,9TRODUCTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 9 ,M>XISM4 ,LA/ ,REFUGE ( ! ,B\RGEOISIE8 ,PAUL ,MATTICK1 PUBLI%$ PO/HUM\SLY BY ,M]L9 ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#c1 $IT$ BY ,PAUL ,MATTICK ,JR42 
,S\RCE3 ,COLLECTIVE ,ACTION ,NOTES2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,&Y ,BLUND51 = M>XI/S4ORG #b#c2 
,PRO(READ3 BY ,*RIS ,CLAYTON #b#f4 

,ON ! BASIS ( ITS ASSUMPTIONS1 ,M>X'S MODEL ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION C\LD ONLY 5D 9 ! COLLAPSE ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS COLLAPSE WAS NOT CONCEIV$ ( AS ! AUTOMATIC \TCOME ( ECONOMIC PROCESSES1 9DEP5D5T ( HUMAN ACTIONS1 BUT AS ! RESULT ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE3 

,ALONG ) ! CON/ANTLY DIM9I%+ NUMB] ( MAGNATES ( CAPITAL GR[S ! MASS ( MIS]Y1 OPPRESSION1 SLAV]Y1 DEGRADATION1 EXPLOITATION2 BUT ) ?IS TOO GR[S ! REVOLT ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 A CLASS ALWAYS 9CREAS+ 9 NUMB]S1 & DISCIPL9$1 UNIT$1 ORGANIZ$ BY ! V]Y ME*ANISM ( ! PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,! MONOPOLY ( CAPITAL BECOMES A FETT] UPON ! MODE ( PRODUCTION1 :I* HAS SPRUNG UP & FL\RI%$ ALONG ) IT1 & UND] IT4 ,C5TRALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR AT LA/ REA* A PO9T :]E !Y >E 9COMPATIBLE ) !IR CAPITALI/ 9TEGUM5T4 ,?IS 9TEGUM5T IS BUR/ ASUND]4 ,! KNELL ( CAPITALI/ PRIVATE PROP]TY S\NDS4 ,! EXPROPRIATORS >E EXPROPRIAT$4 7#a7 

,! HI/ORY ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 :I* FROM A B\RGEOIS PO9T ( VIEW HAS NO CONNECTION ) ! =EGO+ ECONOMIC ANALYSIS1 IS FROM A ,M>XIAN PO9T ( VIEW ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE & ! V]Y REASON = CONC]N ) ! PROBLEMS ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,?IS HOLDS ) RESPECT TO WIDE-RANG+ ISSUES ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 AS WELL AS TO ! N>R[] QUE/ION ( CAPITALISM'S DE/9Y4 ,= ,M>X1 SOCIAL HI/ORY IS ! HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLES1 DET]M9$ BY ! CLASS-RELAT$ CONTRADICTIONS *>ACT]IZ+ ANY P>TICUL> SOCIAL =MATION4 ,! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL 0=CES ( PRODUCTION BR+S =? P>TICUL> SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 & ! COMB9ATION ( !SE DET]M9ES ! RUL+ IDEOLOGY AS ! CONSCI\SNESS ( A GIV5 MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,MAT]IAL SOCIAL =CES DET]M9E IDEATIONAL DEVELOPM5T1 A FACT ?AT IS RA!R OBVI\S & EV5 TRIVIAL AFT] IT HAS BE5 RECOGNIZ$ & =MULAT$4 ,CLASS RELATIONS & EXPLOITATION >E AS OLD AS KN[N HI/ORY4 ,BUT !Y HAVE DIFF]5T =MS DEP5D+ ON ! MODE 9 :I* SURPLUS LABOR IS EXTRACT$ BY A RUL+ CLASS4 ,?IS 9 TURN DEP5DS ON ! /ATE ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S AVAILABLE AT ANY P>TICUL> TIME4 ,BECAUSE A GIV5 MODE ( PRODUCTION IS MO/ ADVANTAGE\S = AN E/ABLI%$ RUL+ CLASS1 IT WILL BE DEF5D$ BY ?IS CLASS AGA9/ ANY ALT]ATION ?AT MI<T DIM9I% ITS P[] & ITS CONTROL OV] ! SOCIAL PRODUCT4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 H[EV]1 IT WILL H9D] ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL P[]S ( PRODUCTION & SET ITSELF 9 OPPOSITION TO EM]G+ SOCIAL NE$S ?AT REQUIRE *ANGES 9 ! MODE ( PRODUCTION1 & TO 9NOVATIONS >IS+ )9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,! CONT9U\S REPRODUCTION PROCESS ALWAYS *ANGES ANY P>TICUL> PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 BUT TO V>Y+ DEGREES4 ,! *ANGES MAY BE SO SL[ AS TO BE ALMO/ IMP]CEPTIBLE1 :I* ACC\NTS = ! /ATIC CONDITIONS ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 SOME SOCIAL =MATIONS = LONG P]IODS ( TIME4 ,BUT EV5 !SE SOCIETIES HAD A HI/ORY SIMPLY ?R\< ! ALT]ATIONS1 H[EV] LIMIT$1 9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESSES4 

