,*APT] #c 
,! ,LIMITS ( ,RE=M 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,H[EV] RE=MABLE CAPITALISM MAY PROVE TO BE1 IT CANNOT ALT] ITS BASIC WAGE 
& PR(IT RELATIONS )\T ELIM9AT+ ITSELF4 ,! AGE ( RE=M IS AN AGE ( 
SPONTANE\S CAPITAL EXPANSION1 BAS$ ON A DISPROPORTIONAL BUT SIMULTANE\S 
9CREASE ( BO? WAGES & PR(ITS4 ,IT IS AN AGE :]E9 ! CONCESSIONS MADE TO 
! WORK+ CLASS >E MORE TOL]ABLE TO ! B\RGEOISIE ?AN ! UPHEAVALS ( 
! CLASS /RUGGLE ?AT W\LD O!RWISE ACCOMPANY CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,AS A 
CLASS1 ! B\RGEOISIE DOES NOT FAVOR M9IMUM WAGES & 9TOL]ABLE WORK+ 
CONDITIONS1 EV5 ?\< EA* CAPITALI/1 = :OM LABOR IS A CO/ ( PRODUCTION1 
TRIES TO R$UCE ?IS EXP5SE TO ! UTMO/4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ! 
B\RGEOISIE PREF]S A SATISFI$ TO A DISSATISFI$ WORK+ CLASS & SOCIAL 
/ABILITY TO 9/ABILITY4 ,9 FACT1 IT LOOKS UPON ! G5]AL IMPROVEM5T ( 
LIV+ /&>DS AS ITS [N ACCOMPLI%M5T & AS ! JU/IFICATION = ITS 
CLASS RULE4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! RELATIVE WELL-BE+ ( ! LABOR+ POPULATION MU/ 
NOT BE C>RI$ TOO F>1 = ITS ABSOLUTE DEP5D5CY ON UN9T]RUPT$ WAGE LABOR 
MU/ BE MA9TA9$4 ,BUT )9 ?IS LIMIT1 ! B\RGEOISIE HAS NO SUBJECTIVE 
9CL9ATIONS TO R$UCE ! WORK]S TO ! L[E/ /ATE ( EXI/5CE1 EV5 :]E 
?IS MI<T BE OBJECTIVELY POSSIBLE BY MEANS ( APPROPRIATE MEASURES ( 
REPRESSION4 ,AS ! 9CL9ATIONS & ACTIONS ( ! WORK]S >E DET]M9$ BY 
!IR DEP5D5CY ON WAGE LABOR1 ?OSE ( ! B\RGEOISIE >E ROOT$ 9 ! 
NECESSITY TO MAKE PR(IT & TO ACCUMULATE CAPITAL1 QUITE AP>T FROM !IR 
DIV]SE IDEOLOGICAL & PSY*OLOGICAL PROP5SITIES4 

,! LIMIT$ RE=MS POSSIBLE )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM BECOME ! 
CU/OM>Y CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE = ?OSE AFFECT$ BY !M & CANNOT EASILY 
BE UNDONE4 ,) A L[ RATE ( ACCUMULATION !Y TURN 9TO OB/ACLES TO PR(IT 
PRODUCTION1 OV]COM+ :I* EFFECT REQUIRES EXCEPTIONAL 9CREASES 9 ! 
EXPLOITATION ( LABOR4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 TIMES ( DEPRESSION ALSO 9DUCE 
V>I\S RE=M MEASURES1 IF ONLY TO )/& ! ?REAT ( S]I\S SOCIAL 
UPHEAVALS4 ,ONCE 9/ALL$1 !SE ALSO T5D TO P]PETUATE !MSELVES & MU/ BE 
COMP5SAT$ = BY A CORRESPOND+LY GREAT] 9CREASE 9 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( 
LABOR4 ,( C\RSE ATTEMPTS WILL BE MADE1 SOME ( !M SUCCESSFULLY1 TO :ITTLE 
D[N :AT HAS BE5 GA9$ BY WAY ( SOCIAL LEGISLATION & BETT] LIV+ 
/&>DS1 9 ORD] TO RE/ORE ! NECESS>Y PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITAL4 ,SOME ( 
!SE GA9S WILL REMA91 H[EV]1 ?R\< P]IODS ( DEPRESSION AS WELL AS 
PROSP]ITY1 ) ! RESULT ( A G5]AL IMPROVEM5T ( ! WORK]S' CONDITIONS 
?R\< TIME4 

