTEES IMMUNITY BO? TO ?OSE :O SEEK TO AVOID ! COMPLICITY ?AT !SE ,PR9CIPLES SPECIFY AS CRIM9AL & TO ?OSE :O AID !M4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ?OSE RESPONSIBLE = TRUE CRIM9AL ACTS W\LD HAVE TO BE RE/RA9$ & P]HAPS BR\<T TO JU/ICE4 

,BUT ! AIM ( ! GOV]NM5T 9 PROSECUTION IS TO 5SURE OB$I5CE TO ITS ORD]S BY PUNI%+ ?OSE :O REFUSE TO OBEY & ?REAT5+ O!RS :O MI<T BE TEMPT$ TO DO SO4 ,IT WILL NOT VOLUNT>ILY OP5 ! DOOR TO AN 9QUIRY 9TO ITS RI<T TO 5=CE !SE DEM&S ON ! CITIZ5RY4 ,?IS IS AS TRUE ( ! ,BO/ON CONSPIRACY TRIAL AS IT WAS ( ! TRIAL ( ,S9YAVSKY & ,DANIEL & !IR SUPPORT]S4 ,IT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( POLITICAL TRIALS ?AT !RE >E %>PLY CONFLICT+ 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL ISSUE AT /AKE4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ! C\RT ACCEPT$ ! 9T]PRETATION DEF9$ BY ! PROSECUTION4 ,= ?OSE :O TAKE ! VIEW ?AT ! REAL ISSUE IS ! ABUSE ( EXECUTIVE AU?ORITY & ! CRIM9AL VIOL5CE ( ! GOV]NM5T1 ! C\RT PROCE$+S WILL !RE=E BORD] ON F>CE4 ,S9CE ! GOV]NM5T IS NOT HELD ACC\NTABLE = ITS ACTS & IS P]MITT$ TO DET]M9E ! NATURE ( ! C\RT PROCE$+S1 ! QUE/ION IS NO LONG] :E!R JU/ICE WILL BE DONE1 BUT RA!R :E!R P]SECUTION WILL SUCCE$4 

,! 9DICTM5T *>G$ ?AT ! DEF5DANTS CONSPIR$ 7#a7 TO C\NSEL1 AID & ABET ,SELECTIVE ,S]VICE REGI/RANTS TO EVADE MILIT>Y S]VICE & TO REFUSE TO C>RY 0DRAFT C>DS10.<#a.> & 7#b7 TO 9T]F]E ) ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,SELECTIVE ,S]VICE ,ACT4 ,! FACTUAL BASIS = ! GOV]NM5T'S CASE R$UCES TO ! FOLL[+4 ,ON ,OCTOB] #b1 #a#i#f#g1 ,RASK91 ,SPOCK1 ,C(F91 & ,GOODMAN1 ALONG ) A NUMB] ( O!RS1 APPE>$ AT A PRESS CONF]5CE CALL$ TO ANN\NCE ! 0,CALL TO ,RESI/ ,ILLEGITIMATE ,AU?ORITY40 ,! ,GOV]NM5T MADE NO ATTEMPT TO %[1 :AT WAS 9 FACT FALSE1 ?AT ! DEF5DANTS HAD ORGANIZ$ ! PRESS CONF]5CE OR HAD AGRE$ ON ITS SUB/ANCE1 EXCEPT TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y AGRE$ ?AT ! PRESS CONF]5CE W\LD MAKE PUBLIC ! 0,CALL TO ,RESI/40 ,EA* P>TICIPANT 9 ! PRESS CONF]5CE /AT$ HIS BELIEFS ) RESPECT TO ! W> & HIS REASONS = ASSOCIAT+ HIMSELF ) ! 0,CALL TO ,RESI/40 

,! SECOND FACTUAL ITEM 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T'S *>GE WAS ?AT ON ,OCTOB] #a#f1 ,REV]5D ,C(F9 & ,MI*AEL ,F]B] SPOKE AT ! ,>L+TON ,/REET ,*UR* 9 ,BO/ON & RECEIV$ DRAFT C>DS1 9 A C]EMONY ?AT WAS ORGANIZ$ BY O!RS :O W]E NOT DEF5DANTS1 AS WAS BR\<T \T 9 TE/IMONY ?AT WAS NOT CONTE/$4 ,?IRDLY1 ON ,OCTOB] #b A GR\P ( SOME #e PEOPLE ASSEMBL$ AT ! ,JU/ICE ,DEP>TM5T TO TRANSMIT TO REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,ATTORNEY ,G5]AL DRAFT C>DS COLLECT$ >\ND ! C\NTRY ON ,OCTOB] #af 79CLUD+ SOME TURN$ OV] ON ,OCTOB] #b74 ,MIT*ELL ,GOODMAN & ,REV]5D ,C(F9 W]E AMONG ?OSE :O PLANN$ ?IS ACTION4 ,ALL FIVE ( ! DEF5DANTS W]E PRES5T4 ,ALL EXCEPT ,F]B] 5T]$ ! ,JU/ICE ,DEP>TM5T ) ! V>I\S DOCUM5TS ?AT HAD BE5 COLLECT$4 ,( ! EI<T M5 :O 5T]$ ! ,JU/ICE ,DEP>TM5T F\R W]E 9DICT$4 ,!SE EI<T M5 W]E SELECT$ AT ! LA/ M9UTE1 9 ! RA!R HAPHAZ>D FA%ION ?AT WILL BE FAMILI> TO EV]YONE :O HAS BE5 9VOLV$ 9 ANTI-W> ACTIVITIES1 & !Y MADE /ATEM5TS1 AS 9DIVIDUALS1 TO ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,JU/ICE ,DEP>TM5T4 ,F\R?1 ,DR4 ,SPOCK & ,MIT*ELL ,GOODMAN TOOK P>T 9 A DEMON/RATION AT ! ,:ITEHALL ,9DUCTION ,C5T] 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 A DEMON/RATION ?AT WAS PLANN$ BY O!RS1 AS WAS BR\<T \T 9 UNCONTE/$ TE/IMONY BY ,DAVID ,MC,REYNOLDS & ,MAYOR ,L9DSAY4 ,?IS IS ! SUB/ANCE ( ! ,GOV]NM5T'S >GUM5T ?AT ! FIVE W]E 9VOLV$ 9 A CONSPIRACY4 

,IT WAS AGA9/ SU* VAGUE *>GES ?AT ! DEF5DANTS *OSE TO DEF5D !MSELVES 9 C\RT4 ,! LEGAL & POLITICAL DIFFICULTIES ANY DEF5SE W\LD HAVE 5C\NT]$ W]E COMP\ND$ FUR!R BECAUSE ! DEF5SE ITSELF SEEM$ TO CONTRADICT ! RHETORIC US$ WIDELY 9 ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T4 ,SU* RHETORIC 5C\RAG$ ! VIEW ?AT MANY PEOPLE1 9CLUD+ ! DEF5DANTS1 W]E SIMPLY DEFY+ ! GOV]NM5T & ITS LAWS4 ,AFT] ! 9DICTM5TS1 = EXAMPLE1 ?\S&S SIGN$ :AT !Y CALL$ /ATEM5TS ( 0COMPLICITY02 HUNDR$S1 9 PUBLIC C]EMONIES ?AT W]E (T5 TELEVIS$1 0AID$0 & 0ABETT$0 DRAFT RESI/]S BY H&+ !M MONEY OR ACCEPT+ !IR DRAFT C>DS4 ,! IMPRESSION CREAT$ WAS ?AT MANY PEOPLE W]E WILL+ TO BREAK ! LAW -- 9DE$1 ?AT !Y W]E ALREADY BREAK+ IT -- 9 ORD] TO BR+ ! W> TO AN 5D4 ,9 TRU? MANY ( ?OSE :O JO9$ 9 ! MILITANT RHETORIC & SYMBOLIC ACTS ASSUM$ ?AT ! ?REAT ( FILL+ ! JAILS ) PROM95T ,AM]ICANS W\LD HELP TO 0BR+ ! ,ADM9I/RATION TO ITS S5SES02 IF ?AT ?REAT W]E TO REMA9 CR$IBLE1 PROM95T OPPON5TS ( ! W> C\LD NOT APPE> TO BE TRY+ TO AVOID JAIL4 

,SU* /RATEGY LEADS DIRECTLY TO ! >GUM5T ?AT ! DEF5DANTS %\LD HAVE PLEAD$ GUILTY1 TAK+ ! POSITION ?AT ! 9DICTM5T WAS CORRECT1 BUT ?AT !Y W]E RI<T TO COMMIT ! ALLEG$ 0CRIME40 ,!RE >E A NUMB] ( REASONS :Y ?IS C\RSE ( ACTION W\LD HAVE BE5 A MI/AKE--QUE/IONS ( ! VALIDITY ( SU* A POLITICAL /RATEGY ASIDE4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! DEF5DANTS REFUS$ TO ADMIT ?AT ! GOV]NM5T'S *>GES W]E CORRECT4 ,!Y C\LD NOT HONE/LY PLEAD GUILTY TO CONSPIRACY :5 !Y DID NOT VIEW !MSELVES AS 9VOLV$ 9 ANY CONSPIRACY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 A PLEA ( GUILTY W\LD IMPLY ?AT !Y REG>D$ !IR ACTIONS AS 0ILLEGAL10 ?\< JU/IFI$ ON O!R GR\NDS1 9 %ORT AS A =M ( 0CIVIL DISOB$I5CE40 ,= MANY 9 ! PEACE MOVEM5T1 ?IS REMA9S A REASONABLE *>ACT]IZATION3 !Y BELIEVE ?AT ! MO/ HONORABLE & EFFECTIVE /RATEGY = A MORAL MAN IS TO BREAK AN UNJU/ LAW &1 LIKE ,SOCRATES1 ACCEPT ! P5ALTY MET$ \T = ?AT ACT1 H[EV] UNJU/4 ,BUT MO/ ( ! DEF5DANTS REG>D$ !IR ACTS AS AN ATTEMPT TO UPHOLD ! LAW4 ,!IR POSITION IS ?AT =MULAT$ 9 ! 0,CALL TO ,RESI/0 TO :I* WE HAVE ALREADY REF]R$4 ,TO QUOTE MORE FULLY1 ! 0,CALL0 /ATES3 0,WE FIRMLY BELIEVE ?AT \R /ATEM5T IS ! SORT ( SPEE* ?AT UND] ! ,FIR/ ,AM5DM5T MU/ BE FREE1 & ?AT ! ACTIONS WE WILL UND]TAKE >E AS LEGAL AS IS ! W> RESI/ANCE ( ! Y\NG M5 !MSELVES40 

