,RE=M OR ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,9TRODUCTION 

      #iii ,WORDS2 #f1#e#h#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,OPPORTUNI/ ,ME?OD 

      #a1#f#a#c ,WORDS2 #a1#b#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,ADAPTATION ( ,CAPITALISM 

      #c1#a#a ,WORDS2 #a#i1#b#e#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,REALISATION ( ,SOCIALISM ?R\< ,SOCIAL ,RE=MS 

      #b1#d#h ,WORDS2 #a#e1#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,CAPITALISM & ! ,/ATE 

      #a1#i#e#d ,WORDS2 #a#b1#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,! ,CONSEQU5CES ( ,SOCIAL ,RE=MISM & ,G5]AL ,NATURE ( ,RE=MISM 

      #b1#f#d#g ,WORDS2 #a#f1#i#d#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,ECONOMIC ,DEVELOPM5T & ,SOCIALISM 

      #b1#h#a#g ,WORDS2 #a#g1#i#a#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,CO-OP]ATIVES1 ,UNIONS1 ,DEMOCRACY 

      #c1#c#i ,WORDS2 #b#a1#f#a#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,CONQUE/ ( ,POLITICAL ,P[] 

      #c1#c#h#h ,WORDS2 #b#a1#c#d#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,COLLAPSE 

      #a1#d#c#b ,WORDS2 #i1#c#h#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,OPPORTUNISM 9 ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE 

      #a1#f#e#i ,WORDS2 #a1#e#h#f ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,9TRODUCTION 

,WRITT53 #a#i1 #aih 
,S\RCE3 ,SOCIAL ,RE=M OR ,REVOLUTION1 BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 
,PUBLI%]3 ,MILITANT ,PUBLICATIONS1 ,LONDON1 #aihf 7NO COPYRI<T7 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 #ai 7REVIS$ SECOND $ITION #a#i#h7 
,TRANSLAT$3 ,9TEG] 
,ONL9E ,V]SION3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ,9T]NET ,>*IVE 7M>XI/S4ORG7 #aiii 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,A4 ,LEHR] 

,AT FIR/ VIEW ! TITLE ( ?IS WORK MAY BE F\ND SURPRIS+4 ,CAN ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY BE AGA9/ RE=MS8 ,CAN WE CONTRAPOSE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! EXI/+ ORD]1 \R F9AL GOAL1 TO SOCIAL RE=MS8 ,C]TA9LY NOT4 ,! DAILY /RUGGLE = RE=MS1 = ! AMELIORATION ( ! CONDITION ( ! WORK]S )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]1 & = DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 (F]S TO ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY ! ONLY MEANS ( 5GAG+ 9 ! PROLET>IAN CLASS W> & WORK+ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! F9AL GOAL - ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] & ! SUPPRESSION ( WAGE LABOR4 ,BETWE5 SOCIAL RE=MS & REVOLUTION !RE EXI/S = ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY AN 9DISSOLUBLE TIE4 ,! /RUGGLE = RE=MS IS ITS MEANS2 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ITS AIM4 

,IT IS 9 ,$U>D ,B]N/E9'S !ORY1 PRES5T$ 9 HIS >TICLES ON ,PROBLEMS ( ,SOCIALISM1 ,NEUE ,ZEIT ( #a#h#i#g-#i#h1 & 9 HIS BOOK ,DIE ,VORAUSSETZUNG5 DES ,SOCIALISMUS UND DIE ,AUFGAB5 D] ,SOZIALDEMOKRATIE.<#a.> ?AT WE F9D1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 ! OPPOSITION ( ! TWO FACTORS ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,HIS !ORY T5DS TO C\NSEL US TO R5\NCE ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 ! F9AL GOAL ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY &1 9V]SELY1 TO MAKE ( SOCIAL RE=MS1 ! MEANS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ITS AIM4 ,B]N/E9 HIMSELF HAS V]Y CLE>LY & *>ACT]I/ICALLY =MULAT$ ?IS VIEWPO9T :5 HE WROTE3 0,! ,F9AL GOAL1 NO MATT] :AT IT IS1 IS NO?+2 ! MOVEM5T IS EV]Y?+40 

,BUT S9CE ! F9AL GOAL ( SOCIALISM CON/ITUTES ! ONLY DECISIVE FACTOR DI/+UI%+ ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T FROM B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & FROM B\RGEOIS RADICALISM1 ! ONLY FACTOR TRANS=M+ ! 5TIRE LABOR MOVEM5T FROM A VA9 EF=T TO REPAIR ! CAPITALI/ ORD] 9TO A CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ?IS ORD]1 = ! SUPPRESSION ( ?IS ORD] - ! QUE/ION3 0,RE=M OR ,REVOLUTION80 AS IT IS POS$ BY ,B]N/E91 EQUALS = ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY ! QUE/ION3 0,TO BE OR NOT TO BE80 ,9 ! CONTROV]SY ) ,B]N/E9 & HIS FOLL[]S1 EV]YBODY 9 ! ,P>TY \<T TO UND]/& CLE>LY IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( ?IS OR ?AT ME?OD ( /RUGGLE1 OR ! USE ( ?IS OR ?AT SET ( TACTICS1 BUT ( ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T4 

,UPON A CASUAL CONSID]ATION ( ,B]N/E9'S !ORY1 ?IS MAY APPE> LIKE AN EXAGG]ATION4 ,DOES HE NOT CONT9UALLY M5TION ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY & ITS AIMS8 ,DOES HE NOT REPEAT AGA9 & AGA91 9 V]Y EXPLICIT LANGUAGE1 ?AT HE TOO /RIVES T[>D ! F9AL GOAL ( SOCIALISM1 BUT 9 ANO!R WAY8 ,DOES HE NOT /RESS P>TICUL>LY ?AT HE FULLY APPROVES ( ! PRES5T PRACTICE ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY8 

,?AT IS ALL TRUE1 TO BE SURE4 ,IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT EV]Y NEW MOVEM5T1 :5 IT FIR/ ELABORATES ITS !ORY & POLICY1 BEG9S BY F9D+ SUPPORT 9 ! PREC$+ MOVEM5T1 ?\< IT MAY BE 9 DIRECT CONTRADICTION ) ! LATT]4 ,IT BEG9S BY SUIT+ ITSELF TO ! =MS F\ND AT H& & BY SPEAK+ ! LANGUAGE SPOK5 H]ETO4 ,9 TIME ! NEW GRA9 BREAKS ?R\< ! OLD HUSK4 ,! NEW MOVEM5T F9DS ITS =MS & ITS [N LANGUAGE4 

,TO EXPECT AN OPPOSITION AGA9/ SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM AT ITS V]Y BEG9N+1 TO EXPRESS ITSELF CLE>LY1 FULLY & TO ! LA/ CONSEQU5CE ON ! SUBJECT ( ITS REAL CONT5T3 TO EXPECT IT TO D5Y OP5LY & BLUNTLY ! !ORETIC BASIS ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY - W\LD AM\NT TO UND]RAT+ ! P[] ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4 ,TODAY HE :O WANTS TO PASS AS A SOCIALI/1 & AT ! SAME TIME DECL>E W> ON ,M>XIAN DOCTR9E1 ! MO/ /UP5D\S PRODUCT ( ! HUMAN M9D 9 ! C5TURY1 MU/ BEG9 ) 9VOLUNT>Y E/EEM = ,M>X4 ,HE MU/ BEG9 BY ACKN[L$G+ HIMSELF TO BE HIS DISCIPLE1 BY SEEK+ 9 ,M>X'S [N TEA*+S ! PO9TS ( SUPPORT = AN ATTACK ON ! LATT]1 :ILE HE REPRES5TS ?IS ATTACK AS A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XIAN DOCTR9E4 ,ON ?IS ACC\NT1 WE MU/1 UNCONC]N$ BY ITS \T] =MS1 PICK \T ! %EA!D K]NEL ( ,B]N/E9'S !ORY4 ,?IS IS A MATT] ( URG5T NECESSITY = ! BROAD LAY]S ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 9 \R ,P>TY4 

,NO CO>S] 9SULT1 NO BAS] ASP]SION1 CAN BE ?R[N AGA9/ ! WORK]S ?AN ! REM>KS3 0,!OCRATIC CONTROV]SIES >E ONLY = ACADEMICIANS40 ,SOME TIME AGO ,LASSALLE SAID3 0,ONLY :5 SCI5CE & ! WORK]S1 !SE OPPOSITE POLES ( SOCIETY1 BECOME ONE1 WILL !Y CRU% 9 !IR >MS ( /EEL ALL OB/ACLES TO CULTURE40 ,! 5TIRE /R5G? ( ! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T RE/S ON !ORETIC KN[L$GE4 

,BUT D\BLY IMPORTANT IS ?IS KN[L$GE = ! WORK]S 9 ! PRES5T CASE1 BECAUSE IT IS PRECISELY !Y & !IR 9FLU5CE 9 ! MOVEM5T ?AT >E 9 ! BALANCE H]E4 ,IT IS !IR SK9 ?AT IS BE+ BR\<T TO M>KET4 ,! OPPORTUNI/ !ORY 9 ! ,P>TY1 ! !ORY =MULAT$ BY ,B]N/E91 IS NO?+ ELSE ?AN AN UNCONSCI\S ATTEMPT TO ASSURE PR$OM9ANCE TO ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS ?AT HAVE 5T]$ \R ,P>TY1 TO *ANGE ! POLICY & AIMS ( \R ,P>TY 9 !IR DIRECTION4 ,! QUE/ION ( RE=M OR REVOLUTION1 ( ! F9AL GOAL & ! MOVEM5T1 IS BASICALLY1 9 ANO!R =M1 BUT ! QUE/ION ( ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS OR PROLET>IAN *>ACT] ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,IT IS1 !RE=E1 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PROLET>IAN MASS ( ! ,P>TY TO BECOME ACQUA9T$1 ACTIVELY & 9 DETAIL1 ) ! PRES5T !ORETIC KN[L$GE REMA9S ! PRIVILEGE ( A H&FUL ( 0ACADEMICIANS0 9 ! ,P>TY1 ! LATT] WILL FACE ! DANG] ( GO+ A/RAY4 ,ONLY :5 ! GREAT MASS ( WORK]S TAKE ! KE5 & DEP5DABLE WEAPONS ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM 9 !IR [N H&S1 WILL ALL ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS 9CL9ATIONS1 ALL ! OPPORTUNI/IC CURR5TS1 COME TO NAU<T4 ,! MOVEM5T WILL !N F9D ITSELF ON SURE & FIRM GR\ND4 0,QUANTITY WILL DO IT0 

,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

.<#a.>,! ,PRE-,CONDITIONS ( ,SOCIALISM & ! ,TASKS = ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY .<,5GLI% TRANSLATION3 ,EVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIALISM.> 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,OPPORTUNI/ ,ME?OD 

,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT !ORIES >E ONLY ! IMAGES ( ! PH5OM5A ( ! EXT]IOR WORLD 9 ! HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS1 IT MU/ BE ADD$1 CONC]N+ ,$U>D ,B]N/E9'S SY/EM1 ?AT !ORIES >E SOMETIMES 9V]T$ IMAGES4 ,?9K ( A !ORY ( 9/ITUT+ SOCIALISM BY MEANS ( SOCIAL RE=MS 9 ! FACE ( ! COMPLETE /AGNATION ( ! RE=M MOVEM5T 9 ,G]MANY4 ,?9K ( A !ORY ( TRADE UNION CONTROL4 ,CONSID] ! !ORY ( W9N+ A MAJORITY 9 ,P>LIAM5T1 AFT] ! REVISION ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ,SAXONY & 9 VIEW ( ! MO/ REC5T ATTEMPTS AGA9/ UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,H[EV]1 ! PIVOTAL PO9T ( ,B]N/E9'S SY/EM IS NOT LOCAT$ 9 HIS CONCEPTION ( ! PRACTICAL TASKS ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS F\ND 9 HIS /& ON ! C\RSE ( ! OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 :I*1 9 TURN IS CLOSELY B\ND TO HIS CONCEPTION ( ! PRACTICAL TASKS ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,B]N/E91 A G5]AL DECL9E ( CAPITALISM SEEMS TO BE 9CREAS+LY IMPROBABLE BECAUSE1 ON ! ONE H&1 CAPITALISM %[S A GREAT] CAPACITY ( ADAPTATION1 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION BECOMES MORE & MORE V>I$4 

,! CAPACITY ( CAPITALISM TO ADAPT ITSELF1 SAYS ,B]N/E91 IS MANIFE/$ FIR/ 9 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( G5]AL CRISES1 RESULT+ FROM ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CR$IT SY/EM1 EMPLOY]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 WID] MEANS ( COMMUNICATION & 9=MATIONAL S]VICES4 ,IT %[S ITSELF SECONDLY1 9 ! T5ACITY ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 :I* HAILS FROM ! GR[+ DIFF]5TIATION ( ! BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION & ! ELEVATION ( VA/ LAY]S ( ! PROLET>IAT TO ! LEVEL ( ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,IT IS FUR!RMORE PROV$1 >GUES ,B]N/E91 BY ! AMELIORATION ( ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SITUATION ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A RESULT ( ITS TRADE UNION ACTIVITY4 

,FROM ?IS !ORETIC /& IS D]IV$ ! FOLL[+ G5]AL CONCLUSION AB\T ! PRACTICAL WORK ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY4 ,! LATT] MU/ NOT DIRECT ITS DAILY ACTIVITY T[>D ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 BUT T[>D ! BETT]M5T ( ! CONDITION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 )9 ! EXI/+ ORD]4 ,IT MU/ NOT EXPECT TO 9/ITUTE SOCIALISM AS A RESULT ( A POLITICAL & SOCIAL CRISIS1 BUT %\LD BUILD SOCIALISM BY MEANS ( ! PROGRESSIVE EXT5SION ( SOCIAL CONTROL & ! GRADUAL APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( COOP]ATION4 

,B]N/E9 HIMSELF SEES NO?+ NEW 9 HIS !ORIES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE BELIEVES !M TO BE 9 AGREEM5T ) C]TA9 DECL>ATIONS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT SEEMS TO US ?AT IT IS DIFFICULT TO D5Y ?AT !Y >E 9 =MAL CONTRADICTION ) ! CONCEPTIONS ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4 

,IF ,B]N/E9'S REVISIONISM M]ELY CONSI/$ 9 AFFIRM+ ?AT ! M>* ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T IS SL[] ?AN WAS ?\<T BE=E1 HE W\LD M]ELY BE PRES5T+ AN >GUM5T = ADJ\RN+ ! CONQUE/ ( P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT1 ON :I* EV]YBODY AGRE$ UP TO N[4 ,ITS ONLY CONSEQU5CE W\LD BE A SL[+ UP ( ! PACE ( ! /RUGGLE4 

,BUT ?AT IS NOT ! CASE4 ,:AT ,B]N/E9 QUE/IONS IS NOT ! RAPIDITY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 BUT ! M>* ( ! DEVELOPM5T ITSELF &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( A *ANGE TO SOCIALISM4 

,SOCIALI/ !ORY UP TO N[ DECL>$ ?AT ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A TRANS=MATION TO SOCIALISM W\LD BE A G5]AL & CATA/ROPHIC CRISIS4 ,WE MU/ DI/+UI% 9 ?IS \TLOOK TWO ?+S3 ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEA & ITS EXT]IOR =M4 

,! FUNDAM5TAL IDEA CONSI/S ( ! AFFIRMATION ?AT CAPITALISM1 AS A RESULT ( ITS [N 9N] CONTRADICTIONS1 MOVES T[>D A PO9T :5 IT WILL BE UNBALANC$1 :5 IT WILL SIMPLY BECOME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!RE W]E GOOD REASONS = CONCEIV+ ?AT JUNCTURE 9 ! =M ( A CATA/ROPHIC G5]AL COMM]CIAL CRISIS4 ,BUT ?AT IS ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE :5 ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEA IS CONSID]$4 

,! SCI5TIFIC BASIS ( SOCIALISM RE/S1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 ON ?REE PR9CIPAL RESULTS ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,FIR/1 ON ! GR[+ AN>*Y ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 LEAD+ 9EVITABLY TO ITS RU94 ,SECOND1 ON ! PROGRESSIVE SOCIALIZATION ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 :I* CREATES ! G]MS ( ! FUTURE SOCIAL ORD]4 ,& ?IRD1 ON ! 9CREAS$ ORGANIZATION & CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS1 :I* CON/ITUTES ! ACTIVE FACTOR 9 ! COM+ REVOLUTION4 

,B]N/E9 PULLS AWAY FROM ! FIR/ ( ! ?REE FUNDAM5TAL SUPPORTS ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4 ,HE SAYS ?AT CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T DOES NOT LEAD TO A G5]AL ECONOMIC COLLAPSE4 

,HE DOES NOT M]ELY REJECT A C]TA9 =M ( ! COLLAPSE4 ,HE REJECTS ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( COLLAPSE4 ,HE SAYS TEXTUALLY3 0,ONE C\LD CLAIM ?AT BY COLLAPSE ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY IS MEANT SOME?+ ELSE ?AN A G5]AL COMM]CIAL CRISIS1 WORSE ?AN ALL O!RS1 ?AT IS A COMPLETE COLLAPSE ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM BR\<T AB\T AS A RESULT ( ITS [N CONTRADICTIONS40 ,& TO ?IS HE REPLIES3 0,) ! GR[+ DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY A COMPLETE & ALMO/ G5]AL COLLAPSE ( ! PRES5T SY/EM ( PRODUCTION BECOMES MORE & MORE IMPROBABLE1 BECAUSE CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9CREASES ON ! ONE H& ! CAPACITY ( ADAPTATION &1 ON ! O!R - ?AT IS AT ! SAME TIME1 ! DIFF]5TIATION ( 9DU/RY40 7,NEUE ,ZEIT1 #a#h#i#g-#i#h1 VOL4#a#h1 PG4#e#e#e7 

,BUT !N ! QUE/ION >ISES3 ,:Y & H[1 9 ?AT CASE1 CAN WE ATTA9 ! F9AL GOAL8 ,ACCORD+ TO SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 ! HI/ORIC NECESSITY ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION MANIFE/S ITSELF ABOVE ALL 9 ! GR[+ AN>*Y ( CAPITALISM1 :I* DRIVES ! SY/EM 9TO AN IMPASSE4 ,BUT IF ONE ADMITS ) ,B]N/E9 ?AT CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T DOES NOT MOVE 9 ! DIRECTION ( ITS [N RU91 !N SOCIALISM CEASES TO BE OBJECTIVELY NECESS>Y4 ,!RE REMA9 ! O!R TWO MA9/AYS ( ! SCI5TIFIC EXPLANATION ( SOCIALISM1 :I* >E ALSO SAID TO BE CONSEQU5CES ( CAPITALISM ITSELF3 ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION & ! GR[+ CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT IS !SE TWO MATT]S ?AT ,B]N/E9 HAS 9 M9D :5 HE SAYS3 0,! SUPPRESSION ( ! !ORY ( COLLAPSE DOES NOT 9 ANY WAY DEPRIVE SOCIALI/ DOCTR9E ( ! P[] ( P]SUASION4 ,=1 EXAM9$ CLOSELY1 :AT >E ALL FACTORS 5UM]AT$ BY US ?AT MAKE = ! SUPPRESSION OR ! MODIFICATION ( ! =M] CRISES8 ,NO?+ ELSE1 9 FACT1 ?AN ! CONDITIONS1 OR EV5 9 P>TY ! G]MS1 ( ! SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE40 7,IBID41 PG4#e#e#d7 

,V]Y LITTLE REFLECTION IS NE$$ TO UND]/& ?AT H]E TOO WE FACE A FALSE CONCLUSION4 ,:]E LIES ! IMPORTANCE ( ALL ! PH5OM5A ?AT >E SAID BY ,B]N/E9 TO BE ! MEANS ( CAPITALI/ ADAPTATION - C>TELS1 ! CR$IT SY/EM1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( MEANS ( COMMUNICATION1 ! AMELIORATION ( ! SITUATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ETC48 ,OBVI\SLY1 9 ?AT !Y SUPPRESS OR1 AT LEA/1 ATT5UATE ! 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 & /OP ! DEVELOPM5T OR ! AGGRAVATION ( !SE CONTRADICTIONS4 ,?US ! SUPPRESSION ( CRISES CAN ONLY MEAN ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE ON ! CAPITALI/ BASE4 ,! AMELIORATION ( ! SITUATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 OR ! P5ETRATION ( C]TA9 FRACTIONS ( ! CLASS 9TO MIDDLE LAY]S1 CAN ONLY MEAN ! ATT5UATION ( ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ,CAPITAL & ,LABOR4 ,BUT IF ! M5TION FACTORS SUPPRESS ! CAPITALI/ CONTRADICTIONS & CONSEQU5TLY SAVE ! SY/EM FROM RU91 IF !Y 5ABLE CAPITALISM TO MA9TA9 ITSELF - & ?AT IS :Y ,B]N/E9 CALLS !M 0MEANS ( ADAPTATION0 - H[ CAN C>TELS1 ! CR$IT SY/EM1 TRADE UNIONS1 ETC41 BE AT ! SAME TIME 0! CONDITIONS & EV51 9 P>T1 ! G]MS0 ( SOCIALISM8 ,OBVI\SLY ONLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y EXPRESS MO/ CLE>LY ! SOCIAL *>ACT] ( PRODUCTION4 

,BUT BY PRES5T+ IT 9 ITS CAPITALI/ =M1 ! SAME FACTORS R5D] SUP]FLU\S1 9V]SELY1 9 ! SAME MEASURE1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ?IS SOCIALIZ$ PRODUCTION 9TO SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,?AT IS :Y !Y CAN BE ! G]MS OR CONDITIONS ( A SOCIALI/ ORD] ONLY 9 A !ORETIC S5SE & NOT 9 AN HI/ORIC S5SE4 ,!Y >E PH5OM5A :I*1 9 ! LI<T ( \R CONCEPTION ( SOCIALISM1 WE KN[ TO BE RELAT$ TO SOCIALISM BUT :I*1 9 FACT1 NOT ONLY DO NOT LEAD TO A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION BUT R5D] IT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 SUP]FLU\S4 

,!RE REMA9S ONE =CE MAK+ = SOCIALISM - ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT IT1 TOO1 IS 9 ! GIV5 CASE NO ! SIMPLE 9TELLECTUAL REFLECTION ( ! GR[+ CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM & ITS APPROA*+ DECL9E4 ,IT IS N[ NO MORE ?AN AN IDEAL :OSE =CE ( P]SUASION RE/S ONLY ON ! P]FECTION ATTRIBUT$ TO IT4 

,WE HAVE H]E1 9 BRIEF1 ! EXPLANATION ( ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM BY MEANS ( 0PURE REASON40 ,WE HAVE H]E1 TO USE SIMPL] LANGUAGE1 AN IDEALI/ EXPLANATION ( SOCIALISM4 ,! OBJECTIVE NECESSITY ( SOCIALISM1 ! EXPLANATION ( SOCIALISM AS ! RESULT ( ! MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY1 FALLS TO ! GR\ND4 

,REVISIONI/ !ORY ?US PLACES ITSELF 9 A DILEMMA4 ,EI!R ! SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION IS1 AS WAS ADMITT$ UP TO N[1 ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM1 & ) ! GR[? ( CAPITALISM WILL DEVELOP ITS 9N] CONTRADICTIONS1 RESULT+ 9EVITABLY1 AT SOME PO9T1 9 ITS COLLAPSE1 79 ?AT CASE ! 0MEANS ( ADAPTATION0 >E 9EFFECTIVE & ! !ORY ( COLLAPSE IS CORRECT72 OR ! 0MEANS ( ADAPTATION0 WILL REALLY /OP ! COLLAPSE ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & !REBY 5ABLE CAPITALISM TO MA9TA9 ITSELF BY SUPPRESS+ ITS [N CONTRADICTIONS4 ,9 ?AT CASE SOCIALISM CEASES TO BE AN HI/ORIC NECESSITY4 ,IT !N BECOMES ANY?+ Y\ WANT TO CALL IT1 BUT IT IS NO LONG] ! RESULT ( ! MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY4 

,! DILEMMA LEADS TO ANO!R4 ,EI!R REVISIONISM IS CORRECT 9 ITS POSITION ON ! C\RSE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 & !RE=E ! SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY IS ONLY A UTOPIA1 OR SOCIALISM IS NOT A UTOPIA1 & ! !ORY ( 0MEANS ( ADAPTATION0 IS FALSE4 ,!RE IS ! QUE/ION 9 A NUT%ELL4 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,ADAPTATION ( ,CAPITALISM 

,ACCORD+ TO ,B]N/E91 ! CR$IT SY/EM1 ! P]FECT$ MEANS ( COMMUNICATION & ! NEW CAPITALI/ COMB9ES >E ! IMPORTANT FACTORS ?AT =W>D ! ADAPTATION ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 

,CR$IT HAS DIV]SE APPLICATIONS 9 CAPITALISM4 ,ITS TWO MO/ IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS >E TO EXT5D PRODUCTION & TO FACILITATE EX*ANGE4 ,:5 ! 9N] T5D5CY ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION TO EXT5D B\NDLESSLY /RIKES AGA9/ ! RE/RICT$ DIM5SIONS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 CR$IT APPE>S AS A MEANS ( SURM\NT+ !SE LIMITS 9 A P>TICUL> CAPITALI/ MANN]4 ,CR$IT1 ?R\< %>EHOLD+1 COMB9ES 9 ONE MAGNITUDE ( CAPITAL A L>GE NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALS4 ,IT MAKES AVAILABLE TO EA* CAPITALI/ ! USE ( O!R CAPITALI/S' MONEY - 9 ! =M ( 9DU/RIAL CR$IT4 ,AS COMM]CIAL CR$IT IT ACCEL]ATES ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES & !RE=E ! RETURN ( CAPITAL 9TO PRODUCTION1 & ?US AIDS ! 5TIRE CYCLE ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! MANN] 9 :I* !SE TWO PR9CIPLE FUNCTIONS ( CR$IT 9FLU5CE ! =MATION ( CRISES IS QUITE OBVI\S4 ,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT CRISES APPE> AS A RESULT ( ! CONTRADICTION EXI/+ BETWE5 ! CAPACITY ( EXT5SION1 ! T5D5CY ( PRODUCTION TO 9CREASE1 & ! RE/RICT$ CONSUMPTION CAPACITY ( ! M>KET1 CR$IT IS PRECISELY1 9 VIEW ( :AT WAS /AT$ ABOVE1 ! SPECIFIC MEANS ?AT MAKES ?IS CONTRADICTION BREAK \T AS (T5 AS POSSIBLE4 ,TO BEG9 )1 IT 9CREASES DISPROPORTIONATELY ! CAPACITY ( ! EXT5SION ( PRODUCTION & ?US CON/ITUTES AN 9N] MOTIVE =CE ?AT IS CON/ANTLY PU%+ PRODUCTION TO EXCE$ ! LIMITS ( ! M>KET4 ,BUT CR$IT /RIKES FROM TWO SIDES4 ,AFT] HAV+ 7AS A FACTOR ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION7 PROVOK$ OV]PRODUCTION1 CR$IT 7AS A FACTOR ( EX*ANGE7 DE/ROYS1 DUR+ ! CRISIS1 ! V]Y PRODUCTIVE =CES IT ITSELF CREAT$4 ,AT ! FIR/ SYMPTOM ( ! CRISIS1 CR$IT MELTS AWAY4 ,IT AB&ONS EX*ANGE :]E IT W\LD /ILL BE F\ND 9DISP5SABLE1 & APPE>+ 9/EAD1 9EFFECTIVE & USELESS1 !RE :]E SOME EX*ANGE /ILL CONT9UES1 IT R$UCES TO A M9IMUM ! CONSUMPTION CAPACITY ( ! M>KET4 

,BESIDES HAV+ !SE TWO PR9CIPAL RESULTS1 CR$IT ALSO 9FLU5CES ! =MATION ( CRISES 9 ! FOLL[+ WAYS4 ,IT CON/ITUTES ! TE*NICAL MEANS ( MAK+ AVAILABLE TO AN 5TREPR5EUR ! CAPITAL ( O!R [N]S4 ,IT /IMULATES AT ! SAME TIME ! BOLD & UNSCRUPUL\S UTILIZATION ( ! PROP]TY ( O!RS4 ,?AT IS1 IT LEADS TO SPECULATION4 ,CR$IT NOT ONLY AGGRAVATES ! CRISIS 9 ITS CAPACITY AS A DISSEMBL$ MEANS ( EX*ANGE1 IT ALSO HELPS TO BR+ & EXT5D ! CRISIS BY TRANS=M+ ALL EX*ANGE 9TO AN EXTREMELY COMPLEX & >TIFICIAL ME*ANISM ?AT1 HAV+ A M9IMUM ( METALLIC MONEY AS A REAL BASE1 IS EASILY DIS>RANG$ AT ! SLI<TE/ OCCASION4 