,! H&-TO-M\? EXI/5CE ( ! WORK]S MADE IT NEV] EASY TO /RIKE = 
HI<] WAGES & BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,ONLY ! MO/ BRUTAL PROVOCATIONS ( 
!IR EMPLOY]S W\LD MOVE !M TO ACTION1 AS A LESS] EVIL ?AN A /ATE ( 
UNMITIGAT$ MIS]Y4 ,AW>E ( ! WORK]S' DEP5D5CE ON ! DAILY WAGE1 ! 
B\RGEOISIE ANSW]$ !IR REBELLIONS ) LOCK\TS1 AS A MO/ EFFICI5T MEANS 
TO 5=CE ! EMPLOY]S' WILL4 ,LO/ PR(ITS CAN BE REGA9$1 LO/ WAGES NOT4 
,H[EV]1 ! =MATION ( TRADE UNIONS & ! AMASS+ ( /RIKE FUNDS *ANG$ 
?IS SITUATION TO SOME EXT5T 9 FAVOR ( ! WORK]S1 EV5 ?\< IT DID NOT 
ALWAYS OV]COME !IR CONDITION$ RELUCTANCE TO RESORT TO ! /RIKE WEAPON4 ,= 
! CAPITALI/S1 TOO1 ! READ9ESS TO DEFY !IR WORK]S' DEM&S WAN$ ) 
! 9CREAS+ PR(IT LOSS ON AN 5L>G$ BUT UNUTILIZ$ CAPITAL4 ,) A 
SUFFICI5T 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTIVITY1 CONCESSIONS MADE TO ! WORK]S C\LD PROVE 
MORE PR(ITABLE ?AN !IR D5IAL4 ,! GRADUAL ELIM9ATION ( CUT?ROAT 
COMPETITION BY WAY ( MONOPOLIZATION & ! G5]ALLY 9CREAS+ ORGANIZATION 
( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ALSO 5TAIL$ REGULATION ( ! LABOR M>KET4 
,COLLECTIVE B>GA9+ OV] WAGES & WORK+ CONDITIONS ELIM9AT$ TO SOME 
EXT5T ! ELEM5T ( SPONTANEITY & UNC]TA9TY 9 ! CONTE/S BETWE5 LABOR 
& CAPITAL4 ,! SPORADIC SELF-ASS]TION ( ! WORK]S MADE ROOM = A MORE 
ORD]LY CONFRONTATION & A GREAT] 0RATIONALITY0 9 CAPITAL-LABOR RELATIONS4 
,! WORK]S' TRADE UNION REPRES5TATIVES TURN$ 9TO MANAG]S ( ! LABOR 
M>KET1 9 ! SAME S5SE AS ?AT 9 :I* !IR POLITICAL REPRES5TATIVES 
ATT5D$ TO !IR F>!R-REA*+ SOCIAL 9T]E/S 9 ! P>LIAM5T ( 
B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 

,SL[LY1 BUT REL5TLESSLY1 CONTROL OV] WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ESCAP$ 
! H&S ( ! RANK & FILE & WAS C5TRALIZ$ 9 ?OSE ( PR(ESSIONAL 
LABOR LEAD]S1 :OSE P[] RE/$ ON A HI]>*ICALLY & BUREAUCRATICALLY 
ORGANIZ$ /RUCTURE1 ! OP]ATION ( :I*1 %ORT ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! 
ORGANIZATION ITSELF1 C\LD NO LONG] BE DET]M9$ BY ITS MEMB]%IP4 ,! 
WORK]S' ACQUIESC5CE 9 ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS REQUIR$ ( C\RSE ?AT ! 
ACTIVITIES ( 0!IR0 ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDE SOME TANGIBLE B5EFITS1 :I* W]E 
!N ASSOCIAT$ ) ! 9CREAS+ P[] ( ! ORGANIZATIONS & !IR 
P>TICUL> /RUCTURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! C5TRALIZ$ LEAD]%IP N[ DET]M9$ ! 
*>ACT] ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE AS A FI<T OV] WAGES & = LIMIT$ POLITICAL 
GOALS ?AT HAD SOME *ANCE ( BE+ REALIZ$ )9 ! CONF9ES ( CAPITALISM4 

,! DIFF]5T DEVELOPM5TAL /AGES ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION 9 DIFF]5T 
C\NTRIES1 AS WELL AS ! DIV]G5T RATES ( EXPANSION ( P>TICUL> 9DU/RIES 
9 EA* NATION1 W]E REFLECT$ 9 ! HET]OG5EITY ( WAGE RATES & WORK+ 
CONDITIONS1 :I* /RATIFI$ ! WORK+ CLASS BY FO/]+ SPECIFIC GR\P 
9T]E/S TO ! NEGLECT ( PROLET>IAN CLASS 9T]E/S4 ,! LATT] W]E 
SUPPOS$LY TO BE TAK5 C>E ( BY WAY ( SOCIALI/ POLITICS1 & :]E SU* 
POLITICS W]E NOT AS YET A PRACTICAL POSSIBILITY - EI!R BECAUSE ! B\RGEOISIE 
HAD ALREADY PREEMPT$ ! :OLE SPH]E ( POLITICS ?R\< ITS COMPLETE CONTROL 
( ! /ATE MA*9]Y1 AS 9 ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON C\NTRIES1 OR BECAUSE AUTOCRATIC 
REGIMES PRECLUD$ ANY P>TICIPATION 9 ! POLITICAL FIELD1 AS 9 ! ,EA/]N 
CAPITALI/ICALLY UNDEVELOP$ NATIONS - !RE WAS ONLY ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 
,?IS1 :ILE UNIT+ SOME LAY]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 DIVID$ ! CLASS ITSELF1 
:I* T5D$ TO FRU/RATE ! DEVELOPM5T ( PROLET>IAN CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 

