,*APT] #f ,/ATE & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK ,TEXT 3 ,L59'S /ATE WAS TO BE A ,BOL%EVIK /ATE SUPPORT$ BY WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,AS ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES C\LD NOT BE EXPECT$ TO SUPPORT IT1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO DISFRAN*IZE !M & ?US 5D B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,ONCE 9 P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS RE/RICT$ POLITICAL FRE$OMS - FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 PRESS1 ASSEMBLY1 & ASSOCIATION1 & ! RIE EMPLOY$ 9 9DU/RY1 TRADE1 AGRICULTURE1 ETC41 & TO PEASANTS & ,COSSACK AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S :O EMPLOY NO HELP = PURPOSES ( MAK+ PR(ITS40 7#a7 ,H[EV]1 ! PEASANTS C\LD NOT BE 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! 5VISION$ 0ONE GREAT FACTORY10 :I* TRANS=M$ 0ALL CITIZ5S 9TO ! HIR$ EMPLOYES ( ! /ATE10 = !Y HAD MADE !IR REVOLUTION = 0PRIVATE PROP]TY10 = L& ( !IR [N1 DISREG>D+ ! FACT ?AT NOM9ALLY ALL L& BELONG$ TO ! NATION AS A :OLE4 ,! CONCESSIONS MADE TO ! PEASANTS W]E ! PRICE ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TO PAY = !IR SUPPORT4 0,! ,RUSSIAN PEASANTRY10 WROTE ,TROTSKY1 0WILL BE 9T]E/$ 9 UPHOLD+ PROLET>IAN RULE AT LEA/ 9 ! FIR/1 MO/ DIFFICULT1 P]IOD1 NO LESS ?AN W]E ! ,FR5* PEASANTS 9T]E/$ 9 UPHOLD+ ! MILIT>Y ROLE ( ,NAPOLEON ,BONAP>TE1 :O BY =CE GU>ANTE$ TO ! NEW [N]S ! 9TEGRITY ( !IR L& %>ES40 7#b7 ,BUT ! PEASANTS' POLITICAL SUPPORT ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS ONE ?+ & !IR ECONOMIC 9T]E/S ANO!R4 ,DISORGANIZATION ?R\< W> & CIVIL W> R$UC$ 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION4 ,! L>GE L&$ E/ATES HAD BE5 BROK5 UP TO PROVIDE MILLIONS ( AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S ) SMALL HOLD+S4 ,SUBSI/5CE F>M+ L>GELY DISPLAC$ COMM]CIAL F>M+4 ,BUT EV5 ! M>KET-ORI5T$ PEASANTRY REFUS$ TO TURN ITS SURPLUSES OV] TO ! /ATE1 AS ! LATT] HAD LITTLE OR NO?+ TO (F] 9 RETURN4 ,! 9T]NAL POLICIES ( ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE W]E MA9LY DET]M9$ BY ITS RELATION TO ! PEASANTRY1 :I* DID NOT FIT 9TO ! EVOLV+ /ATE-CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,TO PLACATE ! PEASANTS WAS POSSIBLE ONLY AT ! EXP5SE ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & TO FAVOR ! LATT]1 ONLY AT ! EXP5SE ( ! PEASANTRY4 ,TO /AY 9 P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E CON/ANTLY =C$ TO ALT] !IR POSITIONS REG>D+ EI!R ONE OR ! O!R CLASS4 ,ULTIMATELY1 9 ORD] TO MAKE !MSELVES 9DEP5D5T ( BO?1 !Y RESORT$ TO T]RORI/IC MEASURES :I* SUBJECT$ ! :OLE ( ! POPULATION TO !IR DICTATORIAL RULE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK DILEMMA ) REG>D TO ! PEASANTS WAS QUITE G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$4 ,DESPITE H] SYMPA?IES = ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 = EXAMPLE1 C\LD NOT DESI/ FROM CRITICIZ+ !IR AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AS DETRIM5TAL TO ! QUE/ = SOCIALISM4 ,PROP]TY RIIAN RE=M1 %E WROTE1 0HAS CREAT$ A NEW & P[]FUL LAY] ( POPUL> 5EMIES ( SOCIALISM 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 5EMIES :OSE RESI/ANCE WILL BE MU* MORE DANG]\S & /UBBORN ?AN ?AT ( ! NOBLE L>GE L&[N]S40 7#c7 ,?IS CRITICISM1 H[EV]1 DID NO MORE ?AN RE/ATE ! UNAVOIDABLE DILEMMA4 ,:ILE %E FAVOR$ ! TAK+ ( P[] BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ,LUXEMBURG RECOIL$ BE=E ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ALONE ?IS WAS POSSIBLE4 ,L591 H[EV]1 EXPECT$ ! PEASANTS' CONT9U+ SUPPORT NOT ONLY BECAUSE ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD RATIFI$ !IR SEIZURE ( L&1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ! ,SOVIET /ATE 9T5D$ TO BE A 0*EAP GOV]NM5T10 9 ORD] TO EASE ! PEASANTS' TAX BURD54 ,IT IS P>TLY ) ?IS 0*EAP GOV]NM5T0 9 M9D ?AT ,L59 SPOKE SO REPETITI\SLY ( ! NECESSITY ( 0WORK+M5'S WAGES0 = ALL ! ADM9I/RATIVE & TE*NICAL FUNCTION>IES4 0,*EAP GOV]NM5T0 WAS TO CEM5T TOGE!R ! 0WORK]S' & PEASANTS' ALLIANCE40 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ P]IOD ( ,BOL%EVIK RULE1 MOREOV]1 ! EGALIT>IAN PR9CIPLES 5UNCIAT$ 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION BECAME L>GELY A REALITY1 DUE TO ! DIFFICULTIES 9 ! WAY ( PROVID+ ! URBAN POPULATION ) ! B>E NECESSITIES ( LIFE4 ,! GOV]NM5T SAW ITSELF =C$ TO TAKE FROM ! PEASANTRY ALL !IR SURPLUS GRA91 & (T5 MORE ?AN ?AT1 9 ! =M ( 0LOANS10 OR 9 EX*ANGE = VALUELESS PAP] MONEY4 ,!IR VIOL5T REACTIONS 9DUC$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO REPLACE ! SY/EM ( CONFISCATION ) A TAX 9 K9D1 :I* FAIL$ TO /ILL ! PEASANTS' OPPOSITION4 ,F9ALLY1 9 #aiba ! GOV]NM5T WAS =C$ 9TO A ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY 7,N,E,P71 9VOLV+ A P>TIAL RETURN TO CAPITALI/ M>KET RELATIONS & AN ATTEMPT TO ATTRACT CAPITAL FROM ABROAD4 ,! 9VITATION TO 9VE/ 9 ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY WAS L>GELY IGNOR$ BY ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,! PROBLEM REMA9$ H[ TO CAPITALIZE ! C\NTRY )\T 5D+ UP ) A PRIVATE-5T]PRISE SY/EM - ! LOGICAL \TCOME ( A DEVELOPM5T ( PEASANT F>M+ UND] FREE M>KET RELATIONS4 ,! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY C\LD BE REG>D$ EI!R AS A M]E 9T]VAL 9 ! 0SOCIALIZATION PROCESS0 OR AS A MORE P]MAN5T POLICY 5TAIL+ ! RISK ?AT ! NEWLY G5]AT+ PRIVATE CAPITALI/ =CES W\LD OV]TAKE ! /ATE-CONTROLL$ SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY & EV5 DE/ROY IT4 ,9 SU* AN EV5TUALITY1 ! ,BOL%EVIK 9T]V5TION W\LD HAVE BE5 9 VA9 - A M]E 9CID5T 9 A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,L59 FELT SURE1 H[EV]1 ?AT A P>TIAL RETURN TO M>KET RELATIONS C\LD BE POLITICALLY MA/]$1 I4E41 ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY C\LD HOLD /ATE P[] & SECURE 5\< ECONOMIC WEIGE-SCALE 9DU/RY1 BANK+1 & =EIGN TRADE1 ?US NEUTRALIZ+ ! EM]G+ PRIVATE PROP]TY RELATIONS 9 AGRICULTURE1 SMALL-SCALE 9DU/RY1 & ! RETAIL TRADE4 ,9 TIME1 ! REAL SOCIAL P[] W\LD %IFT FROM ! PEASANTRY TO /ATE-CONTROLL$ 9DU/RY BY VIRTUE ( ! LATT]'S GR[?4 ,9 ! 5D1 H[EV]1 ! PROBLEMS ( ! 0MIX$ ECONOMY0 ( ! ,N,E,P P]IOD W]E RESOLV$ BY ! =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE1 ! C5TRALLY PLANN$ ECONOMY1 & ! T]RORI/IC REGIME ( ,/AL9ISM4 ,! FE>S ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ) RESPECT TO ,BOL%EVIK PEASANT POLICY PROV$ TO BE UNW>RANT$4 ,H[EV]1 ! DE/RUCTION ( PEASANT PROP]TY BY WAY ( COLLECTIVIZATION DID NOT LEAD TO SOCIALISM BUT M]ELY SECUR$ ! CONT9UANCE ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,BY ITSELF1 ! COLLECTIVIZ$ =M ( AGRICULTURE HAS NO SOCIALI/ *>ACT]4 ,IT IS M]ELY ! TRANS=MATION ( SMALL-SCALE 9TO L>GE-SCALE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION BY POLITICAL MEANS 9 DI/9CTION TO ! CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION PROCESS BR\KET ECONOMY4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION WAS TO MAKE POSSIBLE A MORE EFFECTIVE EXTRACTION ( SURPLUS LABOR FROM ! PEASANT POPULATION4 ,IT REQUIR$ A 0REVOLUTION FROM ABOVE10 A V]ITABLE W> BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ! PEASANTRY1 7#d7 :]E9 ! GOV]NM5T FALSELY CLAIM$ TO ACT ON BEHALF ( & TO BE AID$ BY ! POOR PEASANTS1 9 WIP+ \T ! KULAKS1 OR RI* PEASANTS1 :O W]E BLOCK+ ! ROAD TO SOCIALISM4 ,UNLESS = HI<] WAGES1 IMPLY+ BETT] LIV+ /&>DS1 WAGE WORK]S SEE NO PO9T 9 EX]T+ !MSELVES BEYOND ?AT UNAVOIDABLE MEASURE DEM&$ BY !IR BOSSES4 ,SUP]VISION1 TOO1 DEM&S 9C5TIVES4 ,! NEW CONTROLL]S ( LABOR %[$ LITTLE 9T]E/ 9 ! IMPROVEM5T ( PRODUCTION AT 0WORK+M5'S WAGES40 ,! NEGATIVE 9C5TIVE1 IMPLI$ 9 ! NE$ = EMPLOYM5T 9 ORD] TO LIVE AT ALL1 WAS NOT 5\< TO SPUR ! SUP]VISORY & TE*NICAL P]SONNEL TO GREAT] EF=TS4 ,IT WAS !RE=E SOON SUPPLEM5T$ ) ! POSITIVE 9C5TIVES ( WAGE & SAL>Y DIFF]5TIALS BETWE5 & )9 ! V>I\S OCCUPATIONS & PR(ESSIONS1 & ) SPECIAL PRIVILEGES = P>TICUL>LY EFFECTIVE P]=MANCES4 ,!SE DIFF]5TIALS W]E PROGRESSIVELY 9CREAS$ UNTIL !Y CAME TO RESEMBLE ?OSE PREVAL5T 9 PRIVATE-5T]PRISE ECONOMIES4 ,BUT TO RETURN TO ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T3 ,ELECT$ BY ! SOVIETS1 IT WAS 9 !ORY SUBORD9AT$ TO1 & SUBJECT TO RECALL BY1 ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 & M]ELY EMP[]$ TO C>RY ON )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ITS DIRECTIVES4 ,9 PRACTICE1 IT PLAY$ AN 9DEP5D5T ROLE 9 COP+ ) ! *ANG+ POLITICAL & ECONOMIC NE$S & ! EV]YDAY BUS9ESS ( GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS WAS NOT A P]MAN5T BODY1 BUT MET AT 9T]VALS ( %ORT] OR LONG] DURATION1 DELEGAT+ LEGISLATIVE & EXECUTIVE P[]S TO ! ORGANS ( ! /ATE4 ,) ! 0C>RY+ ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9TO ! RURAL DI/RICTS10 I4E41 ) ! /ATE-ORGANIZ$ EXPROPRIATORY EXP$ITIONS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE & ! 9/ALLATION ( ,BOL%EVIK 0COMMITTEES ( ! POOR0 9 ! VILLAGES1 ! 0WORK]S' & PEASANTS' ALLIANCE0 ?AT HAD BR\TN]%IP ) ! LEFT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 CONTROLL+ ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 C\LD HAVE IGNOR$ ! CONGRESS1 OR DRIV5 IT AWAY1 AS IT HAD DRIV5 AWAY ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,BUT ! ,BOL%EVIKS PREF]R$ TO WORK )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! SOVIET SY/EM1 & TO WORK T[>D A ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS OB$I5T TO ! P>TY4 ,TO ?IS 5D1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO CONTROL ! ELECTIONS ( DEPUTIES TO ! SOVIETS & TO \TLAW O!R POLITICAL P>TIES1 MO/ ( ALL ! TRADITIONAL P>TY ( PEASANTS1 ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES4 ,AS ! ,M5%EVIKS & ! RIIES HAD )DRAWN FROM ! CONGRESS & OPPOS$ ! GOV]NM5T ELECT$ BY IT1 !Y C\LD EASILY BE DISFRAN*IZ$1 & W]E \TLAW$ BY ORD] ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS 9 ,JUNE #a#i#a#h4 ,! OCCASION TO PUT AN 5D TO ! LEFT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES >OSE SOON1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( ! WIDESPREAD PEASANT DISCONT5T BUT ALSO BECAUSE ( POLITICAL DIFF]5CES1 AMONG :I* WAS ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES' REJECTION ( ! ,BRE/-,LITOVSK ,PEACE ,TREATY4 ,AFT] ! SIGN+ ( ! TREATY1 ! LEFT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES )DREW FROM ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 ,! ,FIF? ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 9 ,JULY #a#i#a#h1 EXPELL$ ! LEFT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES4 ,BO? ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE & ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S W]E N[ EXCLUSIVELY 9 ,BOL%EVIK H&S4 ,! LATT] SECUR$ !IR MAJORITY 9 ! SOVIETS NOT ONLY BECAUSE !IR POPUL>ITY WAS /ILL 9 ! ASC5DANCY1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE !Y HAD LE>N$ H[ TO MAKE IT 9CREAS+LY MORE DIFFICULT = NON-,BOL%EVIKS TO 5T] ! SOVIETS4 ,9 TIME1 ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS BECAME A MANIPULAT$ BODY1 AUTOMATICALLY RATIFY+ ! ACTIONS ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! ABDICATION ( SOVIET P[] 9 FAVOR ( GOV]NM5TAL RULE1 :I* ,L59 HAD D5\NC$ ) ! SLOGAN 0,ALL P[] TO ! SOVIETS10 WAS N[ = ! FIR/ TIME ACTUALLY REALIZ$ 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK ONE-P>TY GOV]NM5T4 ,) ! SOVIETS NO LONG] ?\LIAM5T4 ,! SOVIET /ATE1 IT WAS PROCLAIM$ PROGRAMMATICALLY1 0:ILE AF=D+ ! TOIL+ MASSES 9COMP>ABLY GREAT] OPPORTUNITIES ?AN ?OSE 5JOY$ UND] B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T1 TO ELECT & RECALL DEPUTIES 9 ! MANN] EASIE/ & MO/ ACCESSIBLE TO ! WORK]S & PEASANTS1444 AT ! SAME TIME ABOLI%ES ! NEGATIVE ASPECTS ( P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T1 ESPECIALLY ! SEP>ATION ( ! LEGISLATURE & ! EXECUTIVE1 ! ISOLATION ( ! REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS FROM ! MASSES4444 ,! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T DRAWS ! /ATE APP>ATUS CLOS] TO ! MASSES BY ! FACT ?AT ! ELECTORAL CON/ITU5CY & ! BASIC UNIT = ! /ATE IS NO LONG] A T]RITORIAL DI/RICT1 BUT AN 9DU/RIAL UNIT 7WORK%OP1 FACTORY740 7#e7 ,! SOVIET SY/EM WAS SE5 BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS A 0TRANSMISSION BELT0 CONNECT+ ! /ATE AU?ORITIES AT ! TOP ) ! BROAD MASSES AT ! BOTTOM4 ,ORD]S ISSU+ FROM ABOVE W\LD BE C>RI$ \T BEL[1 & COMPLA9TS & SUGGE/IONS FROM ! WORK]S W\LD REA* ! GOV]NM5T ?R\< !IR DEPUTIES TO ! ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,BOL%EVIK P>TY CELLS & ,BOL%EVIK DOM9ATION ( ! TRADE UNIONS ASSUR$ A MORE DIRECT CONTROL )9 ! 5T]PRISES & PROVID$ A L9K BETWE5 ! CADRES 9 ! FACTORIES & ! GOV]NM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IF SO 9CL9$1 ( C\RSE1 ! WORK]S C\LD ASSUME ?AT !RE WAS A CONNECTION BETWE5 !M & ! GOV]NM5T ?R\< ! SOVIETS1 & ?AT ! LATT] C\LD1 VIA ! ELECTORAL SY/EM1 ACTUALLY DET]M9E GOV]NM5T POLICY & EV5 *ANGE GOV]NM5TS4 ,?IS ILLUSORY ASSUMPTION P]VADES MORE OR LESS ALL ELECTORAL SY/EMS & C\LD ALSO BE HELD = ?AT ( ! SOVIETS4 ,BY %IFT+ ! ELECTORAL CON/ITU5CY FROM ! T]RITORIAL DI/RICT TO ! PLACE ( PRODUCTION1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID DEPRIVE ! NONWORK+ LAY]S ( SOCIETY ( P>TAK+ 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y GAME1 7#f7 )\T1 H[EV]1 *ANG+ ! GAME ITSELF4 ,9 ! NAME ( REVOLUTION>Y NECESSITY1 ! GOV]NM5T MADE ITSELF 9CREAS+LY MORE 9DEP5D5T ( ! SOVIETS 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ?AT C5TRALIZATION ( P[] NE$$ = ! DOM9ATION ( SOCIETY BY A S+LE POLITICAL P>TY4 ,EV5 ) ,BOL%EVIK DOM9ATION ( ! SOVIETS1 G5]AL CONTROL WAS TO BE ADM9I/]$ BY ! P>TY & !RE1 ACCORD+ TO ,TROTSKY1 ! LA/ WORD BELONGS TO ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4444 ,?IS AF=DS EXTREME ECONOMY ( TIME & 5]GY1 & 9 ! MO/ DIFFICULT & COMPLICAT$ CIRCUM/ANCES GIVES A GU>ANTEE = ! NECESS>Y UNITY ( ACTION4 ,SU* A REGIME IS POSSIBLE ONLY 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! UNQUE/ION$ AU?ORITY ( ! P>TY1 & ! FAULTLESSNESS ( ITS DISCIPL9E4 444 ,! EXCLUSIVE ROLE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY UND] ! CONDITIONS ( A VICTORI\S REVOLUTION IS QUITE COMPREH5SIBLE4444 ,! REVOLUTION>Y SUPREMACY ( ! PROLET>IAT PRESUPPOSES )9 ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF ! POLITICAL SUPREMACY ( ! P>TY1 ) A CLE> PROGRAM ( ACTION4 444 ,WE HAVE MORE ?AN ONCE BE5 ACCUS$ ( HAV+ SUB/ITUT$ = ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,SOVIETS ! DICTATOR%IP ( \R P>TY4 ,YET IT CAN BE SAID ) COMPLETE JU/ICE ?AT ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,SOVIETS BECAME POSSIBLE ONLY BY MEANS ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY4 ,IT IS ?ANKS TO ! CL>ITY ( ITS !ORETICAL VISION & ITS /RONG REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ?AT ! P>TY HAS AF=D$ TO ! ,SOVIETS ! POSSIBILITY ( BECOM+ TRANS=M$ FROM %APELESS P>LIAM5TS ( LABOR 9TO ! APP>ATUS ( ! SUPREMACY ( LABOR4 ,9 ?IS 0SUB/ITUTION0 ( ! P[] ( ! P>TY = ! P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS !RE IS NO?+ ACCID5TAL1 & 9 REALITY !RE IS NO SUB/ITUTION AT ALL4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S EXPRESS ! FUNDAM5TAL 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IT IS QUITE NATURAL ?AT1 9 ! P]IOD 9 :I* HI/ORY BR+S UP ?OSE 9T]E/S1441 ! ,COMMUNI/S HAVE BECOME ! RECOGNIZ$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 7#g7 ,:]EAS ) REG>D TO ! SOVIETS ( #a#i#e1 ,TROTSKY RECOGNIZ$ ?AT !IR 0SUB/ANCE WAS !IR EF=TS TO BECOME ORGANS ( PUBLIC AU?ORITY10 N[1 AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIK VICTORY1 IT WAS NO LONG] ! SOVIETS BUT ! P>TY &1 MORE PRECISELY1 ITS C5TRAL COMMITTEE1 ?AT HAD TO EX]CISE ALL PUBLIC AU?ORITY4 7#h7 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS1 OR AT ANY RATE !IR =EMO/ SPOKESM51 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 HAD NO CONFID5CE :ATEV] 9 ! SOVIETS1 ?OSE 0%APELESS P>LIAM5TS ( LABOR10 :I*1 9 !IR VIEW1 [$ !IR V]Y EXI/5CE TO ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 ,BECAUSE !RE W\LD BE NO SOVIET SY/EM AT ALL )\T ! P>TY1 TO SPEAK ( A SOVIET DICTATOR%IP WAS TO SPEAK ( ! P>TY DICTATOR%IP - ! ONE IMPLY+ ! O!R4 ,ACTUALLY1 ( C\RSE1 IT HAD BE5 ! O!R WAY >\ND1 = )\T ! REVOLUTION MADE BY ! SOVIETS ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY C\LD NEV] HAVE SEIZ$ P[] & ,L59 W\LD /ILL HAVE BE5 9 ,SWITZ]L&4 ,YET TO HOLD ?IS P[]1 ! P>TY N[ HAD TO SEP>ATE ITSELF FROM ! SOVIETS & TO CONTROL ! LATT] 9/EAD ( BE+ CONTROLL$ BY !M4 ,NOT)/&+ ! DEMAGOG]Y DISPLAY$ 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 ,L59'S & ,TROTSKY'S ATTITUDE REG>D+ ! CAPACITIES & 9CAPACITIES ( ! WORK+ CLASS W]E NOT AT ALL SURPRIS+1 = !Y W]E L>GELY %>$ BY ! LEAD+ 0ELITES0 ( ALL SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS & S]V$1 9 FACT1 TO JU/IFY !IR EXI/5CE & PRIVILEGES4 ,! SOCIAL & TE*NICAL DIVISION ( LABOR )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM DID 9DE$ DEPRIVE ! PROLET>IAT ( ANY CONTROL1 & !RE) UND]/&+1 ( ! COMPLEX PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION PROCESS ?AT ASSURES ! REPRODUCTION ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,AL?\< A SOCIALI/ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION WILL HAVE A DIVISION ( LABOR DIFF]5T FROM ?AT PREVAL5T 9 CAPITALISM1 ! NEW >RANGEM5TS 9VOLV$ WILL ONLY BE E/ABLI%$ 9 TIME & 9 CONNECTION ) A TOTAL REORI5TATION ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS & ITS DIRECTION T[>D GOALS DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE *>ACT]I/IC ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS !RE=E ONLY TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT ! PRODUCTION PROCESS WILL BE DISRUPT$ 9 ANY REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 ESPECIALLY :5 ! PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS IS ALREADY 9 A /ATE ( DECAY1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ! ,RUSSIA ( #a#i#a#g4 ,IT IS !N ALSO NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT WORK]S %\LD HAVE PUT !IR HOPES 9 ! NEW GOV]NM5T TO ACCOMPLI% = !M :AT SEEM$ EXTREMELY DIFFICULT = !M TO DO4 ,! ID5TIFICATION ( SOVIETS & P>TY WAS CLE>LY %>$ BY ! WORK]S & ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 = O!RWISE ! E>LY DOM9ANCE ( ! LATT] )9 ! SOVIETS W\LD NOT BE COMPREH5SIBLE4 ,IT WAS EV5 /RONG 5\< TO ALL[ ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO MONOPOLIZE ! SOVIETS BY UND]H&$ ME?ODS ?AT KEPT NON-,BOL%EVIKS \T ( !M4 ,= ! BROAD URBAN MASSES ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E 9DE$ !IR P>TY1 :I* PROV$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] PRECISELY BY ITS SUPPORT ( ! SOVIETS & BY ITS 9SI/5CE UPON ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,!RE CAN ALSO BE NO D\BT ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O W]E1 AFT] ALL1 CONV9C$ SOCIALI/S1 W]E DEADLY S]I\S 9 !IR DEVOTION TO ! WORK]S' CAUSE - SO MU*1 9DE$1 ?AT !Y W]E READY TO DEF5D IT EV5 AGA9/ ! WORK]S %\LD !Y FAIL TO RECOGNIZE ITS NECESS>Y REQUIREM5TS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 !SE NECESS>Y REQUIREM5TS1 I4E41 0WORK1 DISCIPL9E1 ORD]10 C\LD NOT BE LEFT TO ! SELF-5=CEM5T ( ! SOVIETS4 ,! /ATE1 ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY 9 ?IS CASE1 W\LD REGULATE ALL IMPORTANT ECONOMIC MATT]S BY GOV]NM5T ORD9ANCES HAV+ ! =CE ( LAW4 ,! CON/RUCTION ( ! /ATE S]V$ NO O!R PURPOSE ?AN ?AT ( SAFEGU>D+ ! REVOLUTION & ! CON/RUCTION ( SOCIALISM4 ,!Y SPREAD ?IS ILLUSION AMONG ! WORK]S ) SU* GREAT CONVICTION BECAUSE IT WAS !IR [N1 = !Y W]E CONV9C$ ?AT SOCIALISM C\LD BE 9/ITUT$ ?R\< /ATE CONTROL & ! SELFLESS IDEALISM ( A REVOLUTION>Y ELITE4 ,!Y MU/ HAVE FELT T]RIBLY DISAPPO9T$ :5 ! WORK]S DID NOT PROP]LY RESPOND TO ! URG5CY ( ! CALL = 0WORK1 DISCIPL9E1 & ORD]0 & TO !IR REVOLUTION>Y RHETORIC4 ,IF ! WORK]S C\LD NOT RECOGNIZE !IR [N 9T]E/S1 ?IS RECOGNITION W\LD HAVE TO BE =C$ UPON !M1 IF NECESS>Y BY T]RORI/IC MEANS4 ,! *ANCE = SOCIALISM %\LD NOT BE LO/ BY DEFAULT4 ,SURE ONLY ( !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y VOCATION1 !Y 9SI/$ UPON !IR EXCLUSIVE RI$ ABSOLUTE P[]4 ,! FIR/ ?+ TO BE ORGANIZ$1 AP>T FROM P>TY & SOVIETS1 WAS !N ! ,*EKA1 ! POLITICAL POLICE1 TO FIY TRIBUNALS ASSI/$ ! WORK ( ! ,*EKA4 ,CONC5TRATION CAMPS W]E 9/ALL$ = ! 5EMIES ( ! REGIME4 ,A ,R$ ,>MY1 UND] ,TROTSKY'S COMM&1 TOOK ! PLACE ( ! 