,WE SEE ?AT CR$IT1 9/EAD ( BE+ AN 9/RUM5T = ! SUPPRESSION OR ! ATT5UATION ( CRISES1 IS ON ! CONTR>Y A P>TICUL>LY MI<TY 9/RUM5T = ! =MATION ( CRISES4 ,IT CANNOT BE ANY?+ ELSE4 ,CR$IT ELIM9ATES ! REMA9+ RIGIDITY ( CAPITALI/ RELATION%IPS4 ,IT 9TRODUCES EV]Y:]E ! GREATE/ ELA/ICITY POSSIBLE4 ,IT R5D]S ALL CAPITALI/ =CES EXT5SIBLE1 RELATIVE & MUTUALLY S5SITIVE TO ! HI<E/ DEGREE4 ,DO+ ?IS1 IT FACILITATES & AGGRAVATES CRISES1 :I* >E NO?+ MORE OR LESS ?AN ! P]IODIC COLLISIONS ( ! CONTRADICTORY =CES ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 

,?AT LEADS US TO ANO!R QUE/ION4 ,:Y DOES CR$IT G5]ALLY HAVE ! APPE>ANCE ( A 0MEANS ( ADAPTATION0 ( CAPITALISM8 ,NO MATT] :AT ! RELATION OR =M 9 :I* ?IS 0ADAPTATION0 IS REPRES5T$ BY C]TA9 PEOPLE1 IT CAN OBVI\SLY CONSI/ ONLY ( ! P[] TO SUPPRESS ONE ( ! SEV]AL ANTAGONI/IC RELATIONS ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 ?AT IS1 ( ! P[] TO SUPPRESS OR WEAK5 ONE ( !SE CONTRADICTIONS1 & ALL[ LIB]TY ( MOVEM5T1 AT ONE PO9T OR ANO!R1 TO ! O!R FETT]$ PRODUCTIVE =CES4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS PRECISELY CR$IT ?AT AGGRAVATES !SE CONTRADICTIONS TO ! HI<E/ DEGREE4 ,IT AGGRAVATES ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! MODE ( PRODUCTION & ! MODE ( EX*ANGE BY /RET*+ PRODUCTION TO ! LIMIT & AT ! SAME TIME P>ALYZ+ EX*ANGE AT ! SMALLE/ PRETEXT4 ,IT AGGRAVATES ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! MODE ( PRODUCTION & ! MODE ( APPROPRIATION BY SEP>AT+ PRODUCTION FROM [N]%IP1 ?AT IS1 BY TRANS=M+ ! CAPITAL EMPLOY$ 9 PRODUCTION 9TO 0SOCIAL0 CAPITAL & AT ! SAME TIME TRANS=M+ A P>T ( ! PR(IT1 9 ! =M ( 9T]E/ ON CAPITAL1 9TO A SIMPLE TITLE ( [N]%IP4 ,IT AGGRAVATES ! ANTAGONISM EXI/+ BETWE5 ! PROP]TY RELATIONS 7[N]%IP7 & ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION BY PUTT+ 9TO A SMALL NUMB] ( H&S IMM5SE PRODUCTIVE =CES & EXPROPRIAT+ L>GE NUMB]S ( SMALL CAPITALI/S4 ,LA/LY1 IT AGGRAVATES ! ANTAGONISM EXI/+ BETWE5 SOCIAL *>ACT] ( PRODUCTION & PRIVATE CAPITALI/ [N]%IP BY R5D]+ NECESS>Y ! 9T]V5TION ( ! ,/ATE 9 PRODUCTION4 

,9 %ORT1 CR$IT REPRODUCES ALL ! FUNDAM5TAL ANTAGONISMS ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,IT ACC5TUATES !M4 ,IT PRECIPITATES !IR DEVELOPM5T & ?US PU%ES ! CAPITALI/ WORLD =W>D TO ITS [N DE/RUCTION4 ,! PRIME ACT ( CAPITALI/ ADAPTATION1 AS F> AS CR$IT IS CONC]N$1 %\LD REALLY CONSI/ 9 BREAK+ & SUPPRESS+ CR$IT4 ,9 FACT1 CR$IT IS F> FROM BE+ A MEANS ( CAPITALI/ ADAPTATION4 ,IT IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 A MEANS ( DE/RUCTION ( ! MO/ EXTREME REVOLUTION>Y SIGNIFICANCE4 ,HAS NOT ?IS REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( CR$IT ACTUALLY 9SPIR$ PLANS ( 0SOCIALI/0 RE=M8 ,AS SU*1 IT HAS HAD SOME DI/+UI%$ PROPON5TS1 SOME ( :OM 7,ISAAC ,P]EIRA 9 ,FRANCE71 W]E1 AS ,M>X PUT IT1 HALF PROPHETS1 HALF ROGUES4 

,JU/ AS FRAGILE IS ! SECOND 0MEANS ( ADAPTATION03 EMPLOY]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,B]N/E91 SU* ORGANIZATIONS WILL PUT AN 5D TO AN>*Y ( PRODUCTION & DO AWAY ) CRISES ?R\< !IR REGULATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,! MULTIPLE REP]CUSSIONS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( C>TELS & TRU/S HAVE NOT BE5 CONSID]$ TOO C>EFULLY UP TO N[4 ,BUT !Y PR$ICT A PROBLEM ?AT CAN ONLY BE SOLV$ ) ! AID ( ,M>XI/ !ORY4 

,ONE ?+ IS C]TA94 ,WE C\LD SPEAK ( A DAMM+ UP ( CAPITALI/ AN>*Y ?R\< ! AG5CY ( CAPITALI/ COMB9ES ONLY 9 ! MEASURE ?AT C>TELS1 TRU/S1 ETC41 BECOME1 EV5 APPROXIMATELY1 ! DOM9ANT =M ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT SU* A POSSIBILITY IS EXCLUD$ BY ! V]Y NATURE ( C>TLES4 ,! F9AL ECONOMIC AIM & RESULT ( COMB9ES IS ! FOLL[+4 ,?R\< ! SUPPRESSION ( COMPETITION 9 A GIV5 BRAN* ( PRODUCTION1 ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! MASS ( PR(IT REALIZ$ ON ! M>KET IS 9FLU5C$ 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT !RE IS AN 9CREASE ( ! %>E GO+ TO ?IS BRAN* ( 9DU/RY4 ,SU* ORGANIZATION ( ! FIELD CAN 9CREASE ! RATE ( PR(IT 9 ONE BRAN* ( 9DU/RY AT ! EXP5SE ( ANO!R4 ,?AT IS PRECISELY :Y IT CANNOT BE G5]ALIZ$1 = :5 IT IS EXT5D$ TO ALL IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY1 ?IS T5D5CY SUPPRESSES ITS [N 9FLU5CE4 

,FUR!RMORE1 )9 ! LIMITS ( !IR PRACTICAL APPLICATION ! RESULT ( COMB9ES IS ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( SUPPRESSION ( 9DU/RIAL AN>*Y4 ,C>TELS ORD9>ILY SUCCE$ 9 OBTA9+ AN 9CREASE ( PR(IT1 9 ! HOME M>KET1 BY PRODUC+ AT A L[] RATE ( PR(IT = ! =EIGN M>KET1 ?US UTILIZ+ ! SUPPLEM5T>Y PORTIONS ( CAPITAL :I* !Y CANNOT UTILIZE = DOME/IC NE$S4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 !Y SELL ABROAD *EAP] ?AN AT HOME4 ,! RESULT IS ! %>P5+ ( COMPETITION ABROAD - ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( :AT C]TA9 PEOPLE WANT TO F9D4 ,?AT IS WELL DEMON/RAT$ BY ! HI/ORY ( ! WORLD SUG> 9DU/RY4 

,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 COMB9ES TREAT$ AS A MANIFE/ATION ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION1 CAN ONLY BE CONSID]$ A DEF9ITE PHASE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,C>TELS >E FUNDAM5TALLY NO?+ ELSE ?AN A MEANS RESORT$ TO BY ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION = ! PURPOSE ( HOLD+ BACK ! FATAL FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT 9 C]TA9 BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION4 ,:AT ME?OD DO C>TELS EMPLOY = ?IS 5D8 ,?AT ( KEEP+ 9ACTIVE A P>T ( ! ACCUMULAT$ CAPITAL4 ,?AT IS1 !Y USE ! SAME ME?OD :I* 9 ANO!R =M IS EMPLOY$ 9 CRISES4 ,! REM$Y & ! ILLNESS RESEMBLE EA* O!R LIKE TWO DROPS ( WAT]4 ,9DE$ ! FIR/ CAN BE CONSID]$ ! LESS] EVIL ONLY UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T4 ,:5 ! \TLETS ( DISPOSAL BEG9 TO %R9K1 & ! WORLD M>KET HAS BE5 EXT5D$ TO ITS LIMIT & HAS BECOME EXHAU/$ ?R\< ! COMPETITION ( ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES - & SOON] OR LAT] ?AT IS B\ND TO COME - !N ! =C$ P>TIAL IDL5ESS ( CAPITAL WILL REA* SU* DIM5SIONS ?AT ! REM$Y WILL BECOME TRANS=M$ 9TO A MALADY1 & CAPITAL1 ALREADY PRETTY MU* 0SOCIALIZ$0 ?R\< REGULATION1 WILL T5D TO REV]T AGA9 TO ! =M ( 9DIVIDUAL CAPITAL4 ,9 ! FACE ( ! 9CREAS$ DIFFICULTIES ( F9D+ M>KETS1 EA* 9DIVIDUAL PORTION ( CAPITAL WILL PREF] TO TAKE ITS *ANCES ALONE4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 ! L>GE REGULAT+ ORGANIZATIONS WILL BUR/ LIKE SOAP BUBBLES & GIVE WAY TO AGGRAVAT$ COMPETITION4 

,9 A G5]AL WAY1 C>TELS1 JU/ LIKE CR$IT1 APPE> !RE=E AS A DET]M9$ PHASE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 :I* 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS AGGRAVATES ! AN>*Y ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD & EXPRESSES & RIP5S ITS 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS4 ,C>TELS AGGRAVATE ! ANTAGONISM EXI/+ BETWE5 ! MODE ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE BY %>P5+ ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! PRODUC] & CONSUM]1 AS IS ! CASE ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,!Y AGGRAVATE1 FUR!RMORE1 ! ANTAGONISM EXI/+ BETWE5 ! MODE ( PRODUCTION & ! MODE ( APPROPRIATION BY OPPOS+1 9 ! MO/ BRUTAL FA%ION1 TO ! WORK+ CLASS ! SUP]IOR =CE ( ORGANIZ$ CAPITAL1 & ?US 9CREAS+ ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ,CAPITAL & ,LABOR4 

,F9ALLY1 CAPITALI/ COMB9ATIONS AGGRAVATE ! CONTRADICTION EXI/+ BETWE5 ! 9T]NATIONAL *>ACT] ( CAPITALI/ WORLD ECONOMY & ! NATIONAL *>ACT] ( ! ,/ATE - 9S(> AS !Y >E ALWAYS ACCOMPANI$ BY A G5]AL T>IFF W>1 :I* %>P5S ! DIFF]5CES AMONG ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATES4 ,WE MU/ ADD TO ?IS ! DECID$LY REVOLUTION>Y 9FLU5CE EX]CIS$ BY C>TELS ON ! CONC5TRATION ( PRODUCTION1 TE*NICAL PROGRESS1 ETC4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 :5 EVALUAT$ FROM ! ANGLE ( !IR F9AL EFFECT ON CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 C>TELS & TRU/S FAIL AS 0MEANS ( ADAPTATION40 ,!Y FAIL TO ATT5UATE ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y APPE> TO BE AN 9/RUM5T ( GREAT] AN>*Y4 ,!Y 5C\RAGE ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM4 ,!Y ACCEL]ATE ! COM+ ( A G5]AL DECL9E ( CAPITALISM4 

,BUT IF ! CR$IT SY/EM1 C>TELS1 & ! RE/ DO NOT SUPPRESS ! AN>*Y ( CAPITALISM1 :Y HAVE WE NOT HAD A MAJOR COMM]CIAL CRISIS = TWO DECADES1 S9CE #a#h#g#c8 ,IS ?IS NOT A SIGN ?AT1 CONTR>Y TO ,M>X'S ANALYSIS ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION HAS ADAPT$ ITSELF - AT LEA/1 9 A G5]AL WAY - TO ! NE$S ( SOCIETY8 ,H>DLY HAD ,B]N/E9 REJECT$1 9 #a#h#i#h1 ,M>X'S !ORY ( CRISES1 :5 A PR(\ND G5]AL CRISIS BROKE \T 9 #a#i1 :ILE SEV5 YE>S LAT]1 A NEW CRISIS BEG9N+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 HIT ! WORLD M>KET4 ,FACTS PROV$ ! !ORY ( 0ADAPTATION0 TO BE FALSE4 ,!Y %[$ AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! PEOPLE :O AB&ON$ ,M>X'S !ORY ( CRISIS ONLY BECAUSE NO CRISIS OCCURR$ )9 A C]TA9 SPACE ( TIME M]ELY CONFUS$ ! ESS5CE ( ?IS !ORY ) ONE ( ITS SECOND>Y EXT]IOR ASPECTS - ! T5-YE> CYCLE4 ,! DESCRIPTION ( ! CYCLE ( MOD]N CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY AS A T5-YE> P]IOD WAS TO ,M>X & ,5GELS1 9 #ahf & #a#h#g1 ONLY A SIMPLE /ATEM5T ( FACTS4 ,IT WAS NOT BAS$ ON A NATURAL LAW BUT ON A S]IES ( GIV5 HI/ORIC CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT W]E CONNECT$ ) ! RAPIDLY SPREAD+ ACTIVITY ( Y\NG CAPITALISM4 

,! CRISIS ( #ahbe WAS 9 EFFECT1 ! RESULT ( EXT5SIVE 9VE/M5T ( CAPITAL 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( ROADS1 CANALS1 GAS WORKS1 :I* TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! PREC$+ DECADE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,5GL&1 :]E ! CRISIS BROKE \T4 ,! FOLL[+ CRISIS ( #a#h#c#f-#a#h#c#i WAS SIMIL>LY ! RESULT ( HEAVY 9VE/M5TS 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION4 ,! CRISIS ( #ahdg WAS PROVOK$ BY ! FEV]I% BUILD+ ( RAILROADS 9 ,5GL& 7FROM #ahdd TO #a#h#d#g1 9 ?REE YE>S1 ! ,BRITI% ,P>LIAM5T GAVE RAILWAY CONCESSIONS TO ! VALUE ( #ae BILLION DOLL>S74 ,9 EA* ( ! ?REE M5TION$ CASES1 A CRISIS CAME AFT] NEW BASES = CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T W]E E/ABLI%$4 ,9 #a#h#e#g1 ! SAME RESULT WAS BR\<T BY ! ABRUPT OP5+ ( NEW M>KETS = ,EUROPEAN 9DU/RY 9 ,AM]ICA & ,AU/RALIA1 AFT] ! DISCOV]Y ( ! GOLD M9ES1 & ! EXT5SIVE CON/RUCTION ( RAILWAY L9ES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E ! EXAMPLE ( ,5GL& WAS !N CLOSELY IMITAT$4 7,FROM #aheb TO #a#h#e#f1 NEW RAILWAY L9ES TO ! VALUE ( #a1#b#e MILLION FRANCS W]E BUILT 9 ,FRANCE ALONE74 ,& F9ALLY WE HAVE ! GREAT CRISIS ( #ahgc - A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( ! FIRM BOOM ( L>GE 9DU/RY 9 ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA1 :I* FOLL[$ ! POLITICAL EV5TS ( #ahff & #a#h#g#a4 

,SO ?AT UP TO N[1 ! SUDD5 EXT5SION ( ! DOMA9 ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 & NOT ITS %R9K+1 WAS EA* TIME ! CAUSE ( ! COMM]CIAL CRISIS4 ,?AT ! 9T]NATIONAL CRISIS REPEAT$ !MSELVES PRECISELY EV]Y T5 YE>S WAS A PURELY EXT]IOR FACT1 A MATT] ( *ANCE4 ,! ,M>XI/ =MULA = CRISES AS PRES5T$ BY ,5GELS 9 ,ANTI-,DUHR+ & BY ,M>X 9 ! FIR/ & ?IRD VOLUMES ( ,CAPITAL1 APPLIES TO ALL CRISES ONLY 9 ! MEASURE ?AT IT UNCOV]S !IR 9T]NATIONAL ME*ANISM & !IR G5]AL BASIC CAUSES4 

,CRISES MAY REPEAT !MSELVES EV]Y FIVE OR T5 YE>S1 OR EV5 EV]Y EI<T OR TW5TY YE>S4 ,BUT :AT PROVES BE/ ! FALS5ESS ( ,B]N/E9'S !ORY IS ?AT IT IS 9 ! C\NTRIES HAV+ ! GREATE/ DEVELOPM5T ( ! FAM\S 0MEANS ( ADAPTATION0 - CR$IT1 P]FECT$ COMMUNICATIONS & TRU/S - ?AT ! LA/ CRISIS 7#a#i#g-#a#i#h7 WAS MO/ VIOL5T4 

,! BELIEF ?AT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION C\LD 0ADAPT0 ITSELF TO EX*ANGE PRESUPPOSES ONE ( TWO ?+S3 EI!R ! WORLD M>KET CAN SPREAD UNLIMIT$LY1 OR ON ! CONTR>Y ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES IS SO FETT]$ ?AT IT CANNOT PASS BEYOND ! B\NDS ( ! M>KET4 ,! FIR/ HYPO!SIS CON/ITUTES A MAT]IAL IMPOSSIBILITY4 ,! SECOND IS R5D]$ JU/ AS IMPOSSIBLE BY ! CON/ANT TE*NICAL PROGRESS ?AT DAILY CREATES NEW PRODUCTIVE =CES 9 ALL BRAN*ES4 

,!RE REMA9S /ILL ANO!R PH5OM5ON :I*1 SAYS ,B]N/E91 CONTRADICTS ! C\RSE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T AS IT IS 9DICAT$ ABOVE4 ,9 ! 0/EADFA/ PHALANX0 ( MIDDLE-SIZE 5T]PRISES1 ,B]N/E9 SEES A SIGN ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( L>GE 9DU/RY DOES NOT MOVE 9 A REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION1 & IS NOT AS EFFECTIVE FROM ! ANGLE ( ! CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RY AS WAS EXPECT$ BY ! 0!ORY0 ( COLLAPSE4 ,HE IS H]E1 H[EV]1 ! VICTIM ( HIS [N LACK ( UND]/&+4 ,= TO SEE ! PROGRESSIVE DISAPPE>ANCE ( L>GE 9DU/RY IS TO MISUND]/& SADLY ! NATURE ( ?IS PROCESS4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,M>XI/ !ORY1 SMALL CAPITALI/S PLAY 9 ! G5]AL C\RSE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ! ROLE ( PIONE]S ( TE*NICAL *ANGE4 ,!Y POSSESS ?AT ROLE 9 A D\BLE S5SE4 ,!Y 9ITIATE NEW ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION 9 WELL-E/ABLI%$ BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY2 !Y >E 9/RUM5TAL 9 ! CREATION ( NEW BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION NOT YET EXPLOIT$ BY ! BIG CAPITALI/4 ,IT IS FALSE TO IMAG9E ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ! MIDDLE-SIZE CAPITALI/ E/ABLI%M5TS PROCE$S RECTIL9E>LY 9 ! DIRECTION ( !IR PROGRESSIVE DISAPPE>ANCE4 ,! C\RSE ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS ON ! CONTR>Y PURELY DIALECTICAL & MOVES CON/ANTLY AMONG CONTRADICTIONS4 ,! MIDDLE CAPITALI/ LAY]S F9D !MSELVES1 JU/ LIKE ! WORK]S1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( TWO ANTAGONI/IC T5D5CIES1 ONE ASC5DANT1 ! O!R DESC5DANT4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ! DESC5DANT T5D5CY IS ! CONT9U$ RISE ( ! SCALE ( PRODUCTION1 :I* OV]FL[S P]IODICALLY ! DIM5SIONS ( ! AV]AGE SIZE P>CELS ( CAPITAL & REMOVES !M REPEAT$LY FROM ! T]RA9 ( WORLD COMPETITION4 

,! ASC5DANT T5D5CY IS1 FIR/1 ! P]IODIC DEPRECIATION ( ! EXI/+ CAPITAL1 :I* L[]S AGA91 = A C]TA9 TIME1 ! SCALE ( PRODUCTION 9 PROPORTION TO ! VALUE ( ! NECESS>Y M9IMUM AM\NT ( CAPITAL4 ,IT IS REPRES5T$1 BESIDES1 BY ! P5ETRATION ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 9TO NEW SPH]ES4 ,! /RUGGLE ( ! AV]AGE SIZE 5T]PRISE AGA9/ BIG ,CAPITAL CANNOT BE CONSID]$ A REGUL>LY PROCE$+ BATTLE 9 :I* ! TROOPS ( ! WEAK] P>TY CONT9UE TO MELT AWAY DIRECTLY & QUANTITATIVELY4 ,IT %\LD BE RA!R REG>D$ AS A P]IODIC M[+ D[N ( ! SMALL 5T]PRISES1 :I* RAPIDLY GR[ UP AGA91 ONLY TO BE M[$ D[N ONCE MORE BY L>GE 9DU/RY4 ,! TWO T5D5CIES PLAY BALL ) ! MIDDLE CAPITALI/ LAY]S4 ,! DESC5D+ T5D5CY MU/ W9 9 ! 5D4 

,! V]Y OPPOSITE IS TRUE AB\T ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! VICTORY ( ! DESC5D+ T5D5CY MU/ NOT NECESS>ILY %[ ITSELF 9 AN ABSOLUTE NUM]ICAL DIM9UTION ( ! MIDDLE-SIZE 5T]PRISES4 ,IT MU/ %[ ITSELF1 FIR/ 9 ! PROGRESSIVE 9CREASE ( ! M9IMUM AM\NT ( CAPITAL NECESS>Y = ! FUNCTION+ ( ! 5T]PRISES 9 ! OLD BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION2 SECOND 9 ! CON/ANT DIM9UTION ( ! 9T]VAL ( TIME DUR+ :I* ! SMALL CAPITALI/S CONS]VE ! OPPORTUNITY TO EXPLOIT ! NEW BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION4 ,! RESULT AS F> AS ! SMALL CAPITALI/ IS CONC]N$1 IS A PROGRESSIVELY %ORT] DURATION ( HIS /AY 9 ! NEW 9DU/RY & A PROGRESSIVELY MORE RAPID *ANGE 9 ! ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION AS A FIELD = 9VE/M5T4 ,= ! AV]AGE CAPITALI/ /RATA1 TAK5 AS A :OLE1 !RE IS A PROCESS ( MORE & MORE RAPID SOCIAL ASSIMILATION & DISSIMILATION4 

,B]N/E9 KN[S ?IS P]FECTLY WELL4 ,HE HIMSELF COMM5TS ON ?IS4 ,BUT :AT HE SEEMS TO =GET IS ?AT ?IS V]Y ?+ IS ! LAW ( ! MOVEM5T ( ! AV]AGE CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE4 ,IF ONE ADMITS ?AT SMALL CAPITALI/S >E PIONE]S ( TE*NICAL PROGRESS1 & IF IT TRUE ?AT ! LATT] IS ! VITAL PULSE ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 !N IT IS MANIFE/ ?AT SMALL CAPITALI/S >E AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 :I* CAN ONLY DISAPPE> TOGE!R ) IT .<CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T.>4 ,! PROGRESSIVE DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! MIDDLE-SIZE 5T]PRISE - 9 ! ABSOLUTE S5SE CONSID]$ BY ,B]N/E9 - MEANS NOT1 AS HE ?9KS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y C\RSE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 BUT PRECISELY ! CONTR>Y1 ! CESSATION1 ! SL[+ UP ( DEVELOPM5T4 0,! RATE ( PR(IT1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! RELATIVE 9CREASE ( CAPITAL10 SAID ,M>X1 0IS IMPORTANT FIR/ ( ALL = NEW 9VE/ORS ( CAPITAL1 GR\P+ !MSELVES 9DEP5D5TLY4 ,& AS SOON AS ! =MATION ( CAPITAL FALLS EXCLUSIVELY 9TO A H&FUL ( BIG CAPITALI/S1 ! REVIVIFY+ FIRE ( PRODUCTION IS EXT+UI%$4 ,IT DIES AWAY40 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,REALISATION ( ,SOCIALISM ?R\< ,SOCIAL ,RE=MS 

,B]N/E9 REJECTS ! 0!ORY ( COLLAPSE0 AS AN HI/ORIC ROAD T[>D SOCIALISM4 ,N[ :AT IS ! WAY TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ?AT IS PROPOS$ BY HIS 0!ORY ( ADAPTATION TO CAPITALISM08 ,B]N/E9 ANSW]S ?IS QUE/ION ONLY BY ALLUSION4 ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT1 H[EV]1 ATTEMPTS TO DEAL ) ?IS DETAIL 9 ! MANN] ( ,B]N/E94 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 0! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE = H\RS & WAGES & ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE = RE=MS WILL LEAD TO A PROGRESSIVELY MORE EXT5SIVE CONTROL OV] ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION10 & 0AS ! RI<TS ( ! CAPITALI/ PROPRIETOR WILL BE DIM9I%$ ?R\< LEGISLATION1 HE WILL BE R$UC$ 9 TIME TO ! ROLE ( A SIMPLE ADM9I/RATOR40 0,! CAPITALI/ WILL SEE HIS PROP]TY LOSE MORE & MORE VALUE TO HIMSELF0 TILL F9ALLY 0! DIRECTION & ADM9I/RATION ( EXPLOITATION WILL BE TAK5 FROM HIM 5TIRELY0 & 0COLLECTIVE EXPLOITATION0 9/ITUT$4 

,!RE=E TRADE UNIONS1 SOCIAL RE=MS &1 ADDS ,B]N/E91 ! POLITICAL DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! ,/ATE >E ! MEANS ( ! PROGRESSIVE REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM4 

,BUT ! FACT IS ?AT ! PR9CIPAL FUNCTION ( TRADE UNIONS 7& ?IS WAS BE/ EXPLA9$ BY ,B]N/E9 HIMSELF 9 ,NEUE ,ZEIT 9 #a#h#i#a7 CONSI/S 9 PROVID+ ! WORK]S ) A MEANS ( REALIZ+ ! CAPITALI/ LAW ( WAGES1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! SALE ( !IR LABOR P[] AT CURR5T M>KET PRICES4 ,TRADE UNIONS 5ABLE ! PROLET>IAT TO UTILIZE AT EA* 9/ANT1 ! CONJUNCTURE ( ! M>KET4 ,BUT !SE CONJUNCTURES - 7#a7 ! LABOR DEM& DET]M9$ BY ! /ATE ( PRODUCTION1 7#b7 ! LABOR SUPPLY CREAT$ BY ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( ! MIDDLE /RATA ( SOCIETY & ! NATURAL REPRODUCTION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 & 7#c7 ! MOM5T>Y DEGREE ( PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR - !SE REMA9 \TSIDE ( ! SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,TRADE UNIONS CANNOT SUPPRESS ! LAW ( WAGES4 ,UND] ! MO/ FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! BE/ !Y CAN DO IS TO IMPOSE ON CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION ! 0NORMAL0 LIMIT ( ! MOM5T4 ,!Y HAVE NOT1 H[EV]1 ! P[] TO SUPPRESS EXPLOITATION ITSELF1 NOT EV5 GRADUALLY4 

,S*MIDT1 IT IS TRUE1 SEES ! PRES5T TRADE UNION MOVEM5T 9 A 0FEEBLE 9ITIAL /AGE40 ,HE HOPES ?AT 09 ! FUTURE0 ! 0TRADE UNION MOVEM5T WILL EX]CISE A PROGRESSIVELY 9CREAS$ 9FLU5CE OV] ! REGULATION ( PRODUCTION40 ,BUT BY ! REGULATION ( PRODUCTION WE CAN ONLY UND]/& TWO ?+S3 9T]V5TION 9 ! TE*NICAL DOMA9 ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION & FIX+ ! SCALE ( PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,:AT IS ! NATURE ( ! 9FLU5CE EX]CIS$ BY TRADE UNIONS 9 !SE TWO DEP>TM5TS8 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT 9 ! TE*NIQUE ( PRODUCTION1 ! 9T]E/ ( ! CAPITALI/ AGREES1 UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T1 ) ! PROGRESS & DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,IT IS HIS [N 9T]E/ ?AT PU%ES HIM TO MAKE TE*NICAL IMPROVEM5TS4 ,BUT ! ISOLAT$ WORK] F9DS HIMSELF 9 A DECID$LY DIFF]5T POSITION4 ,EA* TE*NICAL TRANS=MATION CONTRADICTS HIS 9T]E/S4 ,IT AGGRAVATES HIS HELPLESS SITUATION BY DEPRECIAT+ ! VALUE ( HIS LABOR P[] & R5D]+ HIS WORK MORE 9T5SE1 MORE MONOTON\S & MORE DIFFICULT4 