,RADICAL OR REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES 9 MODES ( PRODUCTION PRESUPPOSE ! RISE ( NEW CLASSES )9 ! EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATIONS1 = HI/ORY1 H[EV] DET]M9$ BY OBJECTIVE NECESSITIES1 HAS TO BE ACTUALIZ$ ?R\< PEOPLE'S SUBJECTIVE DET]M9ATION TO ALT] ! EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,?IS DET]M9ATION WILL EXPRESS ITSELF 9 A NEW IDEOLOGY1 BUT BO? >E ! RESULTS ( ! *ANGES ?AT HAVE TAK5 PLACE )9 ! EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 

,M>X SUMM$ UP ?IS MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY1 :I* S]V$ AS A 0LEAD+ ?READ0 9 HIS ECONOMIC /UDIES1 AS FOLL[S3 

,9 ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION :I* M5 C>RY ON !Y 5T] 9TO DEF9ITE RELATIONS ?AT >E 9DISP5SABLE & 9DEP5D5T ( !IR WILL2 !SE RELATIONS CORRESPOND TO A DEF9ITE /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T ( !IR MAT]IAL P[]S ( PRODUCTION4 ,! SUM TOTAL ( !SE RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION CON/ITUTES ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY - ! REAL F\NDATION1 ON :I* RISE LEGAL & POLITICAL SUP]/RUCTURES & TO :I* CORRESPOND DEF9ITE =MS ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 MAT]IAL LIFE DET]M9ES ! G5]AL *>ACT] ( ! SOCIAL1 POLITICAL & SPIRITUAL PROCESSES ( LIFE4 ,IT IS NOT ! CONSCI\SNESS ( M5 ?AT DET]M9ES !IR EXI/5CE1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !IR SOCIAL EXI/5CE DET]M9ES !IR CONSCI\SNESS4 ,AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( !IR DEVELOPM5T1 ! MAT]IAL =CES ( PRODUCTION 9 SOCIETY COME 9 CONFLICT ) ! EXI/+ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 OR - :AT IS BUT A LEGAL EXPRESSION ( ! SAME ?+ - ) ! PROP]TY RELATIONS )9 :I* !Y HAD BE5 AT WORK BE=E4 ,FROM =MS ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION !SE RELATIONS TURN 9TO !IR FETT]S4 ,!N COMES A P]IOD ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 7#b7 

,IF ?IS SITUATION MAY BE DESCRIB$ AS ONE :]E9 ! 0ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY0 DET]M9ES ITS 0LEGAL & POLITICAL SUP]/RUCTURE0 & ITS 0DEF9ITE =MS ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS10 9 ORD] TO BR+ \T ! PO9T MADE BY HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 ?IS DOES NOT IMPLY AN ACTUAL SEP>ATION ( 0/RUCTURE0 & 0SUP]/RUCTURE0 ) ! LATT] EXPLA9$ BY ! =M]1 BUT M]ELY /ATES ! FACT ?AT ! MAT]IAL PRODUCTION PROCESS IS CONSCI\SLY UND]TAK5 & ?US CONCEPTUALIZES ! ID5TITY ( A GIV5 /ATE ( ! SOCIAL P[]S ( PRODUCTION ) ITS CORRESPOND+ SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS4 ,IT IS 9 T]MS ( ?IS TWO-SID$ TOTALITY1 AT ONCE MAT]IAL & IDEATIONAL1 ?AT HI/ORICALLY EVOLV+ SOCIAL =MATIONS >E DIFF]5TIAT$4 