0>M$ PROLET>IAT40 ,AN EFFECTIVE >MY1 OB$I5T ONLY TO ! GOV]NM5T1 C\LD NOT BE RUN BY 0SOLDI]S' C\NCILS10 :I* W]E ?US AT ONCE ELIM9AT$4 ,! >MY WAS TO FII/ (FIC]S1 ?AT IS1 :O HAD MADE !IR PEACE ) ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T4 ,BECAUSE ! >MY EM]G$ VICTORI\S \T ( W> & CIVIL W>1 :I* LA/$ FROM #aiah TO #a#i#b1 ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T'S PRE/IGE WAS 5ORM\SLY 5HANC$ & ASSUR$ ! CONSOLIDATION ( ITS AU?ORIT>IAN RULE4 ,F> FROM 5DANG]+ ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME1 W> & CIVIL W> AGA9/ =EIGN 9T]V5TION & ! ,:ITE C\NT]-REVOLUTION /R5G!N$ IT4 ,IT UNIT$ ALL :O W]E B\ND TO SUFF] BY A RETURN ( ! OLD AU?ORITIES4 ,REG>DLESS ( !IR ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,BOL%EVIKS & !IR POLICIES1 ! PEASANTS W]E N[ DEF5D+ !IR NEWLY WON L&1 ! ,M5%EVIKS & ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES !IR V]Y LIVES4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS1 AT FIR/ R5T BY 9T]NAL DISS5SION1 UNIT$ 9 ! FACE ( ! COMMON 5EMY &1 IF ONLY = ! DURATION ( ! CIVIL W>1 GLADLY ACCEPT$ ! AID ( ! H>ASS$ BUT /ILL EXI/+ ,M5%EVIKS1 ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES1 & EV5 ,AN>*I/S AS ?AT ( A 0LOYAL OPPOSITION40 ,F9ALLY1 ! 9T]V5TIONI/ *>ACT] ( ! CIVIL W> GAVE ! ,BOL%EVIK RESI/ANCE ! EUPHORIA ( NATIONALISM AS ! GOV]NM5T RALLI$ ! POPULATION TO ITS SIDE ) ! SLOGAN 0! FA!RL& IS 9 DANG]40 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION IT MU/ BE PO9T$ \T ?AT ,L59'S & SO ! ,BOL%EVIKS' NATIONALISM & 9T]NATIONALISM W]E ( A PECULI> K9D1 9 ?AT !Y C\LD BE US$ ALT]NATIVELY TO ADVANCE ! =TUNES ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & ?OSE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 ,9 ,TROTSKY'S WORDS1 0,L59'S 9T]NATIONALISM NE$S NO RECOMM5DATION4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME ,L59 HIMSELF IS PR(\NDLY NATIONAL4 ,L59 P]SONIFIES ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT1 A Y\NG CLASS1 :I* POLITICALLY IS SC>CELY OLD] ?AN ,L59 HIMSELF1 BUT A CLASS :I* IS PR(\NDLY NATIONAL1 = RECAPITULAT$ 9 IT IS ! 5TIRE PA/ DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA1 9 IT LIES ,RUSSIA'S 5TIRE FUTURE1 ) IT ! ,RUSSIAN NATION RISES & FALLS40 7#i7 ,P]HAPS1 BE+ SO PR(\NDLY NATIONAL1 M]E 9TROSPECTION MAY HAVE L$ ,L59 TO APPRECIATE ! NATIONAL NE$S & CULTURAL PECULI>ITIES ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLES SUFFICI5TLY TO 9DUCE HIM TO ADVOCATE !IR NATIONAL LIB]ATION & SELF-DET]M9ATION1 UP TO ! PO9T ( SECESSION1 AS ONE ASPECT ( HIS ANTI-IMP]IALISM & AS AN APPLICATION ( ! DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE TO ! QUE/ION ( NATIONALITIES4 ,S9CE ,M>X & ,5GELS HAD FAVOR$ ! LIB]ATION ( ,POL& & HOME RULE = ,IREL&1 HE F\ND HIMSELF H]E 9 ! BE/ ( COMPANY4 ,BUT ,L59 WAS A PRACTICAL POLITICIAN FIR/ ( ALL1 EV5 ?\< HE C\LD FULFILL ?IS ROLE ONLY AT ?IS LATE H\R4 ,AS A PRACTICAL POLITICIAN HE HAD REALIZ$ ?AT ! MANY SUPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES )9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE PRES5T$ A CON/ANT ?REAT TO ! CZ>I/ REGIME1 :I* C\LD BE UTILIZ$ = ITS OV]?R[4 ,TO BE SURE1 ,L59 WAS ALSO AN 9T]NATIONALI/ & SAW ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION AS A WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,/ILL1 ?IS REVOLUTION HAD TO BEG9 SOME:]E & 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ,RUSSIAN MULT9ATIONAL /ATE1 ! DEM& = NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION PROMIS$ ! W9N+ ( 0ALLIES0 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CZ>DOM4 ,?IS /RATEGY WAS SUPPORT$ BY ! HOPE ?AT1 ONCE FREE1 ! DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES W\LD ELECT TO REMA9 )9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMONWEAL?1 EI!R \T ( SELF-9T]E/ OR ?R\< ! URG+S ( !IR [N SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 %\LD !Y SUCCE$ 9 GA9+ GOV]NM5TAL P[]4 ,ANALOG\S TO ! 0VOLUNT>Y UNION ( COMMUNES 9TO A NATION10 :I* ,M>X HAD SE5 AS A POSSIBLE \TCOME ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION C\LD LEAD TO A UNIFI$ SOCIALI/ ,RUSSIAN ,F$]ATION ( ,NATIONS MORE COHESIVE ?AN ! OLD IMP]IAL REGIME4 ,UNTIL ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 ! PROBLEM ( NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION REMA9$ PURELY ACADEMIC4 ,EV5 AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 ! GRANT+ ( SELF-DET]M9ATION TO ! V>I\S NATIONALITIES )9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE WAS RA!R MEAN+LESS1 = MO/ ( ! T]RITORIES 9VOLV$ W]E OCCUPI$ BY =EIGN P[]S4 ,SELF-DET]M9ATION HAD MEAN:ILE BECOME A POLICY 9/RUM5T ( ! ,5T5TE P[]S1 9 ORD] TO HA/5 ! BREAKUP ( ! ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN ,EMPIRE & AN IMP]IALI/IC R$RAW+ ( ! MAP ( ,EUROPE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! DESIRES ( ! VICTOR NATIONS4 ,BUT 0EV5 AT ! RISK ( PLAY+ 9TO B\RGEOIS H&S1 ,L59 NEV]!LESS CONT9U$ TO PROMOTE UNQUALIFI$ SELF-DET]M9ATION1 PRECISELY BECAUSE HE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT ! W> W\LD COMPEL BO? ! ,DUAL ,MON>*Y & ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE TO SURR5D] TO ! =CE ( NATIONALISM40 7#a7 ,BY SPONSOR+ SELF-DET]M9ATION & !REBY MAK+ ! PROLET>IAT A SUPPORT] ( NATIONALISM1 ,L591 AS ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG PO9T$ \T1 WAS M]ELY AID+ ! B\RGEOISIE TO TURN ! PR9CIPLE ( SELF-DET]M9ATION 9TO AN 9/RUM5T ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,AL?\< ?IS WAS ACTUALLY ! CASE1 ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME CONT9U$ TO PRESS = NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION BY N[ PROJECT+ IT TO ! 9T]NATIONAL SC5E1 9 ORD] TO WEAK5 O!R IMP]IALI/ P[]S1 9 P>TICUL> ,5GL&1 9 AN ATTEMPT TO FO/] COLONIAL REVOLUTIONS AGA9/ ,WE/]N CAPITALISM1 :I* ?REAT5$ TO DE/ROY ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE4 ,?\< ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S PR$ICTION1 ?AT ! GRANT+ ( SELF-DET]M9ATION TO ! V>I\S NATIONALITIES 9 ,RUSSIA W\LD M]ELY SURR\ND ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE ) A CORDON ( REACTION>Y C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y C\NTRIES1 TURN$ \T TO BE CORRECT1 ?IS WAS SO ONLY = ! %ORT RUN4 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG FAIL$ TO SEE ?AT IT WAS LESS ! PR9CIPLE ( SELF-DET]M9ATION ?AT DICTAT$ ,BOL%EVIK POLICY ?AN ! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES OV] :I* !Y HAD NO CONTROL4 ,AT ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY !Y BEGAN :ITTL+ AWAY AT ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS1 F9ALLY TO 5D UP BY 9CORPORAT+ ALL ! LO/ 9DEP5D5T NATIONS 9 A RE/OR$ ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE &1 9 ADDITION1 =G+ = !MSELVES SPH]ES ( 9T]E/ 9 EXTRA-,RUSSIAN T]RITORIES4 ,ON ! /R5G? ( H] [N !ORY ( IMP]IALISM1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG %\LD HAVE REALIZ$ ?AT ,L59'S !ORY C\LD NOT BE APPLI$ 9 A WORLD ( COMPET+ IMP]IALI/ P[]S1 & W\LD NOT NE$ TO BE APPLI$1 %\LD CAPITALISM BE BR\ 9 ,RUSSIA WAS WAG$ MA9LY TO >RE/ ! C5TRIFUGAL =CES ( NATIONALISM1 RELEAS$ BY W> & REVOLUTION1 :I* ?REAT5$ ! 9TEGRITY ( ,RUSSIA4 ,NOT ONLY AT H] WE/]N BORD]S1 9 ,F9L&1 ,POL&1 & ! ,BALTIC NATIONS1 BUT ALSO TO ! S\?1 9 ,GEORGIA1 AS WELL AS 9 ! EA/]N PROV9CES ( ,ASIATIC ,RUSSIA1 NEW 9DEP5D5T /ATES E/ABLI%$ !MSELVES \TSIDE ( ,BOL%EVIK CONTROL4 ,! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION HAD BROK5 ! B>RI]S ?AT HAD HELD BACK ! NATIONALI/ OR REGIONALI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ! NON-,RUSSIAN P>TS ( ! ,EMPIRE4 0,:5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS OV]?REW ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,PETROGRAD & ,MOSC[1 NATIONALI/ OR REGIONALI/ GOV]NM5TS TOOK OV] 9 ! NON-,GREAT ,RUSSIAN >EAS ( ,EUROPEAN ,RUSSIA & 9 ,SIB]IA & ,C5TRAL ,ASIA4 ,! GOV]N+ 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,MUSLIM PEOPLES ( ! ,TRANSVOLGA 7,TAT>S1 ,BA%KIRS71 ( ,C5TRAL ,ASIA & ,TRANSCASPIA 7,KIRM5IANS1 ,AZ]BAIDZHANIS1 ,T>T>S7 FAVOR$ AUTONOMY 9 A ,RUSSIAN F$]ATION & OPPOS$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS40 7#a#a7 ,!SE PEOPLES HAD TO BE RECONQU]$ 9 ! 5SU+ CIVIL W>4 ,! NATIONALI/ ASPECT ( ! CIVIL W> WAS US$ = REVOLUTION>Y & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y PURPOSES4 ,! ,:ITE C\NT]-REVOLUTION BEGAN ITS ANTI-,BOL%EVIK /RUGGLE SOON AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,VOLUNTE] >MIES W]E =M$ TO FI AGA9/ ,G]MANY4 ,BRITI%1 ,FR5*1 ,JAPANESE1 & ,AM]ICAN TROOPS L&$ 9 ,MURMANSK1 ,>*ANGEL1 & ,VLADIVO/OK4 ,! ,CZE* ,LEGION 5T]$ ! CONFLICT AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,9 !SE /RUGGLES1 T]RITORIES *ANG$ H&S FREQU5TLY BUT ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CES1 ?\< AID$ BY ! ,ALLI$ P[]S1 PROV$ NO MAT* = ! NEWLY ORGANIZ$ ,R$ ,>MY4 ,! =EIGN 9T]V5TION CONT9U$ EV5 AFT] ! >MI/ICE BETWE5 ! ,ALLI$ P[]S & ,G]MANY1 &1 ) ! CONS5T ( ! ,ALLIES1 ! ,G]MANS F\Y =CES 9 !SE C\NTRIES & ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T'S RECOGNITION ( !IR 9DEP5D5CE4 ,POL& REGA9$ ITS 9DEP5D5CE AS AN ANTI-,BOL%EVIK /ATE4 ,H[EV]1 ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CES W]E HI 9 ,RUSSIA1 NOR 9 ! ACQUIESC5CE ( !IR [N POPULATION 9 A PROLONG$ & L>GE-SCALE W> = ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME4 ,! DECISIVE MILIT>Y DEFEAT ( ! V>I\S ,:ITE >MIES 9DUC$ ! ,ALLI$ P[]S TO )DRAW !IR TROOPS 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#a#h1 ?US OP5+ ! OCCUPI$ P>TS ( ,RUSSIA TO ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,! ,FR5* & ,BRITI% TROOPS )DREW FROM ! ,UKRA9E & ! ,CAUCASUS 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#i4 ,AM]ICAN PRESSURE L$ TO ! EVACUATION ( ! ,JAPANESE 9 #a#i#b#b4 ,BUT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD DEF9ITELY WON ! CIVIL W> BY #a#i#b4 ,:ILE ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 A NATIONAL AFFAIR1 ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION HAD BE5 TRULY 9T]NATIONAL4 ,BUT EV5 SO1 IT FAIL$ TO DISLODGE ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME4 ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 HAD BE5 CONV9C$ ?AT )\T A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ! ,WE/1 A ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION C\LD NOT LEAD TO SOCIALISM4 ,)\T DIRECT POLITICAL AID FROM ! ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT1 ,TROTSKY SAID MORE ?AN ONCE1 ! WORK+ CLASS ( ,RUSSIA W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO TURN ITS TEMPOR>Y SUPREMACY 9TO A P]MAN5T SOCIALI/ DICTATOR%IP4 ,! REASONS = ?IS HE SAW NOT ONLY 9 ! OPPOSITION ON ! P>T ( ! WORLD REACTION1 BUT ALSO 9 ,RUSSIA'S 9T]NAL CONDITIONS1 AS ! ,RUSSIAN WORK+ CLASS1 LEFT TO ITS [N RES\RCES1 W\LD NECESS>ILY BE CRU%$ ! MOM5T IT LO/ ! SUPPORT ( ! PEASANTRY1 A MO/ LIKELY OCCURR5CE %\LD ! REVOLUTION REMA9 ISOLAT$4 ,L591 TOO1 SET HIS HOPES ON A WE/W>D SPREAD+ ( ! REVOLUTION1 :I* MIE ,TROTSKY'S VIEW ?AT AN ISOLAT$ ,RUSSIA W\LD SUCCUMB TO ITS [N 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS4 ,9 AN >TICLE WRITT5 9 #a#i#a#e1 CONC]N$ ) ! ADVISABILITY ( 9CLUD+ 9 ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM ! DEM& = A ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE1 HE PO9T$ \T1 FIR/1 ?AT SOCIALISM IS A QUE/ION ( WORLD REVOLUTION & NOT ONE RE/RICT$ TO ,EUROPE & SECOND1 ?AT SU* A SLOGAN MAY BE WRONGLY 9T]PRET$ TO MEAN ?AT ! VICTORY ( SOCIALISM 9 A S+LE C\NTRY IS IMPOSSIBLE1 & IT MAY ALSO CREATE MISCONCEPTIONS AS TO ! RELATIONS ( SU* A C\NTRY TO ! O!RS4 ,UNEV5 ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T IS AN ABSOLUTE LAW ( CAPITALISM4 ,H5CE1 ! VICTORY ( SOCIALISM IS POSSIBLE FIR/ 9 SEV]AL OR EV5 9 ONE CAPITALI/ C\NTRY ALONE4 ,AFT] EXPROPRIAT+ ! CAPITALI/S & ORGANIZ+ !IR [N SOCIALI/ PRODUCTION1 ! VICTORI\S PROLET>IAT ( ?AT C\NTRY WILL >ISE AGA9/ ! RE/ ( ! WORLD - ! CAPITALI/ WORLD - ATTRACT+ TO ITS CAUSE ! OPPRESS$ CLASSES ( O!R C\NTRIES1 /IRR+ UPRIS+S 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/S1 & 9 CASE ( NE$ US+ EV5 >M$ =CE AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT+ CLASSES & !IR /ATES4 7#a#b7 ,OBVI\SLY1 ,L59 WAS CONV9C$ - & ALL HIS DECISIONS AFT] ! SEIZURE ( P[] ATTE/ TO ?IS - ?AT EV5 AN ISOLAT$ REVOLUTION>Y ,RUSSIA W\LD BE ABLE TO MA9TA9 ITSELF UNLESS DIRECTLY OV]?R[N BY ! CAPITALI/ P[]S4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ( C\RSE1 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 SOCIALISM & CAPITALISM W\LD RESUME1 BUT P]HAPS UND] CONDITIONS MORE FAVORABLE = ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS4 ,= ! TIME BE+1 H[EV]1 IT WAS ESS5TIAL TO /AY 9 P[] NO MATT] :AT ! FUTURE MILY RESUMPTION ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS & SETTL$ D[N = ! CONSOLIDATION ( !IR [N REGIME4 ,! EXIG5CIES & PRIVATIONS ( ! CIVIL W> YE>S >E USUALLY HELD RESPONSIBLE = ! ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP & ITS P>TICUL> H>%NESS4 ,:ILE ?IS IS TRUE1 IT IS NO LESS TRUE ?AT ! CIVIL W> & ITS VICTORI\S \TCOME FACILITAT$ & ASSUR$ ! SUCCESS ( ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,! P>TY DICTATOR%IP WAS NOT ONLY ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( AN EM]G5CY SITUATION1 BUT WAS ALREADY IMPLI$ 9 ! CONCEPTION ( 0PROLET>IAN RULE0 AS ! RULE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 ,! 5D ( ! CIVIL W> L$ NOT TO A RELAXATION ( ! DICTATOR%IP BUT TO ITS 9T5SIFICATION2 IT WAS N[1 AFT] ! CRU%+ ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 DIRECT$ EXCLUSIVELY AGA9/ ! 0LOYAL OPPOSITION0 & ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF4 ,ALREADY AT ! ,EITY1 9 ,M>* #a#i#a#i1 ! DEM& WAS MADE TO 5D ! TOL]ATION ( OPPOSITION P>TIES4 ,BUT IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! SUMM] ( #aiba ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T F9ALLY DECID$ TO DE/ROY ALL 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS & ! OPPOSITIONAL GR\PS )9 ITS [N RANKS AS WELL4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #aib IT SEEM$ CLE> ?AT ! MILIT>Y BALANCE 9 ! CIVIL W> FAVOR$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,?IS SITUATION L$ TO A RESURG5CE ( ! OPPOSITION TO ! REGIME & TO ! DRACONIAN MEASURES IT HAD US$ DUR+ ! W>4 ,PEASANT UNRE/ BECAME SO /RONG AS TO =CE ! GOV]NM5T TO DISCONT9UE ITS EXPROPRIATORY EXCURSIONS 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE & TO DISB& ! 0COMMITTEES ( ! POOR PEASANTS40 ,! WORK]S OBJECT$ TO ! FAM9E CONDITIONS PREVAIL+ 9 ! CITIES & TO ! REL5TLESS DRIVE = MORE PRODUCTION ?R\< A WAVE ( /RIKES & DEMON/RATIONS ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,KRON/ADT UPRIS+4 ,AS ! EXPECTATIONS ( ! WORK]S HAD ONCE BE5 BAS$ ON ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 IT WAS N[ ?IS GOV]NM5T ?AT HAD TO TAKE ! BLAME = ALL !IR MIS]IES & DISAPPO9TM5TS4 ,?IS GOV]NM5T HAD BECOME A REPRESSIVE DICTATOR%IP & C\LD NO LONG] BE 9FLU5C$ BY DEMOCRATIC MEANS VIA ! SOVIET SY/EM4 ,TO FREE ! SOVIETS FROM !IR P>TY YOKE & TURN !M ONCE AGA9 9TO 9/RUM5TS ( PROLET>IAN SELF-RULE REQUIR$ N[ A 0?IRD REVOLUTION40 ,! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION WAS NOT DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! SOVIET SY/EM BUT 9T5D$ TO RE/ORE IT TO ITS ORIG9AL =M4 ,! CALL = 0FREE SOVIETS0 IMPLI$ SOVIETS FRE$ FROM ! ONE-P>TY RULE ( ,BOL%EVISM2 CONSEQU5TLY1 IT IMPLI$ POLITICAL LIB]TY = ALL PROLET>IAN & PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS & T5D5CIES ?AT TOOK P>T 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 7#a#c7 ,IT WAS NO ACCID5T ?AT ! WIDESPREAD OPPOSITION TO ,BOL%EVIK RULE F\ND ITS MO/ \TSPOK5 EXPRESSION AT ,KRON/ADT4 ,IT WAS H]E ?AT ! SOVIETS HAD BECOME ! SOLE PUBLIC AU?ORITY LONG BE=E ?IS BECAME A TEMPOR>Y REALITY 9 ,PETROGRAD1 ,MOSC[1 & ! NATION AS A :OLE4 ,ALREADY 9 ,MAY #aiag ! ,BOL%EVIKS & LEFT ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES HELD ! MAJORITY 9 ! ,KRON/ADT ,SOVIET & DECL>$ !IR 9DEP5D5CE VIS-A-VIS ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T4 ,AL?\< ! LATT] SUCCE$$ 9 EXTRACT+ SOME K9D ( =MAL RECOGNITION FROM ! ,KRON/ADT ,SOVIET1 ! LATT] NONE!LESS REMA9$ ! ONLY PUBLIC AU?ORITY )9 ITS T]RITORY & ?US HELP$ TO PREP>E ! WAY = ! ,BOL%EVIK SEIZURE ( P[]4 ,IT WAS ! RADICAL COMMITM5T TO ! SOVIET SY/EM1 AS ! BE/ =M ( PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY1 ?AT N[ SET ! ,KRON/ADT WORK]S & SOLDI]S AGA9/ ! ,BOL%EVIK DICTATOR%IP 9 AN ATTEMPT TO REGA9 !IR SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,IT C\LD NOT BE HELP$1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ! ,KRON/ADT MUT9Y WAS LAUD$ BY ALL OPPON5TS ( ,BOL%EVISM & ?US ALSO BY REACTION>IES & B\RGEOIS LIB]ALS1 :O 9 ?IS WAY PROVID$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS ) A LAME EXCUSE = !IR VICI\S REACTION TO ! REBELLION4 ,BUT ?IS UNSOLICIT$ OPPORTUNI/IC V]BAL 0SUPPORT0 CANNOT ALT] ! FACT ?AT ! GOAL ( ! REBELLION WAS ! RE/ORATION ( ?AT SOVIET SY/EM :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS !MSELVES HAD SE5 FIT TO PROPAG&IZE 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS KNEW QUITE WELL ?AT ,KRON/ADT WAS NOT ! WORK ( 0,:ITE G5]ALS10 BUT !Y C\LD NOT ADMIT ?AT1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( SOVIET P[]1 !Y HAD !MSELVES BECOME A C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CE 9 ! V]Y PROCESS ( /R5G!N+ & DEF5D+ !IR GOV]NM5T4 ,!RE=E1 !Y HAD NOT ONLY TO DR[N 9 BLOOD ?IS LA/ ATTEMPT AT A REVIVAL ( ! SOVIET SY/EM1 BUT HAD TO SL&] IT AS ! WORK ( ! 0,:ITE C\NT]-REVOLUTION40 ,ACTUALLY1 EV5 ?\< ! ,M5%EVIKS & ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES L5T !IR 0MORAL0 SUPPORT TO ! REBELLION1 ! WORK]S & SAILORS 5GAG$ 9 IT HAD NO 9T5TIONS ( RESURRECT+ ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 :I* !Y REG>D$ AS A /ILLBORN AFFAIR ( ! IRREVOCABLE PA/4 ,! TIME1 !Y SAID1 0HAS COME TO OV]?R[ ! COMMISS>OCRACY4 444 ,KRON/ADT HAS RAIS$ ! BANN] ( ! UPRIS+ = A ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION ( ! TOIL]S4 444 ,! AUTOCRACY HAS FALL54 ,! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY HAS DEP>T$ TO ! REGION ( ! DAMN$4 ,! COMMISS>OCRACY IS CRUMBL+40 7#a#d7 ,! 0?IRD REVOLUTION0 WAS TO FULFILL ! BROK5 PROMISES ( ! PREC$+ ONE4 ,) ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION ! DISAFFECTION ( WORK]S & PEASANTS HAD SPREAD TO ! >M$ =CES1 & ?IS COMB9ATION MADE IT P>TICUL>LY DANG]\S TO ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME4 ,BUT ! REBELLION HELD NO REALIZABLE PROMISE1 NOT BECAUSE IT WAS CRU%$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS BUT BECAUSE1 HAD IT SUCCE$$1 IT W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ABLE TO SU/A9 & EXT5D A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM BAS$ ON SOVIET RULE4 ,IT WAS 9DE$ CONDEMN$ TO BE :AT IT HAS BE5 CALL$3 ! ,KRON/ADT ,COMMUNE4 ,LIKE ITS ,P>IS C\NT]P>T1 IT REMA9$ ISOLAT$ DESPITE ! G5]AL DISCONT5T1 & ITS POLITICAL OBJECTIVES C\LD NOT BE REA*$ UND] ! PREVAIL+ ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS4 ,YET IT WAS ABLE TO HA/5 ,L59'S 0/RATEGIC RETREAT0 TO ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY1 :I* RELAX$ ! ,BOL%EVIK ECONOMIC DICTATOR%IP :ILE SIMULTANE\SLY TIIAN RULE4 ,! WORK]S' DISSATISFACTION ) ,L59'S DICTATOR%IP F\ND SOME REP]CUSSION 9 HIS [N P>TY4 ,OPPOSITIONAL GR\PS CRITICIZ$ NOT ONLY SPECIFIC P>TY DECISIONS1 SU* AS /ATE CONTROL ( TRADE UNIONS1 BUT ALSO ! G5]AL TR5D ( ,BOL%EVIK POLICY4 ,ON ! QUE/ION ( 0ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T10 = 9/ANCE1 IT WAS SAID ?AT ?IS WAS A MATT] NOT ( A TACTICAL PROBLEM BUT ( TWO 0HI/ORICALLY IRRECONCILABLE PO9TS ( VIEW10 = 0ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T IS A PRODUCT ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC CONCEPTION ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS 444 ,?IS IDEA F9DS ITS REFLECTION 9 ALL SPH]ES ( HUMAN 5DEAVOR - BEG9N+ ) ! APPO9TM5T ( A SOV]EIGN = ! /ATE & 5D+ ) A SOV]EIGN DIRECTOR 9 ! FACTORY4 ,?IS IS ! SUPREME WISDOM ( B\RGEOIS ?\TY7 IS MA9LY ?IS3 :E!R WE %ALL REALIZE COMMUNISM ?R\< ! WORK]S OR OV] !IR HEADS BY ! H& ( ! ,SOVIET (FICIALS4 ,& LET US POND] :E!R IT IS POSSIBLE TO ATTA9 & BUILD A COMMUNI/ ECONOMY BY ! H&S & CREATIVE ABILITIES ( ! SCIONS FROM ! O!R CLASS1 :O >E IMBU$ ) !IR R\T9E ( ! PA/8 ,IF WE BEG9 TO ?9K AS ,M>XIANS1 AS M5 ( SCI5CE1 WE %ALL ANSW] CATEGORICALLY & EXPLICITLY - NO4 ,! ADM9I/RATIVE ECONOMIC BODY 9 ! LABOR REPUBLIC DUR+ ! PRES5T TRANSITORY P]IOD MU/ BE A BODY DIRECTLY ELECT$ BY ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES4 ,ALL ! RE/ ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE ECONOMIC ,SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS %ALL S]VE ONLY AS EXECUTIVE C5T] ( ! ECONOMIC POLICY ( ?AT ALL-IMPORTANT ECONOMIC BODY ( ! LABOR REPUBLIC4 ,ALL ELSE IS GOOSE /EPP+ ?AT MANIFE/S DI/RU/ T[>D ALL CREATIVE ABILITIES ( WORK]S1 DI/RU/ :I* IS NOT COMPATIBLE ) ! PR(ESS$ IDEALS ( \R P>TY444 ,!RE CAN BE NO SELF-ACTIVITY )\T FRE$OM ( ?