,9S(> AS TRADE UNIONS CAN 9T]V5E 9 ! TE*NICAL DEP>TM5T ( PRODUCTION1 !Y CAN ONLY OPPOSE TE*NICAL 9NOVATION4 ,BUT H]E !Y DO NOT ACT 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS & ITS EMANCIPATION1 :I* ACCORDS RA!R ) TE*NICAL PROGRESS &1 !RE=E1 ) ! 9T]E/ ( ! ISOLAT$ CAPITALI/4 ,!Y ACT H]E 9 A REACTION>Y DIRECTION4 ,& 9 FACT1 WE F9D EF=TS ON ! P>T ( WORK]S TO 9T]V5E 9 ! TE*NICAL P>T ( PRODUCTION NOT 9 ! FUTURE1 :]E ,S*MIDT LOOKS = IT1 BUT 9 ! PA/ ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 ,SU* EF=TS *>ACT]IZ$ ! OLD PHASE ( ,5GLI% TRADE UNIONISM 7UP TO #a#h#f71 :5 ! ,BRITI% ORGANIZATIONS W]E /ILL TI$ TO M$IEVAL 0CORPORATIVE0 VE/IGES & F\ND 9SPIRATION 9 ! \TWORN PR9CIPLE ( 0A FAIR DAY'S WAGE = A FAIR DAY'S LABOR10 AS EXPRESS$ BY ,WEBB 9 HIS ,HI/ORY ( ,TRADE ,UNIONISM4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! EF=T ( ! LABOR UNIONS TO FIX ! SCALE ( PRODUCTION & ! PRICES ( COMMODITIES IS A REC5T PH5OM5ON4 ,ONLY REC5TLY HAVE WE WITNESS$ SU* ATTEMPTS - & AGA9 9 ,5GL&4 ,9 !IR NATURE & T5D5CIES1 !SE EF=TS RESEMBLE ?OSE DEALT ) ABOVE4 ,:AT DOES ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( TRADE UNIONS 9 FIX+ ! SCALE & CO/ ( PRODUCTION AM\NT TO8 ,IT AM\NTS TO A C>TEL ( ! WORK]S & 5TREPR5EURS 9 A COMMON /& AGA9/ ! CONSUM] & ESPECIALLY RIVAL 5TREPR5EURS4 ,9 NO WAY IS ! EFFECT ( ?IS ANY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ORD9>Y EMPLOY]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,BASICALLY WE NO LONG] HAVE H]E A /RUGGLE BETWE5 ,LABOR & ,CAPITAL1 BUT ! SOLID>ITY ( ,CAPITAL & ,LABOR AGA9/ ! TOTAL CONSUM]S4 ,CONSID]$ = ITS SOCIAL WOR?1 IT IS SE5 TO BE A REACTION>Y MOVE ?AT CANNOT BE A /AGE 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BECAUSE IT CONNOTES ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,CONSID]$ FROM ! ANGLE ( PRACTICAL APPLICATION1 IT IS F\ND TO BE A UTOPIA :I*1 AS %[N BY A RAPID EXAM9ATION1 CANNOT BE EXT5D$ TO ! L>GE BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY PRODUC+ = ! WORLD M>KET4 

,SO ?AT ! SCOPE ( TRADE UNIONS IS LIMIT$ ESS5TIALLY TO A /RUGGLE = AN 9CREASE ( WAGES & ! R$UCTION ( LABOR TIME1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO EF=TS AT REGULAT+ CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION AS !Y >E MADE NECESS>Y BY ! MOM5T>Y SITUATION ( ! OLD WORLD M>KET4 ,BUT LABOR UNIONS CAN 9 NO WAY 9FLU5CE ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,MOREOV]1 TRADE UNION DEVELOPM5T MOVES - CONTR>Y TO :AT IS ASS]T$ BY ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT - 9 ! DIRECTION ( A COMPLETE DETA*M5T ( ! LABOR M>KET FROM ANY IMM$IATE RELATION TO ! RE/ ( ! M>KET4 

,?AT IS %[N BY ! FACT ?AT EV5 ATTEMPTS TO RELATE LABOR CONTRACTS TO ! G5]AL SITUATION ( PRODUCTION BY MEANS ( A SY/EM ( SLID+ WAGE SCALES HAVE BE5 \TMOD$ ) HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ,BRITI% LABOR UNIONS >E MOV+ F>!R & F>!R AWAY FROM SU* EF=TS4 

,EV5 )9 ! EFFECTIVE B\ND>IES ( ITS ACTIVITY ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T CANNOT SPREAD 9 ! UNLIMIT$ WAY CLAIM$ = IT BY ! !ORY ( ADAPTATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IF WE EXAM9E ! L>GE FACTORS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 WE SEE ?AT WE >E NOT MOV+ T[>D AN EPO* M>K$ BY A VICTORI\S DEVELOPM5T ( TRADE UNIONS1 BUT RA!R T[>D A TIME :5 ! H>D%IPS ( LABOR UNIONS WILL 9CREASE4 ,ONCE 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T HAS ATTA9$ ITS HI<E/ POSSIBLE P9T & CAPITALISM HAS 5T]$ ITS DESC5D+ PHASE ON ! WORLD M>KET1 ! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE WILL BECOME D\BLY DIFFICULT4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! OBJECTIVE CONJUNCTURE ( ! M>KET WILL BE LESS FAVORABLE TO ! SELL]S ( LABOR P[]1 BECAUSE ! DEM& = LABOR P[] WILL 9CREASE AT A SL[] RATE & LABOR SUPPLY MORE RAPIDLY ?AN AT PRES5T4 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ! CAPITALI/S !MSELVES1 9 ORD] TO MAKE UP = LOSSES SUFF]$ ON ! WORLD M>KET1 WILL MAKE EV5 GREAT] EF=TS ?AN AT PRES5T TO R$UCE ! P>T ( ! TOTAL PRODUCT GO+ TO ! WORK]S 79 ! =M ( WAGES74 ,! R$UCTION ( WAGES IS1 AS PO9T$ \T BY ,M>X1 ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL MEANS ( RET>D+ ! FALL ( PR(IT4 ,! SITUATION 9 ,5GL& ALREADY (F]S US A PICTURE ( ! BEG9N+ ( ! SECOND /AGE ( TRADE UNION DEVELOPM5T4 ,TRADE UNION ACTION IS R$UC$ ( NECESSITY TO ! SIMPLE DEF5SE ( ALREADY REALIZ$ GA9S1 & EV5 ?AT IS BECOM+ MORE & MORE DIFFICULT4 ,SU* IS ! G5]AL TR5D ( ?+S 9 \R SOCIETY4 ,! C\NT]P>T ( ?IS T5D5CY %\LD BE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! POLITICAL SIDE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,KONRAD ,S*MIDT COMMITS ! SAME ]ROR ( HI/ORIC P]SPECTIVE :5 HE DEALS ) SOCIAL RE=MS4 ,HE EXPECTS ?AT SOCIAL RE=MS1 LIKE TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS1 WILL 0DICTATE TO ! CAPITALI/S ! ONLY CONDITIONS UND] :I* !Y WILL BE ABLE TO EMPLOY LABOR P[]40 ,SEE+ RE=M 9 ?IS LI<T1 ,B]N/E9 CALLS LABOR LEGISLATION A PIECE ( 0SOCIAL CONTROL10 & AS SU*1 A PIECE ( SOCIALISM4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT ALWAYS USES ! T]M 0SOCIAL CONTROL0 :5 HE REF]S TO LABOR PROTECTION LAWS4 ,ONCE HE HAS ?US HAPPILY TRANS=M$ ! ,/ATE 9TO SOCIETY1 HE CONFID5TLY ADDS3 0,?AT IS TO SAY1 ! RIS+ WORK+ CLASS40 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS TRICK ( SUB/ITUTION1 ! 9NOC5T LABOR LAWS 5ACT$ BY ! ,G]MAN ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL >E TRANS=M$ 9TO TRANSITORY SOCIALI/ MEASURES SUPPOS$LY 5ACT$ BY ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT4 

,! MY/IFICATION IS OBVI\S4 ,WE KN[ ?AT ! PRES5T ,/ATE IS NOT 0SOCIETY0 REPRES5T+ ! 0RIS+ WORK+ CLASS40 ,IT IS ITSELF ! REPRES5TATIVE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT IS A CLASS /ATE4 ,!RE=E ITS RE=M MEASURES >E NOT AN APPLICATION ( 0SOCIAL CONTROL10 ?AT IS1 ! CONTROL ( SOCIETY WORK+ FREELY 9 ITS [N LABOR PROCESS4 ,!Y >E =MS ( CONTROL APPLI$ BY ! CLASS ORGANIZATION ( ,CAPITAL TO ! PRODUCTION ( ,CAPITAL4 ,! SO-CALL$ SOCIAL RE=MS >E 5ACT$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ,CAPITAL4 ,YES1 ,B]N/E9 & ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT SEE AT PRES5T ONLY 0FEEBLE BEG9N+S0 ( ?IS CONTROL4 ,!Y HOPE TO SEE A LONG SUCCESSION ( RE=MS 9 ! FUTURE1 ALL FAVOR+ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT H]E !Y COMMIT A MI/AKE SIMIL> TO !IR BELIEF 9 ! UNLIMIT$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 

,A BASIC CONDITION = ! !ORY ( ! GRADUAL REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM ?R\< SOCIAL RE=MS IS A C]TA9 OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ PROP]TY & ( ! ,/ATE4 ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT SAYS ?AT ! CAPITALI/ PROPRIETOR T5DS TO LOSE HIS SPECIAL RI<TS ) HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T1 & IS R$UC$ TO ! ROLE ( A SIMPLE ADM9I/RATOR4 ,HE ?9KS ?AT ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION CANNOT POSSIBLY BE EFFECT$ AS A S+LE HI/ORIC ACT4 ,HE !RE=E RESORTS TO ! !ORY ( EXPROPRIATION BY /AGES4 ,) ?IS 9 M9D1 HE DIVIDES ! RI<T TO PROP]TY 9TO 7#a7 ! RI<T ( 0SOV]EIGNTY0 7[N]%IP7 - :I* HE ATTRIBUTES TO A ?+ CALL$ 0SOCIETY0 & :I* HE WANTS TO EXT5D - & 7#b7 ITS OPPOSITE1 ! SIMPLE RI<T ( USE1 HELD BY ! CAPITALI/1 BUT :I* IS SUPPOS$LY BE+ R$UC$ 9 ! H&S ( ! CAPITALI/S TO ! M]E ADM9I/RATION ( !IR 5T]PRISES4 

,?IS 9T]PRETATION IS EI!R A SIMPLE PLAY ON WORDS1 & 9 ?AT CASE ! !ORY ( GRADUAL EXPROPRIATION HAS NO REAL BASIS1 OR IT IS A TRUE PICTURE ( JUDICIAL DEVELOPM5T1 9 :I* CASE1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ! !ORY ( GRADUAL EXPROPRIATION IS 5TIRELY FALSE4 

,! DIVISION ( ! RI<T ( PROP]TY 9TO SEV]AL COMPON5T RI<TS1 AN >RANGEM5T S]V+ ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT AS A %ELT] :]E9 HE MAY CON/RUCT HIS !ORY ( 0EXPROPRIATION BY /AGES10 *>ACT]IZ$ FEUDAL SOCIETY1 F\ND$ ON NATURAL ECONOMY4 ,9 FEUDALISM1 ! TOTAL PRODUCT WAS %>$ AMONG ! SOCIAL CLASSES ( ! TIME ON ! BASIS ( ! P]SONAL RELATIONS EXI/+ BETWE5 ! FEUDAL LORD & HIS S]FS OR T5ANTS4 ,! DECOMPOSITION ( PROP]TY 9TO SEV]AL P>TIAL RI<TS REFLECT$ ! MANN] ( DI/RIBUTION ( ! SOCIAL WEAL? ( ?AT P]IOD4 ,) ! PASSAGE TO ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES & ! DISSOLUTION ( ALL P]SONAL BONDS AMONG ! P>TICIPANTS 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 ! RELATION BETWE5 M5 & ?+S 7?AT IS TO SAY1 PRIVATE PROP]TY7 BECAME RECIPROCALLY /RONG]4 ,S9CE ! DIVISION IS NO LONG] MADE ON ! BASIS ( P]SONAL RELATIONS BUT ?R\< EX*ANGE1 ! DIFF]5T RI<TS TO A %>E 9 ! SOCIAL WEAL? >E NO LONG] MEASUR$ AS FRAGM5TS ( PROP]TY RI<TS HAV+ A COMMON 9T]E/4 ,!Y >E MEASUR$ ACCORD+ TO ! VALUES BR\<T BY EA* ON ! M>KET4 

,! FIR/ *ANGE 9TRODUC$ 9TO JURIDICAL RELATIONS ) ! ADVANCE ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION 9 ! M$IEVAL CITY COMMUNES1 WAS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ABSOLUTE PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,! LATT] APPE>$ 9 ! V]Y MID/ ( ! FEUDAL JURIDICAL RELATIONS4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T HAS PROGRESS$ AT A RAPID PACE 9 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,! MORE ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION IS SOCIALIZ$1 ! MORE ! PROCESS ( DI/RIBUTION 7DIVISION ( WEAL?7 RE/S ON EX*ANGE4 ,& ! MORE PRIVATE PROP]TY BECOMES 9VIOLABLE & CLOS$1 ! MORE CAPITALI/ PROP]TY BECOMES TRANS=M$ FROM ! RI<T TO ! PRODUCT ( ONE'S [N LABOR TO ! SIMPLE RI<T TO APPROPRIATE SOMEBODY ELSE'S LABOR4 ,AS LONG AS ! CAPITALI/ HIMSELF MANAGES HIS [N FACTORY1 DI/RIBUTION IS /ILL1 UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T1 TI$ TO HIS P]SONAL P>TICIPATION 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT AS ! P]SONAL MANAGEM5T ON ! P>T ( ! CAPITALI/ BECOMES SUP]FLU\S - :I* IS ! CASE 9 ! %>E-HOLD+ SOCIETIES TODAY - ! PROP]TY ( CAPITAL1 SO F> AS ITS RI<T TO %>E 9 ! DI/RIBUTION 7DIVISION ( WEAL?7 IS CONC]N$1 BECOMES SEP>AT$ FROM ANY P]SONAL RELATION ) PRODUCTION4 ,IT N[ APPE>S 9 ITS PURE/ =M4 ,! CAPITALI/ RI<T TO PROP]TY REA*ES ITS MO/ COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T 9 CAPITAL HELD 9 ! %APE ( %>ES & 9DU/RIAL CR$IT4 

,SO ?AT ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT'S HI/ORIC S*EMA1 TRAC+ ! TRANS=MATION ( ! CAPITALI/ 0FROM A PROPRIETOR TO A SIMPLE ADM9I/RATOR10 BELIES ! REAL HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 HI/ORIC REALITY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! CAPITALI/ T5DS TO *ANGE FROM A PROPRIETOR & ADM9I/RATOR TO A SIMPLE PROPRIETOR4 ,:AT HAPP5S H]E TO ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT1 HAPP5$ TO ,GOE!3 

,:AT IS1 HE SEES AS 9 A DREAM4 

,:AT NO LONG] IS1 BECOMES = HIM REALITY4 

,JU/ AS ,S*MIDT'S HI/ORIC S*EMA TRAVELS1 ECONOMICALLY1 BACKW>DS FROM A MOD]N %>E-HOLD+ SOCIETY TO AN >TISAN'S %OP1 SO1 JURIDICALLY1 HE WI%ES TO LEAD BACK ! CAPITALI/ WORLD 9TO ! OLD FEUDAL %ELL ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 

,ALSO FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 0SOCIAL CONTROL0 APPE>S 9 REALITY UND] A DIFF]5T ASPECT ?AN SE5 BY ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT4 ,:AT FUNCTIONS TODAY AS 0SOCIAL CONTROL0 - LABOR LEGISLATION1 ! CONTROL ( 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATIONS ?R\< %>E HOLD+1 ETC4 - HAS ABSOLUTELY NO?+ TO DO ) HIS 0SUPREME [N]%IP40 ,F> FROM BE+1 AS ,S*MIDT BELIEVES1 A R$UCTION ( CAPITALI/ [N]%IP1 HIS 0SOCIAL CONTROL10 IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 A PROTECTION ( SU* [N]%IP4 ,OR1 EXPRESS$ FROM ! ECONOMIC VIEWPO9T1 IT IS NOT A ?REAT TO CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 BUT SIMPLY ! REGULATION ( EXPLOITATION4 ,:5 ,B]N/E9 ASKS IF !RE IS MORE OR LESS ( SOCIALISM 9 A LABOR PROTECTIVE LAW1 WE CAN ASSURE HIM ?AT1 9 ! BE/ ( LABOR PROTECTIVE LAWS1 !RE IS NO MORE 0SOCIALISM0 ?AN 9 A MUNICIPAL ORD9ANCE REGULAT+ ! CLEAN+ ( /REETS OR ! LI<T+ ( /REET LAMPS4 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,CAPITALISM & ! ,/ATE 

,! SECOND CONDITION ( ! GRADUAL REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM IS ACCORD+ TO ,B]N/E91 ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,/ATE 9 SOCIETY4 ,IT HAS BECOME A COMMONPLACE TO SAY ?AT ! PRES5T ,/ATE IS A CLASS ,/ATE4 ,?IS1 TOO1 LIKE REF]R+ TO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 %\LD NOT BE UND]/OOD 9 A RIGOR\S ABSOLUTE MANN]1 BUT DIALECTICALLY4 

,! ,/ATE BECAME CAPITALI/ ) ! POLITICAL VICTORY ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T MODIFIES ESS5TIALLY ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE1 WID5+ ITS SPH]E ( ACTION1 CON/ANTLY IMPOS+ ON IT NEW FUNCTIONS 7ESPECIALLY ?OSE AFFECT+ ECONOMIC LIFE71 MAK+ MORE & MORE NECESS>Y ITS 9T]V5TION & CONTROL 9 SOCIETY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T PREP>ES LITTLE BY LITTLE ! FUTURE FUSION ( ! ,/ATE TO SOCIETY4 ,IT PREP>ES1 SO TO SAY1 ! RETURN ( ! FUNCTION ( ! /ATE TO SOCIETY4 ,FOLL[+ ?IS L9E ( ?\<T1 ONE CAN SPEAK ( AN EVOLUTION ( ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE 9TO SOCIETY1 & IT IS UND\BT$LY :AT ,M>X HAD 9 M9D :5 HE REF]R$ TO LABOR LEGISLATION AS ! FIR/ CONSCI\S 9T]V5TION ( 0SOCIETY0 9 ! VITAL SOCIAL PROCESS1 A PHRASE UPON :I* ,B]N/E9 LEANS HEAVILY4 

,BUT ON ! O!R H& ! SAME CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T REALIZES ANO!R TRANS=MATION 9 ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! PRES5T ,/ATE IS1 FIR/ ( ALL1 AN ORGANIZATION ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,IT ASSUMES FUNCTIONS FAVOR+ SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS SPECIFICALLY BECAUSE1 & 9 ! MEASURE ?AT1 !SE 9T]E/S & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TS CO9CIDE1 9 A G5]AL FA%ION1 ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS4 ,LABOR LEGISLATION IS 5ACT$ AS MU* 9 ! IMM$IATE 9T]E/ ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS AS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( SOCIETY 9 G5]AL4 ,BUT ?IS H>MONY 5DURES ONLY UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,:5 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T HAS REA*$ A C]TA9 LEVEL1 ! 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 AS A CLASS1 & ! NE$S ( ECONOMIC PROGRESS BEG9 TO CLA% EV5 9 ! CAPITALI/ S5SE4 ,WE BELIEVE ?AT ?IS PHASE HAS ALREADY BEGUN4 ,IT %[S ITSELF 9 TWO EXTREMELY IMPORTANT PH5OM5A ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL LIFE3 ON ! ONE H&1 ! POLICY ( T>IFF B>RI]S1 & ON ! O!R1 MILIT>ISM4 ,!SE TWO PH5OM5A HAVE PLAY$ AN 9DISP5SABLE1 & 9 ?AT S5SE A PROGRESSIVE & REVOLUTION>Y ROLE 9 ! HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM4 ,)\T T>IFF PROTECTION ! DEVELOPM5T ( L>GE 9DU/RY W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE 9 SEV]AL C\NTRIES4 ,BUT N[ ! SITUATION IS DIFF]5T4 

,AT PRES5T1 PROTECTION DOES NOT S]VE SO MU* TO DEVELOP Y\NG 9DU/RY AS TO MA9TA9 >TIFICIALLY C]TA9 AG$ =MS ( PRODUCTION4 

,FROM ! ANGLE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 ?AT IS1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( WORLD ECONOMY1 IT MATT]S LITTLE :E!R ,G]MANY EXPORTS MORE M]*&ISE 9TO ,5GL& OR ,5GL& EXPORTS MORE M]*&ISE 9TO ,G]MANY4 ,FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ! BLACKAMOOR HAS DONE HIS WORK & IT IS TIME = HIM TO GO HIS WAY4 ,GIV5 ! CONDITION ( RECIPROCAL DEP5D5CE 9 :I* ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY F9D !MSELVES1 A PROTECTIONI/ T>IFF ON ANY COMMODITY NECESS>ILY RESULTS 9 RAIS+ ! CO/ ( PRODUCTION ( O!R COMMODITIES 9SIDE ! C\NTRY4 ,IT !RE=E IMP$ES 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT SO FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,:ILE 9DU/RY DOES NOT NE$ T>IFF B>RI]S = ITS DEVELOPM5T1 ! 5TREPR5EURS NE$ T>IFFS TO PROTECT !IR M>KETS4 ,?IS SIGNIFIES ?AT AT PRES5T T>IFFS NO LONG] S]VE AS A MEANS ( PROTECT+ A DEVELOP+ CAPITALI/ SECTION AGA9/ A MORE ADVANC$ SECTION4 ,!Y >E N[ ! >M US$ BY ONE NATIONAL GR\P ( CAPITALI/S AGA9/ ANO!R GR\P4 ,FUR!RMORE1 T>IFFS >E NO LONG] NECESS>Y AS AN 9/RUM5T ( PROTECTION = 9DU/RY 9 ITS MOVEM5T TO CREATE & CONQU] ! HOME M>KET4 ,!Y >E N[ 9DISP5SABLE MEANS = ! C>TELIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 ?AT IS1 MEANS US$ 9 ! /RUGGLE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUC]S AGA9/ CONSUM+ SOCIETY 9 ! AGGREGATE4 ,:AT BR+S \T 9 AN EMPHATIC MANN] ! SPECIFIC *>ACT] ( CONTEMPOR>Y CU/OMS POLICIES IS ! FACT ?AT TODAY NOT 9DU/RY1 BUT AGRICULTURE PLAYS ! PR$OM9ANT ROLE 9 ! MAK+ ( T>IFFS4 ,! POLICY ( CU/OMS PROTECTION HAS BECOME A TOOL = CONV]T+ & EXPRESS+ ! FEUDAL 9T]E/S 9 CAPITALI/ =M4 

,! SAME *ANGE HAS TAK5 PLACE 9 MILIT>ISM4 ,IF WE CONSID] HI/ORY AS IT WAS - NOT AS IT C\LD HAVE BE5 OR %\LD HAVE BE5 - WE MU/ AGREE ?AT W> HAS BE5 AN 9DISP5SABLE FEATURE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ! ,BALKAN ,/ATES1 ,POL&1 ALL [E ! CONDITION OR ! RISE ( !IR CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T TO W>S1 :E!R RESULT+ 9 VICTORY OR DEFEAT4 ,AS LONG AS !RE W]E C\NTRIES M>K$ BY 9T]NAL POLITICAL DIVISION OR ECONOMIC ISOLATION :I* HAD TO BE DE/ROY$1 MILIT>ISM PLAY$ A REVOLUTION>Y ROLE1 CONSID]$ FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( CAPITALISM4 ,BUT AT PRES5T ! SITUATION IS DIFF]5T4 ,IF WORLD POLITICS HAVE BECOME ! /AGE ( M5AC+ CONFLICTS1 IT IS NOT SO MU* A QUE/ION ( ! OP5+ ( NEW C\NTRIES TO CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ( ALREADY EXI/+ ,EUROPEAN ANTAGONISMS1 :I*1 TRANSPORT$ 9TO O!R L&S1 HAVE EXPLOD$ !RE4 ,! >M$ OPPON5TS WE SEE TODAY 9 ,EUROPE & ON O!R CONT95TS DO NOT RANGE !MSELVES AS CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES ON ONE SIDE & BACKW>D C\NTRIES ON ! O!R4 ,!Y >E ,/ATES PU%$ TO W> ESPECIALLY AS A RESULT ( !IR SIMIL>LY ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 VIEW ( ?IS1 AN EXPLOSION IS C]TA9 TO BE FATAL TO ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT MU/ PROVOKE AN EXTREMELY PR(\ND DI/URBANCE & TRANS=MATION ( ECONOMIC LIFE 9 ALL C\NTRIES4 

,H[EV]1 ! MATT] APPE>S 5TIRELY DIFF]5T :5 CONSID]$ FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,= ! LATT] MILIT>ISM HAS BECOME 9DISP5SABLE4 ,FIR/1 AS A MEANS ( /RUGGLE = ! DEF5SE ( 0NATIONAL0 9T]E/S 9 COMPETITION AGA9/ O!R 0NATIONAL0 GR\PS4 ,SECOND1 AS A ME?OD ( PLACEM5T = F9ANCIAL & 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,?IRD1 AS AN 9/RUM5T ( CLASS DOM9ATION OV] ! LABOR+ POPULATION 9SIDE ! C\NTRY4 ,9 !MSELVES1 !SE 9T]E/S HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,:AT DEMON/RATES BE/ ! SPECIFIC *>ACT] ( PRES5T DAY MILIT>ISM IS ! FACT ?AT IT DEVELOPS G5]ALLY 9 ALL C\NTRIES AS AN EFFECT1 SO TO SPEAK1 ( ITS [N 9T]NAL1 ME*ANICAL1 MOTIVE P[]1 A PH5OM5ON ?AT WAS COMPLETELY UNKN[N SEV]AL DECADES AGO4 ,WE RECOGNIZE ?IS 9 ! FATAL *>ACT] ( ! IMP5D+ EXPLOSION :I* IS 9EVITABLE 9 SPITE ( ! COMPLETE IMP5D+ EXPLOSION :I* IS 9EVITABLE 9 SPITE ( ! COMPLETE 9DECISIV5ESS ( ! OBJECTIVES & MOTIVES ( ! CONFLICT4 ,FROM A MOTOR ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T MILIT>ISM HAS *ANG$ 9TO A CAPITALI/ MALADY4 

,9 ! CLA% BETWE5 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & ! 9T]E/ ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS1 ! ,/ATE TAKES A POSITION ALONGSIDE ( ! LATT]4 ,ITS POLICY1 LIKE ?AT ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 COMES 9TO CONFLICT ) SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT ?US LOSES MORE & MORE ( ITS *>ACT] AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! :OLE ( SOCIETY & IS TRANS=M$1 AT ! SAME RATE 9TO A PURE CLASS /ATE4 ,OR1 TO SPEAK MORE EXACTLY1 !SE TWO QUALITIES DI/+UI% !MSELVES MORE FROM EA* O!R & F9D !MSELVES 9 A CONTRADICTORY RELATION 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS CONTRADICTION BECOMES PROGRESSIVELY %>P]4 ,= ON ONE H&1 WE HAVE ! GR[? ( ! FUNCTIONS ( A G5]AL 9T]E/ ON ! P>T ( ! ,/ATE1 ITS 9T]V5TION 9 SOCIAL LIFE1 ITS 0CONTROL0 OV] SOCIETY4 ,BUT ON ! O!R H&1 ITS CLASS *>ACT] OBLIGES ! ,/ATE TO MOVE ! PIVOT ( ITS ACTIVITY & ITS MEANS ( CO]CION MORE & MORE 9TO DOMA9S :I* >E USEFUL ONLY TO ! CLASS *>ACT] ( ! B\RGEOISIE & HAVE = SOCIETY AS A :OLE ONLY A NEGATIVE IMPORTANCE1 AS 9 ! CASE ( MILIT>ISM & T>IFF & COLONIAL POLICIES4 ,MOREOV]1 ! 0SOCIAL CONTROL0 EX]CIS$ BY ?IS ,/ATE IS AT ! SAME TIME P5ETRAT$ ) & DOM9AT$ BY ITS CLASS *>ACT] 7SEE H[ LABOR LEGISLATION IS APPLI$ 9 ALL C\NTRIES74 

,! EXT5SION ( DEMOCRACY1 :I* ,B]N/E9 SEES AS A MEANS ( REALIZ+ SOCIALISM BY DEGREES1 DOES NOT CONTRADICT BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 CORRESPONDS P]FECTLY TO ! TRANS=MATION REALIZ$ 9 ! NATURE ( ! ,/ATE4 