,AL?\< IT IS POSSIBLE M5TALLY TO BREAK UP ! TOTALITY ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION PROCESS 9TO ITS V>I\S MANIFE/ATIONS 9 ! POLITICAL1 LEGAL1 & IDEATIONAL SPH]ES ( SOCIAL PRACTICE1 !SE ASPECTS CANNOT BE CONCRETELY ISOLAT$ & WEI<T$ ) RESPECT TO !IR IMPORTANCE )9 ! SOCIAL SY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT ! POLITICAL1 LEGAL1 & IDEATIONAL ACTIVITIES MAY1 ON !IR [N ACCORD1 AFFECT ! ECONOMIC PROCESSES & CODET]M9E !IR DEVELOPM5T1 = ! SUP]/RUCTURE IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! SOCIOECONOMIC /RUCTURE4 ,?IS MAY BE GRASP$ BY ANALOGY ) ! VALUE-PRICE RELATIONS 9 CAPITALISM1 :]E ! VALUE RELATIONS MU/ EXPRESS !MSELVES 9 ! DIFF]5T =M ( PRICE4 ,IT IS NOT ?AT ! SUP]/RUCTURE M]ELY REFLECTS ! ECONOMIC BASE1 BUT ?AT ?IS BASE IS :AT IT IS BY VIRTUE ( ITS SPECIFIC SUP]/RUCTURE4 

,JU/ AS CAPITALI/ PRICE RELATIONS >E BO? DI/+UI%ABLE & UNDI/+UI%ABLE FROM VALUE RELATIONS1 SO ! SUP]/RUCTURE 9 ANY SOCIAL =MATION IS ALSO SEP>ABLE & 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! 
SOCIOECONOMIC /RUCTURE4 ,IF WE SPEAK ( ! ONE1 WE SPEAK ( ! O!R1 & 9 EI!R CASE WE SPEAK ( NO MORE ?AN ! MAT]IAL PRODUCTION PROCESSES ?AT ALL[ SOCIETY TO EXI/4 ,?IS IMPLIES1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT A FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE ( SOCIETY AFFECTS ITS 0/RUCTURE0 & 0SUP]/RUCTURE0 SIMULTANE\SLY1 ?AT IS1 ?AT NO SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT POLITICAL1 LEGAL1 OR IDEATIONAL *ANGE CAN TAKE PLACE AP>T FROM *ANGES 9 ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & ! /ATE ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( SOCIETY1 & ?AT BASIC *ANGES ONLY OCCUR 9 ! LATT] ACCOMPANI$ BY CORRESPOND+ ALT]ATIONS ( ! 0SUP]/RUCTURE40 ,IT IS !RE=E NOT POSSIBLE TO *ANGE A SOCIAL SY/EM FROM ! SIDE ( ITS 0SUP]/RUCTURE0 ALONE - AS = 9/ANCE1 BY WAY ( POLITICALLY 9DUC$ RE=MS - = SU* *ANGES MU/ ALWAYS /OP %ORT AT ?AT PO9T :]E !Y W\LD JEOP>DIZE ! EXI/+ SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS4 ,A *ANGE ( ! LATT] IS ONLY POSSIBLE BY WAY ( REVOLUTION1 :I* OV]?R[S ! 0BASE0 TOGE!R ) ! 0SUP]/RUCTURE40 

,H[EV]1 DUE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION1 A SOCIAL =MATION REPRES5TS NOT ONLY ITSELF BUT ALSO ANO!R SOCIETY 9 EMBRYONIC =M4 ,! GE/ATION P]IOD ( ! NEW SOCIETY V>IES 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! DEGREE ( *ANGE1 SPONTANE\S OR CONSCI\SLY 9DUC$1 9 ! SOCIAL REPRODUCTION PROCESS4 ,9 SOCIETIES )\T SU* *ANGES1 ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & SOCIAL RELATIONS WILL REMA9 /AGNANT4 ,SU* SOCIETIES HAVE NO HI/ORY1 AL?\< !Y MAY DISPLAY CLASS RELATIONS ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 ,HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM CONC]NS ITSELF SOLELY ) DEVELOP+ SOCIETIES4 ,BUT *ANGES 9 !SE SOCIETIES >E B\ND SOON] OR LAT] TO BREAK D[N ! /AGNATION ( MORE /ATIC SOCIETIES & ALT] !IR C\RSE4 