,! ,GOV]NM5T MADE MU* ( /ATEM5TS BY SOME ( ! DEF5DANTS & O!RS DUR+ ! EV5TS AT ! ,JU/ICE ,DEP>TM5T ?AT (FICIALS W]E 0D]ELICT 9 !IR DUTY0 BECAUSE !Y HAD NOT PROSECUT$ ?OSE :O AID$ Y\NG M5 9 ! ALLEG$ CRIME ( TURN+ 9 DRAFT C>DS4 ,SU* /ATEM5TS W]E BY NO MEANS CONFESSIONS ( GUILT1 BUT *ALL5GES -- H[EV] MISPLAC$ OR ILL-CONSID]$ -- TO ! ,GOV]NM5T TO TAKE ! ISSUES ( ! W> & RESI/ANCE 9TO ! C\RTS4 ,! CRIM9AL ACTS RELEVANT TO ! CASE ( ! ,BO/ON FIVE >E ?OSE ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* SEEKS TO 9VOLVE ,AM]ICAN CITIZ5S 9 ITS VIOLATION ( DOME/IC & 9T]NATIONAL LAW4 ,SO ! DEF5DANTS HELD1 & ) W>RANT4 

,FUR!RMORE1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 A TACTICAL ]ROR TO P]MIT ! ,GOV]NM5T TO W9 ?IS CASE BY DEFAULT4 ,9 FACT1 IF ! CONVICTION IS NOT OV]TURN$ ON APPEAL1 ! PREC$5T ?AT IS SET WILL BE A CALAMITY4 ,?IS IS CLE> :5 ONE REVIEWS ! CONT5T ( ! 9DICTM5T4 ,IF SU* ACTS AS >E ALLEG$ CON/ITUTE CRIM9AL CONSPIRACY 9 ! EYES ( ! C\RTS1 !N 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TIES WILL BE DEALT A SEV]E BL[4 ,= ALL !SE REASONS1 A PLEA ( GUILTY W\LD HAVE BE5 A S]I\S MI/AKE4 

,ONE CAN IMAG9E CIRCUM/ANCES UND] :I* A TOTAL REJECTION ( ! JUDICIAL PROCESS W\LD BE JU/IFI$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ?IS W\LD BE A PROP] POSITION IF ! C\RTS W]E1 LIT]ALLY1 NO?+ MORE ?AN AN 9/RUM5T ( CRIM9AL REPRESSION1 OR IF ! 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY W]E CRUMBL+1 & CONTEMPT W\LD CONTRIBUTE TO !IR COLLAPSE & !IR REPLACEM5T BY SOME NEW & MORE HUMANE SOCIAL ORD]4 ,BUT NO ONE CAN S]I\SLY PROPOSE SU* A *>ACT]IZATION ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 ,SURELY ! DEF5DANTS DO NOT ACCEPT ?IS VIEW1 ANY MORE ?AN DO MO/ BLACK MILITANTS :O >E SUBJECT$ TO F> MORE 9T5SE POLICE & JUDICIAL P]SECUTION ?AN ADULT SUPPORT]S ( DRAFT RESI/ANCE4 ,TO BASE ! DEF5SE ON NONS5SICAL JUDGM5TS AS TO ! /ATE ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY W\LD SURELY HAVE BE5 9APPROPRIATE4 

,IT WAS1 !RE=E1 QUITE PROP] = ! DEF5DANTS TO UND]TAKE TO REFUTE ! ,GOV]NM5T'S *>GES4 ,HAV+ MADE ?IS DECISION1 !Y W]E =C$ TO DEAL ) ! P>TICUL> ISSUES1 H[EV] 9CONSEQU5TIAL & AMBIGU\S1 RAIS$ BY ! PROSECUTION1 & TO KEEP )9 ! LIMITS ( DEF5SE IMPOS$ BY ! C\RT4 ,FIVE SEP>ATE ATTORNEYS >GU$ ! DEF5SE ON GR\NDS APPROPRIATE TO !IR 9DIVIDUAL CLI5TS4 ,!Y >GU$ ?AT !Y W]E NOT 9VOLV$ 9 A CRIM9AL CONSPIRACY4 ,!Y BELIEV$ !IR ACTS TO BE LEGAL1 = REASONS :I* W]E SKET*$ 9 ! 0,CALL TO ,RESI/10 & :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 ELABORAT$ 9 FUR!R TE/IMONY HAD ! C\RT NOT RUL$ FUR!R FACTUAL & LEGAL >GUM5TS ( ?IS SORT 9ADMISSIBLE4 ,! DEF5DANTS EMPHASIZ$ ?AT !Y W]E TRY+ TO F9D A WAY ( DEMON/RAT+ !IR OPPOSITION TO ! W> & !IR SUPPORT = ! Y\NG M5 :O1 RI<TLY 9 !IR OP9ION1 HAD DECID$ TO REFUSE 9DUCTION OR EV5 TO DISSOCIATE !MSELVES FROM ! ,SELECTIVE ,S]VICE ,SY/EM SO LONG AS ! W> CONT9U$4 ,NOT ONLY W]E ! RELATIONS AMONG ! DEF5DANTS CASUAL1 ! DEF5SE SUGGE/$1 BUT1 F> FROM BE+ CONSPIRATORIAL & PLANN$1 !IR 5T]PRISES W]E DISORGANIZ$ & NOT REM>KABLY SUCCESSFUL4 ,SEP>ATELY EA* DEF5DANT EXPLA9$ HIS PRES5CE OR ABS5CE AT ! P>TICUL> PRESS CONF]5CE OR PUBLIC MEET+ DESCRIB$ 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T'S 9DICTM5T4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT ! DEF5DANTS' HONE/ EF=TS TO CL>IFY ! FACTS W]E US$ BY ! PROSECUTOR TO DISCR$IT !IR MOTIVES4 ,BECAUSE ! DEF5DANTS C\LD NOT TRU?FULLY CLAIM RESPONSIBILITY = 0CONSPIR+0 TO >RANGE ALL1 & 9 SOME CASES ANY1 ( ! EV5TS 9 ! 9DICTM5T1 !Y APPE>$ TO BE D5Y+ !IR EFFECTIV5ESS AS RESI/]S TO ! W>4 

,A SIMIL> PROBLEM >OSE 9 ! DEF5DANTS' ATTEMPTS TO MAKE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 URG+ Y\NG M5 TO RESI/ 9DUCTION OR TO RETURN !IR DRAFT C>DS1 ON ! ONE H&1 &1 ON ! O!R1 5C\RAG+ OR SUPPORT+ ?OSE :O HAD MADE ?IS DECISION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JUDGE ,=D'S *>GE TO ! JURY1 ! DI/9CTION IS IMMAT]IAL TO ! PRES5T CASE4 ,H[EV] ?IS MAY BE1 ! DI/9CTION IS SURELY A MEAN+FUL ONE :I* RAISES PA9FUL QUE/IONS = ANY P]SON ( CONSCI5CE4 ,DOES ONE HAVE ! MORAL RI<T TO URGE M5 TO RESI/ 9DUCTION & TO FACE ! HEAVY P5ALTIES = ?IS ACT8 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IS IT PROP] TO REFRA9 FROM ! EF=T TO 5C\RAGE Y\NG M5 NOT TO KILL !IR FELL[S & FACE DEA? !MSELVES 9 A S5SELESS W>8 ,SOME ( ! DEF5DANTS *OSE TO DEF9E !IR MORAL POSITIONS ACCORD+ TO !SE QUE/IONS4 ,SOME ( !M >GU$ FUR!R1 AS WE W\LD1 ?AT !SE QUE/IONS >E MISPLAC$4 ,MO/ Y\NG M5 DO NOT AWAIT ! URG+ ( !IR ELD]S BE=E UND]TAK+ RESI/ANCE4 ,ONCE AGA91 H[EV]1 ! PROSECUTOR US$ AGA9/ ! DEF5DANTS !IR' [N HONE/ & REASONABLE D\BTS4 ,IF !IR SUPPORT = RESI/]S REALLY DID 5C\RAGE M5 TO REFUSE ! DRAFT1 !N !Y W]E GUILTY ( 9CIT+ Y\NG M5 TO VIOLATE ! LAW & GO TO PRISON2 OR1 IF !IR /ATEM5TS W]E 9EFFECTIVE 9 EXT5D+ RESI/ANCE1 !N !IR :OLE 5T]PRISE WAS A PUBLIC RELATIONS GAMBIT & A %AM4 ,:ILE ! DI/9CTION WAS F9ALLY RUL$ IMMAT]IAL BY ! C\RT1 IT WAS L>GELY LO/ ON ! PRESS1 :O TREAT$ ! DEF5DANTS AS ?\< !Y W]E TRY+ TO 0COP \T0 ( !IR RESPONSIBILITY = DRAFT RESI/ANCE4 

,9 FACT1 IT %\LD BE OBVI\S ?AT IF ANYONE WANT$ TO P]SUADE Y\NG M5 TO RESI/1 HE W\LD NOT URGE !M TO DO SO1 = ONLY ! M5TALLY UNBALANC$ W\LD RESPOND TO SU* A PLEA4 ,HE W\LD1 RA!R1 PRES5T TO !M AN ACC\NT ( :AT HE TOOK TO BE ! OBJECTIVE SITUATION4 ,HE W\LD DESCRIBE ! ORIG9S & ! NATURE ( ! W>4 ,:AT HAS L$ Y\NG M5 TO RESI/ IS UNQUE/IONABLY ! 9=MATION PRES5T$ 9 ! PRESS & ON TELEVISION1 9 BOOKS1 LECTURES1 TEA*-9S1 & DISCUSSIONS ON & (F CAMPUS DUR+ ! PA/ ?REE YE>S4 ,?OSE :O HAVE 0P]SUAD$0 Y\NG M5 TO RESI/ -- :E!R 9T5TIONALLY OR NOT -- >E ?OSE :O HAVE BR\<T =? EVID5CE REG>D+ ! HI/ORY & *>ACT] ( ! ,AM]ICAN W> 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,IF ! GOV]NM5T WI%ES TO PUT A /OP TO ! SUB/ANTIVE ACT ( 0P]SUAD+ Y\NG M5 TO RESI/10 IT HAS ONLY ONE REC\RSE3 IT MU/ BLOCK ! FL[ ( 9=MATION & PREV5T DISCUSSION ( SU* 9=MATION AS REA*ES ! PUBLIC4 ,?IS IS AT ! HE>T ( ! ISSUE ( 05C\RAG+ RESI/ANCE40 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CONDUCT A BRUTAL W> ( AGGRESSION 9 ! NAME ( AN 5LI<T5$ & 9=M$ CITIZ5RY2 EI!R ! W> MU/ BE T]M9AT$1 OR DEMOCRATIC RI<TS1 9CLUD+ ! RI<T TO 9=MATION & FREE DISCUSSION1 MU/ BE RE/RICT$4 ,?IS IS TRUE NOT ONLY ( ! W> 9 ,VIETNAM1 BUT ALSO ( ! USE ( ,AM]ICAN =CE TO 9T]V5E 9 ! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( O!R C\NTRIES4 ,?IS IS ONE FUNDAM5TAL ASPECT ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y ,AM]ICAN CRISIS4 ,IT WILL P]SI/ NO MATT] :AT ! C\RTS DECIDE 9 ! ,BO/ON CONSPIRACY CASE OR 9 ! CASES ( ! HUNDR$S ( RESI/]S :O >E RECEIV+ HEAVY S5T5CES = !IR CONSCI5TI\S REFUSAL TO BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 :AT !Y REG>D AS W> CRIMES & O!R ILLEGITIMATE ACTS ( A GOV]NM5T B5T ON GLOBAL REPRESSION4 