,! BREAK+ UP ( ! POT5TIAL UNITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS BY WAY ( WAGE 
DIFF]5TIALS1 NATIONALLY AS WELL AS 9T]NATIONALLY1 WAS NOT ! RESULT ( A 
CONSCI\S APPLICATION ( ! AGES-OLD PR9CIPLE ( DIVIDE & RULE TO SECURE ! 
REIGN ( ! B\RGEOIS M9ORITY1 BUT ! \TCOME ( ! SUPPLY & DEM& 
RELATIONS ( ! LABOR M>KET1 AS DET]M9$ BY ! C\RSE ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION 
AS ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,OCCUPATIONS PRIVILEG$ BY ?IS TR5D TRI$ TO 
MA9TA9 !IR PR]OGATIVES ?R\< !IR MONOPOLIZATION1 BY RE/RICT+ ! 
LABOR SUPPLY 9 P>TICUL> TRADES NOT ONLY TO ! DETRIM5T ( !IR 
CAPITALI/IC ADV]S>IES BUT ALSO TO ?AT ( ! GREAT MASS ( UNSKILL$ LABOR 
OP]AT+ UND] MORE COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS4 ,TRADE UNIONS1 ONCE CONSID]$ 
9/RUM5TS = A DEVELOP+ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 TURN$ \T TO BE ORGANIZATIONS 
CONC]N$ ) NO MORE ?AN !IR SPECIAL 9T]E/S DEF9$ BY ! CAPITALI/ 
DIVISION ( LABOR & ITS EFFECTS UPON ! LABOR M>KET4 ,9 TIME1 ( C\RSE1 
TRADE ORGANIZATIONS W]E SUP]S$$ BY 9DU/RIAL UNIONS1 9CORPORAT+ A NUMB] 
( TRADES & UNIT+ SKILL$ ) UNSKILL$ LABOR1 BUT ONLY TO REPRODUCE ! 
/RICTLY ECONOMIC ASPIRATIONS ( ! UNION MEMB]%IP ON AN 5L>G$ 
ORGANIZATIONAL BASE4 ,9 ADDITION TO WAGE DIFF]5TIALS1 :I* >E A G5]AL 
FEATURE ( ! SY/EM1 WAGE DISCRIM9ATION WAS 7& IS7 WIDELY CULTIVAT$ BY 
9DIVIDUAL FIRMS & 9DU/RIES 9 ! ATTEMPT TO BREAK ! HOMOG5EITY ( !IR 
LABOR =CE & TO IMPAIR !IR ABILITY = CONC]T$ ACTION4 ,DISCRIM9ATION MAY 
BE BAS$ ON SEX1 RACE1 OR NATIONALITY1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PECULI>ITIES ( A 
GIV5 LABOR M>KET4 ,P]SI/5T PREJUDICES ASSOCIAT$ ) ! RUL+ IDEOLOGY 
>E UTILIZ$ TO WEAK5 WORK]S' SOLID>ITY & ) IT !IR B>GA9+ P[]4 
,9 PR9CIPLE1 IT IS ( C\RSE IMMAT]IAL TO ! CAPITALI/S TO :AT P>TICUL> 
RACE OR NATIONALITY ITS LABOR =CE BELONGS1 SO LONG AS !IR SKILL & 
PROP5SITY TO WORK DOES NOT FALL BEL[ ! AV]AGE1 BUT 9 PRACTICE A MIX$ 
LABOR =CE ) UNEQUAL1 OR EV5 ) EQUAL1 WAGE SCALES 5G5D]S OR 
ACC5TUATES ALREADY EXI/+ RACIAL OR NATIONAL ANTAGONISMS & IMPAIRS ! 
GR[? ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,= 9/ANCE1 BY RES]V+ ! BETT] PAID OR 
LESS OBNOXI\S JOBS = A FAVOR$ RACE OR NATIONALITY1 ONE GR\P ( WORK]S IS 
PITT$ AGA9/ ANO!R TO ! DETRIM5T ( BO?4 ,LIKE JOB COMPETITION 9 
G5]AL1 DISCRIM9ATION L[]S ! G5]AL WAGE RATE & 9CREASES ! 
PR(ITABILITY ( CAPITAL4 ,ITS USE IS AS OLD AS CAPITALISM ITSELF2 ! HI/ORY ( 
LABOR IS ALSO ! HI/ORY ( COMPETITION & DISCRIM9ATION )9 ! WORK+ 
CLASS1 DIVID+ ! ,IRI% FROM ! ,BRITI% WORK]S1 ! ,ALG]IAN1 FROM ! 
,FR5*1 ! BLACK FROM ! :ITE1 NEW IMMIGRANTS FROM E>LY SETTL]S1 & SO ON1 
ALMO/ UNIV]SALLY4 

,:ILE ?IS IS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! PREVAL5CE ( B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM & 
RACISM 9 RESPONSE TO ! IMP]IALI/IC IMP]ATIVE1 IT AFFECTS ! WORK+ CLASS 
NOT ONLY IDEOLOGICALLY BUT ALSO ?R\< !IR COMPETITION ON ! LABOR M>KET4 
,IT /R5G!NS ! DIVISIVE AS AGA9/ ! UNIFY+ ELEM5TS ( ! CLASS 
/RUGGLE & (FSETS ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS ( PROLET>IAN CLASS 
CONSCI\SNESS4 ,AT ANY RATE1 IT C>RIES ! SOCIAL /RATIFICATION ( CAPITALISM 
9TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ITS ECONOMIC /RUGGLES & ORGANIZATIONS >E DESIGN$ TO 
S]VE P>TICUL> GR\PS ( WORK]S1 )\T REG>D TO G5]AL CLASS 9T]E/S1 
& ! CONFRONTATIONS BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL REMA9 NECESS>ILY )9 ! 
FRAME ( M>KET & PRICE RELATIONS4 