,KONRAD ,S*MIDT DECL>ES ?AT ! CONQUE/ ( A SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC MAJORITY 9 ,P>LIAM5T LEADS DIRECTLY TO ! GRADUAL 0SOCIALIZATION0 ( SOCIETY4 ,N[1 ! DEMOCRATIC =MS ( POLITICAL LIFE >E )\T A QUE/ION A PH5OM5ON EXPRESS+ CLE>LY ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,/ATE 9 SOCIETY4 ,!Y CON/ITUTE1 TO ?AT EXT5T1 A MOVE T[>D A SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION4 ,BUT ! CONFLICT )9 ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE1 DESCRIB$ ABOVE1 MANIFE/S ITSELF EV5 MORE EMPHATICALLY 9 MOD]N P>LIAM5T>ISM4 ,9DE$1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS =M1 P>LIAM5T>ISM S]VES TO EXPRESS1 )9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,/ATE1 ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE SOCIETY4 ,BUT :AT P>LIAM5T>ISM EXPRESSES H]E IS CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 A SOCIETY 9 :I* CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S PR$OM9ATE4 ,9 ?IS SOCIETY1 ! REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS1 DEMOCRATIC 9 =M1 >E 9 CONT5T ! 9/RUM5TS ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,?IS MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 A TANGIBLE FA%ION 9 ! FACT ?AT AS SOON AS DEMOCRACY %[S ! T5D5CY TO NEGATE ITS CLASS *>ACT] & BECOME TRANS=M$ 9TO AN 9/RUM5T ( ! REAL 9T]E/S ( ! POPULATION1 ! DEMOCRATIC =MS >E SACRIFIC$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 & BY ITS ,/ATE REPRES5TATIVES4 ,?AT IS :Y ! IDEA ( ! CONQUE/ ( A P>LIAM5T>Y RE=MI/ MAJORITY IS A CALCULATION :I*1 5TIRELY 9 ! SPIRIT ( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM1 PRE-OCCUPIES ITSELF ONLY ) ONE SIDE - ! =MAL SIDE - ( DEMOCRACY1 BUT DOES NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! O!R SIDE1 ITS REAL CONT5T4 ,ALL 9 ALL1 P>LIAM5T>ISM IS NOT A DIRECTLY SOCIALI/ ELEM5T IMPREGNAT+ GRADUALLY ! :OLE CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 A SPECIFIC =M ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS ,/ATE1 HELP+ TO RIP5 & DEVELOP ! EXI/+ ANTAGONISMS ( CAPITALISM4 

,9 ! LI<T ( ! HI/ORY ( ! OBJECTIVE DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,/ATE1 ,B]N/E9'S & ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT'S BELIEF ?AT 9CREAS$ 0SOCIAL CONTROL0 RESULTS 9 ! DIRECT 9TRODUCTION ( SOCIALISM IS TRANS=M$ 9TO A =MULA ?AT F9DS ITSELF FROM DAY TO DAY 9 GREAT] CONTRADICTION ) REALITY4 

,! !ORY ( ! GRADUAL 9TRODUCTION ( SOCIALISM PROPOSES PROGRESSIVE RE=M ( CAPITALI/ PROP]TY & ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIALISM4 ,BUT 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! OBJECTIVE LAWS ( EXI/+ SOCIETY1 ONE & ! O!R DEVELOP 9 A PRECISELY OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION IS 9CREAS+LY SOCIALIZ$1 & ,/ATE 9T]V5TION1 ! CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE OV] ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 IS EXT5D$4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 PRIVATE PROP]TY BECOMES MORE & MORE ! =M ( OP5 CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION ( ! LABOR ( O!RS1 & ,/ATE CONTROL IS P5ETRAT$ ) ! EXCLUSIVE 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,! ,/ATE1 ?AT IS TO SAY ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( CAPITALISM1 & ! PROP]TY RELATIONS1 ?AT IS TO SAY ! JURIDICAL ORGANIZATION ( CAPITALISM1 BECOME MORE CAPITALI/ & NOT MORE SOCIALI/1 OPPOS+ TO ! !ORY ( ! PROGRESSIVE 9TRODUCTION ( SOCIALISM TWO 9SURM\NTABLE DIFFICULTIES4 

,F\RI]'S S*EME ( *ANG+1 BY MEANS ( A SY/EM ( PHALAN/]IES1 ! WAT] ( ALL ! SEAS 9TO TA/Y LEMONADE WAS SURELY A FANTA/IC IDEA4 ,BUT ,B]N/E91 PROPOS+ TO *ANGE ! SEA ( CAPITALI/ BITT]NESS 9TO A SEA ( SOCIALI/ SWEETNESS1 BY PROGRESSIVELY P\R+ 9TO IT BOTTLES ( SOCIAL RE=MI/ LEMONADE1 PRES5TS AN IDEA ?AT IS M]ELY MORE 9SIPID BUT NO LESS FANTA/IC4 

,! PRODUCTION RELATIONS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY APPROA* MORE & MORE ! PRODUCTION RELATIONS ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,BUT ON ! O!R H&1 ITS POLITICAL & JURIDICAL RELATIONS E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & SOCIALI/ SOCIETY A /EADILY RIS+ WALL4 ,?IS WALL IS NOT OV]?R[N1 BUT IS ON ! CONTR>Y /R5G!N$ & CONSOLIDAT$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIAL RE=MS & ! C\RSE ( DEMOCRACY4 ,ONLY ! HAMM] BL[ ( REVOLUTION1 ?AT IS TO DAY1 ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT CAN BREAK D[N ?IS WALL4 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,! ,CONSEQU5CES ( ,SOCIAL ,RE=MISM & ,G5]AL ,NATURE ( ,RE=MISM 

,9 ! FIR/ *APT] WE AIM$ TO %[ ?AT ,B]N/E9'S !ORY LIFT$ ! PROGRAM ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T (F ITS MAT]IAL BASE & TRI$ TO PLACE IT ON AN IDEALI/ BASE4 ,H[ DOES ?IS !ORY F>E :5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO PRACTICE8 

,UPON ! FIR/ COMP>ISON1 ! P>TY PRACTICE RESULT+ FROM ,B]N/E9'S !ORY DOES NOT SEEM TO DIFF] FROM ! PRACTICE FOLL[$ BY ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY UP TO N[4 ,=M]LY1 ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY CONSI/$ ( TRADE UNION WORK1 ( AGITATION = SOCIAL RE=MS & ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( EXI/+ POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! DIFF]5CE IS NOT 9 ! :AT1 BUT 9 ! H[4 

,AT PRES5T1 ! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE & P>LIAM5T>Y PRACTICE >E CONSID]$ TO BE ! MEANS ( GUID+ & $UCAT+ ! PROLET>IAT 9 PREP>ATION = ! TASK ( TAK+ OV] P[]4 ,FROM ! REVISIONI/ /&PO9T1 ?IS CONQUE/ ( P[] IS AT ! SAME TIME IMPOSSIBLE OR USELESS4 ,& !RE=E1 TRADE UNION & P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY >E TO BE C>RI$ ON BY ! P>TY ONLY = !IR IMM$IATE RESULTS1 ?AT IS1 = ! PURPOSE ( BETT]+ ! PRES5T SITUATION ( ! WORK]S1 = ! GRADUAL R$UCTION ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 = ! EXT5SION ( SOCIAL CONTROL4 

,SO ?AT IF WE DON NOT CONSID] MOM5T>ILY ! IMM$IATE AMELIORATION ( ! WORK]S' CONDITION - AN OBJECTIVE COMMON TO \R P>TY PROGRAM AS WELL AS TO REVISIONISM - ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO \TLOOKS IS1 9 BRIEF1 ! FOLL[+4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! PRES5T CONCEPTION ( ! P>TY1 TRADE-UNION & P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY >E IMPORTANT = ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T BECAUSE SU* ACTIVITY PREP>ES ! PROLET>IAT1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 CREATES ! SUBJECTIVE FACTOR ( ! SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION1 = ! TASK ( REALIZ+ SOCIALISM4 ,BUT ACCORD+ TO ,B]N/E91 TRADE-UNIONS & P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY GRADUALLY R$UCE CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION ITSELF4 ,!Y REMOVE FROM CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ITS CAPITALI/ *>ACT]4 ,!Y REALIZE OBJECTIVELY ! DESIR$ SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,EXAM9+ ! MATT] CLOSELY1 WE SEE ?AT ! TWO CONCEPTIONS >E DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$4 ,VIEW+ ! SITUATION FROM ! CURR5T /&PO9T ( \R P>TY1 WE SAY ?AT AS A RESULT ( ITS TRADE UNION & P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLES1 ! PROLET>IAT BECOMES CONV9C$1 ( ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ACCOMPLI%+ A FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGE ?R\< SU* ACTIVITY & >RIVES AT ! UND]/&+ ?AT ! CONQUE/ ( P[] IS UNAVOIDABLE4 ,B]N/E9'S !ORY1 H[EV]1 BEG9S BY DECL>+ ?AT ?IS CONQUE/ IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,IT CONCLUDES BY AFFIRM+ ?AT SOCIALISM CAN ONLY BE 9TRODUC$ AS A RESULT ( ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE & P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY4 ,= AS SE5 BY ,B]N/E91 TRADE UNION & P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION HAS A SOCIALI/ *>ACT] BECAUSE IT EX]CISES A PROGRESSIVELY SOCIALIZ+ 9FLU5CE ON CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 

,WE TRI$ TO %[ ?AT ?IS 9FLU5CE IS PURELY IMAG9>Y4 ,! RELATIONS BETWE5 CAPITALI/ PROP]TY & ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE DEVELOP 9 5TIRELY OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS1 SO ?AT ! DAILY PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ( ! PRES5T ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY LOSES1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ALL CONNECTION ) WORK = SOCIALISM4 ,FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( A MOVEM5T = SOCIALISM1 ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE & \R P>LIAM5T>Y PRACTICE >E VA/LY IMPORTANT 9 SO F> AS !Y MAKE SOCIALI/IC ! AW>5ESS1 ! CONSCI\SNESS1 ( ! PROLET>IAT & HELP TO ORGANIZE IT AS A CLASS4 ,BUT ONCE !Y >E CONSID]$ AS 9/RUM5TS ( ! DIRECT SOCIALIZATION ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 !Y LOSE \T NOT ONLY !IR USUAL EFFECTIV5ESS BUT ALSO CEASE BE+ MEANS ( PREP>+ ! WORK+ CLASS = ! CONQUE/ ( P[]4 ,$U>D ,B]N/E9 & ,KONRAD ,S*MIDT SUFF] FROM A COMPLETE MISUND]/&+ :5 !Y CONSOLE !MSELVES ) ! BELIEF ?AT EV5 ?\< ! PROGRAM ( ! P>TY IS R$UC$ TO WORK = SOCIAL RE=MS & ORD9>Y TRADE-UNION WORK1 ! F9AL OBJECTIVE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T IS NOT !REBY DISC>D$1 = EA* =W>D /EP REA*ES BEYOND ! GIV5 IMM$IATE AIM & ! SOCIALI/ GOAL IS IMPLI$ AS A T5D5CY 9 ! SUPPOS$ ADVANCE4 

,?AT IS C]TA9LY TRUE AB\T ! PRES5T PROC$URE ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS TRUE :5EV] A FIRM & CONSCI\S EF=T = CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] IMPREGNATES ! TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE & ! WORK = SOCIAL RE=MS4 ,BUT IF ?IS EF=T IS SEP>AT$ FROM ! MOVEM5T ITSELF & SOCIAL RE=MS >E MADE AN 5D 9 !MSELVES1 !N SU* ACTIVITY NOT ONLY DOES NOT LEAD TO ! F9AL GOAL ( SOCIALISM BUT MOVES 9 A PRECISELY OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 

,KONRAD ,S*MIDT SIMPLY FALLS BACK ON ! IDEA ?AT AN APP>5TLY ME*ANICAL MOVEM5T1 ONCE />T$1 CANNOT /OP BY ITSELF1 BECAUSE 0ONE'S APPETITE GR[S ) ! EAT+10 & ! WORK+ CLASS WILL NOT SUPPOS$LY CONT5T ITSELF ) RE=MS TILL ! F9AL SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION IS REALIZ$4 

,N[ ! LA/ M5TION$ CONDITION IS QUITE REAL4 ,ITS EFFECTIV5ESS IS GU>ANTE$ BY ! V]Y 9SUFFICI5CY ( CAPITALI/ RE=MS4 ,BUT ! CONCLUSION DRAWN FROM IT C\LD ONLY BE TRUE IF IT W]E POSSIBLE TO CON/RUCT AN UNBROK5 *A9 ( AUGM5T$ RE=MS LEAD+ FROM ! CAPITALISM ( TODAY TO SOCIALISM4 ,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 %E] FANTASY4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ! NATURE ( ?+S AS !Y >E ! *A9 BREAKS QUICKLY1 & ! PA?S ?AT ! SUPPOS$ =W>D MOVEM5T CAN TAKE FROM ! PO9T ON >E MANY & V>I$4 

,:AT WILL BE ! IMM$IATE RESULT %\LD \R P>TY *ANGE ITS G5]AL PROC$URE TO SUIT A VIEWPO9T ?AT WANTS TO EMPHASIZE ! PRACTICAL RESULTS ( \R /RUGGLE1 ?AT IS SOCIAL RE=MS8 ,AS SOON AS 0IMM$IATE RESULTS0 BECOME ! PR9CIPAL AIM ( \R ACTIVITY1 ! CLE>-CUT1 IRRECONCILABLE PO9T ( VIEW1 :I* HAS MEAN+ ONLY 9 SO F> AS IT PROPOSES TO W9 P[]1 WILL BE F\ND MORE & MORE 9CONV5I5T4 ,! DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS WILL BE ! ADOPTION BY ! P>TY ( A 0POLICY ( COMP5SATION10 A POLICY ( POLITICAL TRAD+1 & AN ATTITUDE ( DIFFID5T1 DIPLOMATIC CONCILIATION4 ,BUT ?IS ATTITUDE CANNOT BE CONT9U$ = A LONG TIME4 ,S9CE ! SOCIAL RE=MS CAN ONLY (F] AN EMPTY PROMISE1 ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( SU* A PROGRAM MU/ NECESS>ILY BE DISILLUSIONM5T4 

,IT IS NOT TRUE ?AT SOCIALISM WILL >ISE AUTOMATICALLY FROM ! DAILY /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,SOCIALISM WILL BE ! CONSEQU5CE ( 7#a71 ! GR[+ CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY & 7#b71 ( ! COMPREH5SION BY ! WORK+ CLASS ( ! UNAVOIDABILITY ( ! SUPPRESSION ( !SE CONTRADICTIONS ?R\< A SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,:51 9 ! MANN] ( REVISIONISM1 ! FIR/ CONDITION IS D5I$ & ! SECOND REJECT$1 ! LABOR MOVEM5T F9DS ITSELF R$UC$ TO A SIMPLE COOP]ATIVE & RE=MI/ MOVEM5T4 ,WE MOVE H]E 9 A /RAI<T L9E T[>D ! TOTAL AB&ONM5T ( ! CLASS VIEWPO9T4 

,?IS CONSEQU5CE ALSO BECOMES EVID5T :5 WE 9VE/IGATE ! G5]AL *>ACT] ( REVISIONISM4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT REVISIONISM DOES NOT WI% TO CONC$E ?AT ITS /&PO9T IS ?AT ( ! CAPITALI/ APOLOGI/4 ,IT DOES NOT JO9 ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S 9 D5Y+ ! EXI/5CE ( ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM4 ,BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 :AT PRECISELY CON/ITUTES ! FUNDAM5TAL PO9T ( REVISIONISM & DI/+UI%ES IT FROM ! ATTITUDE TAK5 BY ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY UP TO N[1 IS ?AT IT DOES NOT BASE ITS !ORY ON ! BELIEF ?AT ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM WILL BE SUPPRESS$ AS A RESULT ( ! LOGICAL 9N] DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM4 

,WE MAY SAY ?AT ! !ORY ( REVISIONISM OCCUPIES AN 9T]M$IATE PLACE BETWE5 TWO EXTREMES4 ,REVISIONISM DOES NOT EXPECT TO SEE ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM MATURE4 ,IT DOES NOT PROPOSE TO SUPPRESS !SE CONTRADICTIONS ?R\< A REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION4 ,IT WANTS TO LESS51 TO ATT5UATE1 ! CAPITALI/ CONTRADICTIONS4 ,SO ?AT ! ANTAGONISM EXI/+ BETWE5 PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE IS TO BE MOLLIFI$ BY ! CESSATION ( CRISES & ! =MATION ( CAPITALI/ COMB9ES4 ,! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ,CAPITAL & ,LABOR IS TO BE ADJU/$ BY BETT]+ ! SITUATION ( ! WORK]S & BY ! CONS]VATION ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,& ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! CLASS ,/ATE & SOCIETY IS TO BE LIQUIDAT$ ?R\< 9CREAS$ ,/ATE CONTROL & ! PROGRESS ( DEMOCRACY4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! PRES5T PROC$URE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY DOES NOT CONSI/ 9 WAIT+ = ! ANTAGONISMS ( CAPITALISM TO DEVELOP & 9 PASS+ ON1 ONLY !N1 TO ! TASK ( SUPPRESS+ !M4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ESS5CE ( REVOLUTION>Y PROC$URE IS TO BE GUID$ BY ! DIRECTION ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 ONCE IT IS ASC]TA9$1 & 9F]R+ FROM ?IS DIRECTION :AT CONSEQU5CES >E NECESS>Y = ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,?US ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY HAS COMBAT$ T>IFF W>S & MILIT>ISM )\T WAIT+ = !IR REACTION>Y *>ACT] TO BECOME FULLY EVID5T4 ,B]N/E9'S PROC$URE IS NOT GUID$ BY A CONSID]ATION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 BY ! PROSPECT ( ! AGGRAVATION ( ITS CONTRADICTIONS4 ,IT IS GUID$ BY ! PROSPECT ( ! ATT5UATION ( !SE CONTRADICTIONS4 ,HE %[S ?IS :5 HE SPEAKS ( ! 0ADAPTATION0 ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 

,N[ :5 CAN SU* A CONCEPTION BE CORRECT8 ,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT CAPITALISM WILL CONT9UE TO DEVELOP 9 ! DIRECTION IT TAKES AT PRES5T1 !N ITS CONTRADICTIONS MU/ NECESS>ILY BECOME %>P] & MORE AGGRAVAT$ 9/EAD ( DISAPPE>+4 ,! POSSIBILITY ( ! ATT5UATION ( ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM PRESUPPOSES ?AT ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION ITSELF WILL /OP ITS PROGRESS4 ,9 %ORT1 ! G5]AL CONDITION ( ,B]N/E9'S !ORY IS ! CESSATION ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 

,?IS WAY1 H[EV]1 HIS !ORY CONDEMNS ITSELF 9 A TW(OLD MANN]4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 IT MANIFE/S ITS UTOPIAN *>ACT] 9 ITS /& ON ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIALISM4 ,= IT IS CLE> ?AT A DEFECTIVE CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T CANNOT LEAD TO A SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION4 

,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ,B]N/E9'S !ORY REVEALS ITS REACTION>Y *>ACT] :5 IT REF]S TO ! RAPID CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ?AT IS TAK+ PLACE AT PRES5T4 ,GIV5 ! DEVELOPM5T ( REAL CAPITALISM1 H[ CAN WE EXPLA91 OR RA!R /ATE1 ,B]N/E9'S POSITION8 

,WE HAVE DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! FIR/ *APT] ! BASELESSNESS ( ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ON :I* ,B]N/E9 BUILDS HIS ANALYSIS ( EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT NEI!R ! CR$IT SY/EM NOR C>TELS CAN BE SAID TO BE 0MEANS ( ADAPTATION0 ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT NOT EV5 ! TEMPOR>Y CESSATION ( CRISES NOR ! SURVIVAL ( ! MIDDLE CLASS CAN BE REG>D$ AS SYMPTOMS ( CAPITALI/ ADAPTATION4 ,BUT EV5 ?\< WE %\LD FAIL TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! ]RONE\S *>ACT] ( ALL !SE DETAILS ( ,B]N/E9'S !ORY WE CANNOT HELP BUT BE /OPP$ %ORT BY ONE FEATURE COMMON TO ALL ( !M4 ,B]N/E9'S !ORY DOES NOT SEIZE !SE MANIFE/ATIONS ( CONTEMPOR>Y ECONOMIC LIFE AS !Y APPE> 9 !IR ORGANIC RELATION%IP ) ! :OLE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 ) ! COMPLETE ECONOMIC ME*ANISM ( CAPITALISM4 ,HIS !ORY PULLS !SE DETAILS \T ( !IR LIV+ ECONOMIC CONTEXT4 ,IT TREATS !M AS DISJECTA MEMBRA 7SEP>ATE P>TS7 ( A LIFELESS MA*9E4 

,CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 HIS CONCEPTION ( ! ADAPTIVE EFFECT ( CR$IT4 ,IF WE RECOGNIZE CR$IT AS A HI<] NATURAL /AGE ( ! PROCESS ( EX*ANGE &1 !RE=E1 ( ! CONTRADICTIONS 9H]5T 9 CAPITALI/ EX*ANGE1 WE CANNOT AT ! SAME TIME SEE IT AS A ME*ANICAL MEANS ( ADAPTATION EXI/+ \TSIDE ( ! PROCESS ( EX*ANGE4 ,IT W\LD BE JU/ AS IMPOSSIBLE TO CONSID] MONEY1 M]*&ISE1 & CAPITAL AS 0MEANS ( ADAPTATION0 ( CAPITALISM4 

,H[EV]1 CR$IT1 LIKE MONEY1 COMMODITIES & CAPITAL1 IS AN ORGANIC L9K ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,LIKE !M1 IT IS AN 9DISP5SABLE GE> 9 ! ME*ANISM ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 & AT ! SAME TIME1 AN 9/RUM5T ( DE/RUCTION1 S9CE IT AGGRAVATES ! 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM4 

,! SAME ?+ IS TRUE AB\T C>TELS & ! NEW1 P]FECT$ MEANS ( COMMUNICATION4 

,! SAME ME*ANICAL VIEW IS PRES5T$ BY ,B]N/E9'S ATTEMPT TO DESCRIBE ! PROMISE ( ! CESSATION ( CRISES AS A SYMPTOM ( ! 0ADAPTATION0 ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,= HIM1 CRISES >E SIMPLY D]ANGEM5TS ( ! ECONOMIC ME*ANISM4 ,) !IR CESSATION1 HE ?9KS1 ! ME*ANISM C\LD FUNCTION WELL4 ,BUT ! FACT IS ?AT CRISES >E NOT 0D]ANGEM5TS0 9 ! USUAL S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,!Y >E 0D]ANGEM5TS0 )\T :I* CAPITALI/ ECONOMY C\LD NOT DEVELOP AT ALL4 ,= IF CRISES CON/ITUTE ! ONLY ME?OD POSSIBLE 9 CAPITALISM - & !RE=E ! NORMAL ME?OD - ( SOLV+ P]IODICALLY ! CONFLICT EXI/+ BETWE5 ! UNLIMIT$ EXT5SION ( PRODUCTION & ! N>R[ LIMITS ( ! WORLD M>KET1 !N CRISES >E AN ORGANIC MANIFE/ATION 9SEP>ABLE FROM CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 

,9 ! 0UNH9D]$0 ADVANCE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION LURKS A ?REAT TO CAPITALISM ?AT IS MU* GREAT] ?AN CRISES4 ,IT IS ! ?REAT ( ! CON/ANT FALL ( ! RATE ( PR(IT1 RESULT+ NOT ONLY FROM ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 BUT FROM ! GR[? ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR ITSELF4 ,! FALL 9 ! RATE ( PR(IT HAS ! EXTREMELY DANG]\S T5D5CY ( R5D]+ IMPOSSIBLE ANY 5T]PRISE = SMALL & MIDDLE-SIZ$ CAPITALS4 ,IT ?US LIMITS ! NEW =MATION & !RE=E ! EXT5SION ( PLACEM5TS ( CAPITAL4 

,& IT IS PRECISELY CRISES ?AT CON/ITUTE ! O!R CONSEQU5CE ( ! SAME PROCESS4 ,AS A RESULT ( !IR P]IODIC DEPRECIATION ( CAPITAL1 CRISES BR+ A FALL 9 ! PRICES ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 A P>ALYZES ( A P>T ( ! ACTIVE CAPITAL1 & 9 TIME ! 9CREASE ( PR(ITS4 ,!Y ?US CREATE ! POSSIBILITIES ( ! R5EW$ ADVANCE ( PRODUCTION4 ,CRISES !RE=E APPE> TO BE ! 9/RUM5TS ( REK9DL+ ! FIRE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,!IR CESSATION - NOT TEMPOR>Y CESSATION1 BUT !IR TOTAL DISAPPE>ANCE 9 ! WORLD M>KET - W\LD NOT LEAD TO ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,IT W\LD DE/ROY CAPITALISM4 

,TRUE TO ! ME*ANICAL VIEW ( HIS !ORY ( ADAPTATION1 ,B]N/E9 =GETS ! NECESSITY ( CRISES AS WELL AS ! NECESSITY ( NEW PLACEM5TS ( SMALL & MIDDLE-SIZ$ CAPITALS4 ,& ?AT IS :Y ! CON/ANT REAPPE>ANCE ( SMALL CAPITAL SEEMS TO HIM TO BE ! SIGN ( ! CESSATION ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ?\< IT IS1 9 FACT1 A SYMPTOM ( NORMAL CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT !RE IS A VIEWPO9T FROM :I* ALL ! ABOVE-M5TION$ PH5OM5A >E SE5 EXACTLY AS !Y HAVE BE5 PRES5T$ BY ! !ORY ( 0ADAPTATION40 ,IT IS ! VIEWPO9T ( ! ISOLAT$ 7S+LE7 CAPITALI/ :O REFLECTS 9 HIS M9D ! ECONOMIC FACTS >\ND HIM JU/ AS !Y APPE> :5 REFRACT$ BY ! LAWS ( COMPETITION4 ,! ISOLAT$ CAPITALI/ SEES EA* ORGANIC P>T ( ! :OLE ( \R ECONOMY AS AN 9DEP5D5T 5TITY4 ,HE SEES !M AS !Y ACT ON HIM1 ! S+LE CAPITALI/4 ,HE !RE=E CONSID]S !SE FACTS TO BE SIMPLE 0D]ANGEM5TS0 ( SIMPLE 0MEANS ( ADAPTATION40 ,= ! ISOLAT$ CAPITALI/1 IT IS TRUE1 CRISES >E REALLY SIMPLE D]ANGEM5TS2 ! CESSATION ( CRISES ACCORDS HIM A LONG] EXI/5CE4 ,AS F> AS HE IS CONC]N$1 CR$IT IS ONLY A MEANS ( 0ADAPT+0 HIS 9SUFFICI5T PRODUCTIVE =CES TO ! NE$S ( ! M>KET4 ,& IT SEEMS TO HIM ?AT ! C>TEL ( :I* HE BECOMES A MEMB] REALLY SUPPRESSES 9DU/RIAL AN>*Y4 

,REVISIONISM IS NO?+ ELSE ?AN A !ORETIC G5]ALIZATION MADE FROM ! ANGLE ( ! ISOLAT$ CAPITALI/4 ,:]E DOES ?IS VIEWPO9T BELONG !ORETICALLY IF NOT 9 VULG> B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS8 

,ALL ! ]RORS ( ?IS S*OOL RE/ PRECISELY ON ! CONCEPTION ?AT MI/AKES ! PH5OM5A ( COMPETITION1 AS SE5 FROM ! ANGLE ( ! ISOLAT$ CAPITALI/1 = ! PH5OM5A ( ! :OLE ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,JU/ AS ,B]N/E9 CONSID]S CR$IT TO BE A MEANS ( 0ADAPTATION10 TO ! NE$S ( EX*ANGE4 ,VULG> ECONOMY1 TOO1 TRIES TO F9D ! ANTIDOTE AGA9/ ! ILLS ( CAPITALISM 9 ! PH5OM5A ( CAPITALISM4 ,LIKE ,B]N/E91 IT BELIEVES ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO REGULATE CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,& 9 ! MANN] ( ,B]N/E91 IT >RIVES 9 TIME AT ! DESIRE TO PALLIATE ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM1 ?AT IS1 AT ! BELIEF 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( PAT*+ UP ! SORES ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT 5DS UP BY SUBSCRIB+ TO A PROGRAM ( REACTION4 ,IT 5DS UP 9 AN UTOPIA4 

,! !ORY ( REVISIONISM CAN !RE=E BE DEF9$ 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY4 ,IT IS A !ORY ( /&+ /ILL 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T BUILT1 ) ! AID ( VULG> ECONOMY1 ON A !ORY ( CAPITALI/ /&/ILL4 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,ECONOMIC ,DEVELOPM5T & ,SOCIALISM 

,! GREATE/ CONQUE/ ( ! DEVELOP+ PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T HAS BE5 ! DISCOV]Y ( GR\NDS ( SUPPORT = ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM 9 ! ECONOMIC CONDITION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS DISCOV]Y1 SOCIALISM WAS *ANG$ FROM AN 0IDEAL0 DREAM$ ( BY HUMANITY = ?\S&S ( YE>S TO A ?+ ( HI/ORIC NECESSITY4 