,JUDGE ,=D'S C>EFUL EXPLANATION ( ! 9DICTM5T 9 HIS *>GE TO ! JURY ILLU/RATES V]Y CLE>LY H[ DANG]\S A ?REAT TO CIVIL LIB]TIES ! CONCEPT ( 0CONSPIRACY0 CAN BE1 IF ! GOV]NM5T *OOSES TO MAKE USE ( IT4 ,JUDGE ,=D *>G$ ! JURY TO DET]M9E :E!R IT HAD BE5 PROV5 0?AT ! DEF5DANTS HAD ACTUAL KN[L$GE ( ! ALLEG$ CONSPIRACY & ITS ILLEGAL PURPOSE10 & JO9$ ! CONSPIRACY 0) KN[L$GE IT WAS PROHIBIT$ BY LAW & ) A SPECIFIC 9T5T TO VIOLATE ! LAW40 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE 9/RUCT$ ! JURY ?AT ! BELIEFS ( ! DEF5DANTS ) REG>D TO ! LEGALITY ( ! W> OR ! CON/ITUTIONALITY ( ! ,SELECTIVE ,S]VICE ,ACT 0MU/ NOT BE CONSID]$ BY Y\ 9 DET]M9+ ! GUILT OR NON-GUILT ( ! DEF5DANTS40 ,H5CE )\T CONSID]+ !IR BELIEFS AS TO ! LEGALITY ( !IR ACTIONS1 ! JURY WAS TO DET]M9E :E!R ! DEF5DANTS W]E KN[+LY VIOLAT+ ! LAW4 ,! ASSUMPTION IS ?AT ! DEF5DANTS KNEW !Y W]E VIOLAT+ ! ,SELECTIVE ,S]VICE ,/ATUTE2 IT IS IMMAT]IAL ?AT ! DEF5DANTS FELT !Y W]E LEGALLY JU/IFI$ 9 DO+ SO1 :5 LEGAL OBLIGATIONS >E CONSID]$ 9 A BROAD] CONTEXT :I* ACCOMMODATES ! ISSUE ( ! W>'S LEGALITY4.<#b.> 

,JUDGE ,=D W5T ON TO EXPLA9 0SPECIFIC 9T5T0 AS FOLL[S3 0,A P]SON ORD9>ILY 9T5DS1 UNTIL \TWEI<$ BY EVID5CE TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! NATURAL & PROBABLE CONSEQU5CES ( ACTS KN[+LY DONE BY HIM4 ,HE 9T5DS ! CONSEQU5CES :I* ONE POSSESS+ HIS KN[L$GE KNEW OR HAD REASON TO KN[ W\LD RESULT FROM HIS ACTS KN[+LY DONE40 ,CONSID] ! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS 9/RUCTION IF WE CON/RUE IT LIT]ALLY4 ,SUPPOSE ?AT WE W]E TO WRITE A JO9T >TICLE PRES5T+ FACTUAL & LEGAL GR\NDS = OPPOS+ ! W>4 ,A NATURAL & PROBABLE CONSEQU5CE IS ?AT READ]S ( ! >TICLE1 W]E IT =CEFUL & P]SUASIVE1 W\LD DECIDE TO REFUSE COMPLICITY 9 ! W> EF=T1 W\LD 9 P>TICUL> REFUSE TO S]VE 9 ! >M$ =CES :ILE ! W> IS 9 PROGRESS4 ,PRESUMABLY1 !N1 WE C\LD BE *>G$ ) CRIM9AL CONSPIRACY1 UND] ! T]MS ( ,JUDGE ,=D'S *>GE4 ,9 ANY EV5T1 IT IS CLE> ?AT A CITIZ5 :O IS CONC]N$ TO AVOID PROSECUTION W\LD DO WELL TO KEEP SIL5T & REMA9 ISOLAT$4 

,9 FACT1 ! >BITR>9ESS ( ! JURY'S V]DICT ILLU/RATES CLE>LY ! S5SE 9 :I* CIVIL LIB]TIES >E ?REAT5$ BY ! ,GOV]NM5T'S ACTION4 ,9 :AT RESPECT WAS ,DR4 ,SPOCK1 = EXAMPLE1 MORE 9VOLV$ 9 A 0CRIM9AL CONSPIRACY0 ?AN ,M>CUS ,RASK91 ! SOLE DEF5DANT ACQUITT$8 ,BO? M5 HAD EXPRESS$ !IR VIEWS ON V>I\S PUBLIC OCCASIONS1 & HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 PUBLIC ACTIONS UND]TAK5 TO DEMON/RATE OPPOSITION TO ! W> & SUPPORT = RESI/ANCE4 ,!IR 9VOLVEM5T WAS DIFF]5T1 BUT NOT 9 WAYS ?AT GIVE ! CONC]N$ CITIZ5 ANY GUIDE AS TO :AT ACTIONS ON HIS P>T WILL BE VIEW$ BY ! C\RTS AS CRIM9AL4 ,! CITIZ5 :O USES ?IS TRIAL AS A GUIDE TO CONDUCT WILL SIMPLY HAVE TO AVOID ALL PUBLIC ACTS UND]TAK5 JO9TLY ) O!RS :O %>E HIS VIEWS IF HE DOES NOT WI% TO RISK PROSECUTION4 ,?IS IS SURELY ! LESSON ?AT FOLL[S FROM ! WEAKNESS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T'S CASE & ! >BITR>9ESS ( ! V]DICT2 IF WE RELY ON ,JUDGE ,=D'S 9/RUCTIONS CIT$ ABOVE1 WE CAN CONCLUDE ?AT IT WAS ! 0SPECIFIC 9T5T0 ( ! ,GOV]NM5T TO E/ABLI% ?IS PO9T1 S9CE IT IS A 0NATURAL & PROBABLE CONSEQU5CE0 ( ! DECISION TO PROSECUTE4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 A S\ND CONCLUSION ?AT ! 9ITIAL 9DICTM5T & ! WILL+NESS ( ! C\RT TO HE> ! CASE !MSELVES CON/ITUTE A SEV]E ATTACK ON FRE$OM ( SPEE* & ASSEMBLY4 ,IT %\LD BE NO SURPRISE ?AT A GOV]NM5T 5GAG$ 9 AGGRESSIVE W> %\LD BE IMPELL$ TO ATTACK ! CIVIL LIB]TIES ( ITS [N CITIZ5S4 ,WE EMPHASIZE AGA9 :AT APPE>S TO US TO BE A C5TRAL ISSUE 9 ?IS CASE3 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CONDUCT A BRUTAL W> ( AGGRESSION 9 ! NAME ( AN 5LI<T5$ & 9=M$ CITIZ5RY4 ,:ATEV] HAPP5S 9 ,VIETNAM1 A NATIONAL COMMITM5T TO GLOBAL REPRESSION C>RIES ) IT ! NECESSITY = DRA/IC LIMITATIONS ON ! RI<TS ( ,AM]ICAN CITIZ5S AS WELL4 ,! ,BO/ON TRIAL IS ONE FUR!R /EP 9 ?IS V]Y NATURAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,9 O!R & /ILL MORE IMPORTANT RESPECTS ! ,BO/ON TRIAL ILLU/RATES ! FAILURE ( \R 9/ITUTIONS TO FUNCTION PROP]LY4 ,NO ONE HAS F\ND A WAY TO RE/RA9 ,AM]ICAN P[]1 :I* ?REAT5S WORLD PEACE & ! RI<T ( SMALL NATIONS TO BE FREE FROM EXT]NALLY DIRECT$ SUBV]SION OR IMP]IAL DOM9ATION4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ! C\RTS REFUSE TO UND]TAKE ?IS RISK1 = UND]/&ABLE REASONS1 ?US )HOLD+ ! PROTECTION ( ! LAW FROM ?OSE :O RESI/4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT OPPOSITION TO ! ,VIETNAM W> HAS GR[N 5ORM\SLY 9 REC5T MON?S1 BUT WE MU/ FACE ! FACT ?AT ?IS IS PRIM>ILY A RESPONSE TO ! CO/ ( ! W> & ! OBVI\S FAILURE ( ,AM]ICAN >MS4 ,TYPICAL IS ! REACTION ( ! ,L\ISIANA *APT] ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,LEGION1 :I* DESCRIBES ITSELF AS 0F$ UP0 ) ! ,VIETNAM W> BECAUSE 0!RE NO LONG] SEEMS TO BE ANY?+ TO BE GA9$ BY ?IS W>0 7,*RI/IAN ,SCI5CE ,MONITOR1 ,JULY #a74 ,EVID5TLY1 OPPOSITION TO ! W> ON SU* GR\NDS %[S ONLY ! FAILURE ( \R 9/ITUTIONS TO 5C\RAGE COMMON DEC5CY4 ,:5 ,AM]ICAN AGGRESSION IS SUCCESSFUL1 AS 9 ! ,DOM9ICAN ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#i#f#e1 PROTE/ IS QUICKLY /ILL$ DESPITE ! EVID5T VIOLATION ( \R 0SOLEMN COMMITM5TS40 ,:O TODAY IS DI/URB$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! ,O,A,S *>T] =BIDS ANY /ATE 0TO 9T]V5E1 DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 = ANY REASON :ATSOEV]1 9 ! 9T]NAL OR EXT]NAL AFFAIRS ( ANY O!R /ATE08 

,IF IT IS IDLE & DANG]\S TO TALK ( A 0PRE-REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION0 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES OR TO ACT AS ?\< SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS W]E COLLAPS+1 IT IS NO LESS A DI/ORTION TO MA9TA91 AS SOME DO1 ?AT \R DEMOCRATIC SY/EM HAS 0%[N ITS HEAL?0 BY REC5T POLITICAL EV5TS1 SPECIFICALLY1 BY ! ,PRESID5T'S ANN\NCEM5T ?AT HE WILL NOT SEEK REELECTION4 ,! FACTS >E ?AT ! ,JOHNSON ADM9I/RATION WAS FAC$ ) ! VIRTUAL COLLAPSE ( ITS W> POLICY2 ! ,TET (F5SIVE1 9 P>TICUL>1 EXPOS$ GOV]NM5T PROPAG&A AS ILLUSION OR DECEIT4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! C\NTRY IS ?REAT5$ ) A SEV]E F9ANCIAL CRISIS ( 9T]NATIONAL DIM5SIONS1 & ) GREAT UNRE/ & DISS5SION1 MU* ( IT TAK+ ! =M ( P]SONAL ANIMOSITY T[>D ! ,PRESID5T4 ,AS ,ALA9 ,CLEM5T PO9T$ \T REC5TLY 9 ,LE ,MONDE1 ! C\NTRY WAS BECOM+ UNGOV]NABLE4 ,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! ,PRESID5T ANN\NC$ ?AT HE W\LD NOT SEEK REELECTION4 ,IF ?IS DECISION DEMON/RATES ! HEAL? & VIABILITY ( \R DEMOCRATIC SY/EM1 !N CONSID] H[ MU* MORE HEAL?Y WAS ! POLITICAL SY/EM ( FASCI/ ,JAPAN ?IRTY YE>S AGO1 :5 CAB9ET AFT] CAB9ET FELL UND] NOT DISSIMIL> CONDITIONS4 ,9 FACT1 P>LIAM5T>Y 9/ITUTIONS >E FAC+ A S]I\S CRISIS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 & ANY /&>DS BY :I* !Y CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS HEAL?Y >E S]I\SLY DEFECTIVE4 