,F>-REA*+ WAGE DIFF]5TIALS ALL[ = DIFF]5T LIV+ /&>DS1 & IT 
IS BY ! LATT]1 NOT BY ! LABOR DONE1 ?AT WORK]S PREF] TO ASSESS !IR 
/ATUS )9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IF !Y CAN AF=D TO LIVE LIKE ! PETITE 
B\RGEOISIE1 OR COME CLOSE TO DO+ SO1 !Y T5D TO FEEL MORE AK9 TO ?IS 
CLASS ?AN TO ! WORK+ CLASS PROP]4 ,:]EAS ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE CAN 
ONLY ESCAPE ITS CLASS POSITION ?R\< ! ELIM9ATION ( ALL CLASSES1 
9DIVIDUAL WORK]S WILL TRY TO BREAK AWAY FROM !IR [N CLASS TO 5T] ANO!R1 
OR TO ADOPT ! LIFE/YLE ( ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,AN EXP&+ CAPITALISM (F]S 
SOME UPW>D SOCIAL MOBILITY1 JU/ AS IT SUBM]GES 9DIVIDUALS ( ! DOM9AT+ 
OR ! MIDDLE CLASS 9TO ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT SU* 9DIVIDUAL MOVEM5TS DO NOT 
AFFECT ! SOCIAL CLASS /RUCTURE2 !Y M]ELY ALL[ = ! ILLUSION ( AN 
EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITY1 :I* CAN S]VE AS AN >GUM5T AGA9/ CRITICISM ( ! 
UN*ANGEABLE CLASS /RUCTURE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION4 

,9 PROSP]\S TIMES1 & BECAUSE ( ! 9CREASE 9 FAMILIES ) MORE ?AN 
ONE WAGE E>N]1 BETT] PAID WORK]S CAN SAVE SOME ( !IR 9COME & ?US DRAW 
9T]E/ AS WELL AS RECEIVE WAGES FROM !IR WORK4 ,?IS GIVES RISE TO ! 
DELUSION ( A GRADUAL BREAKD[N ( ! CLASS-DET]M9$ DI/RIBUTION ( ! 
NATIONAL 9COME1 AS WORK]S P>TAKE 9 IT NOT ONLY AS WAGE E>N]S BUT ALSO AS 
RECIPI5TS ( 9T]E/ \T ( SURPLUS VALUE1 OR EV5 AS /OCKHOLD]S 9 ! =M 
( DIVID5DS4 ,:ATEV] ?IS MAY MEAN 9 T]MS ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS = ?OSE 
?US FAVOR$1 IT IS QUITE MEAN+LESS FROM A SOCIAL PO9T ( VIEW1 AS IT DOES 
NOT AFFECT ! BASIC RELATION%IP BETWE5 VALUE & SURPLUS VALUE1 WAGES & 
PR(ITS4 ,IT M]ELY MEANS ?AT SOME WORK]S REALIZE AN 9CREASE ( !IR 9COME 
\T ( ! PR(IT & 9T]E/ PRODUC$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,:ILE 
?IS MAY 9FLU5CE ! DI/RIBUTION ( 9COME AMONG ! WORK]S1 ACC5TUAT+ 
! ALREADY EXI/+ WAGE DIFF]5TIALS1 IT DOES NOT AFFECT 9 ANY WAY ! 
SOCIAL DIVISION ( WAGES & PR(ITS REPRES5T$ BY ! RATE ( EXPLOITATION & 
! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,! RATE ( PR(IT REMA9S ! SAME1 :ATEV] P>T 
( ! MASS ( PR(IT MAY REA* SOME WORK]S ?R\< !IR SAV+S4 ,! NUMB] 
( %>ES HELD BY WORK]S IS NOT KN[N1 BUT JUDG+ BY ! NUMB] ( 
%>EHOLD]S 9 ANY P>TICUL> C\NTRY & BY PREVAIL+ AV]AGE WAGE RATES1 IT 
C\LD ONLY BE A NEGLIGIBLE ONE4 ,9T]E/ ON SAV+S1 AS P>T ( PR(IT1 IS ( 
C\RSE COMP5SAT$ = BY ! FACT ?AT :ILE SOME WORK]S SAVE1 O!RS BORR[4 
,9T]E/ ?US 9CREASES BUT ALSO R$UCES WAGES4 ,) ! GREAT 9CREASE ( 
CONSUM] CR$IT1 IT IS MO/ LIKELY ?AT1 ON BALANCE1 ! 9T]E/ RECEIV$ BY 
SOME WORK]S IS MORE ?AN EQUAL$ BY ! 9T]E/ PAID BY O!RS4 