,B]N/E9 D5IES ! EXI/5CE ( ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS = SOCIALISM 9 ! SOCIETY ( TODAY4 ,ON ?IS C\NT HIS REASON+ HAS UND]GONE AN 9T]E/+ EVOLUTION4 ,AT FIR/1 9 ! ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 HE SIMPLY CONTE/$ ! RAPIDITY ( ! PROCESS ( CONC5TRATION TAK+ PLACE 9 9DU/RY4 ,HE BAS$ HIS POSITION ON A COMP>ISON ( ! OCCUPATIONAL /ATI/ICS ( ,G]MANY 9 #ahhb & #a#h#i#e4 ,9 ORD] TO USE !SE FIGURES = HIS PURPOSE1 HE WAS OBLIG$ TO PROCE$ 9 AN 5TIRELY SUMM>Y & ME*ANICAL FA%ION4 ,9 ! MO/ FAVORABLE CASE1 HE C\LD NOT1 EV5 BY DEMON/RAT+ ! P]SI/5CE ( MIDDLE-SIZ$ 5T]PRISES1 WEAK5 9 ANY ! ,M>XIAN ANALYSIS BECAUSE ! LATT] DOES NOT SUPPOSE AS A CONDITION = ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM EI!R A DEF9ITE RATE ( CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RY - ?AT IS1 A DEF9ITE DELAY ( ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM - OR1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY %[N1 ! ABSOLUTE DISAPPE>ANCE ( SMALL CAPITALS1 USUALLY DESCRIB$ AS ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! PETIT B\RGEOISIE4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( ! LATE/ DEVELOPM5T ( HIS IDEAS ,B]N/E9 FURNI%ES US1 9 HIS BOOK1 A NEW ASSORTM5T ( PRO(S3 ! /ATI/ICS ( %>EHOLD+ SOCIETIES4 ,!SE /ATI/ICS >E US$ 9 ORD] TO PROVE ?AT ! NUMB] ( %>EHOLD]S 9CREASES CON/ANTLY & AS A RESULT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS DOES NOT BECOME SMALL] BUT GR[S BIGG]4 ,IT IS SURPRIS+ ?AT ,B]N/E9 HAS SO LITTLE ACQUA9TANCE ) HIS MAT]IAL4 ,& IT IS A/ONI%+ H[ POORLY HE UTILIZES ! EXI/+ DATA 9 HIS [N BEHALF4 

,IF HE WANT$ TO DISPROVE ! ,M>XIAN LAW ( 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T BY REF]R+ TO ! CONDITION ( %>EHOLD+ SOCIETIES1 HE %\LD HAVE RESORT$ TO 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FIGURES4 ,ANYBODY :O IS ACQUA9T$ ) ! HI/ORY ( %>EHOLD+ SOCIETIES 9 ,G]MANY KN[S ?AT !IR AV]AGE F\NDATION CAPITAL HAS DIM9I%$ ALMO/ CON/ANTLY4 ,?US :ILE BE=E #ahga !IR AV]AGE F\NDATION CAPITAL REA*$ ! FIGURE ( #a4#h MILLION M>KS1 IT WAS ONLY #d4#a MILLION M>KS 9 #a#h#g#a1 #c4#h MILLION M>KS 9 #a#h#g#c1 LESS ?AN A MILLION FROM #ahhb TO #a#h#h#g1 4#e#b MILLION 9 #ahia & ONLY 4#f#b MILLION 9 #a#h#i#b4 ,AFT] ?IS DATE ! FIGURES OSCILLAT$ >\ND #a MILLION M>KS1 FALL+ TO #a4#g#h 9 #ahie & TO #a4#a#i 9 ! C\RSE ( ! FIR/ HALF ( #a#h#i#g4 7,VAN DE ,BOR<T3 ,H&WORT]BU* D] ,/AATSSWISS5S*AFT51 #a47 

,?OSE >E SURPRIS+ FIGURES4 ,US+ !M1 ,B]N/E9 HOP$ TO %[ ! EXI/5CE ( A C\NT]-,M>XIAN T5D5CY = RETRANS=MATION ( L>GE 5T]PRISES 9TO SMALL ONES4 ,! OBVI\S ANSW] TO HIS ATTEMPT IS ! FOLL[+4 ,IF Y\ >E TO PROVE ANY?+ AT ALL BY MEANS ( Y\R /ATI/ICS1 Y\ MU/ FIR/ %[ ?AT !Y REF] TO ! SAME BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY4 ,Y\ MU/ NOT %[ ?AT SMALL 5T]PRISES REALLY REPLACE L>GE ONES1 ?AT !Y DO NOT4 ,9/EAD1 !Y APPE> ONLY :]E SMALL 5T]PRISES OR EV5 >TISAN 9DU/RY W]E ! RULE BE=E4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 Y\ CANNOT %[ TO BE TRUE4 ,! /ATI/ICAL PASSAGE ( IMM5SE %>EHOLD+ SOCIETIES TO MIDDLE-SIZE & SMALL 5T]PRISES CAN BE EXPLA9$ ONLY BY REF]R+ TO ! FACT ?AT ! SY/EM ( %>EHOLD+ SOCIETIES CONT9UES TO P5ETRATE NEW BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION4 ,BE=E1 ONLY A SMALL NUMB] ( L>GE 5T]PRISES W]E ORGANIZ$ AS %>EHOLD+ SOCIETIES4 ,GRADUALLY %>EHOLD+ ORGANIZATION HAS WON MIDDLE-SIZE & EV5 SMALL 5T]PRISES4 ,TODAY WE CAN OBS]VE %>EHOLD+ SOCIETIES ) A CAPITAL ( BEL[ #a1 M>KS4 

,N[1 :AT IS ! ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE ( ! EXT5SION ( ! SY/EM ( %>EHOLD+ SOCIETIES8 ,ECONOMICALLY1 ! SPREAD ( %>EHOLD+ SOCIETIES /&S = ! GR[+ SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION UND] ! CAPITALI/ =M - SOCIALIZATION NOT ONLY ( L>GE BUT ALSO ( MIDDLE-SIZE & SMALL PRODUCTION4 ,! EXT5SION ( %>EHOLD+ DOES NOT1 !RE=E1 CONTRADICT ,M>XI/ !ORY BUT ON ! CONTR>Y1 CONFIRMS IT EMPHATICALLY4 

,:AT DOES ! ECONOMIC PH5OM5ON ( A %>EHOLD+ SOCIETY ACTUALLY AM\NT TO8 ,IT REPRES5TS1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! UNIFICATION ( A NUMB] ( SMALL =TUNES 9TO A L>GE CAPITAL ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT /&S1 ON ! O!R H&1 = ! SEP>ATION ( PRODUCTION FROM CAPITALI/ [N]%IP4 ,?AT IS1 IT D5OTES ?AT A D\BLE VICTORY BE+ WON OV] ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION - BUT /ILL ON A CAPITALI/ BASE4 

,:AT IS ! MEAN+1 !RE=E1 ( ! /ATI/ICS CIT$ BY ,B]N/E9 ACCORD+ TO :I* AN EV]-GREAT] NUMB] ( %>EHOLD]S P>TICIPATE 9 CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES8 ,!SE /ATI/ICS GO ON TO DEMON/RATE PRECISELY ! FOLL[+3 AT PRES5T A CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISE DOES NOT CORRESPOND1 AS BE=E1 TO A S+LE PROPRIETOR ( CAPITAL BUT TO A NUMB] ( CAPITALI/S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ECONOMIC NOTION ( 0CAPITALI/0 NO LONG] SIGNIFIES AN ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ ( TODAY IS A COLLECTIVE P]SON COMPOS$ ( HUNDR$S & EV5 ( ?\S&S ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! CATEGORY 0CAPITALI/0 HAS ITSELF BECOME A SOCIAL CATEGORY4 ,IT HAS BECOME 0SOCIALIZ$0 - )9 ! FRAME-WORK ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

,9 ?AT CASE1 H[ %ALL WE EXPLA9 ,B]N/E9'S BELIEF ?AT ! PH5OM5ON ( %>E-HOLD+ SOCIETIES /&S = ! DISP]SION & NOT ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL8 ,:Y DOES HE SEE ! EXT5SION ( CAPITALI/ PROP]TY :]E ,M>X SAW ITS SUPPRESSION8 

,?AT IS A SIMPLE ECONOMIC ]ROR4 ,BY 0CAPITALI/10 ,B]N/E9 DOES NOT MEAN A CATEGORY ( PRODUCTION BUT ! RI<T TO PROP]TY4 ,TO HIM1 0CAPITALI/0 IS NOT AN ECONOMIC UNIT BUT A FISCAL UNIT4 ,& 0CAPITAL0 IS = HIM NOT A FACTOR ( PRODUCTION BUT SIMPLY A C]TA9 QUANTITY ( MONEY4 ,?AT IS :Y 9 HIS ,5GLI% SEW+ ?READ TRU/ HE DOES NOT SEE ! FUSION ( #a#b1#c P]SONS ) MONEY 9TO A S+LE CAPITALI/ UNIT BUT #a#b1#c DIFF]5T CAPITALI/S4 ,?AT IS :Y ! 5G9E] ,S*ULZE :OSE WIFE'S D[RY BR\<T HIM A L>GE NUMB] ( %>E FROM /OCKHOLD] ,MUELL] IS ALSO A CAPITALI/ = ,B]N/E94 ,?AT IS :Y = ,B]N/E9 ! 5TIRE WORLD SEEMS TO SW>M ) CAPITALI/S4 

,H]E TOO1 ! !ORETIC BASE ( HIS ECONOMIC ]ROR IS HIS 0POPUL>IZATION0 ( SOCIALISM4 ,= ?IS IS :AT HE DOES4 ,BY TRANSPORT+ ! CONCEPT ( CAPITALISM FROM ITS PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS TO PROP]TY RELATIONS1 & BY SPEAK+ ( SIMPLE 9DIVIDUALS 9/EAD ( SPEAK+ ( 5TREPR5EURS1 HE MOVES ! QUE/ION ( SOCIALISM FROM ! DOMA9 ( PRODUCTION 9TO ! DOMA9 ( RELATIONS ( =TUNE - ?AT IS1 FROM ! RELATION BETWE5 ,CAPITAL & ,LABOR TO ! RELATION BETWE5 POOR & RI*4 

,9 ?IS MANN] WE >E M]RILY L$ FROM ,M>X & ,5GELS TO ! AU?OR ( ! ,EVANGEL ( ! ,POOR ,FI%]MAN4 ,!RE IS ?IS DIFF]5CE1 H[EV]4 ,WEITL+1 ) ! SURE 9/9CT ( ! PROLET>IAN1 SAW 9 ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! POOR & ! RI*1 ! CLASS ANTAGONISMS 9 !IR PRIMITIVE =M1 & WANT$ TO MAKE ( !SE ANTAGONISMS A LEV] ( ! MOVEM5T = SOCIALISM4 ,B]N/E91 ON ! O!R H&1 LOCATES ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( MAK+ ! POOR RI*4 ,?AT IS1 HE LOCATES IT 9 ! ATT5UATION ( CLASS ANTAGONISMS & !RE=E 9 ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 

,TRUE1 ,B]N/E9 DOES NOT LIMIT HIMSELF TO ! /ATI/ICS ( 9COMES4 ,HE FURNI%ES /ATI/ICS ( ECONOMIC 5T]PRISES1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( ! FOLL[+ C\NTRIES3 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE1 ,5GL&1 ,SWITZ]L&1 ,AU/RIA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BUT !SE /ATI/ICS >E NOT ! COMP>ATIVE FIGURES ( DIFF]5T P]IODS 9 EA* C\NTRY BUT ( EA* P]IOD 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,WE >E NOT !RE=E (F]$ 7) ! EXCEPTION ( ,G]MANY :]E HE REPEATS ! OLD CONTRA/ BETWE5 #ahie & #a#h#i#b71 A COMP>ISON ( ! /ATI/ICS ( 5T]PRISES ( A GIV5 C\NTRY AT DIFF]5T EPO*S BUT ! ABSOLUTE FIGURES = DIFF]5T C\NTRIES3 ,5GL& 9 #a#h#i#a1 ,FRANCE 9 #a#h#i#d1 ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 #a#h#i1 ETC4 

,HE REA*ES ! FOLL[+ CONCLUSION3 0,?\< IT IS TRUE ?AT L>GE EXPLOITATION IS ALREADY SUPREME 9 9DU/RY TODAY1 IT NEV]!LESS1 REPRES5TS1 9CLUD+ ! 5T]PRISES DEP5D5T ON L>GE EXPLOITATION1 EV5 9 A C\NTRY AS DEVELOP$ 9 ,PRUSSIA1 ONLY HALF ( ! POPULATION OCCUPI$ 9 PRODUCTION40 ,?IS IS ALSO TRUE AB\T ,G]MANY1 ,5GL&1 ,BELGIUM1 ETC4 

,:AT DOES HE ACTUALLY PROVE H]E8 ,HE PROVES NOT ! EXI/5CE ( SU* OR SU* A T5D5CY ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T BUT M]ELY ! ABSOLUTE RELATION ( =CES ( DIFF]5T =MS ( 5T]PRISE1 OR PUT 9 O!R WORDS1 ! ABSOLUTE RELATIONS ( ! V>I\S CLASSES 9 \R SOCIETY4 

,N[ IF ONE WANTS TO PROVE 9 ?IS MANN] ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( REALIZ+ SOCIALISM ONE'S REASON+ MU/ RE/ ON ! !ORY ACCORD+ TO :I* ! RESULT ( SOCIAL EF=TS IS DECID$ BY ! RELATION ( ! NUM]ICAL MAT]IAL =CES ( ! ELEM5TS 9 ! /RUGGLE1 ?AT IS1 BY ! FACTOR ( VIOL5CE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,B]N/E91 :O ALWAYS ?UND]S AGA9/ ,BLANQUISM .<,SEE3 ,L\IS ,BLANQUI.>1 HIMSELF FALLS 9TO ! GROSSE/ ,BLANQUI/ ]ROR4 ,!RE IS ?IS DIFF]5CE1 H[EV]4 ,TO ! ,BLANQUI/S1 :O REPRES5T$ A SOCIALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY1 ! POSSIBILITY ( ! ECONOMIC REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM APPE>$ QUITE NATURAL4 ,ON ?IS POSSIBILITY !Y BUILT ! *ANCES ( A VIOL5T REVOLUTION - EV5 BY A SMALL M9ORITY4 ,B]N/E91 ON ! CONTR>Y1 9F]S FROM ! NUM]ICAL 9SUFFICI5CY ( A SOCIALI/ MAJORITY1 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ! ECONOMIC REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM4 ,! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY DOES NOT1 H[EV]1 EXPECT TO ATTA9 ITS AIM EI!R AS A RESULT ( ! VICTORI\S VIOL5CE ( A M9ORITY OR ?R\< ! NUM]ICAL SUP]IORITY ( A MAJORITY4 ,IT SEES SOCIALISM COME AS A RESULT ( ECONOMIC NECESSITY - & ! COMPREH5SION ( ?AT NECESSITY - LEAD+ TO ! SUPPRESSION ( CAPITALISM BY ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,& ?IS NECESSITY MANIFE/S ITSELF ABOVE ALL 9 ! AN>*Y ( CAPITALISM4 

,:AT IS ,B]N/E9'S POSITION ON ! DECISIVE QUE/ION ( AN>*Y 9 CAPITALI/ ECONOMY8 ,HE D5IES ONLY ! GREAT G5]AL CRISES4 ,HE DOES NOT D5Y P>TIAL & NATIONAL CRISES4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HE REFUSES TO SEE A GREAT DEAL ( ! AN>*Y ( CAPITALISM2 HE SEES ONLY A LITTLE ( IT4 ,HE IS - TO USE ,M>X'S ILLU/RATION - LIKE ! FOOLI% VIRG9 :O HAD A *ILD 0:O WAS ONLY V]Y SMALL40 ,BUT ! MIS=TUNE IS ?AT 9 MATT]S LIKE ECONOMIC AN>*Y LITTLE & MU* >E EQUALLY BAD4 ,IF ,B]N/E9 RECOGNIZES ! EXI/5CE ( A LITTLE ( ?IS AN>*Y1 WE MAY PO9T \T TO HIM ?AT BY ! ME*ANISM ( ! M>KET ECONOMY ?IS BIT ( AN>*Y WILL BE EXT5D$ TO UNHE>D ( PROPORTIONS1 TO 5D 9 COLLAPSE4 ,BUT IF ,B]N/E9 HOPES TO TRANS=M GRADUALLY HIS BIT ( AN>*Y 9TO ORD] & H>MONY :ILE MA9TA9+ ! SY/EM ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 HE AGA9 FALLS 9TO ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL ]RORS ( B\RGEOIS POLITICAL ECONOMY ACCORD+ TO :I* ! MODE ( EX*ANGE IS 9DEP5D5T ( ! MODE ( PRODUCTION4 

,?IS IS NOT ! PLACE = A L5G?Y DEMON/RATION ( ,B]N/E9'S SURPRIS+ CONFUSION CONC]N+ ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y PR9CIPLES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,BUT !RE IS ONE PO9T - TO :I* WE >E L$ BY ! FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS ( CAPITALI/ AN>*Y - ?AT MU/ BE CL>IFI$ IMM$IATELY4 

,B]N/E9 DECL>ES ?AT ,M>X'S LAW ( SURPLUS VALUE IS A SIMPLE AB/RACTION4 ,9 POLITICAL ECONOMY A /ATEM5T ( ?IS SORT OBVI\SLY CON/ITUTES AN 9SULT4 ,BUT IF SURPLUS VALUE IS ONLY A SIMPLE AB/RACTION1 IF IT IS ONLY A FIGM5T ( ! M9D - !N EV]Y NORMAL CITIZ5 :O HAS DONE MILIT>Y DUTY & PAYS HIS TAXES ON TIME HAS ! SAME RI<T AS ,K>L ,M>X TO FA%ION HIS 9DIVIDUAL ABSURDITY1 TO MAKE HIS [N LAW ( VALUE4 0,M>X HAS AS MU* RI<T TO NEGLECT ! QUALITIES ( COMMODITIES TILL !Y >E NO MORE ?AN ! 9C>NATION ( QUANTITIES ( SIMPLE HUMAN LABOR AS HAVE ! ECONOMI/S ( ! ,BOHMM-,JEVONS S*OOL TO MAKE AN AB/RACTION ( ALL ! QUALITIES ( COMMODITIES \TSIDE ( !IR UTILITY40 

,?AT IS1 TO ,B]N/E91 ,M>X'S SOCIAL LABOR & ,M5G]'S AB/RACT UTILITY >E QUITE SIMIL> - PURE AB/RACTIONS4 ,B]N/E9 =GETS COMPLETELY ?AT ,M>X'S AB/RACTION IS NOT AN 9V5TION4 ,IT IS A DISCOV]Y4 ,IT DOES NOT EXI/ 9 ,M>X'S HEAD BUT 9 M>KET ECONOMY4 ,IT HAS NOT AN IMAG9>Y EXI/5CE1 BUT A REAL SOCIAL EXI/5CE1 SO REAL ?AT IT CAN BE CUT1 HAMM]$1 WEI<$ & PUT 9 ! =M ( ! MONEY4 ,! AB/RACT HUMAN LABOR DISCOV]$ BY ,M>X IS1 9 ITS DEVELOP$ =M1 NO O!R ?AN MONEY4 ,?AT IS PRECISELY ONE ( ! GREATE/ ( ,M>X'S DISCOV]IES1 :ILE TO ALL B\RGEOIS POLITICAL ECONOMI/S1 FROM ! FIR/ ( ! M]CANTILI/S TO ! LA/ ( ! CLASSICI/S1 ! ESS5CE ( MONEY HAS REMA9$ A MY/IC 5IGMA4 

,! ,BOEHM-,JEVONS AB/RACT UTILITY IS1 9 FACT1 A CONCEIT ( ! M9D4 ,OR /AT$ MORE CORRECTLY1 IT IS A REPRES5TATION ( 9TELLECTUAL EMPT9ESS1 A PRIVATE ABSURDITY1 = :I* NEI!R CAPITALISM NOR ANY O!R SOCIETY CAN BE MADE RESPONSIBLE1 BUT ONLY VULG> B\RGEOIS ECONOMY ITSELF4 ,HUGG+ !IR BRA9-*ILD1 ,B]N/E91 ,BOHMM & ,JEVONS1 & ! 5TIRE SUBJECTIVE FRAT]NITY1 CAN REMA9 TW5TY YE>S OR MORE BE=E ! MY/]Y ( MONEY1 )\T >RIV+ AT A SOLUTION ?AT IS DIFF]5T FROM ! ONE REA*$ BY ANY COBBL]1 NAMELY ?AT MONEY IS ALSO A 0USEFUL0 ?+4 

,B]N/E9 HAS LO/ ALL COMPREH5SION ( ,M>X'S LAW ( VALUE4 ,ANYBODY ) A SMALL UND]/&+ ( ,M>XIAN ECONOMICS CAN SEE ?AT )\T ! LAW ( VALUE1 ,M>X'S DOCTR9E IS 9COMPREH5SIBLE4 ,OR TO SPEAK MORE CONCRETELY - = HIM :O DOES NOT UND]/& ! NATURE ( ! COMMODITY & ITS EX*ANGE ! 5TIRE ECONOMY ( CAPITALISM1 ) ALL ITS CONCAT5ATIONS1 MU/ ( NECESSITY REMA9 AN 5IGMA4 

,:AT PRECISELY WAS ! KEY :I* 5ABL$ ,M>X TO OP5 ! DOOR TO ! SECRETS ( CAPITALI/ PH5OM5A & SOLVE1 AS IF 9 PLAY1 PROBLEMS ?AT W]E NOT EV5 SUSPECT$ BY ! GREATE/ M9DS ( CLASSIC B\RGEOIS ECONOMY8 ,IT WAS HIS CONCEPTION ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY AS AN HI/ORIC PH5OM5ON - NOT M]ELY 9 ! S5SE RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! BE/ ( CASES BY ! CLASSIC ECONOMI/S1 ?AT IS1 :5 IT CONC]NS ! FEUDAL PA/ ( CAPITALISM - BUT ALSO 9 SO F> AS IT CONC]NS ! SOCIALI/ FUTURE ( ! WORLD4 ,! SECRET ( ,M>X'S !ORY ( VALUE1 ( HIS ANALYSIS ( ! PROBLEM ( MONEY1 ( HIS !ORY ( CAPITAL1 ( ! !ORY ( ! RATE ( PR(IT & CONSEQU5TLY ( ! 5TIRE EXI/+ ECONOMIC SY/EM IS F\ND 9 ! TRANSITORY *>ACT] ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 ! 9EVITABILITY ( ITS COLLAPSE LEAD+ - & ?IS IS ONLY ANO!R ASPECT ( ! SAME PH5OM5ON - TO SOCIALISM4 ,IT IS ONLY BECAUSE ,M>X LOOK$ AT CAPITALISM FROM ! SOCIALI/'S VIEWPO9T1 ?AT IS FROM ! HI/ORIC VIEWPO9T1 ?AT HE WAS 5ABL$ TO DECIPH] ! HI]OGLYPHICS ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,& IT IS PRECISELY BECAUSE HE TOOK ! SOCIALI/ VIEWPO9T AS A PO9T ( DEP>TURE = HIS ANALYSIS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ?AT HE WAS 9 ! POSITION TO GIVE A SCI5TIFIC BASE TO ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,?IS IS ! MEASURE BY :I* WE EVALUATE ,B]N/E9'S REM>KS4 ,HE COMPLA9S ( ! 0DUALISM0 F\ND EV]Y:]E 9 ,M>X'S MONUM5TAL ,CAPITAL4 0,! WORK WI%ES TO BE A SCI5TIFIC /UDY & PROVE1 AT ! SAME TIME1 A !SIS ?AT WAS COMPLETELY ELABORAT$ A LONG TIME BE=E ! $IT+ ( ! BOOK2 IT IS BAS$ ON A S*EMA ?AT ALREADY CONTA9S ! RESULT TO :I* HE WANTS TO LEAD4 ,! RETURN TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 7?AT IS ! SOCIALI/ GOAL6 - ,R4,L471 PROVES ! EXI/5CE ( VE/IGES ( UTOPIANISM 9 ,M>X'S DOCTR9E40 

,BUT :AT IS ,M>X'S 0DUALISM0 IF NOT ! DUALISM ( ! SOCIALI/ FUTURE & ! CAPITALI/ PRES5T8 ,IT IS ! DUALISM ( ,CAPITALISM & ,LABOR1 ! DUALISM ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT IS ! SCI5TIFIC REFLECTION ( ! DUALISM EXI/+ 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ! DUALISM ( ! CLASS ANTAGONISM WRI?+ 9SIDE ! SOCIAL ORD] ( CAPITALISM4 

,B]N/E9'S RECOGNITION ( ?IS !ORETIC DUALISM 9 ,M>X AS 0A SURVIVAL ( UTOPIANISM0 IS REALLY HIS NAIVE AV[AL ?AT HE D5IES ! CLASS ANTAGONISMS 9 CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS HIS CONFESSION ?AT SOCIALISM HAS BECOME = HIM ONLY A 0SURVIVAL ( UTOPIANISM40 ,:AT IS ,B]N/E9'S 0MONISM0 - ,B]N/E9'S UNITY - BUT ! ET]NAL UNITY ( ! CAPITALI/ REGIME1 ! UNITY ( ! =M] SOCIALI/ :O HAS R5\NC$ HIS AIM & HAS DECID$ TO F9D 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ONE & IMMUTABLE1 ! GOAL ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T8 

,B]N/E9 DOES NOT SEE 9 ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( CAPITALISM ! DEVELOPM5T ?AT LEADS TO SOCIALISM4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO CONS]VE HIS SOCIALI/ PROGRAM1 AT LEA/ 9 =M1 HE IS OBLIG$ TO TAKE REFUGE 9 AN IDEALI/ CON/RUCTION PLAC$ \TSIDE ( ALL ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,HE IS OBLIG$ TO TRANS=M SOCIALISM ITSELF FROM A DEF9ITE HI/ORICAL PHASE ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 9TO AN AB/RACT 0PR9CIPLE40 

,?AT IS :Y ! 0COOP]ATIVE PR9CIPLE0 - ! MEAG] DECANTATION ( SOCIALISM BY :I* ,B]N/E9 WI%ES TO G>NI% CAPITALI/ ECONOMY - APPE>S AS A CONCESSION MADE NOT TO ! SOCIALI/ FUTURE ( SOCIETY BUT TO ,B]N/E9'S [N SOCIALI/ PA/4 

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,CO-OP]ATIVES1 ,UNIONS1 ,DEMOCRACY 

,B]N/E9'S SOCIALISM (F]S TO ! WORK]S ! PROSPECT ( %>+ 9 ! WEAL? ( SOCIETY4 ,! POOR >E TO BECOME RI*4 ,H[ WILL ?IS SOCIALISM BE BR\<T AB\T8 ,HIS >TICLE 9 ! ,NEUE ,ZEIT 7,PROBLEMS ( ,SOCIALISM7 CONTA9 ONLY VAGUE ALLUSIONS TO ?IS QUE/ION4 ,ADEQUATE 9=MATION1 H[EV]1 CAN BE F\ND 9 HIS BOOK4 

,B]N/E9'S SOCIALISM IS TO BE REALIZ$ ) ! AID ( !SE TWO 9/RUM5TS3 LABOR UNIONS - OR AS ,B]N/E9 HIMSELF *>ACT]IZES !M1 ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY - & CO-OP]ATIVES4 ,! FIR/ WILL SUPPRESS 9DU/RIAL PR(IT2 ! SECOND WILL DO AWAY ) COMM]CIAL PR(IT4 

,CO-OP]ATIVES - ESPECIALLY CO-OP]ATIVES 9 ! FIELD ( PRODUCTION CON/ITUTE A HYBRID =M 9 ! MID/ ( CAPITALISM4 ,!Y CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS SMALL UNITS ( SOCIALIZ$ PRODUCTION )9 CAPITALI/ EX*ANGE4 

,BUT 9 CAPITALI/ ECONOMY EX*ANGES DOM9ATE PRODUCTION4 ,AS A RESULT ( COMPETITION1 ! COMPLETE DOM9ATION ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION BY ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITAL - ?AT IS1 PITILESS EXPLOITATION - BECOMES A CONDITION = ! SURVIVAL ( EA* 5T]PRISE4 ,! DOM9ATION ( CAPITAL OV] ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION EXPRESSES ITSELF 9 ! FOLL[+ WAYS4 ,LABOR IS 9T5SIFI$4 ,! WORK DAY IS L5G!N$ OR %ORT5$1 ACCORD+ TO ! SITUATION ( ! M>KET4 ,&1 DEP5D+ ON ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! M>KET1 LABOR IS EI!R EMPLOY$ OR ?R[N BACK 9TO ! /REET4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 USE IS MADE ( ALL ME?ODS ?AT 5ABLE AN 5T]PRISE TO /& UP AGA9/ ITS COMPETITORS 9 ! M>KET4 ,! WORK]S =M+ A COOP]ATIVE 9 ! FIELD ( PRODUCTION >E ?US FAC$ ) ! CONTRADICTORY NECESSITY ( GOV]N+ !MSELVES ) ! UTMO/ ABSOLUTISM4 ,!Y >E OBLIG$ TO TAKE T[>D !MSELVES ! ROLE ( CAPITALI/ 5TREPR5EUR - A CONTRADICTION ?AT ACC\NTS = ! USUAL FAILURE ( PRODUCTION CO-OP]ATIVES :I* EI!R BECOME PURE CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES OR1 IF ! WORK]S' 9T]E/S CONT9UE TO PR$OM9ATE1 5D BY DISSOLV+4 