,IF1 AS APPE>S LIKELY1 ! POLITICAL CONV5TIONS REFUSE TO GIVE MORE ?AN TOK5 EXPRESSION TO ! DESIRE = AN 5D TO ! W> ?AT IS REVEAL$ BY ! POLLS & ! PRIM>IES1 !N ?IS WILL M]ELY ILLU/RATE1 ONCE AGA91 ! CRISIS ( P>LIAM5T>Y 9/ITUTIONS4 ,BUT ! REAL CRISIS IS F> DEEP]4 ,EV5 IF ! PROBLEMS ( W> & PEACE W]E PRES5T$ TO ! ELECTORATE -- AS 9 #aifd -- !RE IS NO REASON TO ASSUME ?AT ! V]DICT ( ! POLLS W\LD HAVE A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT UPON POLICY4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T WILL ACT1 AS H]ET(ORE1 ON ! BASIS ( POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & IDEOLOGICAL CONSID]ATIONS ?AT HAVE LITTLE RELATION TO ! ELECTORAL PROCESS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT %\LD BE /RESS$ AGA9 ?AT ! MA9 S\RCES ( POPUL> OPPOSITION TO ! W> -- ITS CO/ & ! OBVI\S FAILURE ( ,AM]ICAN >MS -- DEMON/RATE ) BRUTAL CL>ITY ?AT ! CRISIS ( ,AM]ICAN 9/ITUTIONS & CULTURAL VALUES IS SEV]E4 

,IT IS ALSO IRRELEVANT TO >GUE ?AT ! SL[ WORK+S ( ! DEMOCRATIC PROCESS P]MIT ! EXPOSURE ( ,GOV]NM5T DECEIT1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! ,TONK9 ,BAY 9CID5T4 ,NO D\BT ,CONGRESS N[ REALIZES ?AT IT WAS HOODW9K$ :5 IT PASS$ ! ,TONK9 ,BAY RESOLUTION1 BUT ?IS RECOGNITION WILL NOT RE/ORE ! DEVA/AT$ CITIES & C\NTRYSIDE ( ,VIETNAM OR RETURN ! MILLIONS ( REFUGEES TO !IR HOMES1 NOR WILL IT GIVE BACK ! LIVES ( ! ?\S&S ( VICTIMS ( ! ,AM]ICAN KILL+-MA*9E ?AT WAS TURN$ LOOSE 9 ,VIETNAM ) ,CONGRESSIONAL AU?ORIZATION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ) HALF A MILLION ,AM]ICAN TROOPS S]V+ AS A VIRTUAL >MY ( OCCUPATION 9 ,VIETNAM1 ,CONGRESS CANNOT 0)DRAW0 ITS AU?ORIZATION TO CONDUCT ! W> ANY MORE ?AN ! C\RTS CAN CONDEMN ! W> AS ILLEGAL1 BECAUSE ( ! DOME/IC CONSEQU5CES4 

,SIMIL>LY1 IT W\LD BE ABSURD TO >GUE ?AT ,AM]ICAN DEMOCRACY IS HEAL?Y & FUNCTION+ BECAUSE ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE1 9 PR9CIPLE1 >E FREE TO VOTE AN 5D TO ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y ACTION 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,NOT ONE P]SON 9 A MILLION IS AW>E ( ! OP]ATIONS ( ! ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y 9 ?AT >EA4 ,IT IS VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO DISCOV] ! FACTS4 ,EV5 :AT SEEPS ?R\< TO ! WORLD PRESS IS (T5 SUPPRESS$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,TO ILLU/RATE1 LET US GIVE ONE RA!R /RIK+ EXAMPLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! DI/+UI%$ ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN CORRESPOND5T ( ,LE ,MONDE1 ,M>CEL ,NI$]GANG1 ,VICE ,PRESID5T ,M>ROQU9 ,ROJAS ( ,GUATEMALA /AT$ ?AT 0,AM]ICAN PLANES BAS$ 9 ,PANAMA TAKE P>T 9 MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS 9 ,GUATEMALA & RETURN DIRECTLY TO !IR BASES )\T L&+4444 ,NAPALM IS FREQU5TLY US$ 9 >EAS SUSPECT$ ( S]V+ AS REFUGE TO REBELS0 7,LE ,MONDE HEBDOMADAIRE1 ,JANU>Y #a#h-#b#d1 #a#i#f#h74 ,OBVI\SLY ?IS NEWS IS 0FIT TO PR9T0 -- 9 FACT1 S5SATIONAL -- EV5 IF ! /ATEM5T C\LD BE %[N TO BE 9ACCURATE1 :I* !RE IS NOT ! SLI<TE/ REASON TO SUSPECT4 ,?IS NEWS HAS BE5 BR\<T TO ! ATT5TION ( MAJOR ,AM]ICAN NEWSPAP]S1 BUT WE HAVE YET TO SEE IT 9 PR9T4 ,MANY SIMIL> EXAMPLES C\LD BE CIT$4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 IT IS MEAN+LESS TO TALK ( 0DEMOCRATIC RI<TS40 

,! D5SITY ( NEWS COV]AGE ( ,VIETNAM HAS BE5 SO GREAT ?AT FEW CAN BE UNAW>E ( ! SICK5+ REALITY 9 A G5]AL WAY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! PRESS GIVES NO?+ LIKE AN ACCURATE PICTURE ( ONGO+ EV5TS4 ,! PUBLIC IS CON/ANTLY MISL$ & IS 9 NO POSITION TO REACT 9TELLIG5TLY TO CRUCIAL DECISIONS AS !Y >E ANN\NC$ OR IMPLEM5T$4 ,?US FEW ,AM]ICANS >E AW>E ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN BOMB+ ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM HAS 9CREAS$ SUB/ANTIALLY S9CE ! ,PRESID5T'S ANN\NCEM5T ( 0UNILAT]AL RE/RA9T0 ON ,M>* #c#a1 AS FEW >E AW>E ( ! ,AM]ICAN ESCALATION ( ! W> 9 ! ,S\?4 ,NEWS COV]AGE ( CRITICAL >EAS & ISSUES IS SLI<T & MISLEAD+4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,M>C ,RIB\D REPORT$ ON ,APRIL #ac 9 ,LE ,MONDE ?AT 9 T5 DAYS ?AT HE SP5T 9 ,HUE1 HE MET ONLY TWO REPORT]S--BO? ,JAPANESE -- \T ( ! #die CORRESPOND5TS 9 ,VIETNAM1 AT A P]IOD :5 EV5TS 9 ,HUE W]E HI<LY NEWSWOR?Y4 ,READ]S ( ?IS J\RNAL N[ KN[ ( ! ,U,S NAPALM & ROCKET ATTACKS ON ,SAIGON SUBURBS ?AT HAVE DRIV5 #a1 PEOPLE TO TAKE REFUGE 9 ! ,BUDDHI/ ,S*OOL ( ,Y\? = ,SOCIAL ,S]VICE 7SEE 0,LETT]S10 ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW1 ,AUGU/ #a71 BUT IT CAN H>DLY BE CLAIM$ ?AT ?IS C\NTS AS 0ACCESS TO 9=MATION40 ,9 ! REPORTS ( ! ,VIETNAM ,$UCATION ,PROJECT ( ! ,ME?ODI/ ,*UR* 7/AFF$ BY RETURN$ WORK]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,VOLUNT>Y ,S]VICES71 ONE CAN READ ( ! ATTACKS BY ,AM]ICAN AIRCRAFT & TANK-SUPPORT$ ,>,V,N SOLDI]S ON UNDEF5D$ VILLAGES NE> ,DANANG JU/ BE=E ,EA/] -- N9ETY P]C5T ( ! H\SES W]E DE/ROY$ 9 A VILLAGE ( #c PEOPLE1 9 :I* NOT ONE ,N,L,F SOLDI] WAS KILL$ OR CAPTUR$ 7VOL4 #a1 NO4 #b1 ,JUNE #a#i#f#h2 ! REPORT IS FROM AN ,I,V,S WORK] 9 ! FIELD74 ,AGA91 ?IS NEWS IS NOT AVAILABLE TO ! ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC4 ,EV5 :]E ! FACTS >E REVEAL$1 !IR =M IS SU* AS TO DECEIVE ! C>ELESS READ]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,G5E ,ROB]TS REPORTS FROM ,BAOTRI1 ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 9 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,JUNE #be ?AT 0EA* TIME ! 5EMY T]RORIZES ,SAIGON ) A GR\ND ATTACK1 HE MU/ T]RORIZE ,HAUN<IA TWICE -- ONCE :5 HE MOVES T[>D ! CAPITAL & AGA9 :5 HE RETREATS FROM IT40 ,! DISPAT* IS HEADL9$3 0,E,A,* ,A,T,T,A,C,K ,O,N ,S,A,I,G,O,N ,B,R,+,S ,D,\,B,L,E ,T,],R,O,R ,T,O ,A ,N,E,>,B,Y ,>,E,A40 ,READ+ ON1 WE DISCOV] H[ 0! 5EMY T]RORIZES ,HAUN<IA03 

,AS ONE FLIES 9TO ! PROV9CE444VA/ EXPANSES ( DESOLATION >E SE54 ,ONLY A FEW MON?S AGO1 ! SOIL PRODUC$ BUMP] RICE CROPS4 ,N[1 CRAT]S >E EV]Y:]E1 ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,AIR ,=CE ,B-#e#b BOMB]S HAVE DROPP$ AS MANY AS ONE-&-A-HALF-MILLION P\NDS ( BOMBS ON ! PROV9CE 9 A S+LE NI<T 9 AN ATTEMPT TO KEEP ! 5EMY \T ( ,SAIGON4 ,>TILL]Y IS HE>D >\ND ! CLOCK FROM SEV]AL ALLI$ 0FIRE-SUPPORT >EAS40 

,! CONCLUSION CAN ONLY BE ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN PUBLIC IS 9 NO POSITION TO EX]CISE A MEAN+FUL VOTE1 EV5 :]E ! POLITICAL SY/EM P]MITS ISSUES TO BE PUBLICLY RAIS$4 ,:AT IS MORE1 SO N>R[ & P]V]SE IS ! SY/EM ( BELIEF 9 :I* ,AM]ICANS HAVE BE5 9DOCTR9AT$ ?AT EV5 ! MO/ OBJECTIVE & ACCURATE REPORT+ IS UNLIKELY TO ELICIT A CIVILIZ$ RESPONSE4 ,IT IS S5SELESS1 UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 TO SPEAK ( ! 0DEMOCRATIC PROCESS10 AS IT IS S5SELESS TO SPEAK ( 0A GOV]NM5T ( LAWS0 :5 9 FACT ! GOV]NM5T IS NOT ACC\NTABLE BE=E ! LAW4 