,AS !IR CLASS IS NOT HOMOG5E\S AS REG>DS 9COME1 BUT ONLY ) RESPECT TO 
ITS POSITION 9 ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS1 WAGE WORK]S >E APT TO PAY 
MORE ATT5TION TO !IR IMM$IATE ECONOMIC NE$S & OPPORTUNITIES ?AN TO ! 
PRODUCTION RELATIONS !MSELVES1 :I*1 9 ANY CASE1 APPE> TO BE UN%AKABLE 9 
A CAPITALISM ON ! ASC5DANT4 ,!IR ECONOMIC 9T]E/S 9VOLVE1 ( C\RSE1 NOT 
ONLY ! PRIVILEGES 5JOY$ BY SPECIAL LAY]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS BUT ALSO ! 
G5]AL NE$ ( ! GREAT MASS ( WORK]S TO MA9TA91 OR TO RAISE1 !IR LIV+ 
/&>DS4 ,HI<] WAGES & BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS PRESUPPOSE 9CREAS$ 
EXPLOITATION1 OR ! R$UCTION ( ! VALUE ( LABOR P[]1 ?US ASSUR+ ! 
CONT9U\S REPRODUCTION ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE )9 ! ACCUMULATION PROCESS4 
,IT IS ! OBJECTIVE POSSIBILITY ( ! LATT] :I* NULLIFIES ! WORK]S' 
ECONOMIC /RUGGLE AS A M$IUM = ! DEVELOPM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y CLASS 
CONSCI\SNESS4 ,!RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S ( LABOR /RIFE 
HAVE L$ TO ! REVOLUTIONIZ+ ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! S5SE ( A GR[+ 
WILL+NESS TO DO AWAY ) ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,! /RIKE PATT]NS 9 ALL 
CAPITALI/ NATIONS V>Y ) ! BUS9ESS CYCLE1 :I* IS TO SAY ?AT ! NUMB] 
( /RIKES1 & ! NUMB] ( WORK]S 9VOLV$ 9 !M1 DECL9E 9 P]IODS ( 
DEPRESSION & 9CREASE ) EV]Y UPW>D TR5D ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY4 ,IT IS ! 
ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 NOT ! LACK ( IT1 ?AT DET]M9ES ! WORK]S' 
MILITANCY ) REG>D TO !IR WAGE /RUGGLES & !IR ORGANIZATIONS4 

,OBVI\SLY1 A S]I\S D[NW>D TR5D ( ! ECONOMY1 :I* R$UCES ! TOTAL 
NUMB] ( WORK]S1 ALSO R$UCES ! WORK+ TIME LO/ ?R\< /RIKES & 
LOCK\TS1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! SMALL] NUMB] ( WORK]S EMPLOY$ BUT ALSO 
BECAUSE ( !IR GREAT] RELUCTANCE TO GO ON /RIKE DESPITE DET]IORAT+ 
WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,LIKEWISE1 TRADE OR 9DU/RIAL UNIONS DECL9E NOT ONLY 
BECAUSE ( ! RIS+ UNEMPLOYM5T BUT ALSO BECAUSE !Y >E LESS ABLE1 OR NOT 
ABLE AT ALL1 TO PROVIDE ! WORK]S ) SUFFICI5T B5EFITS TO W>RANT !IR 
EXI/5CE4 ,9 TIMES ( DEPRESSION NO LESS ?AN ?OSE ( PROSP]ITY1 ! 
CONT9U+ CONFRONTATIONS ( LABOR & CAPITAL HAVE L$ NOT TO A POLITICAL 
RADICALIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT TO AN 9T5SIFI$ 9SI/5CE UPON 
BETT] ACCOMMODATIONS )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,! UNEMPLOY$ HAVE DEM&$ 
!IR 0RI<T TO WORK10 NOT ! ABOLITION ( WAGE LABOR1 :ILE ?OSE /ILL 
EMPLOY$ HAVE BE5 WILL+ TO ACCEPT SOME SACRIFICES TO HALT ! CAPITALI/ 
DECL9E4 ,! RHETORIC ( ! EXI/+1 OR NEWLY F\ND$1 LABOR ORGANIZATIONS NO 
D\BT HAS BECOME MORE ?REAT5+1 BUT !IR CONCRETE DEM&S1 :E!R 
REALIZABLE OR NOT1 HAVE BE5 = A BETT] FUNCTION+ CAPITALISM1 NOT ITS 
ABOLITION4 

,EV]Y /RIKE1 MOREOV]1 IS EI!R A LOCALIZ$ AFFAIR ) A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( 
WORK]S 5GAG$ 9 IT1 OR AN 9DU/RY-WIDE /RUGGLE 9VOLV+ L>GE NUMB]S ( 
WORK]S SPREAD OV] V>I\S LOCALITIES4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 IT CONC]NS ONLY ! 
TIME-CONDITION$ SPECIAL 9T]E/S ( SMALL SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS & 
SELDOM AFFECTS SOCIETY AS A :OLE TO ANY IMPORTANT EXT5T4 ,EV]Y /RIKE MU/ 5D 
9 ! DEFEAT ( ONE OR ! O!R SIDE1 OR 9 A COMPROMISE SUITABLE TO ! 
OPPON5TS4 ,9 EV]Y CASE IT MU/ LEAVE ! CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES PR(ITABLE 
5\< TO PRODUCE & TO EXP&4 ,/RIKES LEAD+ TO BANKRUPTCIES ( CAPITALI/ 
FIRMS W\LD ALSO DEFEAT ! GOALS ( ! WORK]S1 :I* PRESUPPOSE ! CONT9U$ 
EXI/5CE ( !IR EMPLOY]S4 ,! /RIKE WEAPON AS SU* IS A RE=MI/ WEAPON2 
IT C\LD ONLY BECOME A REVOLUTION>Y 9/RUM5T ?R\< ITS G5]ALIZATION & 
EXT5SION OV] ! :OLE SOCIETY4 ,IT WAS = ?IS REASON ?AT REVOLUTION>Y 
SYNDICALISM ADVOCAT$ ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE AS ! LEV] TO OV]?R[ CAPITALI/ 
SOCIETY1 & IT IS = ! SAME REASON ?AT ! RE=MI/ LABOR MOVEM5T OPPOSES 
! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 SAVE AS AN EXTRAORD9>Y & CONTROLL$ POLITICAL WEAPON TO 
SAFEGU>D ITS [N EXI/5CE4 7#a7 ,P]HAPS ! ONLY FULLY SUCCESSFUL NATIONWIDE 
G5]AL /RIKE WAS ?AT CALL$ BY ! ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T ITSELF 9 ORD] TO 
DEFEAT ! REACTION>Y ,KAPP ,PUTS* ( #a#i#b4 