,B]N/E9 HAS HIMSELF TAK5 NOTE ( !SE FACTS4 ,BUT IT IS EVID5T ?AT HE HAS NOT UND]/OOD !M4 ,=1 TOGE!R ) ,MRS4 ,POTT]-,WEBB1 HE EXPLA9S ! FAILURE ( PRODUCTION CO-OP]ATIVES 9 ,5GL& BY !IR LACK ( 0DISCIPL9E40 ,BUT :AT IS SO SUP]FICIALLY & FLATLY CALL$ H]E 0DISCIPL9E0 IS NO?+ ELSE ?AN ! NATURAL ABSOLUTI/ REGIME ( CAPITALISM1 :I* IT IS PLA91 ! WORK]S CANNOT SUCCESSFULLY USE AGA9/ !MSELVES4 

,PRODUC]S' CO-OP]ATIVES CAN SURVIVE )9 CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ONLY IF !Y MANAGE TO SUPPRESS1 BY MEANS ( SOME DET\R1 ! CAPITALI/ CONTROLL$ CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 ! MODE ( PRODUCTION & ! MODE ( EX*ANGE4 ,& !Y CAN ACCOMPLI% ?IS ONLY BY REMOV+ !MSELVES >TIFICIALLY FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( ! LAWS ( FREE COMPETITION4 ,& !Y CAN SUCCE$ 9 DO+ ! LA/ ONLY :5 !Y ASSURE !MSELVES BE=EH& ( A CON/ANT CIRCLE ( CONSUM]S1 ?AT IS1 :5 !Y ASSURE !MSELVES ( A CON/ANT M>KET4 

,IT IS ! CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVE ?AT CAN (F] ?IS S]VICE TO ITS BRO!R 9 ! FIELD ( PRODUCTION4 ,H]E - & NOT 9 ,OPP5HEIM]'S DI/9CTION BETWE5 CO-OP]ATIVES ?AT PRODUCE & CO-OP]ATIVES ?AT SELL - IS ! SECRET S\<T BY ,B]N/E93 ! EXPLANATION = ! 9V>IABLE FAILURE ( PRODUC]S' CO-OP]ATIVES FUNCTION+ 9DEP5D5TLY & !IR SURVIVAL :5 !Y >E BACK$ BY CONSUM]S' ORGANIZATIONS4 

,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT ! POSSIBILITIES ( EXI/5CE ( PRODUC]S' CO-OP]ATIVES )9 CAPITALISM >E B\ND UP ) ! POSSIBILITIES ( EXI/5CE ( CONSUM]S' CO-OP]ATIVES1 !N ! SCOPE ( ! =M] IS LIMIT$1 9 ! MO/ FAVORABLE ( CASES1 TO ! SMALL LOCAL M>KET & TO ! MANUFACTURE ( >TICLES S]V+ IMM$IATE NE$S1 ESPECIALLY FOOD PRODUCTS4 ,CONSUM]S' & !RE=E PRODUC]S' CO-OP]ATIVES1 >E EXCLUD$ FROM ! MO/ IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION - ! TEXTILE1 M9+1 METALLURGICAL & PETROLEUM 9DU/RIES1 MA*9E CON/RUCTION1 LOCOMOTIVE & %IP-BUILD+4 ,= ?IS REASON ALONE 7=GETT+ = ! MOM5T !IR HYBRID *>ACT]71 CO-OP]ATIVES 9 ! FIELD ( PRODUCTION CANNOT BE S]I\SLY CONSID]$ AS ! 9/RUM5T ( A G5]AL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,! E/ABLI%M5T ( PRODUC]S' CO-OP]ATIVES ON A WIDE SCALE W\LD SUPPOSE1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ! SUPPRESSION ( ! WORLD M>KET1 ! BREAK+ UP ( ! PRES5T WORLD ECONOMY 9TO SMALL LOCAL SPH]ES ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 ,! HI<LY DEVELOP$1 WIDE-SPREAD CAPITALISM ( \R TIME IS EXPECT$ TO FALL BACK TO ! M]*ANT ECONOMY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 

,)9 ! FRAMEWORK ( PRES5T SOCIETY1 PRODUC]S' CO-OP]ATIVES >E LIMIT$ TO ! ROLE ( SIMPLE ANNEXES TO CONSUM]S' CO-OP]ATIVES4 ,IT APPE>S1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! LATT] MU/ BE ! BEG9N+ ( ! PROPOS$ SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,BUT ?IS WAY ! EXPECT$ RE=M ( SOCIETY BY MEANS ( CO-OP]ATIVES CEASES TO BE AN (F5SIVE AGA9/ CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,?AT IS1 IT CEASES TO BE AN ATTACK AGA9/ ! PR9CIPAL BASES ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,IT BECOMES1 9/EAD1 A /RUGGLE AGA9/ COMM]CIAL CAPITAL1 ESPECIALLY SMALL & MIDDLE-SIZ$ COMM]CIAL CAPITAL4 ,IT BECOMES AN ATTACK MADE ON ! TWIGS ( ! CAPITALI/ TREE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,B]N/E91 TRADE UNIONS TOO1 >E A MEANS ( ATTACK AGA9/ CAPITALISM 9 ! FIELD ( PRODUCTION4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY %[N ?AT TRADE UNIONS CANNOT GIVE ! WORK]S A DET]M9+ 9FLU5CE OV] PRODUCTION4 ,TRADE UNIONS CAN DET]M9E NEI!R ! DIM5SIONS ( PRODUCTION NOR ! TE*NICAL PROGRESS ( PRODUCTION4 

,?IS MU* MAY BE SAID AB\T ! PURELY ECONOMIC SIDE ( ! 0/RUGGLE ( ! RATE ( WAGES AGA9/ ! RATE ( PR(IT10 AS ,B]N/E9 LABELS ! ACTIVITY ( ! TRADE UNION4 ,IT DOES NOT TAKE PLACE 9 ! BLUE ( ! SKY4 ,IT TAKES PLACE )9 ! WELL-DEF9$ FRAMEWORK ( ! LAW ( WAGES4 ,! LAW ( WAGES IS NOT %ATT]$ BUT APPLI$ BY TRADE-UNION ACTIVITY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,B]N/E91 IT IS ! TRADE UNIONS ?AT LEAD - 9 ! G5]AL MOVEM5T = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS - ! REAL ATTACK AGA9/ ! RATE ( 9DU/RIAL PR(IT4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,B]N/E91 TRADE UNIONS HAVE ! TASK ( TRANS=M+ ! RATE ( 9DU/RIAL PR(IT 9TO 0RATES ( WAGES40 ,! FACT IS ?AT TRADE UNIONS >E LEA/ ABLE TO EXECUTE AN ECONOMIC (F5SIVE AGA9/ PR(IT4 ,TRADE UNIONS >E NO?+ MORE ?AN ! ORGANIZ$ DEF5SE ( LABOR P[] AGA9/ ! ATTACKS ( PR(IT4 ,!Y EXPRESS ! RESI/ANCE (F]$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS TO ! OPPRESSION ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 

,ON ! ONE H&1 TRADE UNIONS HAVE ! FUNCTION ( 9FLU5C+ ! SITUATION 9 ! LABOR-P[] M>KET4 ,BUT ?IS 9FLU5CE IS BE+ CON/ANTLY OV]COME BY ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( ! MIDDLE LAY]S ( \R SOCIETY1 A PROCESS :I* CONT9UALLY BR+S NEW M]*&ISE ON ! LABOR M>KET4 ,! SECOND FUNCTION ( ! TRADE UNIONS IS TO AMELIORATE ! CONDITION ( ! WORK]S4 ,?AT IS1 !Y ATTEMPT TO 9CREASE ! %>E ( ! SOCIAL WEAL? GO+ TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS %>E1 H[EV]1 IS BE+ R$UC$ ) ! FATALITY ( A NATURAL PROCESS BY ! GR[? ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,ONE DOES NOT NE$ TO BE A ,M>XI/ TO NOTICE ?IS4 ,IT SUFFICES TO READ ,RODB]TUS' ,9 ,EXPLANATION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,QUE/ION4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY TRANS=M ! TWO ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS ( ! TRADE UNIONS 9TO A SORT ( LABOR ( ,SISYPHUS1.<#b.> :I* IS1 NEV]!LESS1 9DISP5SABLE4 ,= AS A RESULT ( ! ACTIVITY ( HIS TRADE UNIONS1 ! WORK] SUCCE$S 9 OBTA9+ = HIMSELF ! RATE ( WAGES DUE TO HIM 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! SITUATION ( ! LABOR-P[] M>KET4 ,AS A RESULT ( TRADE UNION ACTIVITY1 ! CAPITALI/ LAW ( WAGES IS APPLI$ & ! EFFECT ( ! DEPRESS+ T5D5CY ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T IS P>ALYZ$1 OR TO BE MORE EXACT1 ATT5UAT$4 

,H[EV]1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! TRADE UNION 9TO AN 9/RUM5T = ! PROGRESSIVE R$UCTION ( PR(IT 9 FAVOR ( WAGES PRESUPPOSES ! FOLL[+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS2 FIR/1 ! CESSATION ( ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( ! MIDDLE /RATA ( \R SOCIETY2 SECONDLY1 A /OPPAGE ( ! GR[? ( PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,WE HAVE 9 BO? CASES A RETURN TO PRE-CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS1 

,CO-OP]ATIVES & TRADE UNIONS >E TOTALLY 9CAPABLE ( TRANS=M+ ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS IS REALLY UND]/OOD BY ,B]N/E91 ?\< 9 A CONFUS$ MANN]4 ,= HE REF]S TO CO-OP]ATIVES & TRADE UNIONS AS A MEANS ( R$UC+ ! PR(IT ( ! CAPITALI/S & ?US 5RI*+ ! WORK]S4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 HE R5\NCES ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION & ATTEMPTS TO DIRECT ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ 0CAPITALI/ DI/RIBUTION40 ,AGA9 & AGA91 ,B]N/E9 REF]S TO SOCIALISM AS AN EF=T T[>DS A 0JU/1 JU/] & /ILL MORE JU/0 MODE ( DI/RIBUTION4 7,VORW>TS1 ,M>* #b#f1 #a#h#i#i74 

,IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT ! DIRECT CAUSE LEAD+ ! POPUL> MASSES 9TO ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T IS PRECISELY ! 0UNJU/0 MODE ( DI/RIBUTION *>ACT]I/IC ( CAPITALISM4 ,:5 ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY /RUGGLES = ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! 5TIRE ECONOMY1 IT ASPIRES !RE) ALSO TO A 0JU/0 DI/RIBUTION ( ! SOCIAL WEAL?4 ,BUT1 GUID$ BY ,M>X'S OBS]VATION ?AT ! MODE ( DI/RIBUTION ( A GIV5 EPO* IS A NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! MODE ( PRODUCTION ( ?AT EPO*1 ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY DOES NOT /RUGGLE AGA9/ DI/RIBUTION 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,IT /RUGGLES 9/EAD = ! SUPPRESSION ( ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,9 A WORD1 ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY WANTS TO E/ABLI% ! MODE ( SOCIALI/ DI/RIBUTION BY SUPPRESS+ ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,B]N/E9'S ME?OD1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 PROPOSES TO COMBAT ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( DI/RIBUTION 9 ! HOPES ( GRADUALLY E/ABLI%+1 9 ?IS WAY1 ! SOCIALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 

,:AT1 9 ?AT CASE1 IS ! BASIS ( ,B]N/E9'S PROGRAM = ! RE=M ( SOCIETY8 ,DOES IT F9D SUPPORT 9 DEF9ITE T5D5CIES ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION8 ,NO4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 HE D5IES SU* T5D5CIES4 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ! SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION ( PRODUCTION IS = HIM ! EFFECT & NOT ! CAUSE ( DI/RIBUTION4 ,HE CANNOT GIVE HIS PROGRAM A MAT]IALI/ BASE1 BECAUSE HE HAS ALREADY OV]?R[N ! AIMS & ! MEANS ( ! MOVEM5T = SOCIALISM1 & !RE=E ITS ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,AS A RESULT1 HE IS OBLIG$ TO CON/RUCT HIMSELF AN IDEALI/ BASE4 

0,:Y REPRES5T SOCIALISM AS ! CONSEQU5CE ( ECONOMIC COMPULSION80 HE COMPLA9S4 0,:Y DEGRADE MAN'S UND]/&+1 HIS FEEL+ = JU/ICE1 HIS WILL80 7,VORW>TS1 ,M>* #b#f1 #a#h#i#i74 ,B]N/E9'S SUP]LATIVELY JU/ DI/RIBUTION IS TO BE ATTA9$ ?ANKS TO MAN'S FREE WILL2 MAN'S WILL ACT+ NOT BECAUSE ( ECONOMIC NECESSITY1 S9CE ?IS WILL IS ONLY AN 9/RUM5T1 BUT BECAUSE ( MAN'S COMPREH5SION ( JU/ICE1 BECAUSE ( MAN'S IDEA ( JU/ICE4 

,WE ?US QUITE HAPPILY RETURN TO ! PR9CIPLE ( JU/ICE1 TO ! OLD W> HORSE ON :I* ! RE=M]S ( ! E>? HAVE ROCK$ = AGES1 = ! LACK ( SUR] MEANS ( HI/ORIC TRANSPORTATION4 ,WE RETURN TO ! LAM5TABLE ,ROS9ATE ON :I* ! ,DON ,QUIXOTES ( HI/ORY HAVE GALLOP$ T[>DS ! GREAT RE=M ( ! E>?1 ALWAYS TO COME HOME ) !IR EYES BLACK5$4 

,! RELATION ( ! POOR TO ! RI*1 TAK5 AS A BASE = SOCIALISM1 ! PR9CIPLE ( COOP]ATION AS ! CONT5T ( SOCIALISM1 ! 0MO/ JU/ DI/RIBUTION0 AS ITS AIM1 & ! IDEA ( JU/ICE AS ITS ONLY HI/ORIC LEGITIMIZATION - ) H[ MU* MORE =CE1 MORE ) & MORE FIRE DID ,WEITL+ DEF5D ?AT SORT ( SOCIALISM FIFTY YE>S AGO4 ,H[EV]1 ?AT G5IUS ( A TAILOR DID NOT KN[ SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4 ,IF TODAY1 ! CONCEPTION TORE 9TO BITS BY ,M>X & ,5GELS A HALF C5TURY AGO IS PAT*$ UP & PRES5T$ TO ! PROLET>IAT AS ! LA/ WORLD ( SOCIAL SCI5CE1 ?AT TOO1 IS ! >T ( A TAILOR BUT IT HAS NO?+ ( A G5IUS AB\T IT4 

,TRADE UNIONS & CO-OP]ATIVES >E ! ECONOMIC SUPPORT = ! !ORY ( REVISIONISM4 ,ITS PR9CIPAL POLITICAL CONDITION IS ! GR[? ( DEMOCRACY4 ,! PRES5T MANIFE/ATIONS ( POLITICAL REACTION >E TO ,B]N/E9 ONLY 0DISPLACEM5T40 ,HE CONSID]S !M ACCID5TAL1 MOM5T>Y1 & SUGGE/S ?AT !Y >E NOT TO BE CONSID]$ 9 ! ELABORATION ( ! G5]AL DIRECTIVES ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,TO ,B]N/E91 DEMOCRACY IS AN 9EVITABLE /AGE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY4 ,TO HIM1 AS TO ! B\RGEOIS !ORETICIANS ( LIB]ALISM1 DEMOCRACY IS ! GREAT FUNDAM5TAL LAW ( HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T1 ! REALIZATION ( :I* IS S]V$ BY ALL ! =CES ( POLITICAL LIFE4 ,H[EV]1 ,B]N/E9'S !SIS IS COMPLETELY FALSE4 ,PRES5T$ 9 ?IS ABSOLUTE =CE1 IT APPE>S AS A PETTY-B\RGEOIS VULG>IZATION ( RESULTS ( A V]Y %ORT PHASE ( B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T1 ! LA/ TW5TY-FIVE OR ?IRTY YE>S4 ,WE REA* 5TIRELY DIFF]5T CONCLUSIONS :5 WE EXAM9E ! HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T ( DEMOCRACY A LITTLE CLOS] & CONSID]1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! G5]AL POLITICAL HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM4 

,DEMOCRACY HAS BE5 F\ND 9 ! MO/ DISSIMIL> SOCIAL =MATIONS3 9 PRIMITIVE COMMUNI/ GR\PS1 9 ! SLAVE /ATES ( ANTIQUITY & 9 M$IEVAL COMMUNES4 ,& SIMIL>LY1 ABSOLUTISM & CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y >E TO BE F\ND UND] ! MO/ V>I$ ECONOMIC ORD]S4 ,:5 CAPITALISM BEGAN1 ) ! FIR/ PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES1 IT RESORT$ TO A DEMOCRATIC CON/ITUTION 9 ! MUNICIPAL-COMMUNES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,LAT]1 :5 IT DEVELOP$ TO MANUFACTUR+1 CAPITALISM F\ND ITS CORRESPOND+ POLITICAL =M 9 ! ABSOLUTE MON>*Y4 ,F9ALLY1 AS A DEVELOP$ 9DU/RIAL ECONOMY1 IT BR\<T 9TO BE+ 9 ,FRANCE ! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC ( #a#g#i#c1 ! ABSOLUTE MON>*Y ( ,NAPOLEON ,I1 ! NOBLES' MON>*Y ( ! ,RE/ORATION P]IOD 7#a#h#e-#a#h#c71 ! B\RGEOIS CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y ( ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE1 !N AGA9 ! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC1 & AGA9/ ! MON>*Y ( ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I1 & F9ALLY1 = ! ?IRD TIME1 ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,9 ,G]MANY1 ! ONLY TRULY DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTION - UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE - IS NOT A CONQUE/ WON BY B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM4 ,UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE 9 ,G]MANY WAS AN 9/RUM5T = ! FUSION ( ! SMALL ,/ATES4 ,IT IS ONLY 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT IT HAS ANY IMPORTANCE = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE1 :I* IS O!RWISE QUITE SATISFI$ ) SEMI-FEUDAL CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 CAPITALISM PROSP]$ = A LONG TIME UND] ! REGIME ( ORI5TAL ABSOLUTISM1 )\T HAV+ ! B\RGEOISIE MANIFE/ ! LEA/ DESIRE 9 ! WORLD TO 9TRODUCE DEMOCRACY4 ,9 ,AU/RIA1 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE WAS ABOVE ALL A SAFETY L9E ?R[N TO A F\ND]+ & DECOMPOS+ MON>*Y4 ,9 ,BELGIUM1 ! CONQUE/ ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE BY ! LABOR MOVEM5T WAS UND\BT$LY DUE TO ! WEAKNESS ( ! LOCAL MILIT>ISM1 & CONSEQU5TLY TO ! SPECIAL GEOGRAPHIC & POLITICAL SITUATION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT WE HAVE H]E A 0BIT ( DEMOCRACY0 ?AT HAS BE5 WON NOT BY ! B\RGEOISIE BUT AGA9/ IT4 

,! UN9T]RUPT$ VICTORY ( DEMOCRACY1 :I* TO \R REVISIONISM AS WELL AS TO B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM1 APPE>S AS A GREAT FUNDAM5TAL LAW ( HUMAN HI/ORY &1 ESPECIALLY1 MOD]N HI/ORY IS %[N UPON CLOS] EXAM9ATION TO BE A PHANTOM4 ,NO ABSOLUTE & G5]AL RELATION CAN BE CON/RUCT$ BETWE5 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & DEMOCRACY4 ,! POLITICAL =M ( A GIV5 C\NTRY IS ALWAYS ! RESULT ( ! COMPOSITE ( ALL ! EXI/+ POLITICAL FACTORS1 DOME/IC AS WELL AS =EIGN4 ,IT ADMITS )9 ITS LIMITS ALL V>IATIONS ( ! SCALE FROM ABSOLUTE MON>*Y TO ! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 

,WE MU/ AB&ON1 !RE=E1 ALL HOPE ( E/ABLI%+ DEMOCRACY AS A G5]AL LAW ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T EV5 )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,TURN+ TO ! PRES5T PHASE ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 WE OBS]VE H]E1 TOO1 POLITICAL FACTORS :I*1 9/EAD ( ASSUR+ ! REALIZATION ( ,B]N/E9'S S*EMA1 L$ RA!R TO ! AB&ONM5T BY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ( ! DEMOCRATIC CONQUE/S WON UP TO N[4 

,DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS - & ?IS IS ( ! GREATE/ SIGNIFICANCE - HAVE COMPLETELY EXHAU/$ !IR FUNCTION AS AIDS 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,9 SO F> AS !Y W]E NECESS>Y TO BR+ AB\T ! FUSION ( SMALL ,/ATES & ! CREATION ( L>GE MOD]N ,/ATES 7,G]MANY1 ,ITALY71 !Y >E NO LONG] 9DISP5SABLE AT PRES5T4 ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T HAS MEAN:ILE EFFECT$ AN 9T]NAL ORGANIC CICATRIZATION4 

,! SAME ?+ CAN BE SAID CONC]N+ ! TRANS=MATION ( ! 5TIRE POLITICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE ,/ATE MA*9]Y FROM FEUDAL OR SEMI-FEUDAL ME*ANISM TO CAPITALI/ ME*ANISM4 ,:ILE ?IS TRANS=MATION HAS BE5 HI/ORICALLY 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! DEVELOPM5T ( DEMOCRACY1 IT HAS BE5 REALIZ$ TODAY TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT ! PURELY DEMOCRATIC 0+R$I5TS0 ( SOCIETY1 SU* AS UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & ! REPUBLICAN ,/ATE =M1 MAY BE SUPPRESS$ )\T HAV+ ! ADM9I/RATION1 ! ,/ATE F9ANCES1 OR ! MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION F9D IT NECESS>Y TO RETURN TO ! =MS !Y HAD BE=E ! ,M>* ,REVOLUTION4.<#c.> 

,IF LIB]ALISM AS SU* IS N[ ABSOLUTELY USELESS TO B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IT HAS BECOME1 ON ! O!R H&1 A DIRECT IMP$IM5T TO CAPITALISM FROM O!R /&PO9TS4 ,TWO FACTORS DOM9ATE COMPLETELY ! POLITICAL LIFE ( CONTEMPOR>Y ,/ATES3 WORLD POLITICS & ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,EA* IS ONLY A DIFF]5T ASPECT ( ! PRES5T PHASE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 

,AS A RESULT ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORLD ECONOMY & ! AGGRAVATION & G5]ALIZATION ( COMPETITION ON ! WORLD M>KET1 MILIT>ISM & ! POLICY ( BIG NAVIES HAVE BECOME1 AS 9/RUM5TS ( WORLD POLITICS1 A DECISIVE FACTOR 9 ! 9T]IOR AS WELL AS 9 ! EXT]IOR LIFE ( ! GREAT ,/ATES4 ,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT WORLD POLITICS & MILIT>ISM REPRES5T A RIS+ T5D5CY 9 ! PRES5T PHASE ( CAPITALISM1 !N B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY MU/ LOGICALLY MOVE 9 A DESC5D+ L9E4 

,9 ,G]MANY ! ]A ( GREAT >MAM5T1 BEGAN 9 #a#h#i#c1 & ! POLICY ( WORLD POLITICS 9AUGURAT$ ) ! SEIZURE ( ,KIAO-,*E\ W]E PAID = IMM$IATELY ) ! FOLL[+ SACRIFICIAL VICTIM3 ! DECOMPOSITION ( LIB]ALISM1 ! DEFLATION ( ! ,C5T] ,P>TY1 :I* PASS$ FROM OPPOSITION TO GOV]NM5T4 ,! REC5T ELECTIONS TO ! ,REI*/AG ( #aig UNROLL+ UND] ! SIGN ( ! ,G]MAN COLONIAL POLICY W]E1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! HI/ORICAL BURIAL ( ,G]MAN LIB]ALISM4 

,IF =EIGN POLITICS PU% ! B\RGEOISIE 9TO ! >MS ( REACTION ?IS IS NO LESS TRUE AB\T DOME/IC POLITICS - ?ANKS TO ! RISE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,B]N/E9 %[S ?AT HE RECOGNIZES ?IS :5 HE MAKES ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC 0LEG5D10 :I* 0WANTS TO SWALL[ EV]Y?+0 - 9 O!R WORDS1 ! SOCIALI/ EF=TS ( ! WORK+ CLASS - RESPONSIBLE = ! DES]TION ( ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE4 ,HE ADVISES ! PROLET>IAT TO DISAV[ ITS SOCIALI/ AIM SO ?AT ! MORTALLY FRI<T5$ LIB]ALS MI<T COME \T ( ! M\SEHOLE ( REACTION4 ,MAK+ ! SUPPRESSION ( ! SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION = ! PRES]VATION ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 HE PROVES 9 A /RIK+ MANN] ?AT ?IS DEMOCRACY IS 9 COMPLETE CONTRADICTION ) ! 9N] T5D5CY ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY4 ,HE PROVES1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ?AT ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T IS ITSELF A DIRECT PRODUCT ( ?IS T5D5CY4 

,BUT HE PROVES1 AT ! SAME TIME1 /ILL ANO!R ?+4 ,BY MAK+ ! D5\NCEM5T ( ! SOCIALI/ AIM AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( ! RESURRECTION ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 HE %[S H[ 9EXACT IS ! CLAIM ?AT B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY IS AN 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T & ! VICTORY ( SOCIALISM4 ,B]N/E9'S REASON+ EXHAU/S ITSELF 9 A VICI\S CIRCLE4 ,HIS CONCLUSION SWALL[S HIS PREMISES4 

,! SOLUTION IS QUITE SIMPLE4 ,9 VIEW ( ?AT FACT ?AT B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM HAS GIV5 UP ITS <O/ FROM FE> ( ! GR[+ LABOR MOVEM5T & ITS F9AL AIM1 WE CONCLUDE ?AT ! SOCIALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T IS TODAY ! ONLY SUPPORT = ?AT :I* IS NOT ! GOAL ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T - DEMOCRACY4 ,WE MU/ CONCLUDE ?AT DEMOCRACY CAN HAVE NO SUPPORT4 ,WE MU/ CONCLUDE ?AT ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T IS NOT B\ND TO B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY BUT ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! FATE ( DEMOCRACY IS B\ND UP ) ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,WE MU/ CONCLUDE FROM ?IS ?AT DEMOCRACY DOES NOT ACQUIRE GREAT] *ANCES ( SURVIVAL1 AS ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T BECOMES SUFFICI5TLY /RONG TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! REACTION>Y CONSEQU5CES ( WORLD POLITICS & ! B\RGEOIS DES]TION ( DEMOCRACY4 ,HE :O W\LD /R5G!N DEMOCRACY %\LD WANT TO /R5G!N & NOT WEAK5 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,HE :O R5\NCES ! /RUGGLE = SOCIALISM R5\NCES BO? ! LABOR MOVEM5T & DEMOCRACY4 

.<#b.> ,! MY?OLOGICAL K+ ( ,COR9? :O WAS CONDEMN$ TO ROLL A HUGE /ONE TO ! TOP ( A HILL4 ,IT CON/ANTLY ROLL$ BACK D[N AGA9/ MAK+ HIS TASK 9CESSANT4 

.<#c.> ,! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION ( #a#h#d#h1 :I* /RUCK AN EFFECTIVE BL[ AGA9/ ! FEUDAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 ,G]MANY4 

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,CONQUE/ ( ,POLITICAL ,P[] 

,! FATE ( DEMOCRACY IS B\ND UP1 WE HAVE SE51 ) ! FATE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,BUT DOES ! DEVELOPM5T ( DEMOCRACY R5D] SUP]FLU\S OR IMPOSSIBLE A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ?AT IS1 ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! WORK]S8 

,B]N/E9 SETTLES ! QUE/ION BY WEI<+ M9UTELY ! GOOD & BAD SIDES ( SOCIAL RE=M & SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,HE DOES IT ALMO/ 9 ! SAME MANN] 9 :I* C9NAMON OR PEPP] IS WEI<$ \T 9 A CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVE /ORE4 ,HE SEES ! LEGISLATIVE C\RSE ( HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T AS ! ACTION ( 09TELLIG5CE10 :ILE ! REVOLUTION>Y C\RSE ( HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T IS = HIM ! ACTION ( 0FEEL+40 ,RE=MI/ ACTIVITY1 HE RECOGNIZES AS A SL[ ME?OD ( HI/ORIC PROGRESS1 REVOLUTION AS A RAPID ME?OD ( PROGRESS4 ,9 LEGISLATION HE SEES A ME?ODICAL =CE2 9 REVOLUTION1 A SPONTANE\S =CE4 