,9 %ORT1 WE >E =C$ TO CONSID] ! PROBLEMS ( LEGALITY & RESI/ANCE 9 ! CONTEXT ( A 0DEMOCRATIC SY/EM0 ?AT IS HI<LY FLAW$4 ,IT IS NOT TRUE ?AT ! POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS >E FAC+ COLLAPSE OR ?AT ! C\RTS >E M]ELY S]V+ AS AN 9/RUM5T ( TYRANNY & REPRESSION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !SE 9/ITUTIONS >E NOT FUNCTION+ 9 AN ACCEPTABLE FA%ION1 JU/ AS ! MASS M$IA >E NOT FULFILL+ !IR FUNCTION :5 ! RANGE ( OP9ION !Y EXPRESS IS SO N>R[ & 9=MATION IS SO HEAVILY CONTROLL$4 ,! OBJECTIVE CIRCUM/ANCES DO NOT W>RANT A REFUSAL TO TAKE P>T 9 ! JUDICIAL OR POLITICAL PROCESS2 NOR DO !Y JU/IFY A WILL+NESS TO ACCEPT AS MEAN+FUL ! V]DICT ( ! C\RTS OR ( ! BALLOT4 ,! SITUATION IS AMBIGU\S & ! PROBLEMS ( ACT+ RESPONSIBLY >E FRU/RAT+4 ,MOREOV]1 ! MOVEM5TS = SOCIAL *ANGE DO NOT YET PROVIDE GUIDEL9ES = 9DIVIDUAL DECISION OR ACTION4 

,!SE DIFFICULTIES NO D\BT BORE HEAVILY ON ! DEF5DANTS 9 ! ,BO/ON CASE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 !IR RELATION%IP TO ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T4 ,IT HAS BE5 >GU$1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ! DEF5DANTS %\LD HAVE PRES5T$ A 0COLLECTIVE DEF5SE0 & %\LD NOT HAVE /RESS$ SO HEAVILY ! 9DIVIDUAL NATURE ( !IR ACTS4 ,?IS IS TO SAY1 9 EFFECT1 ?AT !Y %\LD HAVE VIEW$ !MSELVES AS P>T ( A 0MOVEM5T10 ) RESPONSIBILITIES EXT5D+ BEYOND !IR 9DIVIDUAL ROLES1 & SE5 !IR TRIAL AS AN EV5T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?AT MOVEM5T4 ,TO SOME EXT5T1 TO BE SURE1 !Y DID3 DUR+ ! MON?S BETWE5 ! 9DICTM5T & ! TRIAL1 MO/ ( ! DEF5DANTS CONT9U$ TO SPEAK PUBLICLY 9 !IR USUAL MANN]4 ,BUT TO SOME EXT5T1 AS WE HAVE SUGGE/$1 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! DEF5DANTS & ! 0MOVEM5T0 WAS 9HIBIT$ BY ! PROBLEM ( DEF5SE AGA9/ A *>GE ( CONSPIRACY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS UN=TUNATE ?AT ! DEF5SE DID NOT DO MORE TO MEET ! POLITICAL NE$S ( ! MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! W>1 P]HAPS BY HOLD+ PUBLIC 0=UMS0 EA* DAY ( ! TRIAL1 SO ?AT ?OSE WITNESSES 9TRODUC$ TO & DISMISS$ BY ! C\RT C\LD HAVE BE5 HE>D1 & SO ?AT ! DEF5DANTS C\LD SPEAK FREELY AB\T ! ISSUES AS !Y SAW !M4 

,BUT SURELY ! PRIM>Y LESSONS TO BE DRAWN FROM !SE DIFFICULTIES CONC]N ! PRES5T /ATE & FUTURE NE$S ( ! PEACE MOVEM5T4 ,! PEACE MOVEM5T IS1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 EXTRAORD9>ILY DIV]SE4 ,! DEF5DANTS !MSELVES1 ?\< UNIT$ 9 !IR G5]AL COMMITM5T TO RESI/ANCE1 W]E 9 FACT ASSOCIAT$ ) QUITE DIFF]5T ORGANIZATIONS &1 V]Y LIKELY1 DISAGREE AMONG !MSELVES ON MANY FUNDAM5TAL POLITICAL & MORAL ISSUES RELAT+ TO ! W> & ! DRAFT4 ,AMONG ?OSE OPPOS$ TO ! W>1 !RE IS CONSID]ABLE DIV]SITY ( OP9ION ) RESPECT TO RESI/ANCE AS A POLITICAL /RATEGY & ! =MS ?AT IT %\LD TAKE TO BE EFFECTIVE4 ,SU* QUE/IONS >ISE AT MANY LEVELS4 ,!Y REQUIRE S]I\S ?\<T4 

,9 G5]AL1 ! PROBLEMS ( RESI/ANCE >E P>TICUL>LY COMPLEX = ?OSE :O DO NOT F9D IT POSSIBLE TO ADOPT A POSITION ( REVOLUTION>Y DISDA9 = ,AM]ICAN SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT :O SEE BASIC & P]HAPS FATAL FLAWS 9 \R UNC]TA9 DEMOCRACY4 ,! PROBLEMS ?US >ISE = ?OSE :O SEE NO REALI/IC ALT]NATIVE1 = ! MOM5T1 TO ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD]1 BUT :O FEEL ?AT SUBMISSION TO ! 9/RUM5TS ( W> & REPRESSION W\LD BE GROTESQUE1 & OB$I5CE TO GOV]NM5T DICTATES DETE/ABLE4 ,IF ! W> %\LD BE CONT9UE 9 FULL 9T5SITY1 OR EV5 IF IT %\LD BE GRADUALLY PHAS$ \T DUR+ ! COM+ YE>S1 MANY ( !SE PEOPLE WILL FOLL[ TO ! C\RTROOM & TO PRISON ! HUNDR$S ( Y\NG M5 ALREADY S5T5C$4 ,!Y WILL DISCOV] H[ LIMIT+ & FRU/RAT+ ! C\RTROOM'S ELABORATE & ?REAT5+ DECORUM CAN BE4 ,!Y MAY DISCOV]1 TOO1 A C]TA9 9COMPATIBILITY BETWE5 ! EF=T TO W9 ACQUITTAL1 :I* MU/ (T5 BE PURSU$ ALONG AV5UES ( LEGAL TRIVIALITY1 & ! NE$ TO PRESS UNCEAS+LY = AN 5D TO ! W>4 

,! EVOLUTION ( LAW 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY MAKES IT POSSIBLE = SU* PEOPLE TO TAKE !IR /& 9 P>T ON LEGAL GR\NDS1 & !RE IS EV]Y REASON = !M TO DO SO4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS ,*>T]1 ! ,NUREMB]G ,PR9CIPLES1 & ! ,CON/ITUTION ITSELF1 H[EV] 9EFFECTIVE !Y MAY BE 9 CURB+ A P[]FUL & EXPANSIONI/ /ATE1 DO PROVIDE A FAIRLY REASONABLE FRAMEWORK )9 :I* ! CITIZ5 CAN SEEK TO DET]M9E HIS [N PROP] ROLE & RESPONSIBILITY4 ,& SO LONG AS !RE IS NO REALI/IC ALT]NATIVE TO ! PRES5T 9T]NATIONAL SY/EM1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO ACT 9 SU* A WAY AS TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! EVOLUTION ( MORE EFFECTIVE 9/ITUTIONS & MORE DEC5T PR9CIPLES ( 9T]NATIONAL BEHAVIOR1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !Y DO NOT GUIDE ! CONDUCT ( P[]FUL /ATES4 ,! ILLEGALITY ( ! ,AM]ICAN W> MAY BE SMALL COM=T TO ! ,VIETNAMESE1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 TO ! HUNDR$S ( ,AM]ICAN M5 :O >E D5I$ DUE PROCESS BY ! UNWILL+NESS ( ! C\RTS TO EXPLORE 9 A S]I\S WAY ! LEGAL BASIS = !IR RESI/ANCE4 ,CONSID]ATIONS ( LAW >E NOT ! ONLY ONES ?AT %\LD GUIDE ! CONDUCT ( ?OSE :O SEEK TO RE/RICT ! EX]CISE ( ,AM]ICAN P[]1 BUT !Y %\LD NOT BE AB&ON$ OR DISREG>D$4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ! BEHAVIOR ( ! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T IS ILLEGITIMATE )9 ! CON/ITUTIONAL T]MS ?AT IT =MALLY ACCEPTS4 ,IF ! C\RTS CANNOT DEAL ) !SE ISSUES1 !N O!R =UMS MU/ BE DEVELOP$ ?AT >E NOT SO LIMIT$ BY POLITICAL CON/RA9TS1 ?AT W\LD 9 ?IS S5SE BE MORE LEGITIMATE ?AN ! C\RTS1 EV5 ?\< !Y W\LD NOT COMM& ! K9D ( =CE ?AT IS AT ! CALL ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 

,9 RETROSPECT IT SEEMS TO US1 AS SUGGE/$1 SU* A =UM MI<T HAVE BE5 E/ABLI%$ \TSIDE ! ,BO/ON C\RTROOM4 ,! PROBLEMS ( COMPLICITY 9 W> CRIMES1 ( RESI/ANCE & CIVIL DISOB$I5CE1 ( LAW & CONSCI5CE1 MU/ BE FAC$ BY ! CITIZ51 :E!R OR NOT ! C\RTS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ?IS DISCUSSION4 ,!SE >E B\ND TO BE P]SI/+ ISSUES = ,AM]ICANS1 :E!R OR NOT !RE >E ADDITIONAL PROSECUTIONS4 ,9 ! FUTURE1 IT W\LD BE NATURAL = ,AM]ICAN UNIV]SITIES TO PROVIDE A =UM 9 :I* !SE QUE/IONS CAN BE CONSID]$4 

,! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS TASK IS UND]L9$ NOT ONLY BY ! ,BO/ON TRIAL1 BUT BY A S]IES ( /ATEM5TS CRITICAL ( ! PROTE/ MOVEM5TS 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD 9 :I* PRETRIAL MOTIONS W]E BE+ >GU$ 9 C\RT1 ! ,SOLICITOR-,G5]AL ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,]W9 ,GRISWOLD1 & ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,B> ,ASSOCIATION1 ,E>L ,F4 ,MORRIS1 SUGGE/$ A CONNECTION BETWE5 RIOT+ & LOOT+ 9 ! <ETTOS & ! 09DISCRIM9ATE0 CIVIL DISOB$I5CE ( M5 LIKE ,DR4 ,SPOCK4 ,MR4 ,GRISWOLD'S REM>KS 9 P>TICUL> RECEIV$ FAVORABLE $ITORIAL COMM5T1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES & ! ,WA%+TON ,PO/4 ,DUR+ ! S5T5C+ 9 ! ,BO/ON TRIAL1 ,JUDGE ,=D QUOT$ A REC5T POLITICAL BROADSIDE ON CIVIL DISOB$I5CE BY ,JU/ICE ,=TAS4.<#c.> ,UN=TUNATELY1 NEI!R ,MR4 ,GRISWOLD NOR ,JU/ICE ,=TAS -- NOR ! ,BO/ON CONSPIRACY TRIAL ITSELF -- PROVIDES A GUIDE TO CONDUCT = A P]SON :O TAKES ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( CITIZ5%IP S]I\SLY4 