,UNLESS A MASS /RIKE TURNS 9TO CIVIL W> & A CONTE/ = POLITICAL P[]1 
SOON] OR LAT] IT IS B\ND TO COME TO AN 5D :E!R OR NOT ! WORK]S W9 
!IR DEM&S4 ,IT WAS ( C\RSE EXPECT$ ?AT ! CRITICAL SITUATIONS BR\<T 
AB\T BY SU* /RIKES1 & ! REACTIONS TO !M ON ! P>T ( CAPITAL & ITS 
/ATE1 W\LD LEAD TO A GR[+ RECOGNITION ( ! UNBRIDGEABLE ANTAGONISM ( 
LABOR & CAPITAL & ?US MAKE ! WORK]S 9CREAS+LY MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO ! 
IDEA ( SOCIALISM4 ,?IS WAS NOT AN UNREASONABLE ASSUMPTION BUT IT FAIL$ TO BE 
SUB/ANTIAT$ BY ! ACTUAL C\RSE ( EV5TS4 ,NO D\BT ! TURMOIL ( A /RIKE 
ITSELF BR+S ) IT A %>P5$ AW>5ESS ( ! FULL MEAN+ ( CLASS SOCIETY 
& ITS EXPLOITATIVE NATURE1 BUT ?IS1 BY ITSELF1 DOES NOT *ANGE REALITY4 ,! 
EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION DEG5]ATES AGA9 9TO ! R\T9ISM ( EV]Y LIFE & ITS 
IMM$IATE NECESSITIES4 ,:AT CLASS CONSCI\SNESS AWAK5$ TURNS ONCE MORE 9TO 
APA?Y & SUBMISSION TO ?+S AS !Y >E4 