,WE HAVE KN[N = A LONG TIME ?AT ! PETTY-B\RGEOISIE RE=M] F9DS 0GOOD0 & 0BAD0 SIDES 9 EV]Y?+4 ,HE NIBBLES A BIT AT ALL GRASSES4 ,BUT ! REAL C\RSE ( EV5TS IS LITTLE AFFECT$ BY SU* COMB9ATION4 ,! C>EFULLY GA!R$ LITTLE PILE ( ! 0GOOD SIDES0 ( ALL ?+S POSSIBLE COLLAPSES AT ! FIR/ FILIP ( HI/ORY4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 LEGISLATIVE RE=M & ! REVOLUTION>Y ME?OD FUNCTION 9 ACCORDANCE ) 9FLU5CES ?AT >E MU* MORE PR(\ND ?AN ! CONSID]ATION ( ! ADVANTAGES OR 9CONV5I5CES ( ONE ME?OD OR ANO!R4 

,9 ! HI/ORY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 LEGISLATIVE RE=M S]V$ TO /R5G!N PROGRESSIVELY ! RIS+ CLASS TILL ! LATT] WAS SUFFICI5TLY /RONG TO SEIZE POLITICAL P[]1 TO SUPPRESS ! EXI/+ JURIDICAL SY/EM & TO CON/RUCT ITSELF A NEW ONE4 ,B]N/E91 ?UND]+ AGA9/ ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] AS A !ORY ( ,BLANQUI/ VIOL5CE1 HAS ! MIS=TUNE ( LABEL+ AS A ,BLANQUI/ ]ROR ?AT :I* HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! PIVOT & ! MOTIVE =CE ( HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,FROM ! FIR/ APPE>ANCE ( CLASS SOCIETIES HAV+ ! CLASS /RUGGLE AS ! ESS5TIAL CONT5T ( !IR HI/ORY1 ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] HAS BE5 ! AIM ( ALL RIS+ CLASSES4 ,H]E IS ! />T+ PO9T & 5D ( EV]Y HI/ORIC P]IOD4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 9 ! LONG /RUGGLE ( ! ,LAT9 PEASANTRY AGA9/ ! F9ANCI]S & NOBILITY ( ANCI5T ,ROME1 9 ! /RUGGLE ( ! M$IEVAL NOBILITY AGA9/ ! BI%OPS & 9 ! /RUGGLE ( ! >TISANS AGA9/ ! NOBLES1 9 ! CITIES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,9 MOD]N TIMES1 WE SEE IT 9 ! /RUGGLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ FEUDALISM4 

,LEGISLATIVE RE=M & REVOLUTION >E NOT DIFF]5T ME?ODS ( HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T ?AT CAN BE PICK$ \T AT ! PLEASURE FROM ! C\NT] ( HI/ORY1 JU/ AS ONE *OOSES HOT OR COLD SAUSAGES4 ,LEGISLATIVE RE=M & REVOLUTION >E DIFF]5T FACTORS 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CLASS SOCIETY4 ,!Y CONDITION & COMPLEM5T EA* O!R1 & >E AT ! SAME TIME RECIPROCALLY EXCLUSIVE1 AS >E ! NOR? & S\? POLES1 ! B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT4 

,EV]Y LEGAL CON/ITUTION IS ! PRODUCT ( A REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! HI/ORY ( CLASSES1 REVOLUTION IS ! ACT ( POLITICAL CREATION1 :ILE LEGISLATION IS ! POLITICAL EXPRESSION ( ! LIFE ( A SOCIETY ?AT HAS ALREADY COME 9TO BE+4 ,WORK = RE=M DOES NOT CONTA9 ITS [N =CE 9DEP5D5T FROM REVOLUTION4 ,DUR+ EV]Y HI/ORIC P]IOD1 WORK = RE=MS IS C>RI$ ON ONLY 9 ! DIRECTION GIV5 TO IT BY ! IMPETUS ( ! LA/ REVOLUTION & CONT9UES AS LONG AS ! IMPULSION FROM ! LA/ REVOLUTION CONT9UES TO MAKE ITSELF FELT4 ,OR1 TO PUT IT MORE CONCRETELY1 9 EA* HI/ORIC P]IOD WORK = RE=MS IS C>RI$ ON ONLY 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! SOCIAL =M CREAT$ BY ! LA/ REVOLUTION4 ,H]E IS ! K]NEL ( ! PROBLEM4 

,IT IS CONTR>Y TO HI/ORY TO REPRES5T WORK = RE=MS AS A LONG-DRAWN \T REVOLUTION & REVOLUTION AS A COND5S$ S]IES ( RE=MS4 ,A SOCIAL TRANS=MATION & A LEGISLATIVE RE=M DO NOT DIFF] ACCORD+ TO !IR DURATION BUT ACCORD+ TO !IR CONT5T4 ,! SECRET ( HI/ORIC *ANGE ?R\< ! UTILIZATION ( POLITICAL P[] RESIDES PRECISELY 9 ! TRANS=MATION ( SIMPLE QUANTITATIVE MODIFICATION 9TO A NEW QUALITY1 OR TO SPEAK MORE CONCRETELY1 9 ! PASSAGE ( AN HI/ORIC P]IOD FROM ONE GIV5 =M ( SOCIETY TO ANO!R4 

,?AT IS :Y PEOPLE :O PRON\NCE !MSELVES 9 FAVOR ( ! ME?OD ( LEGISLATIVE RE=M 9 PLACE & 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] & SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 DO NOT REALLY *OOSE A MORE TRANQUIL1 CALM] & SL[] ROAD TO ! SAME GOAL1 BUT A DIFF]5T GOAL4 ,9/EAD ( TAK+ A /& = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NEW SOCIETY !Y TAKE A /& = SURFACE MODIFICATIONS ( ! OLD SOCIETY4 ,IF WE FOLL[ ! POLITICAL CONCEPTIONS ( REVISIONISM1 WE >RIVE AT ! SAME CONCLUSION ?AT IS REA*$ :5 WE FOLL[ ! ECONOMIC !ORIES ( REVISIONISM4 ,\R PROGRAM BECOMES NOT ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM1 BUT ! RE=M ( CAPITALISM2 NOT ! SUPPRESSION ( ! WAGE LABOR SY/EM BUT ! DIM9UTION ( EXPLOITATION1 ?AT IS1 ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ABUSES ( CAPITALISM 9/EAD ( SUPPRESSION ( CAPITALISM ITSELF4 

,DOES ! RECIPROCAL ROLE ( LEGISLATIVE RE=M & REVOLUTION APPLY ONLY TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! PA/8 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT N[1 AS A RESULT ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! B\RGEOIS JURIDICAL SY/EM1 ! FUNCTION ( MOV+ SOCIETY FROM ONE HI/ORIC PHASE TO ANO!R BELONGS TO LEGISLATIVE RE=M & ?AT ! CONQUE/ ( ,/ATE P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT HAS REALLY BECOME 0AN EMPTY PHRASE10 AS ,B]N/E9 PUTS IT8 

,! V]Y OPPOSITE IS TRUE4 ,:AT DI/+UI%ES B\RGEOIS SOCIETY FROM O!R CLASS SOCIETIES - FROM ANCI5T SOCIETY & FROM ! SOCIAL ORD] ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES8 ,PRECISELY ! FACT ?AT CLASS DOM9ATION DOES NOT RE/ ON 0ACQUIR$ RI<TS0 BUT ON REAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS - ! FACT ?AT WAGE LABOR IS NOT A JURIDICAL RELATION1 BUT PURELY AN ECONOMIC RELATION4 ,9 \R JURIDICAL SY/EM !RE IS NOT A S+LE LEGAL =MULA = ! CLASS DOM9ATION ( TODAY4 ,! FEW REMA9+ TRACES ( SU* =MULAS ( CLASS DOM9ATION >E 7AS ?AT CONC]N+ S]VANTS71 SURVIVALS ( FEUDAL SOCIETY4 

,H[ CAN WAGE SLAV]Y BE SUPPRESS$ ! 0LEGISLATIVE WAY10 IF WAGE SLAV]Y IS NOT EXPRESS$ ! LAWS8 ,B]N/E91 :O W\LD DO AWAY ) CAPITALISM BY MEANS ( LEGISLATIVE RE=MS1 F9DS HIMSELF 9 ! SAME SITUATION S ,USP5SKY'S ,RUSSIAN POLICEMAN :O SAID3 0,QUICKLY ,I SEIZ$ ! RASCAL BY ! COLL>6 ,BUT :AT DO ,I SEE8 ,! CONF\ND$ FELL[ HAS NO COLL>60 ,& ?AT IS PRECISELY ,B]N/E9'S DIFFICULTY4 

0,ALL PREVI\S SOCIETIES W]E BAS$ ON AN ANTAGONISM BETWE5 AN OPPRESS+ CLASS & AN OPPRESS$ CLASS0 7,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O74 ,BUT 9 ! PREC$+ PHASES ( MOD]N SOCIETY1 ?IS ANTAGONISM WAS EXPRESS$ 9 DI/9CTLY DET]M9$ JURIDICAL RELATIONS & C\LD1 ESPECIALLY BECAUSE ( ?AT1 ACCORD1 TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 A PLACE TO NEW RELATIONS )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! OLD4 0,9 ! MID/ ( S]FDOM1 ! S]F RAIS$ HIMSELF TO ! RANK ( A MEMB] ( ! T[N COMMUNITY0 7,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O74 ,H[ WAS ?AT MADE POSSIBLE8 ,IT WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY ! PROGRESSIVE ( ALL FEUDAL PRIVILEGES 9 ! 5VIRONS ( ! CITY3 ! CORVEE1 ! RI<T TO SPECIAL DRESS1 ! 9H]ITANCE TAX1 ! LORD'S CLAIM TO ! BE/ CATTLE1 ! P]SONAL LEVY1 M>RIAGE UND] DURESS1 ! RI<T TO SUCCESSION1 ETC41 :I* ALL TOGE!R CON/ITUT$ S]FDOM4 

,9 ! SAME WAY1 ! SMALL B\RGEOISIE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES SUCCE$$ 9 RAIS+ ITSELF1 :ILE IT WAS /ILL UND] ! YOKE ( FEUDAL ABSOLUTISM1 TO ! RANK ( B\RGEOISIE 7,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O74 ,BY :AT MEANS8 ,BY MEANS ( ! =MAL P>TIAL SUPPRESSION OR COMPLETE LOOS5+ ( ! CORPORATIVE BONDS1 BY ! PROGRESSIVE TRANS=MATION ( ! FISCAL ADM9I/RATION & ( ! >MY4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 :5 WE CONSID] ! QUE/ION FROM ! AB/RACT VIEWPO9T1 NOT FROM ! HI/ORIC VIEWPO9T1 WE CAN IMAG9E 79 VIEW ( ! =M] CLASS RELATIONS7 A LEGAL PASSAGE1 ACCORD+ TO ! RE=MI/ ME?OD1 FROM FEUDAL SOCIETY TO B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,BUT :AT DO WE SEE 9 REALITY8 ,9 REALITY1 WE SEE ?AT LEGAL RE=MS NOT ONLY DO NOT OBVIATE ! SEIZURE ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! B\RGEOISIE BUT HAVE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 PREP>$ = IT & L$ TO IT4 ,A =MAL SOCIAL-POLITICAL TRANS=MATION WAS 9DISP5SABLE = ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y AS WELL AS = ! COMPLETE SUPPRESSION ( FEUDALISM4 

,BUT ! SITUATION IS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T N[4 ,NO LAW OBLIGES ! PROLET>IAT TO SUBMIT ITSELF TO ! YOKE ( CAPITALISM4 ,POV]TY1 ! LACK ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 OBLIGES ! PROLET>IAT TO SUBMIT ITSELF TO ! YOKE ( CAPITALISM4 ,& NO LAW 9 ! WORLD CAN GIVE TO ! PROLET>IAT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION :ILE IT REMA9S 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 = NOT LAWS BUT ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T HAVE TORN ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION FROM ! PRODUC]S' POSSESSION4 

,& NEI!R IS ! EXPLOITATION 9SIDE ! SY/EM ( WAGE LABOR BAS$ ON LAWS4 ,! LEVEL ( WAGES IS NOT FIX$ BY LEGISLATION BUT BY ECONOMIC FACTORS4 ,! PH5OM5ON ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION DOES NOT RE/ ON A LEGAL DISPOSITION BUT ON ! PURELY ECONOMIC FACT ?AT LABOR P[] PLAYS 9 ?IS EXPLOITATION ! ROLE ( A M]*&ISE POSSESS+1 AMONG O!R *>ACT]I/ICS1 ! AGREEABLE QUALITY ( PRODUC+ VALUE - MORE ?AN ! VALUE IT CONSUMES 9 ! =M ( ! LABOR]'S MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,9 %ORT1 ! FUNDAM5TAL RELATIONS ( ! DOM9ATION ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS CANNOT BE TRANS=M$ BY MEANS ( LEGISLATIVE RE=MS1 ON ! BASIS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 BECAUSE !SE RELATIONS HAVE NOT BE5 9TRODUC$ BY B\RGEOIS LAWS1 NOR HAVE !Y RECEIV$ ! =M ( SU* LAWS4 ,APP>5TLY1 ,B]N/E9 IS NOT AW>E ( ?IS = HE SPEAKS ( 0SOCIALI/ RE=MS40 ,ON ! O!R H&1 HE SEEMS TO EXPRESS IMPLICIT RECOGNITION ( ?IS :5 HE WRITES1 ON PAGE #a ( HIS BOOK1 0! ECONOMIC MOTIVE ACTS FREELY TODAY1 :ILE =M]LY IT WAS MASK$ BY ALL K9DS ( RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION BY ALL SORTS ( IDEOLOGY40 

,IT IS ONE ( ! PECULI>ITIES ( ! CAPITALI/ ORD] ?AT )9 IT ALL ! ELEM5TS ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY FIR/ ASSUME1 9 !IR DEVELOPM5T1 A =M NOT APPROA*+ SOCIALISM BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 A =M MOV+ MORE & MORE AWAY FROM SOCIALISM4 ,PRODUCTION TAKES ON A PROGRESSIVELY 9CREAS+ SOCIAL *>ACT]4 ,BUT UND] :AT =M IS ! SOCIAL *>ACT] ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION EXPRESS$8 ,IT IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! =M ( ! L>GE 5T]PRISE1 9 ! =M ( ! %>EHOLD+ CONC]N1 ! C>TEL1 )9 :I* ! CAPITALI/ ANTAGONISMS1 CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 ! OPPRESSION ( LABOR-P[]1 >E AUGM5T$ TO ! EXTREME4 

,9 ! >MY1 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T LEADS TO ! EXT5SION ( OBLIGATORY MILIT>Y S]VICE TO ! R$UCTION ( ! TIME ( S]VICE & CONSEQU5TLY TO A MAT]IAL APPROA* TO A POPUL> MILITIA4 ,BUT ALL ( ?IS TAKES PLACE UND] ! =M ( MOD]N MILIT>ISM 9 :I* ! DOM9ATION ( ! PEOPLE BY ! MILIT>I/ ,/ATE & ! CLASS *>ACT] ( ! ,/ATE MANIFE/ !MSELVES MO/ CLE>LY4 

,9 ! FIELD ( POLITICAL RELATIONS1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( DEMOCRACY BR+S - 9 ! MEASURE ?AT IT F9DS A FAVORABLE SOIL - ! P>TICIPATION ( ALL POPUL> /RATA 9 POLITICAL LIFE &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 SOME SORT ( 0PEOPLE'S ,/ATE40 ,BUT ?IS P>TICIPATION TAKES ! =M ( B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>ISM1 9 :I* CLASS ANTAGONISMS & CLASS DOM9ATION >E NOT DONE AWAY )1 BUT >E1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 DISPLAY$ 9 ! OP54 ,EXACTLY BECAUSE CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T MOVES ?R\< !SE CONTRADICTIONS1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO EXTRACT ! K]NEL ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY FROM ITS CAPITALI/ %ELL4 ,EXACTLY = ?IS REASON MU/ ! PROLET>IAT SEIZE POLITICAL P[] & SUPPRESS COMPLETELY ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,( C\RSE1 ,B]N/E9 DRAWS O!R CONCLUSIONS4 ,IF ! DEVELOPM5T ( DEMOCRACY LEADS TO ! AGGRAVATION & NOT TO ! LESS5+ ( CAPITALI/ ANTAGONISMS1 0! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY10 HE ANSW]S US1 09 ORD] NOT TO R5D] ITS TASK MORE DIFFICULT1 MU/ BY ALL MEANS TRY TO /OP SOCIAL RE=MS & ! EXT5SION ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS10 7PAGE #g#a74 ,9DE$1 ?AT W\LD BE ! RI<T ?+ TO DO IF ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY F\ND TO ITS TA/E1 9 ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS MANN]1 ! FUTILE TASK ( PICK+ = ITSELF ALL ! GOOD SIDES ( HI/ORY & REJECT+ ! BAD SIDES ( HI/ORY4 ,H[EV]1 9 ?AT CASE1 IT %\LD AT ! SAME TIME 0TRY TO /OP0 CAPITALISM 9 G5]AL1 = !RE IS NOT D\BT ?AT LATT] IS ! RASCAL PLAC+ ALL !SE OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( SOCIALISM4 ,BUT CAPITALISM FURNI%ES BESIDES ! OB/ACLES ALSO ! ONLY POSSIBILITIES ( REALIZ+ ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM4 ,! SAME CAN BE SAID AB\T DEMOCRACY4 

,IF DEMOCRACY HAS BECOME SUP]FLU\S OR ANNOY+ TO ! B\RGEOISIE1 IT IS ON ! CONTR>Y NECESS>Y & 9DISP5SABLE TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO ! WORK+ CLASS BECAUSE IT CREATES ! POLITICAL =MS 7AUTONOM\S ADM9I/RATION1 ELECTORAL RI<TS1 ETC47 :I* WILL S]VE ! PROLET>IAT AS FULCRUMS 9 ITS TASK ( TRANS=M+ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,DEMOCRACY IS 9DISP5SABLE TO ! WORK+ CLASS BECAUSE ONLY ?R\< ! EX]CISE ( ITS DEMOCRATIC RI<TS1 9 ! /RUGGLE = DEMOCRACY1 CAN ! PROLET>IAT BECOME AW>E ( ITS CLASS 9T]E/S & ITS HI/ORIC TASK4 

,9 A WORD1 DEMOCRACY IS 9DISP5SABLE NOT BECAUSE IT R5D]S SUP]FLU\S ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT BUT BECAUSE IT R5D]S ?IS CONQUE/ ( P[] BO? NECESS>Y & POSSIBLE4 ,:5 ,5GELS1 9 HIS PREFACE TO ! ,CLASS ,/RUGGLES 9 ,FRANCE1 REVIS$ ! TACTICS ( ! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T & URG$ ! LEGAL /RUGGLE AS OPPOS$ TO ! B>RICADES1 HE DID NOT HAVE 9 M9D - ?IS COMES \T ( EV]Y L9E ( ! PREFACE - ! QUE/ION ( A DEF9ITE CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 BUT ! CONTEMPOR>Y DAILY /RUGGLE4 ,HE DID NOT HAVE 9 M9D ! ATTITUDE ?AT ! PROLET>IAT MU/ TAKE T[>D ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE AT ! TIME ( ! SEIZURE ( P[] BUT ! ATTITUDE ( ! PROLET>IAT :ILE 9 ! B\NDS ( ! CAPITALI/ ,/ATE4 ,5GELS WAS GIV+ DIRECTIONS TO ! PROLET>IAT OPPRESS$1 & NOT TO ! PROLET>IAT VICTORI\S4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ,M>X'S WELL KN[N S5T5CE ON ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION 9 ,5GL& 7,B]N/E9 LEANS ON IT HEAVILY71 9 :I* HE SAYS3 0,WE %ALL PROBABLY SUCCE$ EASI] BY BUY+ ! E/ATES ( ! L&LORDS10 DOES NOT REF] TO ! /& ( ! PROLET>IAT BE=E1 BUT AFT] ITS VICTORY4 ,= !RE EVID5TLY CAN BE A QUE/ION ( BUY+ ! PROP]TY ( ! OLD DOM9ANT CLASS ONLY :5 ! WORK]S >E 9 P[]4 ,! POSSIBILITY 5VISAG$ BY ,M>X IS ?AT ( ! PACIFIC EX]CISE ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT & NOT ! REPLACEM5T ( ! DICTATOR%IP ) CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RE=MS4 ,!RE WAS NO D\BT = ,M>X & ,5GELS AB\T ! NECESSITY ( HAV+ ! PROLET>IAT CONQU] POLITICAL P[]4 ,IT IS LEFT TO ,B]N/E9 TO CONSID] ! P\LTRY-Y>D ( B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T>ISM AS ! ORGAN BY MEANS ( :I* WE >E TO REALIZE ! MO/ =MIDABLE SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ( HI/ORY1 ! PASSAGE FROM CAPITALI/ SOCIETY TO SOCIALISM4 

,B]N/E9 9TRODUCES HIS !ORY BY W>N+ ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! DANG] ( ACQUIR+ P[] TOO E>LY4 ,?AT IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,B]N/E91 ! PROLET>IAT \<T TO LEAVE ! B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 9 ITS PRES5T CONDITION & ITSELF SUFF] A FRI<TFUL DEFEAT4 ,IF ! PROLET>IAT CAME TO P[]1 IT C\LD DRAW FROM ,B]N/E9'S !ORY ! FOLL[+ 0PRACTICAL0 CONCLUSION3 TO GO TO SLEEP4 ,HIS !ORY CONDEMNS ! PROLET>IAT AT ! MO/ DECISIVE MOM5TS ( ! /RUGGLE1 TO 9ACTIVITY1 TO A PASSIVE BETRAYAL ( ITS [N CAUSE4 

,\R PROGRAM W\LD BE A MIS]ABLE SCRAP ( PAP] IF IT C\LD NOT S]VE US 9 ALL EV5TUALITIES1 AT ALL MOM5TS ( ! /RUGGLE & IF IT DID NOT S]VE US BY ITS APPLICATION & NOT BY ITS NON-APPLICATION4 ,IF \R PROGRAM CONTA9S ! =MULA ( ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM1 IT MU/ ALSO =MULATE1 9 ALL ITS *>ACT]I/IC FUNDAM5TALS1 ALL ! TRANSITORY PHASES ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T & IT %\LD1 CONSEQU5TLY1 BE ABLE TO 9DICATE TO ! PROLET>IAT :AT \<T TO BE ITS CORRESPOND+ ACTION AT EV]Y MOM5T ON ! ROAD T[>D SOCIALISM4 ,!RE CAN BE NO TIME = ! PROLET>IAT :5 IT WILL BE OBLIG$ TO AB&ON ITS PROGRAM OR BE AB&ON$ BY IT4 

,PRACTICALLY1 ?IS IS MANIFE/$ 9 ! FACT ?AT !RE CAN BE NO TIME :5 ! PROLET>IAT1 PLAC$ 9 P[] BY ! =CE ( EV5TS1 IS NOT 9 ! CONDITION OR IS NOT MORALLY OBLIG$ TO TAKE C]TA9 MEASURES = ! REALIZATION ( ITS PROGRAM1 ?AT IS1 TAKE TRANSITORY MEASURES 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIALISM4 ,BEH9D ! BELIEF ?AT ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM CAN COLLAPSE COMPLETELY AT ANY PO9T ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT LURKS ! O!R BELIEF ?AT ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM IS G5]ALLY & AT ALL TIMES1 UNREALIZABLE4 

,& :AT IF ! TRANSITORY MEASURES >E PREMATURE8 ,! QUE/ION HIDES A GREAT NUMB] ( MI/AK5 IDEAS CONC]N+ ! REAL C\RSE ( A SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! SEIZURE ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT1 ?AT IS TO SAY BY A L>GE POPUL> CLASS1 IS NOT PRODUC$ >TIFICIALLY4 ,IT PRESUPPOSES 7) ! EXCEPTION ( SU* CASES AS ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 :5 ! PROLET>IAT DID NOT OBTA9 P[] AFT] A CONSCI\S /RUGGLE = ITS GOAL BUT FELL 9TO ITS H&S LIKE A GOOD ?+ AB&ON$ BY EV]YBODY ELSE7 A DEF9ITE DEGREE ( MATURITY ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL RELATIONS4 ,H]E WE HAVE ! ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 C\PS D'ETAT ALONG ,BLANQUI'S CONCEPTION :I* >E ACCOMPLI%$ BY AN 0ACTIVE M9ORITY0 & BUR/ \T LIKE PI/OL %OT1 ALWAYS 9OPPORTUNELY1 & ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] BY A GREAT CONSCI\S POPUL> MASS :I* CAN ONLY BE ! PRODUCT ( ! DECOMPOSITION ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & !RE=E BE>S 9 ITSELF ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LEGITIMIZATION ( ITS OPPORTUNE APPE>ANCE4 

,IF1 !RE=E1 CONSID]$ FROM ! ANGLE ( POLITICAL EFFECT ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! WORK+ CLASS CANNOT MAT]IALIZE ITSELF 0TOO E>LY0 !N FROM ! ANGLE ( CONS]VATION ( P[]1 ! PREMATURE REVOLUTION1 ! ?\<T ( :I* KEEPS ,B]N/E9 AWAKE1 M5ACES US LIKE A SWORD ( ,DAMOCLES4 ,AGA9/ ?AT NEI!R PRAY]S NOR SUPPLICATION1 NEI!R SC>ES NOR ANY AM\NT ( ANGUI%1 >E ( ANY AVAIL4 ,& ?IS = TWO V]Y SIMPLE REASONS4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO IMAG9E ?AT A TRANS=MATION AS =MIDABLE AS ! PASSAGE FROM CAPITALI/ SOCIETY TO SOCIALI/ SOCIETY CAN BE REALIZ$ 9 ONE HAPPY ACT4 ,TO CONSID] ?AT AS POSSIBLE IS1 AGA91 TO L5D COLOR TO CONCEPTIONS ?AT >E CLE>LY ,BLANQUI/4 ,! SOCIALI/ TRANS=MATION SUPPOSES A LONG & /UBBORN /RUGGLE1 9 ! C\RSE ( :I*1 IT IS QUITE PROBABLE ! PROLET>IAT WILL BE REPULS$ MORE ?AN ONCE SO ?AT = ! FIR/ TIME1 FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! F9AL \TCOME ( ! /RUGGLE1 IT WILL HAVE NECESS>ILY COME TO P[] 0TOO E>LY40 

,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 IT WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE TO AVOID ! 0PREMATURE0 CONQUE/ ( ,/ATE P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT PRECISELY BECAUSE !SE 0PREMATURE0 ATTACKS ( ! PROLET>IAT CON/ITUTE A FACTOR & 9DE$ A V]Y IMPORTANT FACTOR1 CREAT+ ! POLITICAL CONDITIONS ( ! F9AL VICTORY4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! POLITICAL CRISIS ACCOMPANY+ ITS SEIZURE ( P[]1 9 ! C\RSE ( ! LONG & /UBBORN /RUGGLES1 ! PROLET>IAT WILL ACQUIRE ! DEGREE ( POLITICAL MATURITY P]MITT+ IT TO OBTA9 9 TIME A DEF9ITIVE VICTORY ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,?US !SE 0PREMATURE0 ATTACKS ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! ,/ATE P[] >E 9 !MSELVES IMPORTANT HI/ORIC FACTORS HELP+ TO PROVOKE & DET]M9E ! PO9T ( ! DEF9ITE VICTORY4 ,CONSID]$ FROM ?IS VIEWPO9T1 ! IDEA ( A 0PREMATURE0 CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[] BY ! LABOR+ CLASS APPE>S TO BE A POLEMIC ABSURDITY D]IV$ FROM A ME*ANICAL CONCEPTION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY1 & POSIT+ = ! VICTORY ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE A PO9T FIX$ \TSIDE & 9DEP5D5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,S9CE ! PROLET>IAT IS NOT 9 ! POSITION TO SEIZE P[] 9 ANY O!R WAY ?AN 0PREMATURELY10 S9CE ! PROLET>IAT IS ABSOLUTELY OBLIG$ TO SEIZE P[] ONCE OR SEV]AL TIMES 0TOO E>LY0 BE=E IT CAN MA9TA9 ITSELF 9 P[] = GOOD1 ! OBJECTION TO ! 0PREMATURE0 CONQUE/ ( P[] IS AT BOTTOM NO?+ MORE ?AN A G5]AL OPPOSITION TO ! ASPIRATION ( ! PROLET>IAT TO POSSESS ITSELF ( ,/ATE P[]4 ,JU/ AS ALL ROADS LEAD TO ,ROME SO TOO DO WE LOGICALLY >RIVE AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! REVISIONI/ PROPOSAL TO SLI<T ! F9AL AIM ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T IS REALLY A RECOMM5DATION TO R5\NCE ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ITSELF4 