\E AFRAID ( ACTION1 WE HAVE CEAS$ TO RELY ON ! MASSES1 H5CE WE HAVE BUREAUCRACY ) US4 ,9 ORD] TO DO AWAY ) ! BUREAUCRACY ?AT IS F9D+ ITS %ELT] 9 ! ,SOVIET 9/ITUTIONS1 WE MU/ FIR/ ( ALL GET RID ( ALL BUREAUCRACY 9 ! P>TY ITSELF4 7#a#e7 ,APP>5TLY1 !SE OPPOSITIONI/S DID NOT UND]/& !IR [N P>TY OR1 9 VIEW ( ITS ACTUAL PRACTICE1 DIV]G$ FROM ITS PR9CIPLES AS \TL9$ BY ,L59 S9CE #a#i#c4 ,P]HAPS !Y HAD TAK5 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION AT FACE VALUE1 NOT NOTIC+ ITS AMBIVAL5CE1 & FELT N[ BETRAY$1 AS ,L59'S POLICY REVEAL$ ! %E] DEMAGOG]Y ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y DECL>ATIONS4 ,IT %\LD HAVE BE5 EVID5T FROM ,L59'S CONCEPT ( ! P>TY & ITS ROLE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ?AT1 ONCE 9 P[]1 ?IS P>TY C\LD ONLY FUNCTION 9 A DICTATORIAL WAY4 ,QUITE AP>T FROM ! SPECIFIC ,RUSSIAN CONDITIONS1 ! IDEA ( ! P>TY AS ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION CLE>LY RELEGAT$ ALL DECISION MAK+ P[] TO ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,TRUE TO HIS [N PR9CIPLES1 ,L59 PUT A QUICK 5D TO ! OPPOSITIONI/S BY ORDA9+ ALL FACTIONS TO DISB& UND] ?REAT ( EXPULSION4 ,) TWO RESOLUTIONS1 PASS$ BY ! ,T5? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ,M>* #a#i#b#a1 0,ON ,P>TY ,UNITY0 & 0,ON ! ,SYNDICALI/ & ,AN>*I/ ,DEVIATION 9 \R ,P>TY10 ,L59 SUCCE$$ 9 COMPLET+ :AT HAD HI!RTO ONLY APPROXIMATELY BE5 ACCOMPLI%$1 NAMELY1 AN 5D TO ALL FACTIONALISM )9 ! P>TY & ! SECUR+ ( COMPLETE CONTROL OV] IT ?R\< ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 :I*1 9 ADDITION1 WAS ITSELF REORGANIZ$ 9 SU* A FA%ION AS TO GET RID ( ANY OPPOSITION ?AT MIISE )9 ! P>TY LEAD]%IP4 ,) ?IS WAS LAID A GR\NDWORK ON :I* NO?+ ELSE C\LD BE BUILT BUT ! EM]G+ OMNIPOT5CE ( ! RIS+ BUREAUCRACY ( P>TY & /ATE & ! 9F9ITE P[] ( ! SUPREME LEAD] PRESID+ OV] BO?4 ,! ONE-MAN RULE ( ! P>TY1 :I* HAD BE5 AN 9=MAL FACT DUE TO ! OV]RID+ 0MORAL0 AU?ORITY ( ,L591 TURN$ 9TO ! UNASSAILABLE FACT ( P]SONAL RULE BY :OEV] %\LD MANAGE TO PUT HIMSELF AT ! TOP ( ! P>TY HI]>*Y4 ,! B\RGEOIS *>ACT] ( ,BOL%EVIK RULE1 AS NOT$ BY ITS 9T]NAL OPPOSITION1 REFLECT$ ! OBJECTIVELY NONSOCIALI/ NATURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS A SORT ( 0B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION0 )\T ! B\RGEOISIE1 AS IT WAS A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION )\T A SUFFICI5TLY L>GE PROLET>IAT1 A REVOLUTION 9 :I* ! HI/ORICAL FUNCTIONS ( ! ,WE/]N B\RGEOISIE W]E TAK5 UP BY AN APP>5TLY ANTI-B\RGEOIS P>TY BY MEANS ( ITS ASSUMPTION ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T ( ,WE/]N ,M>XISM WAS NOT APPLICABLE1 NOT EV5 9 A MODIFI$ =M4 ,:ATEV] ONE MAY ?9K ( ,M>X'S DECL>ATION CONC]N+ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE - ?AT ! 0POLITICAL RULE ( ! PROLET>IAT IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! EXT]NALIZATION ( !IR SOCIAL S]VITUDE0 7A SITUATION QUITE DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE1 EXCEPT AS A MOM5T>Y POSSIBILITY1 ?AT IS1 AS ! REVOLUTION ITSELF7 - ,M>X AT LEA/ SPOKE ( ! 0PRODUC]S10 NOT ( A POLITICAL P>TY SUB/ITUT+ = ! PRODUC]S1 :]EAS ! ,BOL%EVIK CONCEPT SPEAKS ( /ATE RULE ALONE AS ! NECESS>Y & SUFFICI5T PR]EQUISITE = ! TRANS=MATION ( ! CAPITALI/ 9TO A SOCIALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,! PRODUC]S >E CONTROLL$ BY ! /ATE1 ! /ATE BY ! P>TY1 ! P>TY BY ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE1 & ! LA/ BY ! SUPREME LEAD] & HIS C\RT4 ,! DE/ROY$ AUTOCRACY IS RESURRECT$ 9 ! NAME ( ,M>XISM4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 MOREOV]1 IDEOLOGICALLY AS WELL AS PRACTICALLY1 ! REVOLUTION & SOCIALISM DEP5D F9ALLY ON ! HI/ORY-MAK+ 9DIVIDUAL4 ,9DE$1 IT DID NOT TAKE LONG = ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ITS CONSEQU5CES TO BE SE5 AS ! WORK ( ! G5IUSES ,L591 ,TROTSKY1 & ,/AL92 NOT ONLY 9 ! B\RGEOIS VIEW1 TO :I* ?IS COMES NATURALLY1 BUT ALSO QUITE G5]ALLY BY SOCIALI/S CLAIM+ ADH]5CE TO ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY1 :I* F9DS ITS DYNAMIC NOT 9 ! EXCEPTIONAL ABILITIES ( 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT 9 ! /RUGGLE ( CLASSES 9 ! C\RSE ( ! DEVELOP+ SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION4 ,NEI!R ,M>X NOR ANY REASONABLE P]SON W\LD D5Y ! ROLE ( ! 0H]O0 9 HI/ORY1 :E!R = BETT] OR = WORSE2 =1 AS PREVI\SLY PO9T$ \T1 ! 0H]O0 IS ALREADY IMPLICIT 9 CLASS SOCIETY & IS HIMSELF1 9 HIS ?\X DEALT EXT5SIVELY ) SU* 0H]OES10 LIKE ! LITTLE ,NAPOLEON1 :O BR\CK1 :O F9I%$ ! GOAL ( ,G]MAN UNIFICATION1 LEFT UNDONE BY ! /ILLBORN B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS QUITE CONCEIVABLE ?AT )\T ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I & )\T ,BISM>CK ! HI/ORY ( ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY W\LD HAVE BE5 DIFF]5T FROM :AT IT ACTUALLY WAS1 BUT ?IS DIFF]5CE W\LD HAVE ALT]$ NO?+ 9 ! SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( BO? C\NTRIES1 DET]M9$ AS IT WAS BY ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & ! EXPANSION ( CAPITAL AS AN 9T]NATIONAL PH5OM5ON4 ,:AT IS HI/ORY ANYWAY8 ,! B\RGEOISIE HAS NO !ORY ( HI/ORY1 AS IT HAS NO !ORY ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,S9CE IT M]ELY DESCRIBES :AT IS OBS]VABLE OR MAY BE F\ND 9 OLD RECORDS1 HI/ORY IS EV]Y?+ & NO?+ AT ! SAME TIME & ANY ( ITS SURFACE MANIFE/ATIONS MAY BE EMPHASIZ$ 9 LIEU ( AN EXPLANATION1 :I* MU/ ALWAYS S]VE ! SOCIAL P[] RELATIONS EXI/+ AT ANY P>TICUL> TIME4 ,LIKE ECONOMICS1 B\RGEOIS HI/ORY IS PURE IDEOLOGY & GIVES NO 9KL+ ( ! REASONS = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,&1 JU/ AS ! M>KET ECONOMY CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD ?R\< ! UND]/&+ ( ITS UND]LY+ CLASS RELATIONS1 SO DOES ?IS K9D ( HI/ORY REQUIRE ANO!R K9D IF ITS MEAN+ IS TO BE REVEAL$4 ,FROM A ,M>XIAN PO9T ( VIEW1 HI/ORY IMPLIES *ANG+ SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,?AT HI/ORY :I* CONC]NS ITSELF EXCLUSIVELY ) ALT]ATIONS 9 AN O!RWISE /ATIC SOCIETY1 AS 9T]E/+ AS IT MAY BE1 CONC]NS ,M>XISM ONLY 9S(> AS !SE *ANGES 9DICATE ! HIDD5 PROCESS BY :I* ONE MODE ( PRODUCTION RELEASES SOCIAL =CES ?AT PO9T TO ! RISE ( ANO!R MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ! HI/ORICAL *ANGES BR\XISM4 ,! EXI/5CE ( 0GREAT M50 9 HI/ORY IS A SURE 9DICATION ?AT HI/ORY IS BE+ MADE )9 ! HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE ( CLASS-RIDD5 COMPETITIVE SOCIETIES4 ,! ,L59 CULT1 ! ,HITL] CULT1 ! ,/AL9 CULT1 ETC41 REPRES5T ATTEMPTS TO DEPRIVE ! MASS ( ! POPULATION ( ANY K9D ( SELF-DET]M9ATION & ALSO TO 5SURE !IR COMPLETE ATOMIZATION1 :I* MAKES ?IS TE*NICALLY POSSIBLE4 ,SU* CULTS HAVE LITTLE TO DO ) ! 0GREAT M50 !MSELVES1 AS P]SONALITIES1 BUT REFLECT ! NE$ OR DESIRE = COMPLETE CON=MITY TO ALL[ A P>TICUL> CLASS OR A P>TICUL> POLITICAL MOVEM5T SUFFICI5T CONTROL OV] BROAD MASSES = ! REALIZATION ( !IR SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES1 SU* AS W>1 OR MAK+ A REVOLUTION4 0,GREAT M50 REQUIRE 0GREAT TIMES10 & BO? EM]GE 9 CRISIS SITUATIONS ?AT HAVE !IR ROOTS 9 ! EXAGG]ATION ( SOCIETY'S FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTIONS4 ,! HELPLESSNESS ( ! ATOMIZ$ 9DIVIDUAL F9DS A SORT ( IMAG9>Y SOLACE 9 ! M]E SYMBOLIZATION ( HIS SELF-ASS]TION 9 ! LEAD]%IP1 OR ! LEAD]1 ( A SOCIAL MOVEM5T CLAIM+ TO DO = HIM :AT HE CANNOT DO = HIMSELF4 ,! IMPOT5CE ( ! SOCIAL 9DIVIDUAL IS ! POT5CY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL :O MANAGES TO REPRES5T ONE OR ANO!R K9D ( HI/ORICALLY GIV5 SOCIAL ASPIRATION4 ,! ANTI-SOCIAL *>ACT] ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ACC\NTS = ITS APP>5T SOCIAL COH]5CE 9 ! SYMBOLIZ$ =M ( ! /ATE1 ! GOV]NM5T1 ! GREAT LEAD]4 ,H[EV]1 ! SYMBOLIZATION MU/ BE CON/ANTLY RE9=C$ BY ! CONCRETE =MS ( CONTROL EXECUT$ BY ! RUL+ M9ORITY4 ,IT IS ALMO/ C]TA9 ?AT )\T ,L59'S >RIVAL 9 ,RUSSIA ! ,BOL%EVIKS W\LD NOT HAVE SEIZ$ GOV]NM5TAL P[]1 & 9 ?IS S5SE ! CR$IT = ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION MU/ BE GIV5 TO ,L59 - OR P]HAPS1 TO ! ,G]MAN ,G5]AL ,/AFF1 OR TO ,P>VUS1 :O MADE ,L59'S 5TRY 9TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION POSSIBLE4 ,BUT :AT W\LD HAVE HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA )\T ! 0SUBJECTIVE FACTOR0 ( ,L59'S EXI/5CE8 ,! TOTALLY DISCR$IT$ CZ>I/ REGIME HAD ALREADY BE5 OV]?R[N & W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 RESURRECT$ BY A C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y C\P 9 ! FACE ( ! COMB9$ & G5]AL OPPOSITION ( WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 & EV5 SEGM5TS ( ! OLD AUTOCRATIC REGIME4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! ,5T5TE P[]S1 RELIEV$ ( ! ALLIANCE ) ! ANA*RONI/IC ,RUSSIAN AUTOCRATIC REGIME1 FAVOR$ ! NEW & O/5SIBLY DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T1 IF ONLY 9 ! HOPE ( A MORE EFFICI5TLY WAG$ W> AGA9/ ! ,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN 0ANTI-DEMOCRATIC0 P[]S4 ,AL?\< ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO RESUME ! (F5SIVE 9 ! WE/1 !Y W]E NOT SUCCESSFUL1 & M]ELY 9T5SIFI$ ! DESIRE = AN E>LY PEACE1 EV5 A SEP>ATE PEACE1 9 ORD] TO CONSOLIDATE ! NEW REGIME & TO RE/ORE SOME MODICUM ( ORD] )9 ! 9CREAS+ SOCIAL AN>*Y4 ,A C\NT]-REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE HAD AS ITS OBJECT ! =C$ CONT9UATION ( ! W> & ! ELIM9ATION ( ! SOVIETS & ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 TO SAFEGU>D ! PRIVATE-PROP]TY NATURE ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS4 ,9 %ORT1 ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 W\LD MO/ PROBABLY HAVE BE5 OV]?R[N BY A DICTATOR%IP ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 5=C$ BY A ,:ITE T]ROR & O!R FASCI/ ME?ODS ( RULE4 ,A DIFF]5T POLITICAL SY/EM & DIFF]5T PROP]TY RELATIONS W\LD HAVE EVOLV$1 BUT ON ! BASIS ( ! SAME PRODUCTION RELATIONS ?AT SU/A9$ ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 !RE IS LITTLE D\BT ?AT ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I WAS 9ITIAT$ BY ,ADOLF ,HITL] 9 AN ATTEMPT TO W9 ,WORLD ,W> ,I BY A SECOND TRY = ,G]MAN CONTROL ( CAPITALI/ ,EUROPE4 ,)\T ,HITL]1 ! SECOND W> MI1 H[EV]1 ?AT ,HITL] CANNOT BE BLAM$ = ,WORLD ,W> ,I OR = ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION PREC$+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,GOV]NM5TS >E COMPOS$ ( 9DIVIDUALS1 REPRES5T+ DEF9ITE IDEOLOGIES & SPECIFIC ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 = :I* REASON IT IS ALWAYS POSSIBLE TO GIVE CR$IT1 OR TO PUT ! BLAME1 = ANY P>TICUL> POLICY ON 9DIVIDUAL POLITICIANS1 & TO ASSUME ?AT HAD !Y NOT BE5 !RE1 HI/ORY W\LD HAVE RUN A DIFF]5T C\RSE4 ,?IS MI AS IT IS DET]M9$ BY CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION RELATIONS4 ,9 BRIEF1 IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO MAKE ANY RELIABLE PR$ICTIONS ) REG>D TO HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ON ! /R5G? ( POLITICAL MOVEM5TS & ! ROLE ( 9DIVIDUALS )9 !SE MOVEM5TS AS !Y >E ?R[N UP BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM & ITS DIFFICULTIES1 SO LONG AS !SE OCCURR5CES DO NOT CONC]N ! BASIC SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS BUT ONLY REFLECT *ANGES )9 !SE RELATIONS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT POLITICAL & ECONOMIC PH5OM5A CON/ITUTE AN 5TITY1 BUT TO SPEAK ( SU* AN 5TITY MAY BE TO REF] TO NO MORE ?AN ]RATIC MOVEM5TS )9 ! GIV5 SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 & NOT TO SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS DE/9$ TO DE/ROY ! GIV5 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 5TITY BY WAY ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES ?AT BR+ ANO!R SOCIETY 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,JU/ AS !RE IS NO WAY TO =ESEE ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T 9 ITS DETAILS1 ?AT IS1 AT :AT PO9T A CRISIS WILL BE RELEAS$ OR BE OV]COME1 !RE IS ALSO NO WAY TO ACC\NT = POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ITS DETAILS1 ?AT IS1 :I* SOCIAL MOVEM5T WILL SUCCE$ OR FAIL1 OR :AT 9DIVIDUAL WILL COME TO DOM9ATE ! POLITICAL SC5E & :E!R OR NOT ?IS 9DIVIDUAL WILL APPE> AS A 0HI/ORY-MAK+0 9DIVIDUAL1 QUITE AP>T FROM HIS P]SONAL QUALIFICATIONS4 ,:AT CANNOT BE COMPREH5D$ CANNOT BE TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION1 & POLITICAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC EV5TS APPE> AS A S]IES ( 0ACCID5TS0 OR 0%OCKS10 SEEM+LY FROM \TSIDE ! SY/EM BUT ACTUALLY PRODUC$ BY ?IS SY/EM1 :I* PRECLUDES ! RECOGNITION ( ITS 9H]5T NECESSITIES4 ,! V]Y EXI/5CE ( POLITICAL LIFE ATTE/S TO ITS FETI%I/IC DET]M9ATION4 ,\TSIDE ?IS FETI%I/IC DET]M9ATION1 ?IS HELPLESS & BL9D SUBJECTION TO ! CAPITAL-EXPANSION PROCESS1 ! 5TITY ( POLITICS & ECONOMICS W\LD NOT APPE> AS SU*1 BUT RA!R AS ! ELIM9ATION ( BO? 9 A CONSCI\SLY >RANG$ ORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIAL REQUIREM5TS ( ! REPRODUCTION PROCESS1 FRE$ ( ITS ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ASPECTS4 ,POLITICS1 & ) IT1 ?AT TYPE ( ECONOMY :I* IS NECESS>ILY POLITICAL ECONOMY1 WILL CEASE ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,?AT EV5 ,L59 WAS SOMEH[ AW>E ( ?IS MAY BE SURMIS$ BY HIS RELUCTANCE TO USE ! T]M 0WAGE LABOR0 AFT] ! SEIZURE ( P[]4 ,ONLY ONCE1 9 DEF]5CE TO AN 9T]NATIONAL AUDI5CE1 AT ! F\ND+ ,CONGRESS ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,M>* #a#i#a#i1 DID HE SPEAK ( 0MANK9D ?R[+ (F ! LA/ =M ( SLAV]Y3 CAPITALI/ OR WAGE SLAV]Y40 ,G5]ALLY1 H[EV]1 HE MADE IT APPE> ?AT ! 5D ( PRIVATE CAPITAL IMPLIES ! 5D ( ! WAGE SY/EM2 AL?\< NOT AUTOMATICALLY ABOLI%+ ! WAGE SY/EM 9 A TE*NICAL S5SE1 IT W\LD FREE IT FROM ITS EXPLOITATIVE CONNOTATIONS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 AS 9 MANY O!RS1 ,L59 M]ELY H>K$ BACK TO ,KAUTSKY'S POSITION ( #a#i#b1 :I* MA9TA9$ ?AT 9 ! E>LY /AGES ( ! CON/RUCTION ( SOCIALISM WAGE LABOR1 & !RE=E MONEY1 7OR VICE V]SA7 MU/ BE RETA9$ 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE ! WORK]S ) ! NECESS>Y 9C5TIVES TO WORK4 ,TROTSKY1 TOO1 REIT]AT$ ?IS IDEA1 BUT ) AN EXEMPL>Y %AMELESSNESS1 /AT+ ?AT WE /ILL RETA91 & = A LONG TIME WILL RETA91 ! SY/EM ( WAGES4 ,! F>!R WE GO1 ! MORE WILL ITS IMPORTANCE BECOME SIMPLY TO GU>ANTEE TO ALL MEMB]S ( SOCIETY ALL ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE2 & !REBY IT WILL CEASE TO BE A SY/EM ( WAGES4 .<,BUT.> 9 ! PRES5T DIFFICULT P]IOD ! SY/EM ( WAGES IS = US1 FIR/ & =EMO/1 NOT A ME?OD = GU>ANTEE+ ! P]SONAL EXI/5CE ( ANY SEP>ATE WORK]1 BUT A ME?OD ( E/IMAT+ :AT ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] BR+S ) HIS LABOR TO ! ,LABOR ,REPUBLIC4444 ,F9ALLY1 :5 IT REW>DS SOME 7?R\< ! WAGE SY/EM71 ! ,LABOR ,/ATE CANNOT BUT PUNI% O!RS - ?OSE :O >E CLE>LY 9FR++ LABOR SOLID>ITY1 UND]M9+ ! COMMON WORK1 & S]I\SLY IMPAIR+ ! ,SOCIALI/ R5AISSANCE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,REPRESSION = ! ATTA9M5T ( ECONOMIC 5DS IS A NECESS>Y WEAPON ( ! ,SOCIALI/ DICTATOR%IP47#a#f7 ,AS ! WAGE SY/EM IS ! BASIS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 SO IT REMA9S ! BASIS ( 0SOCIALI/ CON/RUCTION10 :I* FIR/ ALL[S PEOPLE LIKE ,L59 & ,TROTSKY1 & !IR /ATE APP>ATUS1 NOT ONLY TO ASSUME ! POSITION BUT ALSO TO SPEAK 9 ! VOICE ( ! CAPITALI/S :5 DEAL+ ) ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,AS IF ! WAGE SY/EM HAD NOT ALWAYS BE5 ! ONLY GU>ANTEE = ! WORK]S TO E>N A LIVELIHOOD1 & AS IF IT HAD NOT ALWAYS BE5 US$ TO E/IMATE ! AM\NT ( SURPLUS VALUE TO BE EXTRACT$ FROM !IR WORK6 ,AS A !ORY ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ,M>XISM DOES NOT RECOGNIZE ALT]ATIONS )9 UN*ANG$ SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS AS HI/ORICAL *ANGES 9 ! S5SE ( ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY4 ,IT SPEAKS ( *ANGES ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T FROM SLAV]Y TO S]FDOM TO WAGE LABOR1 & ( ! ABOLITION ( ! LATT]1 & !RE) ALL =MS ( LABOR EXPLOITATION1 9 A CLASSLESS SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,EA* TYPE ( CLASS SOCIETY WILL HAVE ITS [N POLITICAL HI/ORY1 ( C\RSE1 BUT ,M>XISM RECOGNIZES ?IS AS ! POLITICS ( DEF9ITE SOCIAL =MATIONS1 :I* WILL1 H[EV]1 COME TO AN 5D ) ! ABOLITION ( CLASSES1 ! LA/ POLITICAL REVOLUTION 9 ! G5]AL SOCIAL DEVELOPM5TAL PROCESS4 ,QUITE AP>T FROM ITS OBJECTIVE POSSIBILITY OR IMPOSSIBILITY1 ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME HAD NO 9T5TION TO ABOLI% ! WAGE SY/EM & WAS !RE=E NOT 5GAG$ 9 FUR!R+ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE4 ,IT WAS SATISFI$ ) ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE CONTROL OV] ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ?IS W\LD SUFFICE TO PROCE$ TO A CONSCI\SLY PLANN$ ECONOMY &1 EV5TUALLY1 TO A MORE EGALIT>IAN SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION4 ,IT IS TRUE1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ! POSSIBILITY ( SU* AN 5DEAVOR HAD NOT OCCURR$ TO ,M>X1 = :OM ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 9 ITS PRIVATE-PROP]TY =M1 W\LD HAVE TO BE REPLAC$ BY A SY/EM 9 :I* ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES W\LD TAKE COLLECTIVE & DIRECT CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ! ,BOL%EVIK 5DEAVOR1 ?R\< A HI/ORICAL NOVELTY NOT CONTEMPLAT$ BY ,M>X1 /ILL FALLS )9 ! HI/ORY ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,BY ADH]+ TO ! ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY EVOLV$ )9 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS SUCCE$$ 9 ID5TIFY+ !IR 9V]SION ( ,M>XIAN !ORY AS ! ONLY POSSIBLE =M ( ITS REALIZATION4 ,:ILE ! ,BOL%EVIK CONCEPT IMPLI$ NO MORE ?AN ! =MATION ( A /ATE-CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ?IS HAD BE5 ! WAY 9 :I*1 AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 SOCIALISM HAD BE5 QUITE G5]ALLY UND]/OOD4 ,IT IS !RE=E NOT POSSIBLE TO ACCUSE ! ,BOL%EVIKS ( A 0BETRAYAL0 ( ! !N PREVAIL+ 0,M>XI/0 PR9CIPLES2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y ACTUALIZ$ ! DECL>$ GOALS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T1 :I* ITSELF HAD LO/ ALL 9T]E/ 9 ACT+ UPON ITS BELIEFS4 ,:AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID WAS TO REALIZE ! PROGRAM ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL BY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS4 ,H[EV]1 9 DO+ SO1 ?AT IS1 BY TURN+ ! IDEOLOGY 9TO PRACTICE & GIV+ IT CONCRETE SUB/ANCE1 !Y ID5TIFI$ REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM ) ! /ATE-DIRECT$ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY 5VISION$ BY ! OR?ODOX W+ ( 9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,PRIOR TO ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 ! B\RGEOISIE HAD LOOK$ UPON ,M>XISM AS A MEAN+LESS UTOPIA1 CONTR>Y TO ! NATURALLY GIV5 M>KET RELATIONS & TO HUMAN NATURE ITSELF4 ,!RE WAS ( C\RSE ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 BUT ?IS1 TOO1 LIKE COMPETITION 9 G5]AL1 IMPLI$ NO MORE ?AN ! ,D>W9IAN /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 :I* JU/IFI$ ITS SUPPRESSION OR AMELIORATION1 AS ! CASE MI*ICAL /RUCTURE4 ,SOCIALISM1 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE ( ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 WAS NOT A PRACTICAL POSSIBILITY & ITS ADVOCACY WAS NOT ONLY /UPID BUT ALSO CRIM9AL1 = ITS REALIZATION W\LD DE/ROY NOT ONLY CAPITALI/ SOCIETY BUT SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,! ADAPTATION ( ! RE=MI/ LABOR MOVEM5T TO ! REALITIES ( SOCIAL LIFE & ITS SUCCESSFUL 9TEGRATION 9TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM WAS ADDITIONAL PRO( ?AT ! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATIONS W]E ! NORMAL SOCIAL RELATIONS1 :I* C\LD NOT BE TAMP]$ ) EXCEPT AT ! PRICE ( SOCIAL DECAY4 ,?IS >GUM5T WAS PUT ASIDE BY ! ,BOL%EVIK DEMON/RATION ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO HAVE 0SOCIALISM0 ON ! BASIS ( CAPITAL-LABOR RELATIONS & ?AT A SOCIAL HI]>*Y C\LD BE MA9TA9$ )\T ! B\RGEOISIE1 SIMPLY BY TURN+ ! LATT] 9TO S]VANTS ( ! /ATE1 ! SOLE PROPRIETOR ( ! SOCIAL CAPITAL4 ,AL?\< ,M>X HAD SAID ?AT CAPITALISM PRESUPPOSES ! CAPITALI/1 ?IS NE$ NOT IMPLY ! CAPITALI/ AS B\RGEOIS1 AS [N] ( PRIVATE CAPITAL1 = ! CAPITAL CONC5TRATION & C5TRALIZATION PROCESS 9DICAT$ ! DIM9I%+ ( !IR NUMB]S & ! 9CREAS+ MONOPOLIZATION ( CAPITAL4 ,IF !RE WAS AN 05D0 TO ?IS PROCESS1 IT W\LD BE ! 5D ( PRIVATE CAPITAL1 AS ! PROP]TY ( MANY CAPITALI/S1 & ! 5D ( M>KET ECONOMY1 :I* W\LD ISSUE 9TO ! COMPLETE MONOPOLY ( [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS MIKET RELATIONS0 W]E R$UC$ TO ! EX*ANGE BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL ?R\< ! MA9T5ANCE ( WAGE LABOR 9 ! /ATE-CONTROLL$ ECONOMY4 ,?IS CONCEPT MIIAN REVOLUTION 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE1 ?AT IS1 ! APPROPRIATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE-CAPITALI/1 OR1 :AT AM\NTS TO ! SAME1 /ATE-SOCIALI/ CONCEPT WAS CONSEQU5TLY EQUAT$ ) ! ,M>XIAN CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM4 ,:5 ! B\RGEOISIE SPEAKS ( ,M>XISM1 IT 9V>IABLY REF]S TO ITS ,BOL%EVIK 9T]PRETATION1 AS ?IS IS ! ONLY ONE ?AT HAS F\ND CONCRETE APPLICATION4 ,?IS ID5TIFICATION ( ,M>XISM ) ! ,L59I/ CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM TURN$ ! LATT] 9TO A SYNONYM = ,M>XISM1 & AS SU* IT HAS DOM9AT$ ! *>ACT] ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y & NATIONAL-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS D[N TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,:]EAS = ! B\RGEOISIE ,BOL%EVISM & ,M>XISM MEANT ! SAME ?