,! CLASS /RUGGLE 9VOLVES ! B\RGEOISIE NO LESS ?AN ! WORK]S1 & IT 
WILL NOT DO TO CONSID] EXCLUSIVELY ! LATT] ) REG>D TO ! EVOLUTION ( 
!IR CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! RUL+ B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY WILL BE RE=MULAT$ & 
GREATLY MODIFI$ 9 ORD] TO C\NT]ACT NOTICEABLE *ANGES 9 WORK+-CLASS 
ATTITUDES & ASPIRATIONS4 ,! E>LY OP5 CONTEMPT ( ! B\RGEOISIE = ! 
LABOR+ POPULATION MAKES WAY = AN APP>5T CONC]N = !IR WELL-BE+ & 
AN APPRECIATION = !IR CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! 0QUALITY ( SOCIAL LIFE40 ,M9OR 
CONCESSIONS >E MADE BE=E !Y >E =C$ UPON ! B\RGEOISIE BY 9DEP5D5T 
WORK+-CLASS ACTIONS4 ,COLLABORATION IS MADE TO APPE> B5EFICIAL TO ALL SOCIAL 
CLASSES1 & ! ROAD TO H>MONI\S SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE ITSELF 
IS TURN$ TO CAPITALI/ ACC\NT1 ?R\< ! RE=MS ?RU/ UPON ! RUL+ 
CLASS & ! RESULT+ EXPECTATIONS ( A POSSIBLE 9T]NAL TRANS=MATION ( 
CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL ! RE=MS ( CAPITALISM WAS ( C\RSE ! RISE ( 
! LABOR MOVEM5T ITSELF4 ,! CONT9U\S EXT5SION ( ! FRAN*ISE UNTIL IT 
COV]$ ! :OLE ADULT POPULATION1 & ! LEGALIZATION & PROTECTION ( TRADE 
UNIONISM1 9TEGRAT$ ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9TO ! M>KET /RUCTURE & ! 
POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS N[ P>T & 
P>CEL ( ! SY/EM1 AS LONG AS ! LATT] LA/$1 AT ANY RATE1 & IT SEEM$ 
TO LA/ JU/ BECAUSE IT WAS ABLE TO MITIGATE ITS CLASS CONTRADICTIONS BY WAY ( 
RE=MS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !SE RE=MS PRESUPPOS$ /ABLE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 
& AN ORD]LY DEVELOPM5T1 TO BE A*IEV$ ?R\< 9CREAS+ ORGANIZATION1 ( 
:I* ! RE=MS !MSELVES W]E AN 9TEGRAL P>T4 ,?IS POSSIBILITY HAD ( 
C\RSE BE5 D5I$ BY ,M>XIAN !ORY2 ! JU/IFICATION ( A CONSI/5T 
RE=MI/ POLICY ?US REQUIR$ AB&ONM5T ( ?IS !ORY4 ,! REVISIONI/S 9 
! LABOR MOVEM5T W]E ABLE TO CONV9CE !MSELVES ?AT1 CONTR>Y TO ,M>X1 ! 
CAPITALI/ ECONOMY HAD NO 9H]5T T5D5CY T[>D COLLAPSE1 :ILE ?OSE :O UPHELD 
! ,M>XIAN !ORY 9SI/$ UPON ! SY/EM'S OBJECTIVE LIMITATIONS4 ,BUT AS 
REG>DS ! IMM$IATELY GIV5 SITUATION1 ! LATT] TOO HAD NO *OICE BUT TO 
/RUGGLE = ECONOMIC & POLITICAL RE=MS4 ,!Y DIFF]$ FROM ! REVISIONI/S 
9 !IR ASSUMPTION ?AT1 DUE TO ! OBJECTIVE LIMITS ( CAPITALISM1 ! FI<T 
= RE=MS WILL HAVE DIFF]5T MEAN+S AT DIFF]5T TIMES4 ,ON ?IS VIEW1 IT 
WAS POSSIBLE TO WAGE ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 BO? ! P>LIAM5TS & 9 ! 
/REETS1 NOT ONLY ?R\< POLITICAL P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS1 BUT ) ! 
UNORGANIZ$ WORK]S AS WELL4 ,! LEGAL FOO?OLD GA9$ )9 B\RGEOIS 
DEMOCRACY WAS TO BE SECUR$ BY ! DIRECT ACTIONS ( ! MASSES 9 !IR WAGE 
/RUGGLES1 & ! P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITIES W]E SUPPOS$ TO SUPPORT !SE 
EF=TS4 ,:ILE ?IS W\LD HAVE NO REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS 9 P]IODS ( 
PROSP]ITY1 IT W\LD BE O!RWISE 9 CRISIS SITUATIONS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 A 
CAPITALISM ON ! DECL9E4 ,AS CAPITALISM F9DS A B>RI] 9 ITSELF1 ! FI<T 
= RE=MS W\LD TURN 9TO REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES AS SOON AS ! B\RGEOISIE 
WAS NO LONG] ABLE TO MAKE CONCESSIONS TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,JU/ AS ! CAPITALI/S >E 7) SOME EXCEPTIONS7 NOT ECONOMI/S BUT 
BUS9ESS PEOPLE1 ! WORK]S ALSO >E NOT CONC]N$ ) ECONOMIC !ORY4 ,QUITE 
ASIDE FROM ! QUE/ION AS TO :E!R OR NOT CAPITALISM IS DE/9$ TO COLLAPSE1 
!Y MU/ ATT5D TO !IR IMM$IATE NE$S BY WAY ( WAGE /RUGGLES1 EI!R TO 
DEF5D OR TO IMPROVE !IR LIV+ /&>DS4 ,IF !Y >E CONV9C$ ( ! 
DECL9E & FALL ( CAPITALISM1 IT IS BECAUSE !Y ALREADY ADH]E TO ! 
SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY1 EV5 ?\< !Y MI<T NOT BE ABLE TO PROVE !IR PO9T 
0SCI5TIFICALLY40 ,IT IS H>D1 9DE$1 TO IMAG9E ?AT AN ASOCIAL SY/EM SU* AS 
CAPITALISM C\LD LA/ = V]Y LONG1 UNLESS1 ( C\RSE1 ONE W]E TOTALLY 
9DIFF]5T TO ! *AOTIC CONDITIONS ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION & TO ITS TOTAL 
CORRUPTION4 ,H[EV]1 SU* 9DIFF]5CE IS ONLY ANO!R NAME = B\RGEOIS 
9DIVIDUALISM1 :I* IS NOT ONLY AN IDEOLOGY BUT ALSO A CONDITION ( ! M>KET 
RELATIONS AS SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,BUT EV5 UND] ITS SPELL ! WORK]S' 
9DIFF]5CE DOES NOT SP>E !M ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 AL?\< IT IS AT TIMES 
ONLY ONE-SID$LY WAG$ ?R\< ! VIOL5T REPRESSION ( ALL 9DEP5D5T WORK+ 
CLASS ACTIONS4 

,?US F>1 RE=MISM HAS NO:]E L$ TO AN EVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( 
CAPITALISM 9TO A MORE PALATABLE SOCIAL SY/EM1 NOR TO REVOLUTIONS & 
SOCIALISM4 ,IT MAY1 ON ! O!R H&1 REQUIRE POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS 9 ORD] TO 
A*IEVE SOME SOCIAL RE=MS4 ,REC5T HI/ORY PROVIDES NUM]\S EXAMPLES ( 
POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS :I* EXHAU/$ !MSELVES 9 ! OV]?R[ ( A NATION'S 
DESPIS$ GOV]NM5TAL /RUCTURE1 )\T AFFECT+ ITS SOCIAL PRODUCTION 
RELATIONS4 ,SU* REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS1 9S(> AS !Y >E NOT M]E 
REVOLUTIONS1 :I* EX*ANGE ONE DICTATORIAL REGIME ) AN AIM AT 9/ITUTIONAL 
*ANGES &1 BY IMPLICATION1 ECONOMIC RE=MS4 ,POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS >E H]E A 
PRECONDITION = ANY K9D RE=MI/ ACTIVITY & NOT AN \TCOME ( ! LATT]4 
,!Y >E NOT SOCIALI/ REVOLUTIONS1 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE1 EV5 IF !Y >E 
PR$OM9ANTLY 9ITIAT$ & C>RI$ ?R\< BY ! WORK+ CLASSES1 BUT RE=MI/ 
ACTIVITIES BY MORE DIRECT POLITICAL MEANS4 