,! LIMITS ( !SE P]SPECTIVES >E ILLU/RAT$ 9 A ?\<TFUL >TICLE ON CIVIL DISOB$I5CE BY ,*>LES ,WYZANSKI1 ,U,S ,DI/RICT ,JUDGE = ,MASSA*USETTS1 9 ,! ,ATLANTIC ,MON?LY1 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#f#h4 ,JUDGE ,WYZANSKI IS CONC]N$ ) ! DILEMMA ( ?OSE :O REG>D ,AM]ICAN ACTIONS 9 ,VIETNAM AS DEEPLY IMMORAL BUT :O >E REQUIR$ TO CONTRIBUTE TO !SE ACTIONS ?R\< PAYM5T ( W> TAXES OR MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,IF A P]SON W]E TO REFUSE SU* COMPLICITY1 HE W\LD BE GUILTY ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE1 :I*1 0BY DEF9ITION1 9VOLVES A DELIB]ATE & PUNI%ABLE BREA* ( A LEGAL DUTY10 UNLESS1 ( C\RSE1 ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT %\LD HOLD ?AT HE WAS NOT LEGALLY OBLIGAT$4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 HE 0W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 GUILTY ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE0 BUT 0W\LD M]ELY HAVE BE5 V9DICAT+ HIS CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS40 

,H[EV]1 AS ,JUDGE ,WYZANSKI PO9TS \T1 IT IS UNREASONABLE TO EXPECT ?AT ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT W\LD SO RULE 0AT LEA/ DUR+ ! CONT9UATION ( HO/ILITIES40 ,!RE=E1 0ONE :O CONT9UES WILLFULLY TO DISOBEY IS 5GAG$ 9 CIVIL DISOB$I5CE10 AS JU/ DEF9$4 ,! ONLY ISSUE1 !N1 IS ! CONFLICT BETWE5 LEGAL DUTY & A FELT MORAL OBLIGATION4 ,9 SU* A CONFLICT1 ,JUDGE ,WYZANSKI >GUES1 ! PRESUMPTION %\LD BE ?AT ! LAW IS TO BE OBEY$1 EV5 ?\< 0,!RE >E SITUATIONS :5 IT SEEMS PLA9LY MORAL = A MAN TO DISOBEY AN EVIL LAW PROMULGAT$ BY A GOV]NM5T :I* IS 5TIRELY LACK+ 9 E?ICAL *>ACT]40 ,A CASE 9 PO9T IS 0,! GANG/] /ATE OP]AT$ BY ! ,NAZIS40 0,BUT NO UNPREJUDIC$ OBS]V] IS LIKELY TO SEE ! ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T 9 ITS 9VOLVEM5T 9 ,VIETNAM AS 9 A PO/URE COMP>ABLE ) ?AT ( ! ,NAZI REGIME40 

,A FUR!R >GUM5T ( ,JUDGE ,WYZANSKI'S IS ?AT CIVIL DISOB$I5CE1 EV5 ) A SOLELY E?ICAL MOTIVE1 0WEAK5S ! FABRIC ( SOCIETY0 BY ! EXAMPLE ?AT IT SETS4 ,:AT IS MORE1 NO ONE CAN BE C]TA9 ?AT RESI/ANCE WILL ACCOMPLI% ITS AIMS ( BR++ ! W> TO AN 5D4 ,IT MI<T1 RA!R1 5C\RAGE ! GR[? ( DESPOTISM4 ,! VOICE ( REASON URGES ! RESI/] TO CONSID] :E!R HIS 0FI]CE PASSION444.<IS NOT.>444DANG]\SLY MIX$ ) VANITY1 SELF-RI<TE\SNESS1 & BL9DNESS TO POSSIBLE1 NAY PROBABLE1 CONSEQU5CES F> DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE S\<T40 ,ONLY ONE ) 09V9CIBLE 9SI<T0 %\LD CONTEMPLATE ! C\RSE ( RESI/ANCE4 ,ANYONE :O BELIEVES HE MAY POSSIBLY BE MI/AK5 %\LD REFRA9 FROM CONFRONT+ AU?ORITY 0UNTIL HE P]SONALLY IS FAC$ ) AN ORD] REQUIR+ HIM AS AN 9DIVIDUAL TO DO A WRONGFUL ACT10 FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( ,?OMAS ,MORE4 0,SU* RE/RA9T WILL 9 NO WAY RUN C\NT] TO ! RULES APPLI$ 9 ! JUDGM5T ( ! ,NUREMB]G ,TRIBUNAL10 :I* PUNI%$ ONLY ?OSE P]SONALLY 9VOLV$ 9 CRIMES1 NOT ?OSE :O W]E M]E P>TICIPANTS 9 AN AGGRESSIVE W>4 

,!SE >GUM5TS >E DIRECT$ TO ! MAN :O HAS NOT 5TIRELY 0LO/ CONFID5CE 9 ! 9TEGRITY ( HIS SOCIETY0 BUT :OSE DEEPE/ CONVICTIONS >E (F5D$ BY ! NATURE & CONDUCT ( ! W>1 ! MAN :O RECOGNIZES ! AMBIGUITIES DESCRIB$ ABOVE4 ,IT SEEMS TO US1 H[EV]1 ?AT ,JUDGE ,WYZANSKI'S >GUM5TS FALL %ORT ( MEET+ ! PROBLEMS FAC$ BY SU* A P]SON4 ,LET US GRANT ?AT ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT IS UNLIKELY TO DEAL ) ! QUE/ION ( ! LEGALITY ( ! W> & ! PROPRIETY ( RESI/ANCE TO IT 0AT LEA/ DUR+ ! CONT9UATION ( HO/ILITIES40 ,BUT ! CIT$ QUALIFICATION SUGGE/S AT ONCE :Y ?IS POSITION ( ! ,C\RT1 %\LD IT BE MA9TA9$1 IS H>DLY RELEVANT TO ! ISSUE AT H&4 ,IT IS NOT QUE/IONS ( LAW ?AT CON/RA9 ! ,C\RT 0DUR+ ! CONT9UATION ( HO/ILITIES0 BUT RA!R POLITICAL FACTORS1 CONSID]ATIONS ?AT RELATE ULTIMATELY TO ! DI/RIBUTION ( =CE 9 ! SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ALMO/ UNIMAG9ABLE ?AT ! ,C\RT W\LD DECL>E ILLEGAL ! DISPAT* ( HALF A MILLION TROOPS TO ,VIETNAM :ILE ?OSE TROOPS >E 5GAG$ 9 COMBAT1 NO MATT] :AT A LEGAL >GUM5T W\LD %[1 JU/ AS IT IS UNIMAG9ABLE ?AT ,CONGRESS W\LD )HOLD MILIT>Y APPROPRIATIONS UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 :ATEV] ! CONVICTIONS ( ITS MEMB]S MI<T BE ) REG>D TO ! W>4 ,SU* DECISIONS MI<T V]Y WELL LEAD TO ! 0DESPOTIC TYRANNY0 ?AT ,JUDGE ,WYZANSKI1 ALONG ) EV]Y O!R RATIONAL P]SON1 RI<TLY FE>S4 

,= JU/ !SE REASONS A CITIZ5 CANNOT RELY ON ! DECISION ( ! C\RTS TO DET]M9E :E!R RESI/ANCE IS A 0BREA* ( A LEGAL DUTY40 ,RA!R1 HE MI<T REASONABLY CONCLUDE ?AT ! NOTION 0LEGAL DUTY0 HAS LO/ ITS MEAN+ :5 ! ,GOV]NM5T VIOLATES ! LAW & DEM&S COMPLICITY & OB$I5CE1 :5 ! EXECUTIVE POSSESSES & USES ! P[] TO CON/RUCT SITUATIONS 9 :I* ,CONGRESS & ! C\RTS CAN NO LONG] FUNCTION 9 A C]TA9 DOMA94 ,9 %ORT1 IT DOES NOT FOLL[1 IT SEEMS1 ?AT 0ONE :O CONT9UES WILLFULLY TO DISOBEY IS 5GAG$ 9 CIVIL DISOB$I5CE0 -- I4E41 9 0A DELIB]ATE & PUNI%ABLE BREA* ( A LEGAL DUTY0 -- H[EV] ! C\RTS MAY RULE UND] ! CON/RA9TS ?AT LIMIT !IR ACTION4 ,IT IS NOT AT ALL CLE>1 !N1 ?AT ! ISSUE IS ONE ( A CONFLICT BETWE5 LEGAL DUTY & FELT MORAL OBLIGATION4 ,RA!R1 ! PROBLEM IS ! ILLEGITIMATE EX]CISE ( AU?ORITY1 :I* A CITIZ5 HAS BO? A LEGAL RI<T & A MORAL DUTY TO RESI/1 ?\< HE MU/ REALIZE ?AT ! JU/ICE ( HIS POSITION WILL BE ( LITTLE AVAIL4 

,H[EV]1 EV5 IF WE W]E TO GRANT ?AT ! CONFLICT IS ONE ( LEGAL DUTY & MORAL OBLIGATION1 ! >GUM5T AGA9/ RESI/ANCE IS NOT COMPELL+4 ,CONSID] FIR/ ! ANALOGY TO ,NAZI ,G]MANY ?AT ,JUDGE ,WYZANSKI REJECTS AS UN?9KABLE4 ,LET US GRANT ?AT NO UNPREJUDIC$ OBS]V] W\LD REG>D ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS COMP>ABLE TO 0! GANG/] /ATE OP]AT$ BY ! ,NAZIS0 SO F> AS ITS DOME/IC *>ACT] IS CONC]N$4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT ! ISSUE4 ,! ISSUE1 RA!R1 IS \R 9VOLVEM5T 9 ,VIETNAM1 & UNPLEASANT AS ?IS MAY BE TO RECOGNIZE1 A SUB/ANTIAL SEGM5T ( 9=M$ WORLD OP9ION DOES HOLD ?AT 9 ?IS RESPECT WE >E 09 A PO/URE COMP>ABLE ) ?AT ( ! ,NAZI REGIME40.<#d.> ,COMP>ISONS ) ,NAZI ,G]MANY EVOKE SU* <A/LY MEMORIES ?AT RATIONAL DISCUSSION BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE1 BUT SURELY WE CANNOT DESC5D TO ! /AGE ( B>B>ISM ?AT F9DS TOL]ABLE ANY?+ %ORT ( ! ,NAZI F9AL SOLUTION4 ,IT IS WELL TO RECALL ?AT ,JAPANESE LEAD]S TOO W]E CONVICT$ ( 0W> CRIMES10 & A /RONG CASE CAN BE MADE ?AT ,AM]ICAN AGGRESSION 9 ,ASIA TODAY IS AT LEA/ AS REPREH5SIBLE AS ?AT ( FASCI/ ,JAPAN4 ,?OSE :O FEEL ?AT DOME/IC RESI/ANCE TO ,JAPANESE AGGRESSION W\LD HAVE BE5 JU/IFI$ CAN QUITE PROP]LY COME TO ! SAME CONCLUSION ) RESPECT TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TODAY4 