,AL?\< 9CORPORAT+ TE*NICAL 9NOVATIONS1 ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION >E NOT R$UCIBLE TO TE*NOLOGY4 ,! TRANS=MATION ( ! RELATIVELY /ATIC FEUDAL-M]CANTILI/ ECONOMY 9TO ! DYNAMIC CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 = 9/ANCE1 WAS DUE NOT TO TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES BUT TO ! EXT5SION ( A GIV5 TE*NOLOGY OV] A WID] FIELD ( APPLICATION1 BY WAY ( *ANGES 9 ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ?AT OP5$ ! WAY = ! VA/ DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES EXP]I5C$ 9 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 

,! PRECAPITALI/ ]A WAS BAS$ ON AGRICULTURE1 CONSID]$ ! ONLY S\RCE ( A SURPLUS PRODUCT MAK+ POSSIBLE ! NONPRODUCTIVE LIFE ( ! L&-[N+ RUL+ CLASS4 ,AT LEA/ P>T ( ! TOTAL SOCIAL PRODUCT WAS A 0GIFT ( NATURE10 EXCE$+ ! RESULTS ( ! APPLI$ AGRICULTURAL LABOR4 ,?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ! ECONOMIC !ORIES ( ! ,PHYSIOCRATS1 :O SPOKE ( ! 0/]ILITY0 ( ALL PRODUCTION \TSIDE ( AGRICULTURE4 ,9 ?IS !ORY1 9 CONTRA/ TO M]CANTILI/ NOTIONS1 A SURPLUS >OSE 9 ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION1 NOT 9 ?AT ( CIRCULATION1 OR ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES4 ,9DE$1 !RE WAS ONLY A M9IMAL EX*ANGE BETWE5 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS & ?OSE MANUFACTUR$ 9 ! URBAN C5T]S4 ,! SURPLUS WAS EXTRACT$ FROM PEASANT LABOR1 OP]AT+ UND] CONDITIONS ( SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 :I* 9CLUD$ ! LABOR-PRODUC+ AGRICULTURAL IMPLEM5TS2 IT WAS ?US A CLE> CASE ( EXPROPRIATION1 NOT ( EX*ANGE RELATIONS4 ,:ATEV] MANUFACTURES & H&ICRAFTS !RE W]E IMPLI$ A TE*NOLOGY EXCLUSIVELY & DIRECTLY DEVOT$ TO SATISFY+ ! NE$S & HABITS ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,!RE WAS ALSO EXPLOITATION 9 ! CITIES1 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! CITY LABOR]S PRODUC$ NOT = !MSELVES BUT = ! RUL+ CLASS1 EV5 ?\< P>T ( !IR PRODUCTS ALSO S]V$ !IR [N NE$S4 ,BUT BO? !IR PRODUCTS & !IR SURPLUS PRODUCT W]E MADE POSSIBLE BY ! AGRICULTURAL SURPLUS4 ,:ATEV] TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T !RE WAS1 WAS DET]M9$ NOT BY ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL BUT BY ! NE$S & HABITS ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,IF !RE WAS ACCUMULATION1 IT TOOK NOT ! AB/RACT =M ( EX*ANGE VALUE BUT ?AT ( USE VALUE4 

,) ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 ! H&S ( ! AGRICULTURAL PRODUC]S1 ! LATT]'S EXPLOITATION IMPLI$ COMPULSORY LABOR1 :I* WAS ALSO EXT5D$ OV] ! 9FRA/RUCTURE AS =C$ OR CORVEE LABOR4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 ANY IMPROVEM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVITY ( AGRICULTURAL LABOR W\LD M]ELY 9CREASE ! SURPLUS PRODUCT FALL+ TO ! L&[N+ CLASS & ITS /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,!RE WAS1 !N1 NO 9C5TIVE = TE*NICAL 9NOVATION ON ! P>T ( ! PEASANTRY1 BUT RA!R ! DESIRE TO WORK AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE 9 ORD] TO R$UCE ! DEGREE ( !IR EXPLOITATION4 ,! RESULT+ /AGNATION ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SET A LIMIT TO TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 G5]AL1 AS IT WAS ALMO/ TOTALLY DEP5D5T ON ! AGRICULTURAL SURPLUS4 ,TO 9CREASE ?IS SURPLUS WAS ! SOLE CONC]N ( BO? ! RUL+ CLASSES & ! URBAN POPULATION1 AS A PRECONDITION = ! SATISFACTION ( WANTS & ! BETT]M5T ( !IR LIV+ /&>DS4 ,?IS WAS EV5TUALLY ACCOMPLI%$ ?R\< ! 9CORPORATION ( AGRICULTURE 9TO ! EX*ANGE RELATIONS )9 & BETWE5 ! URBAN C5T]S1 BR\<T AB\T ?R\< A FUR!R DIVISION ( LABOR )9 ! EXI/+ CLASS RELATIONS4 ,9 ORD] TO MAKE ! AGRICULTURAL SURPLUS GR[1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO DEPRIVE ! PEASANT POPULATION ( CONTROL OV] !IR MEANS ( PRODUCTION & SO =CE !M \T ( !IR SELF-SUFFICI5CY & 9TO ! COMPETITIVE M>KET ECONOMY4 

,?IS WAS A TW(OLD ACCOMPLI%M5T1 EFFECT$ FROM ! SIDE ( AGRICULTURE & FROM ?AT ( ! M]*ANT CLASS AS M$IATORS ( ! EX*ANGE PROCESS4 ,IT 9VOLV$ ! EXT5SION ( M>KET RELATIONS & COMMODITY PRODUCTION OV] ALL ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION & ! GRADUAL TRANS=MATION ( LABOR 9TO WAGE LABOR4 ,:ILE ! COMM]CIALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE 9 ,5GL& & ,FRANCE OCCASION$ ! 05CLOSURE0 MOVEM5T1 :I* DROVE A GREAT DEAL ( ! PEASANTRY FROM ! L& OR TRANS=M$ !M 9TO AGRICULTURAL WAGE LABOR]S1 IT ALSO EXT5D$ COTTAGE 9DU/RY1 OR ! 0PUTT+ \T0 SY/EM1 FROM A SUPPLEM5T>Y TO A MA9 =M ( PRODUCTION4 ,PROVID$ BY M]*ANTS ) MEANS ( PRODUCTION & RAW MAT]IALS1 PEASANTS TURN$ 9TO WAGE LABOR]S & M]*ANTS 9TO CAPITALI/ 5TREPR5EURS4 ,SOCIAL RELATIONS BECAME 9 9CREAS+ MEASURE CAPITAL-LABOR RELATIONS & IT WAS ?IS FACT ?AT1 BY ITS G5]ALIZATION1 EXPRESS$ ! GR[+ SOCIAL P[]S ( PRODUCTION & ! EM]G5CE ( A NEW CLASS ACCUMULAT+ SURPLUS LABOR AS SURPLUS VALUE & CAPITAL4 