+1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY C\LD NOT POSSIBLY ID5TIFY ! ,L59I/ REGIME AS A SOCIALI/ /ATE1 EV5 ?\< IT HAD REALIZ$ ITS [N LONG-=GOTT5 GOAL ( REA*+ SOCIALISM VIA ! CAPTURE ( /ATE P[]4 ,YET BECAUSE ,BOL%EVISM HAD EXPROPRIAT$ ! B\RGEOISIE1 IT WAS EQUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO REF] TO IT AS A CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 )\T ACKN[L$G+ ?AT EV5 LEGAL CONQUE/ ( ! /ATE BY P>LIAM5T>Y MEANS NE$ NOT LEAD TO A SOCIALI/ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,HILF]D+1 = ONE1 RESOLV$ ! PROBLEM SIMPLY BY ANN\NC+ ?AT ,BOL%EVISM WAS NEI!R CAPITALISM NOR SOCIALISM1 BUT A SOCIETAL =M BE/ DESCRIB$ AS A 0TOTALIT>IAN /ATE ECONOMY10 A SY/EM BAS$ ON AN 0UNLIMIT$ P]SONAL DICTATOR%IP40 7#a#g7 ,IT WAS NO LONG] DET]M9$ BY ! *>ACT] ( ITS ECONOMY BUT BY ! P]SONAL NOTIONS ( ! OMNIPOT5T DICTATOR4 ,D5Y+ HIS [N LONG-HELD CONCEPT ( 0ORGANIZ$ CAPITALISM0 AS ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( ! CAPITAL CONC5TRATION PROCESS1 & ! CONSEQU5T DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! LAW ( VALUE AS ! REGULATOR ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 ,HILF]D+ N[ 9SI/$ ?AT FROM AN ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW /ATE-CAPITALISM CANNOT EXI/4 ,ONCE ! /ATE HAS BECOME ! SOLE [N] ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 HE SAID1 IT R5D]S IMPOSSIBLE ! FUNCTIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY BECAUSE IT ABOLI%ES ! V]Y ME*ANISM :I* ACC\NTS = ! ECONOMIC CIRCULATION PROCESS BY WAY ( COMPETITION ON :I* ! LAW ( VALUE OP]ATES4 ,BUT :ILE ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS HAD ONCE BE5 EQUAT$ ) ! RISE ( SOCIALISM1 IT WAS N[ P]CEIV$ AS A TOTALIT>IAN SOCIETY EQUALLY REMOV$ FROM BO? CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 ,! ONE +R$I5T ?AT EXCLUD$ ITS TRANS=MATION 9TO SOCIALISM WAS ! ABS5CE ( POLITICAL DEMOCRACY4 ,BUT IF ?IS W]E SO1 ,HILF]D+ WAS FUNDAM5TALLY 9 AGREEM5T ) ,L59 ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO 9/ITUTE SOCIALISM BY POLITICAL MEANS1 AL?\< !RE WAS NO AGREEM5T AS TO ! P>TICUL> POLITICAL MEANS TO BE EMPLOY$4 ,9 FACT1 ,L59 WAS V]Y MU* 9DEBT$ TO ,HILF]D+1 SAVE 9 HIS REJECTION ( ! MEANS ( =MAL DEMOCRACY AS ! CRIT]ION = ! SOCIALI/ NATURE ( ! /ATE-CONTROLL$ ECONOMY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT NEI!R ,L59 NOR ,HILF]D+ HAD ANY CONC]N = ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS AS CAPITAL-LABOR RELATIONS1 BUT M]ELY = ! *>ACT] ( ! GOV]NM5T PRESID+ OV] ! 0NEW SOCIETY40 ,9 ! OP9ION ( BO?1 IT WAS ! /ATE ?AT MU/ CONTROL SOCIETY1 :E!R BY DEMOCRATIC OR DICTATORIAL MEANS2 ! WORK+ CLASS WAS TO BE ! OB$I5T 9/RUM5T ( GOV]NM5TAL POLICIES4 ,JU/ ! SAME1 IT WAS ,L59'S CONCEPT ( 0DICTATOR%IP0 ?AT C>RI$ ! DAY1 = ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD SEIZ$ P[]1 :]EAS ,HILF]D+'S 0DEMOCRACY0 WAS SL[LY ]OD$ BY ! AU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CIES >IS+ )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,BESIDES1 ! 0,M>XISM0 ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL HAD LO/ ITS PLAUSIBILITY AT ! EVE ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 :]EAS ! SUCCESS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION C\LD BE SE5 AS A RETURN TO ! REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & PRACTICE ( ,M>XISM4 ,?IS SITUATION ASSUR$ ! RIS+ PROM95CE ( ! ,L59I/ 9T]PRETATION ( ,M>XISM1 AS DEP5D5T ON ! EXI/5CE ( A VANGU>D P>TY NOT ONLY = SEIZ+ P[] BUT ALSO = SECUR+ ! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM4 ,AT ANY RATE1 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME ! ,L59I/ CONCEPTION ( ,M>XISM CAME TO DOM9ATE ?AT P>T ( ! 9T]NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T :I* SAW ITSELF AS AN ANTI-CAPITALI/ & ANTI-IMP]IALI/ =CE4 ,WE HAVE DEALT ) ,BOL%EVISM & ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 SOME DETAIL 9 ORD] TO BR+ \T TWO SPECIFIC PO9TS3 FIR/1 ?AT ! POLICIES ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME SUBSEQU5T TO ,L59'S DEA? HAD !IR CAUSE 9 ! PREVAIL+ SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA & ! WORLD AT L>GE AS WELL AS 9 ! POLITICAL CONCEPTS ( ! ,L59I/ P>TY2 & SECOND1 ?AT ! RESULT ( ?IS COMB9ATION ( FACTORS IMPLI$ A SECOND & APP>5TLY 0F9AL0 DE/RUCTION ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T AS A ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T4 ,WORLD ,W> ,I & ITS SUPPORT BY ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL SIGNIFI$ A DEFEAT ( ,M>XISM AS A POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,! W> & ITS AFT]MA? L$ TO A TEMPOR>Y REVIVAL ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES = LIMIT$ RE=MI/ GOALS1 :I* 9DICAT$ ! WORK]S' UNREAD9ESS TO DISLODGE ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,ONLY 9 ,RUSSIA DID ! REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS GO BEYOND M]E GOV]NM5TAL *ANGES1 BY PLAY+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION - NOT AT ONCE1 BUT GRADUALLY - 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY-/ATE4 ,BUT ?IS APP>5T SUCCESS IMPLI$ A TOTAL 9V]SION ( ,M>XIAN !ORY & ITS WILLFUL TRANS=MATION 9TO ! IDEOLOGY ( /ATE-CAPITALISM1 :I*1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 RE/RICTS ITSELF TO ! NATION-/ATE & ITS /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE & EXPANSION 9 A WORLD ( COMPET+ IMP]IALI/ NATIONS & P[] BLOCS4 ,! CONCEPT ( WORLD REVOLUTION AS ! EXPECT$ RESULT ( ! IMP]IALI/ W>1 :I* SEEM+LY PROMPT$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS' SEIZURE ( P[]1 WAS DEP5D5T UPON ,L59'S NOTION ( ! 9DISP5SABLE EXI/5CE ( A VANGU>D P>TY1 ABLE TO GRASP ! OPPORTUNITY = ! OV]?R[ ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 & CAPABLE ( AVOID+1 OR CORRECT+1 ! O!RWISE AIMLESS SQU&]+ ( SPONTANE\SLY RELEAS$ REVOLUTION>Y 5]GIES ON ! P>T ( ! REBELLI\S MASSES4 ,ASIDE FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIKS1 H[EV]1 NO VANGU>D P>TY ( ! ,L59I/ TYPE EXI/$ ANY:]E1 SO ?AT ?IS FIR/ PRESUPPOSITION = A SUCCESSFUL SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION C\LD NOT BE MET4 ,9 ! LID P>TIES C\LD HAVE BE5 CREAT$ OV]NILI] TIME :AT ACTUALLY CAME TO PASS AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I )\T A REVOLUTION1 NAMELY ! IMP]IALI/IC DIVISION ( ! WORLD 9TO MONOPOLI/IC & /ATE-CAPITALI/IC NATIONAL SY/EMS UND] ! EGIS ( UN/ABLE P[] BLOCS4 ,ASSUM+ = ! SAKE ( >GUM5T ?AT REVOLUTIONS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE HAD GONE BEYOND PURELY POLITICAL *ANGES & HAD L$ TO A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 EX]CIS$ ?R\< A SY/EM ( SOVIETS CONTROLL+ ECONOMIC SOCIAL RELATIONS1 SU* A SY/EM W\LD HAVE F\ND ITSELF 9 OPPOSITION TO ! P>TY-/ATE 9 ITS ,L59I/ 9C>NATION4 ,MO/ PROBABLY1 IT W\LD HAVE L$ TO A REVIVAL ( ,RUSSIA'S 9T]NAL OPPOSITION TO ! ,BOL%EVIK P[] MONOPOLY & TO ! DE?RON+ ( ITS LEAD]%IP4 ,A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ! ,M>XIAN S5SE W\LD HAVE 5DANG]$ ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME EV5 MORE ?AN W\LD A B\RGEOIS & SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE = ! ,BOL%EVIKS ! SPREAD+ ( ! REVOLUTION WAS CONCEIVABLE ONLY AS ! EXPANSION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION & ! MA9T5ANCE ( ITS SPECIFIC *>ACT]I/ICS ON A GLOBAL SCALE4 ,?IS WAS ONE ( ! REASONS :Y ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 AS A 0TOOL ( WORLD REVOLUTION10 WAS TURN$ 9TO AN 9T]NATIONAL REPLICA ( ! ,L59I/ P>TY4 ,?IS P>TICUL> PRACTICE WAS BAS$ ON ,L59'S !ORY ( IMP]IALISM4 ,MORE POLEMICAL ?AN !ORETICAL 9 *>ACT]1 ,L59'S ,IMP]IALISM3 ,! ,HIACT] ( ! FIR/ WORLD W>1 SE5 AS ! G5]AL CONDITION = SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,L59'S >GUM5TS W]E SUB/ANTIAT$ BY RELEVANT DATA FROM V>I\S B\RGEOIS S\RCES1 BY A CRITICAL UTILIZATION ( ! !ORETICAL F9D+S ( ,J4 ,H4 ,HOBSON & ,RUDOLF ,HILF]D+1 & BY A REJECTION ( ,K>L ,KAUTSKY'S SPECULATIVE !ORY ( SUP]IMP]IALISM AS A WAY T[>D A PEACEFUL CAPITALISM4 ,! DATA & ! !ORIES W]E B\ND UP ) A P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL /AGE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & CONTA9$ NO CLUES REG>D+ ITS FUR!R C\RSE4 ,! COMPULSION TO IMP]IALISM IS 9H]5T 9 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 BUT IT IS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! LATT] :I* ACC\NTS = ITS SPECIFIC MANIFE/ATIONS AT ANY P>TICUL> TIME4 ,= ,L591 H[EV]1 CAPITALISM BECAME IMP]IALI/IC 0ONLY AT A DEF9ITE & V]Y HI< /AGE ( CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T10 A /AGE ?AT IMPLI$ ! RULE ( NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL MONOPOLIES :I*1 BY AGREEM5T OR =CE1 DIVID$ ! WORLD'S EXPLOITABLE RES\RCES AMONG !MSELVES4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 ?IS P]IOD IS *>ACT]IZ$ NOT SO MU* BY ! EXPORT ( COMMODITIES AS BY ?AT ( CAPITAL1 :I* ALL[S ! BIG IMP]IALI/ P[]S1 & A P>T ( !IR LABOR+ POPULATIONS1 AN 9CREAS+LY P>ASITICAL EXI/5CE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! SUBJUGAT$ REGIONS ( ! WORLD4 ,HE P]CEIV$ ?IS SITUATION AS ! 0HI ,I L$ TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 IMP]IALISM WAS NOT ! 