,:AT ( ! >GUM5T ?AT CIVIL DISOB$I5CE1 EV5 :5 UND]TAK5 ) ! MO/ HONORABLE ( MOTIVES1 0WEAK5S ! FABRIC ( SOCIETY0 BY 5C\RAG+ O!RS TO DECIDE = !MSELVES :I* LAWS TO OBEY8 ,BUT BY ! SAME >GUM5T OB$I5CE TO IMMORAL DEM&S 5C\RAGES O!RS 9 ! SAME OB$I5CE1 &1 :AT IS WORSE1 WEAK5S /ILL FUR!R ! MU* TOO FEEBLE RE/RA9TS ON ! USE ( P[] BY AN AGGRESSIVE /ATE4 ,WE MU/ ASK1 !N1 :AT ! LESSON ( MOD]N HI/ORY TEA*ES4 ,:I* HAS PROV5 ! GREAT] DANG]1 ! REFUSAL ( CITIZ5S TO OBEY $ICTS ?AT !Y REG>D AS UNJU/1 OR ! USE ( /ATE P[] TO DE/ROY & OPPRESS :ILE OB$I5T MASSES DO !IR DUTY 9 SIL5CE8 ,IT IS CLE> :]E ?IS >GUM5T LEADS4 

,F9ALLY1 CONSID] ! ADVISABILITY ( CAUTION & RE/RA9T4 ,9 ESS5CE1 ,JUDGE ,WYZANSKI'S REM>KS SEEM WELL TAK51 BUT OV]/AT$4 ,! RESI/] %\LD S]I\SLY CONSID] HIS TRUE MOTIVES & ! PROBABLE CONSEQU5CES ( HIS ACTIONS = HIMSELF1 = ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY1 & = ! VICTIMS ( ,AM]ICAN =CE4 ,A =TIORI1 ONE :O TAKES P>T 9 ACTS ( VIOL5CE & AGGRESSION1 :E!R BY PAYM5T ( W> TAXES1 MILIT>Y S]VICE1 PR(ESSIONAL WORK1 OR M]ELY SIL5T ACQUIESC5CE %\LD ASK :E!R ?IS COMPLICITY WILL HELP TO BR+ A JU/ PEACE OR LEAD TO DESPOTISM1 & :E!R SU* PASSIVITY IS MOTIVAT$ BY FE> OR WILL+NESS TO TOL]ATE EVIL SO LONG AS IT IS REMOTE4 ,IF ONLY ONE ) 09V9CIBLE 9SI<T0 %\LD CONTEMPLATE RESI/ANCE1 !N :AT ( ?OSE :O CONTEMPLATE AN ACTIVE OR PASSIVE P>TICIPATION 9 ACTS ( W>8 ,9 FACT1 NO REASONABLE P]SON WILL WAIT = C]TA9TY BE=E HE DECIDES ON ACTION OR 9ACTION2 HE WILL RA!R TRY TO DET]M9E ! SITUATION AS WELL AS HE CAN ) NECESS>ILY P>TIAL 9=MATION1 ASSESS ! PROBABLE \TCOME ( HIS ACTION OR 9ACTION1 & TAKE ! C\RSE ?AT SEEMS MO/ LIKELY TO A*IEVE DESIR$ 5DS4 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO URGE CAUTION ONLY ON ! MAN :O SEEKS TO BR+ AN 5D TO VIOL5CE4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE :Y !RE %\LD BE ANY DISAGREEM5T AB\T ?IS4 

,! MODEL ( ,?OMAS ,MORE MAY BE APPROPRIATE = ! P]SON :OSE CONC]N IS ONLY TO MAKE SURE ?AT HE HIMSELF WILL NOT ACT 9 VIOLATION ( CONSCI5CE4 ,= HIM ! WISE/ C\RSE MAY BE TO REFRA9 FROM CONTE/+ AU?ORITY UNTIL ! LA/ MOM5T -- ?\< ! FATE ( ,?OMAS ,MORE SUGGE/S :AT LIES AHEAD = A P]SON :O WILL NOT ACT POLITICALLY TO COMBAT ! VIOL5CE ( ! /ATE4 ,JUDGE ,WYZANSKI IS SURELY RI<T 9 HOLD+ ?AT ?IS IS NOT A DI%ONORABLE C\RSE4 ,NOTICE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! ADVICE TO WAIT UNTIL P]SONALLY 0FAC$ ) AN ORD] REQUIR+ HIM AS AN 9DIVIDUAL TO DO A WRONGFUL ACT0 IS NOT RELEVANT TO ! TAXPAY] OR ! ,CONGRESSMAN VOT+ APPROPRIATIONS1 = HE IS FAC$ PRECISELY ) SU* A DEM&4 ,NOR IS IT REALI/IC TO URGE A Y\NG MAN TO AWAIT A SPECIFIC ILLEGAL ORD]4 ,A P]SON 9 COMBAT CANNOT BE EXPECT$ TO MAKE F9E JUDGM5TS AB\T :]E TO AIM HIS RIFLE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !RE IS EVID5CE ?AT M5 HAVE BE5 =C$ AGA9/ !IR WILL TO GO TO ,VIETNAM4 ,9 FACT1 ONLY A P]SON ( H]OIC *>ACT] CAN MAKE *OICES ONCE HE HAS SUBJECT$ HIMSELF TO MILIT>Y CONTROL1 & ! P5ALTIES = FREE *OICE >E !N 9COMP>ABLY MORE SEV]E ?AN 9 CIVILIAN LIFE4 ,WE HAVE NO IDEA :E!R ! LAW HAS ANY?+ TO SAY AB\T ! MATT]1 BUT SURELY REASON W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT A P]SON HAS A RI<T TO AVOID CIRCUM/ANCES UND] :I* HE IS LIKELY TO BE COMPELL$ TO C>RY \T AN ILLEGAL OR IMMORAL ACT4 ,IF SO1 REFUSAL ( 9DUCTION IS WELL-MOTIVAT$4 

,JUDGE ,WYZANSKI'S REF]5CE TO ,NUREMB]G SEEMS TOO N>R[4 ,TRUE1 ! ,NUREMB]G JUDGM5TS W]E LIMIT$ TO LEAD]S & DIRECT P>TICIPANTS 9 W> CRIMES1 & = ! P]SON :O IS CONC]N$ ONLY ) AVOID+ PUNI%M5T BY A 7PURELY HYPO!TICAL7 9T]NATIONAL TRIBUNAL ?IS W\LD BE A RELEVANT CONSID]ATION4 ,BUT A P]SON SEEK+ REASONABLE /&>DS ( BEHAVIOR WILL LOOK NOT TO ! JUDGM5TS !MSELVES BUT RA!R TO ! PR9CIPLES ON :I* !Y W]E BAS$1 AS A CITIZ5 SEEK+ TO OBEY ! LAW WILL ASK :AT ! LAW IS1 NOT M]ELY H[ IT IS 5=C$4 ,IF ! ,NUREMB]G ,PR9CIPLES >E REG>D$ AS HAV+ ! /ATUS ( LAW1 OR EV5 AS =MULAT+ REASONABLE /&>DS ( CONDUCT1 !N IT DOES NOT MATT] :E!R !Y W]E APPLI$ ONLY 9 A LIMIT$ WAY4 ,IT SEEMS TO US ?AT ! PLA9 MEAN+ ( !SE ,PR9CIPLES =BIDS ANY MANN] ( COMPLICITY 9 ! ,AM]ICAN W> 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,?IS IS NOT A LEGAL BUT PRIM>ILY A HI/ORICAL >GUM5T1 & IS SUBJECT TO ALL ( ! DIFFICULTIES ( EVALUAT+ CONFUS$ & ONLY P>TIALLY UND]/OOD FACTS ( CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! EVID5CE 9 FAVOR ( IT SEEMS OV]:ELM+4 ,:OEV] AGREES ) ?IS CONCLUSION WILL NOT LIMIT HIS ATT5TION TO ! ACTUAL JUDGM5TS AT ,NUREMB]G & ,TOKYO4 

,! PO9T IS AN IMPORTANT ONE4 ,! ,W> ,CRIMES ,TRIBUNALS CAN BE CRITICIZ$ AS A JUDGM5T ( VICTORS4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE :Y ! USE ( ATOMIC WEAPONS1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS LESS A W> CRIME ?AN ! ACTS ( ?OSE CONDEMN$ AT ,TOKYO4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS WAS ! POSITION ( ,JU/ICE ,PAL ( ,9DIA1 9 HIS DISS5T+ OP9ION AT ! ,TOKYO ,TRIBUNAL4 ,! ,JAPANESE C\RTS AS WELL HAVE HELD ?AT ! USE ( ! ATOM BOMB WAS A W> CRIME1.<#e.> H5CE PUNI%ABLE UND] 9T]NATIONAL LAW IF ANY SU* CRIME IS PUNI%ABLE4 ,ON SU* GR\NDS1 ONE MAY QUE/ION ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ,NUREMB]G & ,TOKYO ,TRIBUNALS4 ,BUT ! VALIDITY ( ! ,NUREMB]G ,PR9CIPLES AS A GUIDE TO CONDUCT IS NOT BR\<T 9TO QUE/ION BY ! 9EQUITIES ( ! ,TRIBUNALS4 ,EV5 IF ONE HOLDS ?AT ! ,TRIBUNALS EXACT$ V5GEANCE 9/EAD ( SEEK+ JU/ICE ONE CAN CONSI/5TLY >GUE ?AT ! ,NUREMB]G ,PR9CIPLES >E A /EP =W>D T[>D MORE CIVILIZ$ NORMS4 

,! MO/ S]I\S LIMITATION 9 ! ,?OMAS ,MORE ANALOGY IS ?AT IT DOES NOT BE> ON ! PROBLEM ( ! MAN :O IS NOT M]ELY CONC]N$ TO PROTECT HIMSELF FROM COMMITT+ AN IMMORAL ACT1 BUT :O FEELS ?AT HE MU/ WORK TO BR+ SU* ACTS TO AN 5D4 ,9DE$1 ! ORGANIZATION ( RESI/ANCE TO ! DRAFT GREW \T ( A MORE TRADITIONAL1 & F9ALLY N>R[1 CONC]N ?AT RELIGI\SLY MOTIVAT$ 0CONSCI5TI\S OBJECTORS0 HAVE SOME PROTECTION AGA9/ BE+ =C$ TO COMMIT ACTS !Y REG>D AS IMMORAL4 ,:]E AUTOCRATIC RULE IS TOO P[]FUL TO *ALL5GE1 AN 9DIVIDUAL MAY BE =C$ TO ! POSITION ( ,?OMAS ,MORE4 ,BUT PRECISELY BECAUSE WE DO NOT LIVE UND] DESPOTIC TYRANNY ?IS MODEL IS 9APPROPRIATE4 ,IT IS SURELY PROP] = CITIZ5S TO JO9 9 A CONC]T$ EF=T ( RESI/ANCE TO ! ILLEGITIMATE EX]CISE ( AU?ORITY IF !RE IS REASON TO SUPPOSE ?AT ?IS EF=T WILL CONTRIBUTE TO RE/RICT+ ! ABUSE ( P[]4 ,AT ?IS PO9T 5TIRELY NEW CONSID]ATIONS >ISE1 CONSID]ATIONS ( TACTICS & EFFECTIV5ESS4 ,!SE WE CANNOT TRY TO DISCUSS H]E1 EXCEPT TO SAY ?AT WE BELIEVE ?AT PROP]LY CONDUCT$ NONVIOL5T RESI/ANCE CAN CONTRIBUTE1 P]HAPS MORE SIGNIFICANTLY ?AN ANY O!R C\RSE ( ACTION OP5 TO US1 TO 5D+ ,AM]ICAN AGGRESSION 9 ,VIETNAM & =CEABLE 9T]V5TION 9 ! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( O!R SOCIETIES4 