,! POSSIBILITY ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE CANNOT BE QUE/ION$1 = !RE HAVE 
BE5 POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS ?AT ALT]$ SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS & 
DISPLAC$ ! RULE ( ONE CLASS BY ?AT ( ANO!R4 ,B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS 
SECUR$ ! TRIUMPH ( ! MIDDLE CLASS & ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,A 
PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION-?AT IS1 A REVOLUTION TO 5D ALL CLASS RELATIONS 9 ! 
SOCIAL PRODUCTION PROCESS - HAS NOT AS YET TAK5 PLACE1 AL?\< ATTEMPTS 9 ?IS 
DIRECTION HAVE BE5 MADE )9 & \TSIDE ! FRAMEWORK ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS4 
,:]EAS SOCIAL RE=M IS A SUB/ITUTE = SOCIAL REVOLUTION & ! LATT] MAY 
DISSIPATE 9TO M]E CAPITALI/ RE=MS1 OR NO?+ AT ALL1 A PROLET>IAN 
REVOLUTION CAN ONLY W9 OR LOSE4 ,IT CANNOT BE BAS$ ON ANY K9D ( CLASS 
COMPROMISE1 AS IT IS ITS FUNCTION TO ELIM9ATE ALL SOCIAL CLASS RELATIONS4 ,IT 
WILL ?US F9D ALL CLASSES \TSIDE ! PROLET>IAN CLASS >RAY$ AGA9/ ITSELF 
& NO ALLIES 9 ITS ATTEMPTS TO REALIZE ITS SOCIALI/ GOALS4 ,IT IS ?IS SPECIAL 
*>ACT] ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION ?AT ACC\NTS = ! EXCEPTIONAL 
DIFFICULTIES 9 ITS WAY4 

,NOTES 

  
#a4 ,9 HIS BOOK ,9 ,PLACE ( ,FE> 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#e#b1 PP4 #b#a-#b#c71 ,ANEUR9 ,BEVAN 
RELATES ?AT 9 #aiai - ) ! ,BRITI% TRADE UNIONS ?REAT5+ A NATIONWIDE 
/RIKE - ! !N ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,DAVID ,LLOYD ,GEORGE TOLD ! LABOR LEAD]S ?AT 
!Y MU/ BE AW>E ( ! FULL CONSEQU5CES ( SU* AN ACTION1 = 0IF A =CE 
>ISES 9 ! ,/ATE :I* IS /RONG] ?AN ! ,/ATE ITSELF1 !N IT MU/ BE 
READY TO TAKE ON ! FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE1 OR )DRAW & ACCEPT ! 
AU?ORITY ( ! ,/ATE40 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T ON1 ONE ( ! LABOR LEAD]S SAID1 0WE 
W]E BEAT5 & WE KNEW WE W]E40 ,AFT] ?IS1 ,BEVAN CONT9UES1 0! ,G5]AL 
,/RIKE ( #aibf WAS REALLY AN ANTICLIMAX4 ,! LEAD]S 9 #aibf 444 HAD NEV] 
WORK$ \T ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS ( DIRECT ACTION ON SU* A SCALE4 ,NOR 
W]E !Y ANXI\S TO DO SO4 444 ,IT WAS NOT SO MU* ! CO]CIVE P[] ( ! 
,/ATE ?AT RE/RA9$ ! FULL USE ( ! WORK]S' 9DU/RIAL P[]4 444,! 
WORK]S & !IR LEAD]S PAUS$ EV5 :5 !IR CO]CIVE P[] WAS GREAT] ?AN 
?AT ( ! ,/ATE4 444 ,! OPPORTUNITY = P[] IS NOT 5\< :5 ! WILL TO 
SEIZE IT IS ABS5T1 & ?AT WILL IS ATT5DANT UPON ! TRADITIONAL ATTITUDE ( 
! PEOPLE T[>D ! POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT =M P>T ( !IR HI/ORICAL 
H]ITAGE40 ,?IS MAY BE SO1 BUT ACTUALLY1 9 ?IS P>TICUL> CASE1 IT WAS NOT ! 
ATTITUDE ( ! WORK]S ) REG>D TO !IR HI/ORICAL H]ITAGE1 BUT M]ELY 
!IR SUBMISSION TO !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS & !IR LEAD]%IPS ?AT ALL[$ 
! LATT] TO CALL (F ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 \T ( FE> ?AT IT MI<T LEAD TO 
REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS BECAUSE ( ! GOV]NM5T'S APP>5TLY 9TRACTABLE 
DET]M9ATION TO BREAK ! /RIKE BY =CE4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/