0EVE ( ! PROLET>IAN WORLD REVOLUTION40 ,:AT IS NOTEWOR?Y H]E NONE!LESS IS ! CONT9UITY BETWE5 ,L59'S E>LY WORK ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM & HIS !ORY ( IMP]IALISM & ! IMP5D+ WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,AGA9/ ! ,N>ODNIKS1 AS WE SAW1 ,L59 HELD ?AT CAPITALISM W\LD BE ! NEXT /EP 9 ,RUSSIA'S DEVELOPM5T & ?AT1 = ?AT REASON1 ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT W\LD COME TO PLAY ! DOM9ANT ROLE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,BUT BY 9VOLV+ NOT ONLY ! WORK]S1 BUT ALSO ! PEASANTS & EV5 LAY]S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE ! *>ACT] ( A 0PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION40 ,TO REALIZE ALL ITS POT5TIALITIES1 IT W\LD HAVE TO BE L$ BY AN ORGANIZATION REPRES5T+ ! SOCIALISM ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,L59'S !ORY ( IMP]IALISM AS 0! EVE ( WORLD REVOLUTION0 WAS ?US A PROJECTION ( HIS !ORY ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ONTO ! WORLD AT L>GE4 ,JU/ AS 9 ,RUSSIA DIFF]5T CLASSES & NATIONALITIES W]E TO COMB9E UND] PROLET>IAN LEAD]%IP TO OV]?R[ ! AUTOCRACY1 SO ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE :OLE NATIONS1 AT V>I\S /AGES ( DEVELOPM5T1 >E TO COMB9E UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL TO LIB]ATE !MSELVES FROM BO? !IR IMP]IALI/IC MA/]S & !IR NATIVE RUL+ CLASSES4 ,! WORLD REVOLUTION IS ?US ONE ( SUBJUGAT$ CLASSES & NATIONS AGA9/ A COMMON 5EMY - MONOPOLI/ IMP]IALISM4 ,IT WAS ?IS !ORY ?AT1 9 ,/AL9'S VIEW1 MADE 0,L59ISM ! ,M>XISM ( ! AGE ( IMP]IALISM40 ,H[EV]1 BAS$ ON ! PRESUPPOSITION ( SUCCESSFUL SOCIALI/ REVOLUTIONS 9 ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 ! !ORY C\LD NOT BE PROV5 RIY PROCESS &1 TO SPEAK 9 ,HEGELIAN T]MS1 MADE ! ,WELTGEI/ MANIFE/ ITSELF 9 ,L59 & HIS P>TY1 REMA9$ A M]E EXPRESSION ( ,L59'S IMAG9>Y P[]S1 = ) EV]Y /EP HE TOOK ! 0GREATE/ ( ,REALPOLITIK]0 F\ND HIMSELF AT ODDS ) REALITY4 ,JU/ AS HE HAD TO JETTISON HIS [N AGR>IAN PROGRAM 9 EX*ANGE = ?AT ( HIS ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>Y OPPON5TS1 TO RID HIMSELF ( ! 0NATURAL ECONOMY0 PRACTIC$ ) DEVA/AT+ RESULTS DUR+ ! P]IOD ( 0W> COMMUNISM0 & FALL BACK TO M>KET RELATIONS 9 ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY1 & TO WAGE W> AGA9/ ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( OPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES AT FIR/ SO G5]\SLY GRANT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME1 SO HE SAW HIMSELF =C$ TO CON/RUCT & UTILIZE ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL NOT = ! EXT5SION ( ! 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION BUT = NO MORE ?AN ! DEF5SE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE4 ,HIS 9T]NATIONALISM1 LIKE ?AT ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 C\LD ONLY S]VE NATIONAL 5DS1 CAM\FLAG$ AS G5]AL 9T]E/S ( ! WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,BUT P]HAPS IT WAS ?IS TOTAL FAILURE TO FUR!R ! DECL>$ GOODS ( ,BOL%EVISM ?AT REALLY ATTE/S TO ,L59'S MA/]Y ( ,REALPOLITIK1 IF ONLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT AN UNPR9CIPL$ OPPORTUNISM DID 9DE$ S]VE ! PURPOSE ( MA9TA9+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 P[]4 ,L59'S S+LE-M9D$NESS 9 GA9+ & KEEP+ /ATE P[] BY WAY ( COMPROMISES & OPPORTUNI/IC REV]SALS1 AS DICTAT$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES \TSIDE HIS CONTROL1 WAS NOT A PRACTICE DEM&$ BY ,M>XI/ !ORY BUT AN EMPIRICAL PRAGMATISM SU* AS *>ACT]IZES B\RGEOIS POLITICS 9 G5]AL4 ,! PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>Y TURN$ 9TO A /ATESMAN VY+ ) O!R /ATESM5 TO DEF5D ! SPECIFIC 9T]E/S ( ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE AS ?OSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN NATION4 ,ANY FUR!R REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T WAS N[ SE5 AS DEP5D+ ON ! PROTECTION ( ! FIR/ 0WORK]S' /ATE10 :I* ?US BECAME ! =EMO/ DUTY ( ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT4 ,! ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY S]V$ NOT ONLY 9T]NAL BUT ALSO EXT]NAL PURPOSES BY ASSUR+ WORK+-CLASS SUPPORT = ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA4 ,TO BE SURE1 ?IS 9VOLV$ ONLY P>T ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 BUT IT WAS ?AT P>T :I* C\LD DISRUPT ! ANTI-,BOL%EVIK =CES1 :I* N[ 9CLUD$ ! OLD SOCIALI/ P>TIES & ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,! ,L59I/ 9T]PRETATION ( ,M>XISM BECAME ! :OLE ( ,M>XIAN !ORY1 AS A C\NT]-IDEOLOGY TO ALL =MS ( ANTI-,BOL%EVISM & ALL ATTEMPTS TO WEAK5 OR TO DE/ROY ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY1 H[EV]1 ATTEMPTS W]E ALSO MADE TO BR+ AB\T A /ATE ( COEXI/5CE ) ! CAPITALI/ ADV]S>IES4 ,V>I\S CONCESSIONS W]E PROPOS$ TO DEMON/RATE ! MUTUAL ADVANTAGES TO BE GA9$ ?R\< 9T]NATIONAL TRADE & O!R MEANS ( COLLABORATION4 ,?IS TWO-FAC$ POLICY S]V$ ! S+LE 5D ( PRES]V+ ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE BY S]V+ ! NATIONAL 9T]E/S ( ,RUSSIA4 ,NOTES #a4 ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/ ,F$]AT$ ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC 7#a#i#a#h71 ,>TICLE #d1 ,*APT] ,X,I,I,I4 #b4 ,TROTSKY1 ,\R ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #i#h4 #c4 ,LUXEMBURG1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #d#f4 #d4 ,LORD ,MORAN REPORTS ! FOLL[+ DIALOGUE BETWE5 ,*UR*ILL & ,/AL9 9 ,MOSC[ 9 #a#i#d#b3 ,*UR*ILL3 0,:5 ,I RAIS$ ! QUE/ION ( ! COLLECTIVE F>MS & ! /RUGGLE ) ! KULAKS1 ,/AL9 BECAME V]Y S]I\S4 ,I ASK$ HIM IF IT WAS AS BAD AS ! W>4 ',OH1 YES1' HE ANSW]$1 ',WORSE4 ,MU* WORSE4 ,IT W5T ON = YE>S4 ,MO/ ( !M W]E LIQUIDAT$ BY ! PEASANTS1 :O HAT$ !M4 ,T5 MILLIONS ( !M4 ,BUT WE HAD TO DO IT TO ME*ANIZE AGRICULTURE4 ,9 ! 5D1 PRODUCTION FROM ! L& WAS D\BL$4 ,:AT IS A G5]ATION8' ,/AL9 DEM&$ AS HE PAC$ UP & D[N ! L5G? ( ! TABLE40 ,C4 ,MORAN1 ,*UR*ILL3 ,! ,/RUGGLE = ,SURVIVAL1 #a#i#d-#a#i#f#e 7,BO/ON3 ,H\* #aiai AT ! ,EITY4 #f4 ,/AL9'S ,CON/ITUTION ( #aicf REE/ABLI%$ ! UNIV]SAL RITY1 ?US DEMON/RAT+ ?AT UNIV]SAL FRAN*ISE & DICTATOR%IP CAN EXI/ SIMULTANE\SLY4 #g4 ,TROTSKY1 ,DICTATOR%IP VS4 ,DEMOCRACY 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#b#b71 PP4 #a#g-#i4 #h4 ,TROTSKY1 UND\BT$LY AS \T/&+ A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICIAN AS ,L591 IS NONE!LESS ( NO 9T]E/ ) RESPECT TO ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 EI!R AS A !ORETICIAN OR AS A PRACTICAL ACTOR1 BECAUSE ( HIS TOTAL SUBMISSION TO ,L591 :I* ALL[$ HIM TO PLAY A GREAT ROLE 9 ! SEIZURE ( P[] & ! CON/RUCTION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK /ATE4 ,PRIOR TO HIS UNCONDITIONAL DEF]5CE TO ,L591 ,TROTSKY OPPOS$ BO? ! ,M5%EVIKS & ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ! FIR/ BECAUSE ( !IR PASSIVE ACCEPTANCE ( ! EXPECT$ ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION AS A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION 9 ! TRADITIONAL S5SE1 & ! SECOND BECAUSE ( ,L59'S 9SI/5CE ON A 0PEASANT-WORK] ALLIANCE10 :I* 9 ,TROTSKY'S VIEW C\LD NOT LEAD TO A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION ,ACCORD+ TO ,TROTSKY1 MOREOV]1 ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 DOM9AT$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 CANNOT BE CONTEMPLAT$ AT ALL )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A NATIONAL REVOLUTION1 BUT MU/ FROM ! />T BE APPROA*$ AS AN 9T]NATIONAL REVOLUTION1 UNIT$ ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ) REVOLUTIONS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ?AT IS1 AS A 0P]MAN5T REVOLUTION0 UND] ! HEGEMONY ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,*ANG+ OV] TO ,L59'S IDEAS & !IR APP>5T VALIDITY 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ,RUSSIAN SITUATION1 ,TROTSKY BECAME ! PRISON] ( A DOGMATIZ$ ,L59ISM & ?US UNABLE TO EVOLVE A ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION4 #i4 ,TROTSKY1 0,L59 ON HIS #e? ,BIR?DAY10 9 ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL 7,JANU>Y-,FEBRU>Y #a#i#e#a71 PP4 #b#h-#i4 #a4 ,A4 ,J4 ,MAY]1 ,WILSON VS4 ,L59 7#a#i#f#d71 P4 #c#a4 #a#a4 ,H4,H4 ,FI%]1 0,SOVIET ,POLICIES 9 ,ASIA10 9 ,! ,ANNALS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,ACADEMY ( ,POLITICAL & ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CE 7,MAY #a#i#d#i71 P4 #a#i4 #a#b4 0,ON ! ,SLOGAN = A ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE0 7#a#i#a#e71 9 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 ,VOL #ba 7,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS1 #a#i#f#d71 P4 #c#d#b4 #a#c4 ,?IS F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! PROGRAM ADOPT$ BY ! SAILORS1 SOLDI]S1 & WORK]S ( ,KRON/ADT3 #a7 ,IMM$IATE NEW ELECTIONS TO ! SOVIETS4 ,! PRES5T SOVIETS NO LONG] EXPRESS ! WI%ES ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,! NEW ELECTIONS %\LD BE BY SECRET BALLOT1 & %\LD BE PREC$$ BY FREE ELECTORIAL PROPAG&A4 #b7 ,FRE$OM ( SPEE* & ( ! PRESS = WORK]S & PEASANTS1 = ! ,AN>*I/S1 & = ! LEFT SOCIALI/ P>TIES4 #c7 ,! RI* #a#i#b#a1 ( A CONF]5CE ( NONP>TY WORK]S1 SOLDI]S & SAILORS ( ,PETROGRAD1 ,KRON/ADT & ! ,PETROGRAD DI/RICT4 #e7 ,! LIB]ATION ( ALL POLITICAL PRISON]S ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 & ( ALL IMPRISON$ WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 SOLDI]S & SAILORS BELONG+ TO WORK+ CLASS & PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS4 #f7 ,! ELECTION ( A COMMISSION TO LOOK 9TO ! DOSSI]S ( ALL ?OSE DETA9$ 9 PRISONS & CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 #g7 ,! ABOLITION ( ALL POLITICAL SECTIONS 9 ! >M$ =CES4 ,NO POLITICAL P>TY %\LD HAVE PRIVILEGES = ! PROPAGATION ( ITS IDEAS1 OR RECEIVE ,/ATE SUBSIDIES TO ?IS 5D4 ,9 ! PLACE ( ! POLITICAL SECTIONS1 V>I\S CULTURAL GR\PS %\LD BE SET UP1 D]IV+ RES\RCES FROM ! ,/ATE4 #h7 ,! IMM$IATE ABOLITION ( ! MILITIA DETA*M5TS SET UP BETWE5 T[NS & C\NTRYSIDE4 #i7 ,! EQUALIZATION ( RATIONS = ALL WORK]S1 EXCEPT ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 DANG]\S OR UNHEAL?Y JOBS4 #a7 ,! ABOLITION ( P>TY COMBAT DETA*M5TS 9 ALL MILIT>Y GR\PS4 ,! ABOLITION ( P>TY GU>DS 9 FACTORIES & 5T]PRISES4 ,IF GU>DS >E REQUIR$1 !Y %\LD BE NOM9AT$1 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! VIEWS ( ! WORK]S4 #a#a7 ,! GRANT+ TO ! PEASANTS ( FRE$OM ( ACTION ON !IR [N SOIL & ! RIY UNITS & (FIC] TRA9EE GR\PS ASSOCIATE !MSELVES ) ?IS RESOLUTION #a#c7 ,WE DEM& ! PRESS GIVE PROP] PUBLICITY TO ?IS RESOLUTION #a#d7 ,WE DEM& ?AT H&ICRAFT PRODUCTION BE AU?ORIZ$ PROVID$ IT DOES NOT UTILIZE WAGE LABOR4 ,QUOT$ BY ,IDA ,METT1 ,! ,KRON/ADT ,COMMUNE 7,LONDON3 ,SOLID>ITY1 #a#i#f#g71 PP4 #f-#g4 ,= A DETAIL$ HI/ORY ( ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION1 SEE ,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,KRON/ADT #aiba 7,PR9CETON3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g74 #a#d4 ,9 ,IZVE/IYA4 ,J\RNAL ( ,KRON/ADT'S ,TEMPOR>Y ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE1 #ab ,M>* #a#i#b#a2 QUOT$ 9 ,! ,TRU? AB\T ,KRON/ADT 7,PRAGUE1 #a#i#b#a74 #a#e4 ,A4 ,KOLLONTAI1 ,! ,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION 7#a#i#b#a74 #a#f4 ,DICTATOR%IP VS4 ,DEMOCRACY1 P4 #a#d#i4 #a#g4 ,>TICLE WRITT5 = ,SOTSIALI/I*ESKY ,VIE/NIK2 ,5GLI% V]SION 9 ,PROLET>IAN ,\TLOOK #f3#c 7#a#i#d74 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/