,! 0,CALL TO ,RESI/ ,ILLEGITIMATE ,AU?ORITY0 FIGUR$ PROM95TLY 9 ! ,BO/ON CONSPIRACY TRIAL4 ,?IS DOCUM5T EXPRESSES ! VIEW ( ! SIGN]S ?AT 0EV]Y FREE MAN HAS A LEGAL RI<T & A MORAL DUTY TO EX]T EV]Y EF=T TO 5D ?IS W>1 TO AVOID COLLUSION ) IT1 & TO 5C\RAGE O!RS TO DO ! SAME40 ,TO DEF9E ! EXT5T ( ?IS LEGAL RI<T & MORAL DUTY IS A TASK ( FUNDAM5TAL IMPORTANCE = ! CITIZ5 ( A /ATE ?AT SEES ITSELF AS AN 9T]NATIONAL JUDGE & EXECUTION]4 

,9 ! ,BO/ON ,TRIAL1 ! PROSECUTION CIT$ ONLY ACTS ?AT EXPRESS$ A DEF9ITE CONVICTION AB\T ! EXT5T ( ?IS LEGAL RI<T & MORAL DUTY4 ,!SE ACTS W]E QUITE PUBLIC2 9 FACT1 !Y W]E C>RI$ \T 9 AN EF=T TO GA9 PUBLICITY = C]TA9 VIEWS4 ,! DEF5DANTS W]E NOT P]MITT$ TO DEVELOP !IR CASE AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T OR TO 9TRODUCE DETAIL$ TE/IMONY 9 SUPPORT ( !IR 9T]PRETATION ( !IR LEGAL RI<TS & MORAL DUTIES4 ,A CONSPIRACY *>GE IS A VAGUE ONE2 IT CAN BE A DANG]\S WEAPON 9 ! H&S ( A GOV]NM5T ?AT IS PRESS$ TO C>RY \T POLITICAL P]SECUTION :5 ! LEGITIMACY ( ITS USE ( AU?ORITY IS *ALL5G$4 ,= !SE REASONS1 ! ,BO/ON TRIAL CAN H>DLY FAIL TO BE AN IMPORTANT ONE4 

,F> MORE IMPORTANT1 ! DEF5DANTS W\LD ( C\RSE AGREE1 IS ! FATE ( ! HUNDR$S ( Y\NG M5 :O >E EX]CIS+ :AT !Y SEE AS ! LEGAL RI<T & MORAL DUTY ( RESI/ANCE TO ! ,AM]ICAN W>4 ,!SE M5 >E BE+ S5T5C$ TO HEAVY PRISON T]MS1 )\T PUBLICITY & ) NO HOPE ( APPEAL4 ,?\S&S MORE HAVE EXPRESS$ PUBLICLY !IR REFUSAL TO TAKE P>T 9 ! W>4 ,!SE M5 >E MAK+ ! MAXIMUM CONTRIBUTION TO BR++ ! W> TO AN 5D4 ,= ?IS !Y DES]VE ADMIRATION & GRATITUDE1 BUT MORE IMPORTANT1 ! FULLE/ MEASURE ( CONT9U$ SUPPORT4 

.<#a.> ,ONE ( ! IRONIES 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T'S PROSECUTION IS ?AT ! ,JU/ICE ,DEP>TM5T SEEMS TO HAVE DECID$ NOT TO TAKE M5 TO C\RT = NONPOSSESSION ITSELF1 BUT TO WAIT UNTIL !Y REFUSE 9DUCTION & PROSECUTE = ?AT VIOLATION4 ,9 EFFECT1 !N1 ! M5 9 ,BO/ON W]E BE+ TRI$ = BE+ ACCESSORIES TO A 0CRIME0 ! ,GOV]NM5T HAS FELT IT BE/ NOT TO PROSECUTE4 

.<#b.> ,DUR+ ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION>Y ,W> IT WAS >GU$ 9 ,BRITI% C\RTS ?AT ! JURY %\LD OV]RULE ! JUDGE'S 9/RUCTIONS & 0RECOGNIZE ! PROPRIETY ( :AT WE W\LD CALL CIVIL DISOB$I5CE0 ON ! P>T ( ,BRITI% OPPON5TS TO ! W> 7,JOSEPH ,L4 ,SAX1 ,! ,YALE ,REVIEW1 ,SUMM]1 #a#i#f#h74 ,AS ,SAX PO9TS \T1 ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! JURY %\LD HAVE ?IS RI<T WAS WRITT5 9TO LAW %ORTLY AFT]4 ,HE QUOTES ,LORD ,JOHN ,RUSSELL1 :O /ATES 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( ! ,5GLI% ,GOV]NM5T & ,CON/ITUTION ?AT ! EFFECT WAS TO P]MIT 0! V]DICT ( JURIES TO *ECK ! EXECUTION ( A CRUEL OR OPPRESSIVE LAW40 ,! RI<T ( JURY NULLIFICATION WAS ALSO ADVOCAT$ BY ,JOHN ,ADAMS1 :O SAID ( ! JUROR ?AT 0IT IS NOT ONLY HIS RI<T1 BUT HIS DUTY444TO F9D ! V]DICT ACCORD+ TO HIS [N BE/ UND]/&+1 JUDGM5T1 & CONSCI5CE1 ?\< 9 DIRECT OPPOSITION TO ! DIRECTION ( ! C\RT40 ,AS ,SAX CORRECTLY OBS]VES1 IT IS P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT ?AT ?IS RI<T BE E/ABLI%$ 9 CONNECTION ) POLITICAL TRIALS1 :I* *>ACT]I/ICALLY RAISE ! DI/9CTION 0BETWE5 ! CITIZ5'S OBLIGATION TO ! DEM&S ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :O HOLD PUBLIC (FICE AT A P>TICUL> TIME1 & TO ! PR9CIPLES UPON :I* HIS NATION WAS F\ND$40 ,SAX CONCLUDES3 0,?AT DI/9CTION WAS OP5LY RECOGNIZ$ & DEBAT$ 9 ,5GL& AT A TIME & 9 CIRCUM/ANCES TO :I* WE N[ LOOK BACK AS REPRES5TATIVE ( A GREAT MOM5T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 ,! CURR5T PROSECUTIONS AGA9/ W> RESI/]S POSE A SIMIL> *ALL5GE TO US40 

.<#c.> 0,CONC]N+ ,DISS5T & ,CIVIL ,DISOB$I5CE0 7,SIGNET ,BROADSIDE ,S]IES1 #a#i#f#h74 ,?IS ESSAY IS NOT S]I\S 5\< = EXT5D$ DISCUSSION4 ,AN 9DICATION ( ! LEVEL ( SOCIAL COMM5T>Y IS ,JU/ICE ,=TAS'S ASS]TION ?AT 0,NEGROES & ! Y\? G5]ATION444HAVE TRIGG]$ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION :I* HAS PROJECT$ ?IS NATION1 & P]HAPS ! WORLD1 TO A NEW PLATEAU 9 ! HUMAN ADV5TURE40 ,HE BELIEVES ?AT ?IS 0VA/ REVOLUTION444EV5 AS ( TODAY444IS ! MO/ PR(\ND & P]VASIVE REVOLUTION EV] A*IEV$ BY SUB/ANTIALLY PEACEFUL MEANS4 ,WE HAVE CONFESS$ ?AT AB\T TW5TY MILLION PEOPLE -- ,NEGROES -- HAVE BE5 D5I$ ! RI<TS & OPPORTUNITIES TO :I* !Y >E 5TITL$4 ,?IS NATIONAL ACKN[L$GM5T -- TYPICALLY ,AM]ICAN -- IS 9 ITSELF A REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5T40 

.<#d.> ,EV5 ! REF]5CES TO LEGAL ISSUES >E SURPRIS+4 ,?US ,JU/ICE ,=TAS SEEMS TO BELIEVE ?AT ! /ATE HAS A RI<T TO GO TO W> 0TO PREV5T ! SPREAD ( ATTEMPTS TO CONQU] O!R NATIONS ( ! WORLD BY \TSIDE-9SPIR$ & -AID$ SUBV]SION40 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ ?IS BELIEF CAN BE SQU>$ ) ! SUPREME LAW ( ! L&1 AS =MULAT$1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! ,U,N ,*>T]4 ,BUT ,JU/ICE ,=TAS DOES MAKE ONE /ATEM5T ( CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE1 ?AT 0\R =M ( LIFE DEP5DS UPON ! GOV]NM5T'S SUBORD9ATION TO LAW UND] ! ,CON/ITUTION40 ,HAD HE CONC]N$ HIMSELF ) ! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS REM>K1 HE MI<T HAVE WRITT5 A USEFUL ESSAY4 #d ,IT %\LD ALSO BE NO SECRET ?AT WORLD OP9ION /RONGLY FAVORS ,AM]ICAN )DRAWAL FROM ,VIETNAM4 ,! PRESS HAS FAIL$ TO BR+ ?IS SIGNIFICANT FACT TO PUBLIC ATT5TION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AN 9T]NATIONAL ,GALLUP ,POLL RELEAS$ ON ,NOV4 #f1 #a#i#f#g1 %[$ ?AT \TSIDE ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ C\NTRIES AN OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY 9 EA* C\NTRY POLL$ FAVOR$ ,AM]ICAN )DRAWAL FROM ,VIETNAM1 BUT ! POLL B>ELY RECEIV$ M5TION 9 ! PRESS4 ,A REF]5CE APPE>$ 9 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES 9 A COLUMN HEAD$ 0,JOHNSON GA9S 9 ,GALLUP ,POLL40 ,! FIGURES W]E NOT GIV51 & TO \R KN[L$GE1 ! POLL HAS NOT BE5 REPORT$ ELSE:]E1 ?\< ! PRESS FEATURES PROM95TLY EV]Y M9OR FLUCTUATION 9 DOME/IC OP9ION4 

.<#e.> ,= A REPORT & ANALYSIS ( ! CASE 9 QUE/ION1 SEE ,RI*>D ,FALK1 0,! ,%IMODA CASE3 A LEGAL APPRAISAL ( ! ATOMIC ATTACKS UPON ,HIRO%IMA & ,NAGASAKI10 ,AM]ICAN ,J\RNAL ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,LAW1 VOL4 #e#i1 #a#i#f#e1 PP4 #g#e#i-#g#i#c4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,REFLECTIONS ON A ,POLITICAL ,TRIAL -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,REFLECTIONS ON A ,POLITICAL ,TRIAL -- ,UPDAT$4 

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