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,COLLAPSE 

,B]N/E9 BEGAN HIS REVISION ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY BY AB&ON+ ! !ORY ( CAPITALI/ COLLAPSE4 ,! LATT]1 H[EV]1 IS ! CORN]-/ONE ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4 ,BY REJECT+ IT ,B]N/E9 ALSO REJECTS ! :OLE DOCTR9E ( SOCIALISM4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( HIS DISCUSSION1 HE AB&ONS ONE AFT] ANO!R ( ! POSITIONS ( SOCIALISM 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO MA9TA9 HIS FIR/ AFFIRMATION4 

,)\T ! COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,B]N/E9 !RE=E R5\NCES EXPROPRIATION & *OOSES A PROGRESSIVE REALIZATION ( ! 0COOP]ATIVE PR9CIPLE0 AS ! AIM ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,BUT COOP]ATION CANNOT BE REALIZ$ )\T CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 ,B]N/E91 !RE=E1 R5\NCES ! SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & M]ELY PROPOSES TO RE=M COMM]CE & TO DEVELOP CONSUM]S' CO-OP]ATIVES4 

,BUT ! TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY ?R\< CONSUM]S' CO-OP]ATIVES1 EV5 BY MEANS ( TRADE UNIONS1 IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! REAL MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,!RE=E1 ,B]N/E9 AB&ONS ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY4 

,BUT HIS CONCEPTION ( ! M>* ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! ,M>XI/ !ORY ( SURPLUS-VALUE4 ,!RE=E1 ,B]N/E9 AB&ONS ! !ORY ( VALUE & SURPLUS-VALUE &1 9 ?IS WAY1 ! :OLE ECONOMIC SY/EM ( ,K>L ,M>X4 

,BUT ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT BE C>RI$ ON )\T A GIV5 F9AL AIM & )\T AN ECONOMIC BASE F\ND 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,B]N/E91 !RE=E1 AB&ONS ! CLASS /RUGGLE & SPEAKS ( RECONCILIATION ) B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM4 

,BUT 9 A CLASS SOCIETY1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS A NATURAL & UNAVOIDABLE PH5OM5ON4 ,B]N/E91 !RE=E1 CONTE/S EV5 ! EXI/5CE ( CLASSES 9 SOCIETY4 ,! WORK+ CLASS IS = HIM A MASS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 DIVID$ POLITICALLY & 9TELLECTUALLY BUT ALSO ECONOMICALLY4 ,& ! B\RGEOISIE1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 DOES NOT GR\P ITSELF POLITICALLY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS 9N] ECONOMIC 9T]E/ BUT ONLY BECAUSE ( EXT]IOR PRESSURE FROM ABOVE & BEL[4 

,BUT IF !RE IS NO ECONOMIC BASE = ! CLASS /RUGGLE &1 IF CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE >E NO CLASSES 9 \R SOCIETY1 NOT ONLY ! FUTURE BUT EV5 ! PA/ /RUGGLES ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE APPE> TO BE IMPOSSIBLE & ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY & ITS SUCCESSES SEEM ABSOLUTELY 9COMPREH5SIBLE OR !Y CAN BE UND]/OOD ONLY AS ! RESULTS ( POLITICAL PRESSURE BY ! GOV]NM5T - ?AT IS1 NOT AS ! NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T BUT AS ! =TUIT\S CONSEQU5CES ( ! POLICY ( ! ,HOH5ZOLL]N NOT AS ! LEGITIMATE (FSPR+ ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY BUT AS ! LEGITIMATE (FSPR+ ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY BUT AS ! BA/>D *ILDR5 ( REACTION4 ,RIGOR\SLY LOGICAL1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 ,B]N/E9 PASSES FROM ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY TO ! \TLOOK ( ! ,FRANKFURT] ,ZEITUNG & ! ,VOSSIS*E ,ZEITUNG4 

,AFT] REJECT+ ! SOCIALI/ CRITICISM ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 IT IS EASY = ,B]N/E9 TO F9D ! PRES5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS SATISFACTORY - AT LEA/ 9 A G5]AL WAY4 ,B]N/E9 DOES NOT HESITATE4 ,HE DISCOV]S ?AT AT ! PRES5T TIME REACTION IS NOT V]Y /RONG 9 ,G]MANY1 ?AT 0WE CANNOT SPEAK ( POLITICAL REACTION 9 ! C\NTRIES ( WE/]N ,EUROPE10 & ?AT 9 ALL ! C\NTRIES ( ! ,WE/ 0! ATTITUDE ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASSES T[>D ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T IS AT MO/ AN ATTITUDE ( DEF5SE & NOT ONE ( OPPRESSION10 7,VORW>TS1 ,M>* #b#f1 #a#h#i#i74 ,F> FROM BECOM+ WORSE1 ! SITUATION ( ! WORK]S IS GETT+ BETT]4 ,9DE$1 ! B\RGEOISIE IS POLITICALLY PROGRESSIVE & MORALLY SANE4 ,WE CANNOT SPEAK EI!R ( REACTION OR OPPRESSION4 ,IT IS ALL = ! BE/ 9 ! BE/ ( ALL POSSIBLE WORLDS@&_?#a#c#c2 

,B]N/E9 ?US TRAVELS 9 LOGICAL SEQU5CE FROM ,A TO ,Z4 ,HE BEGAN BY AB&ON+ ! F9AL AIM & SUPPOS$LY KEEP+ ! MOVEM5T4 ,BUT AS !RE CAN BE NO SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T )\T A SOCIALI/ AIM HE 5DS BY R5\NC+ ! MOVEM5T4 

,& ?US ! ,B]N/E9'S CONCEPTION ( SOCIALISM COLLAPSES 5TIRELY4 ,! PR\D & ADMIRABLE SYMMETRIC CON/RUCTION ( SOCIALI/ ?\<T BECOMES = HIM A PILE ( RUBBI% 9 :I* ! DEBRIS ( ALL SY/EMS1 ! PIECES ( ?\<T ( V>I\S GREAT & SMALL M9DS1 F9D A COMMON RE/+ PLACE4 ,M>X & ,PR\DHON1 ,LEON VON ,BU* & ,FRANZ ,OPP5HEIM]1 ,FRI$RI* ,ALB]T ,LANGE & ,KANT1 ,H]R ,PROKOPOVI* & ,R4 ,RITT] VON ,NEUPAU]1 ,H]KN]1 & ,S*ULZE-,GAV]NITZ1 ,LASSALLE & ,PR(ESSOR ,JULIUS ,WOLFF3 ALL CONTRIBUTE SOME?+ TO ,B]N/E9'S SY/EM4 ,FROM EA* HE TAKES A LITTLE4 ,!RE IS NO?+ A/ONI%+ AB\T ?AT4 ,= :5 HE AB&ON$ SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM HE LO/ ! AXIS ( 9TELLECTUAL CRY/ALLIZATION >\ND :I* ISOLAT$ FACTS GR\P !MSELVES 9 ! ORGANIC :OLE ( A COH]5T CONCEPTION ( ! WORLD4 

,HIS DOCTR9E1 COMPOS$ ( BITS ( ALL POSSIBLE SY/EMS1 SEEMS UPON FIR/ CONSID]ATION TO BE COMPLETELY FREE FROM PREJUDICES4 ,= ,B]N/E9 DOES NOT LIKE TALK ( 0P>TY SCI5CE10 OR TO BE MORE EXACT1 ( CLASS SCI5CE1 ANY MORE ?AN HE LIKES TO TALK ( CLASS LIB]ALISM OR CLASS MORALITY4 ,HE ?9KS HE SUCCE$S 9 EXPRESS+ HUMAN1 G5]AL1 AB/RACT SCI5CE1 AB/RACT LIB]ALISM1 AB/RACT MORALITY4 ,BUT S9CE ! SOCIETY ( REALITY IS MADE UP ( CLASSES :I* HAVE DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ 9T]E/S1 ASPIRATIONS & CONCEPTIONS1 A G5]AL HUMAN SCI5CE 9 SOCIAL QUE/IONS1 AN AB/RACT LIB]ALISM1 AN AB/RACT MORALITY1 >E AT PRES5T ILLUSIONS1 PURE UTOPIA4 ,! SCI5CE1 ! DEMOCRACY1 ! MORALITY1 CONSID]$ BY ,B]N/E9 AS G5]AL1 HUMAN1 >E M]ELY ! DOM9ANT SCI5CE1 DOM9ANT DEMOCRACY & DOM9ANT MORALITY ?AT IS1 B\RGEOIS SCI5CE1 B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 B\RGEOIS MORALITY4 

,:5 ,B]N/E9 REJECTS ! ECONOMIC DOCTR9E ( ,M>X 9 ORD] TO SWE> BY ! TEA*+S ( ,BRETANO1 ,BOHMM-,BAW]K1 ,JEVONS1 ,SAY & ,JULIUS ,WOLFF1 HE EX*ANGES ! SCI5TIFIC BASE ( ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS = ! APOLOGETICS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,:5 HE SPEAKS ( ! G5]ALLY HUMAN *>ACT] ( LIB]ALISM & TRANS=MS SOCIALISM 9TO A V>IETY ( LIB]ALISM1 HE DEPRIVES ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 7G5]ALLY7 ( ITS CLASS *>ACT] & CONSEQU5TLY ( ITS HI/ORIC CONT5T1 CONSEQU5TLY ( ALL CONT5T2 & CONV]SELY1 RECOGNIZES ! CLASS REPRES5T+ LIB]ALISM 9 HI/ORY1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 AS ! *AMPION ( ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY4 

,& :5 HE W>S AGA9/ 0RAIS+ ( ! MAT]IAL FACTORS TO ! RANK ( AN ALL-P[]FUL =CE ( DEVELOPM5T10 :5 HE PROTE/S AGA9/ ! SO-CALL$ 0CONTEMPT = ! IDEAL0 ?AT IS SUPPOS$ TO RULE ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY1 :5 HE PRESUMES TO TALK = IDEALISM1 = MORALS1 PRON\NC+ HIMSELF AT ! SAME TIME AGA9/ ! ONLY S\RCE ( ! MORAL REBIR? ( ! PROLET>IAT1 A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS /RUGGLE - HE DOES NO MORE ?AN ! FOLL[+3 PREA* TO ! WORK+ CLASS ! QU9TESS5CE ( ! MORALITY ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ?AT IS1 RECONCILIATION ) ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] & ! TRANSF] ( ! HOPES ( ! PROLET>IAT TO ! LIMBO ( E?ICAL SIMULACRA4 

,:5 HE DIRECTS HIS KE5E/ >R[S AGA9/ \R DIALECTIC SY/EM1 HE IS REALLY ATTACK+ ! SPECIFIC MODE ( ?\<T EMPLOY$ BY ! CONSCI\S PROLET>IAT 9 ITS /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION4 ,IT IS AN ATTEMPT TO BREAK ! SWORD ?AT HAS HELP$ ! PROLET>IAT TO PI]CE ! D>KNESS ( ITS FUTURE4 ,IT IS AN ATTEMPT TO %ATT] ! 9TELLECTUAL >M ) ! AID ( :I* ! PROLET>IAT1 ?\< MAT]IALLY UND] ! YOKE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 IS YET 5ABL$ TO TRIUMPH OV] ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,= IT IS \R DIALECTICAL SY/EM ?AT %[S TO ! WORK+ CLASS ! TRANSITORY NATURE ( ?IS YOKE1 PROV+ TO WORK]S ! 9EVITABILITY ( !IR VICTORY & IS ALREADY REALIZ+ A REVOLUTION 9 ! DOMA9 ( ?\<T4 ,SAY+ GOOD-BYE TO \R SY/EM ( DIALECTICS & RESORT+ 9/EAD TO ! 9TELLECTUAL SEE-SAW ( ! WELL KN[N 0ON ! ONE H& - ON ! O!R H&10 0YES - BUT10 0AL?\< - H[EV]10 0MORE - LESS10 ETC41 HE QUITE LOGICALLY LAPSES 9TO A MODE ( ?\<T ?AT BELONGS HI/ORICALLY TO ! B\RGEOISIE 9 DECL9E1 BE+ ! FAI?FUL 9TELLECTUAL REFLECTION ( ! SOCIAL EXI/5CE & POLITICAL ACTIVITY ( ! B\RGEOISIE AT ?AT /AGE4 ,! POLITICAL 0ON ! ONE H& - ON ! O!R H&10 0YES - BUT0 ( ! B\RGEOISIE TODAY RESEMBLES1 9 A M>K$ DEGREE1 ,B]N/E9'S MANN] ( ?9K+ :I* IS ! %>PE/ & SURE/ PRO( ( ! B\RGEOIS NATURE ( HIS CONCEPTION ( ! WORLD4 

,BUT1 AS IT US US$ BY ,B]N/E91 ! WORD 0B\RGEOIS0 ITSELF IS NOT A CLASS EXPRESSION BUT A G5]AL SOCIAL NOTION4 ,LOGICAL TO ! 5D HE HAS EX*ANG$1 TOGE!R ) HIS SCI5CE1 POLITICS1 MORALS & MODE ( ?9K+1 ! HI/ORIC LANGUAGE ( ! PROLET>IAT = ?AT ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,:5 HE USES1 )\T DI/9CTION1 ! T]M 0CITIZ50 9 REF]5CE TO ! B\RGEOIS AS WELL AS TO ! PROLET>IAN 9T5D+1 !REBY1 TO REF] TO MAN 9 G5]AL1 HE ID5TIFIES MAN 9 G5]AL ) ! B\RGEOIS & HUMAN SOCIETY ) B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,OPPORTUNISM 9 ,!ORY & ,PRACTICE 

,B]N/E9'S BOOK IS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE TO ! ,G]MAN & ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS ! FIR/ ATTEMPT TO GIVE A !ORETIC BASE TO ! OPPORTUNI/ CURR5TS COMMON 9 ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY4 

,!SE CURR5TS MAY BE SAID TO HAVE EXI/$ = A LONG TIME 9 \R MOVEM5T1 IF WE TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION SU* SPORADIC MANIFE/ATIONS ( OPPORTUNISM AS ! QUE/ION ( SUBSIDIZATION ( /EAM]S4 ,BUT IT IS ONLY S9CE AB\T #a#h#i1 ) ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ANTI-,SOCIALI/ LAWS1 ?AT WE HAVE HAD A TR5D ( OPPORTUNISM ( A CLE>LY DEF9$ *>ACT]4 ,VOLLM>'S 0,/ATE ,SOCIALISM10 ! VOTE ON ! ,BAV>IAN BUDGET1 ! 0AGR>IAN SOCIALISM0 ( S\? ,G]MANY1 ,HE9E'S POLICY ( COMP5SATION1 ,S*IPPEL'S /& ON T>IFFS & MILIT>ISM1 >E ! HI< PO9TS 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( \R OPPORTUNI/ PRACTICE4 

,:AT APPE>S TO *>ACT]IZE ?IS PRACTICE ABOVE ALL8 ,A C]TA9 HO/ILITY TO 0!ORY40 ,?IS IS QUITE NATURAL1 = \R 0!ORY10 ?AT IS1 ! PR9CIPLES ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 IMPOSE CLE>LY M>K$ LIMITATIONS TO PRACTICAL ACTIVITY - 9S(> AS IT CONC]NS ! AIMS ( ?IS ACTIVITY1 ! MEANS US$ 9 ATTA9+ !SE AIMS & ! ME?OD EMPLOY$ 9 ?IS ACTIVITY4 ,IT IS QUITE NATURAL = PEOPLE :O RUN AFT] IMM$IATE 0PRACTICAL0 RESULTS TO WANT TO FREE !MSELVES FROM SU* LIMITATIONS & TO R5D] !IR PRACTICE 9DEP5D5T ( \R 0!ORY40 

,H[EV]1 ?IS \TLOOK IS REFUT$ BY EV]Y ATTEMPT TO APPLY IT 9 REALITY4 ,/ATE SOCIALISM1 AGR>IAN SOCIALISM1 ! POLICY ( COMP5SATION1 ! QUE/ION ( ! >MY1 ALL CON/ITUT$ DEFEATS TO \R OPPORTUNISM4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT1 IF ?IS CURR5T IS TO MA9TA9 ITSELF1 IT MU/ TRY TO DE/ROY ! PR9CIPLES ( \R !ORY & ELABORATE A !ORY ( ITS [N4 ,B]N/E9'S BOOK IS PRECISELY AN EF=T 9 ?AT DIRECTION4 ,?AT IS :Y AT ,/UTTG>T ALL ! OPPORTUNI/ ELEM5TS 9 \R P>TY IMM$IATELY GR\P$ !MSELVES >\ND ,B]N/E9'S BANN]4 ,IF ! OPPORTUNI/ CURR5TS 9 ! PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ( \R P>TY >E AN 5TIRELY NATURAL PH5OM5ON :I* CAN BE EXPLA9$ 9 ! LI<T ( ! SPECIAL CONDITIONS ( \R ACTIVITY & ITS DEVELOPM5T1 ,B]N/E9'S !ORY IS NO LESS NATURAL AN ATTEMPT TO GR\P !SE CURR5TS 9TO A G5]AL !ORETIC EXPRESSION1 AN ATTEMPT TO ELABORATE ITS [N !ORETIC CONDITIONS & ! BREAK ) SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4 ,?AT IS :Y ! PUBLI%$ EXPRESSION ( ,B]N/E9'S IDEAS %\LD BE RECOGNIZ$ AS A !ORETIC TE/ = OPPORTUNISM & AS ITS FIR/ SCI5TIFIC LEGITIMIZATION4 

,:AT WAS ! RESULT ( ?IS TE/8 ,WE HAVE SE5 ! RESULT4 ,OPPORTUNISM IS NOT A POSITION TO ELABORATE A POSITIVE !ORY CAPABLE ( )/&+ CRITICISM4 ,ALL IT CAN DO IS TO ATTACK V>I\S ISOLAT$ !SES ( ,M>XI/ !ORY &1 JU/ BECAUSE ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E CON/ITUTES ONE SOLIDLY CON/RUCT$ $IFICE1 HOPE BY ?IS MEANS TO %AKE ! 5TIRE SY/EM FROM ! TOP TO ITS F\NDATION4 

,?IS %[S ?AT OPPORTUNI/ PRACTICE IS ESS5TIALLY IRRECONCILABLE ) ,M>XISM4 ,BUT IT ALSO PROVES ?AT OPPORTUNISM IS 9COMPATIBLE ) SOCIALISM 7! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T7 9 G5]AL1 ?AT ITS 9T]NAL T5D5CY IS TO PU% ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9TO B\RGEOIS PA?S1 ?AT OPPORTUNISM T5DS TO P>ALYZE COMPLETELY ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! LATT]1 CONSID]$ HI/ORICALLY1 HAS EVID5TLY NO?+ TO DO ) ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E4 ,=1 BE=E ,M>X & 9DEP5D5TLY FROM HIM1 !RE HAVE BE5 LABOR MOVEM5TS & V>I\S SOCIALI/ DOCTR9ES1 EA* ( :I*1 9 ITS WAY1 WAS ! !ORETIC EXPRESSION CORRESPOND+ TO ! CONDITIONS ( ! TIME1 ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! WORK+ CLASS = EMANCIPATION4 ,! !ORY ?AT CONSI/S 9 BAS+ SOCIALISM ON ! MORAL NOTION ( JU/ICE1 ON A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! MODE ( DI/RIBUTION1 9/EAD ( BAS+ IT ON A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ! CONCEPTION ( CLASS ANTAGONISM AS AN ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! POOR & ! RI*1 ! EF=T TO GRAFT ! 0COOP]ATIVE PR9CIPLE0 ON CAPITALI/ ECONOMY - ALL ! NICE NOTIONS F\ND 9 ,B]N/E9'S DOCTR9E - ALREADY EXI/$ BE=E HIM4 ,& !SE !ORIES W]E1 9 !IR TIME1 9 SPITE ( !IR 9SUFFICI5CY1 EFFECTIVE !ORIES ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,!Y W]E ! *ILDR5'S SEV5-LEAGUE BOOTS ?ANKS TO :I* ! PROLET>IAT LE>N$ TO WALK UPON ! SC5E ( HI/ORY4 

,BUT AFT] ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE & ITS REFLEX 9 ITS SOCIAL CONDITIONS HAD L$ TO ! AB&ONM5T ( !SE !ORIES & TO ! ELABORATION ( ! PR9CIPLES ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 !RE C\LD BE NO SOCIALISM - AT LEA/ 9 ,G]MANY - \TSIDE ( ,M>XI/ SOCIALISM & !RE C\LD BE NO SOCIALI/ CLASS /RUGGLE \TSIDE ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY4 ,=M !N ON1 SOCIALISM & ,M>XISM1 ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE = EMANCIPATION & ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY1 W]E ID5TICAL4 ,?AT IS :Y ! RETURN TO PRE-,M>XI/ SOCIALI/ !ORIES NO LONG] SIGNIFIES TODAY A RETURN TO ! SEV5-LEAGUE BOOTS ( ! *ILDHOOD ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT A RETURN TO ! PUNY WORN-\T SLIPP]S ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,B]N/E9'S !ORY WAS ! FIR/1 & AT ! SAME TIME1 ! LA/ ATTEMPT TO GIVE A !ORETIC BASE TO OPPORTUNISM4 ,IT IS ! LA/1 BECAUSE 9 ,B]N/E9'S SY/EM1 OPPORTUNISM HAS GONE - NEGATIVELY ?R\< ITS R5UNCIATION ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 POSITIVELY ?R\< ITS M>%AL+ ( EV]Y BIT ( !ORETIC CONFUSION POSSIBLE - AS F> AS IT CAN4 ,9 ,B]N/E9'S BOOK1 OPPORTUNISM HAS CR[N$ ITS !ORETIC DEVELOPM5T 7JU/ AS IT COMPLET$ ITS PRACTICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! POSITION TAK5 BY ,S*IPPEL ON ! QUE/ION ( MILIT>ISM71 & HAS REA*$ ITS ULTIMATE CONCLUSION4 

,M>XI/ DOCTR9E CAN NOT ONLY REFUTE OPPORTUNISM !ORETICALLY4 ,IT ALONE CAN EXPLA9 OPPORTUNISM AS AN HI/ORIC PH5OM5ON 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! P>TY4 ,! =W>D M>* ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ON A WORLD HI/ORIC SCALE1 TO ITS F9AL VICTORY IS NOT1 9DE$1 0SO SIMPLE A ?+40 ,! PECULI> *>ACT] ( ?IS MOVEM5T RESIDES PRECISELY 9 ! FACT ?AT H]E1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY1 ! POPUL> MASSES !MSELVES1 9 OPPOSITION TO ! RUL+ CLASSES1 >E TO IMPOSE !IR WILL BUT !Y MU/ EFFECT ?IS \TSIDE ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY1 BEYOND ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,?IS WILL ! MASSES CAN ONLY =M 9 A CON/ANT /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EXI/+ ORD]4 ,! UNION ( ! BROAD POPUL> MASSES ) AN AIM REA*+ BEYOND ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD]1 ! UNION ( ! DAILY /RUGGLE ) ! GREAT WORLD TRANS=MATION1 ?AT IS ! TASK ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T1 :I* MU/ LOGICALLY GROPE ON ITS ROAD ( DEVELOPM5T BETWE5 ! FOLL[+ TWO ROCKS3 AB&ON+ ! MASS *>ACT] ( ! P>TY OR AB&ON+ ITS F9AL AIM FALL+ 9TO B\RGEOIS RE=MISM OR 9TO SECT>IANISM1 AN>*ISM OR OPPORTUNISM4 

,9 ITS !ORETIC >S5AL1 ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E FURNI%$1 MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY AGO1 >MS ?AT >E EFFECTIVE AGA9/ BO? ( !SE TWO EXTREMES4 ,BUT BECAUSE \R MOVEM5T IS A MASS MOVEM5T & BECAUSE ! DANG]S M5AC+ IT >E NOT D]IV$ FROM ! HUMAN BRA9 BUT FROM SOCIAL CONDITIONS1 ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E C\LD NOT ASSURE US1 9 ADVANCE & ONCE = ALWAYS1 AGA9/ ! AN>*I/ & OPPORTUNI/ T5D5CIES4 ,! LATT] CAN BE OV]COME ONLY AS WE PASS FROM ! DOMA9 ( !ORY TO ! DOMA9 ( PRACTICE BUT ONLY ) ! HELP ( ! >MS FURNI%$ US BY ,M>X4 

0,B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS10 WROTE ,M>X A HALF C5TURY AGO1 0LIKE ?OSE ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 RU% ONW>D RAPIDLY FROM SUCCESS TO SUCCESS1 !IR /AGE EFFECTS \TBID ONE ANO!R1 M5 & ?+S SEEMS TO BE SET 9 FLAM+ BRILLIANTS1 EC/ASY IS ! PREVAIL+ SPIRIT2 BUT !Y >E %ORT-LIV$1 !Y REA* !IR CLIMAX SPE$ILY & !N SOCIETY RELAPSES 9TO A LONG FIT ( N]V\S REACTION BE=E IT LE>NS H[ TO APPROPRIATE ! FRUITS ( ITS P]IOD ( FEV]I% EXCITEM5T4 ,PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 SU* AS ?OSE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 CRITICIZE !MSELVES CON/ANTLY2 CON/ANTLY 9T]RUPT !MSELVES 9 !IR [N C\RSE2 COME BACK TO :AT SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ACCOMPLI%$1 9 ORD] TO />T ANEW2 SCORN ) CRUEL ?OR\<NESS ! HALF-MEASURES1 WEAKNESS & MEANNESS ( !IR FIR/ ATTEMPTS2 SEEM TO ?R[ D[N !IR ADV]S>Y ONLY TO 5ABLE HIM TO DRAW FRE% /R5G? FROM ! E>? & AGA9 TO RISE UP AGA9/ !M 9 MORE GIGANTIC /ATURE2 CON/ANTLY RECOIL 9 FE> BE=E ! UNDEF9$ MON/] MAGNITUDE ( !IR [N OBJECTS - UNTIL F9ALLY ?AT SITUATION IS CREAT$ :I* R5D]S ALL RETREATS IMPOSSIBLE & CONDITIONS !MSELVES CRY \T3 @&_?#a#d#e2,HIC ,RHODUS1 HIC SALTA6' ,H]E IS ! ROSE4 ,& H]E WE MU/ DANCE60 .<,EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE.> 

,?IS HAS REMA9$ TRUE EV5 AFT] ! ELABORATION ( ! DOCTR9E ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4 ,! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T HAS NOT AS YET1 ALL AT ONCE1 BECOME SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC1 EV5 9 ,G]MANY4 ,BUT IT IS BECOM+ MORE SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC1 SURM\NT+ CONT9U\SLY ! EXTREME DEVIATIONS ( AN>*ISM & OPPORTUNISM1 BO? ( :I* >E ONLY DET]M9+ PHASES ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY1 CONSID]$ AS A PROCESS4 

,= !SE REASONS1 WE MU/ SAY ?AT ! SURPRIS+ ?+ H]E IS NOT ! APPE>ANCE ( AN OPPORTUNI/ CURR5T BUT RA!R ITS FEEBL5ESS4 ,AS LONG AS IT %[$ ITSELF 9 ISOLAT$ CASES ( ! PRACTICAL ACTIVITY ( ! P>TY1 ONE C\LD SUPPOSE ?AT IT HAD A S]I\S POLITICAL BASE4 ,BUT N[ ?AT IT HAS %[N ITS FACE 9 ,B]N/E9'S BOOK1 ONE CANNOT HELP EXCLAIM ) A/ONI%M5T3 0,:AT8 ,IS ?AT ALL Y\ HAVE TO SAY80 ,NOT ! %AD[ ( AN ORIG9AL ?\<T6 ,NOT A S+LE IDEA ?AT WAS NOT REFUT$1 CRU%$1 R$UC$ 9TO DU/ BY ,M>XISM SEV]AL DECADES AGO6 

,IT WAS 5\< = OPPORTUNISM TO SPEAK \T TO PROVE IT HAD NO?+ TO SAY4 ,9 ! HI/ORY ( \R P>TY ?AT IS ! ONLY IMPORTANCE ( ,B]N/E9'S BOOK4 

,?US SAY+ GOOD-BYE TO ! MODE ( ?\<T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT1 TO DIALECTICS & TO ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY1 ,B]N/E9 CAN ?ANK !M = ! ATT5UAT+ CIRCUM/ANCES !Y PROVIDE = HIS CONV]SION4 ,= ONLY DIALECTICS & ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY1 MAGNANIM\S AS !Y >E1 C\LD MAKE ,B]N/E9 APPE> AS AN UNCONSCI\S PR$E/9$ 9/RUM5T1 BY MEANS ( :I* ! RIS+ WORK+ CLASS EXPRESSES ITS MOM5T>Y WEAKNESS BUT :I*1 UPON CLOS] 9SPECTION1 IT ?R[S ASIDE CONTEMPTU\SLY & ) PRIDE4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,RE=M OR ,REVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,RE=M OR ,REVOLUTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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