,TO CUT A LONG & RA!R WELL-KN[N /ORY %ORT1 IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ) ! 9CREAS+ CAPITALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE1 ! WAY WAS OP5 TO BR++ ! :OLE ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION UND] ! DOM9ANCE ( CAPITAL4 ,OCCUPY+ A POSITION BETWE5 ! L&$ >I/OCRACY & ! RURAL & URBAN PROLET>IAT1 ! MIDDLE CLASS WID5$ ITS FIELD ( OP]ATION ) ! EXT5SION ( WAGE LABOR & ! COMPETITIVE PURSUIT ( EX*ANGE VALUE AS AN AB/RACT & APP>5TLY LIMITLESS =M ( WEAL?1 B\ND NOT TO ANY SPECIFIC =M ( PROP]TY BUT TO ALL =MS 9 :I* SURPLUS VALUE MAT]IALIZ$ ITSELF4 ,NEW ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION EVOLV$ TO 9CREASE ! PR(ITS ON 9VE/$ CAPITAL & TE*NICAL 9NOVATIONS W]E SE>*$ = & 9TRODUC$1 NOT = ! LIMIT$ PURPOSE ( 9CREAS+ ! WELL-BE+ & ! LUXURIES ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 BUT 9 ORD] TO EXTRACT MORE SURPLUS VALUE \T ( ALL TYPES ( LABOR4 ,:ILE NOT 9 !ORY1 AT ANY RATE 9 PRACTICE ! CAPITALI/S W]E FULLY AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT A MAN'S LABOR 0MAY MEAN EI!R ! P]SONAL ACT ( WORK+1 OR ! EFFECT :I* IS PRODUC$ BY ?AT ACT4 ,9 ! FIR/ S5SE1 IT MU/ BE ALL[$ ?AT A MAN'S LABOR IS PROP]LY HIS [N 444 BUT IT DOES NOT FOLL[ 444 ?AT ! EFFECT ( HIS LABOR+444 MU/ LIKEWISE BE PROP]LY HIS [N40 7#c7 

,) SURPLUS VALUE ! GOAL ( PRODUCTION & WAGE LABOR ! ONLY MEANS ( EXI/5CE = A GR[+ NUMB] ( PEOPLE1 PRODUCTION ACCEL]AT$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) 9CREAS+ EXPLOITATION4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS SOCIAL TRANS=MATION WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY ALL SORTS ( S]I\S DISLOCATIONS ( ! ECONOMY & ITS POLITICAL SY/EM1 AFFECT+ NOT ONLY ! WORK+ POPULATION BUT ALL ( SOCIETY4 ,9DU/RIAL CAPITAL & ITS DEM& = PR(ITS GREW AT A RELATIVELY FA/] PACE ?AN CAPITAL BAS$ ON AGRICULTURE1 & SET ITSELF 9 OPPOSITION TO ! LATT]4 ,SURPLUS VALUE 9 ! =M ( R5T1 ?ANKS TO ! MONOPOLY POSITION ( L&$ PROP]TY1 ESCAP$ ! AV]AG+ PROCESS ( PR(IT RATES & L[]$ ! PR(ITS ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! L&$ 9T]E/S & ?OSE ( ! ADVANC+ B\RGEOISIE *>ACT]IZ$ ! E>LY /AGES ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE = POLITICAL P[] & CONTROL ( ! /ATE4 ,?IS ANTAGONISM RESOLV$ ITSELF 9 ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS1 :I* 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R TURN$ FEUDAL RELATIONS 9TO ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & PRODUCTION ITSELF 9TO ! PRODUCTION ( CAPITAL4 

,TO BE SURE1 ?IS HI/ORICAL PROCESS DID NOT MANIFE/ ITS NATURE AS CLE>LY AS DID ITS F9AL \TCOME4 ,IDEOLOGIES 5COMPASS ! PA/ AS WELL AS ! FUTURE & REF] NOT TO SPECIAL BUT TO PUTATIVE G5]AL 9T]E/S4 ,!Y CAN ?US BE ISOLAT$ FROM ! SPECIFIC PURPOSES & CONC]NS !Y S]VE UND] P>TICUL> CONDITIONS & CLASS RELATIONS4 ,IT IS BY VIRTUE ( ?IS ?AT !Y >E 9DISP5SABLE = ! MA9T5ANCE AS WELL AS = ! OV]?R[ ( GIV5 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y CUT ACROSS O!RWISE UNBRIDGEABLE CLASS DIFF]5CES4 ,:ILE HI/ORY IS BE+ MADE1 ! APP>5TLY 9DIVISIBLE UNITY ( ! MODE ( PRODUCTION & ITS POLITICAL & IDEATIONAL SUP]/RUCTURE IS R5T AP>T & SEEMS TO REVEAL COMPET+ IDEOLOGIES ) 9DEP5D5T P[]S4 ,BUT 9 RETROSPECT1 ONCE SOCIETY HAS *ANG$1 EV]Y?+ COMES TOGE!R AGA9 TO CON/ITUTE A P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL P]IOD1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! PRODUCTIVE =CES RELEAS$ BY IT1 ! SOCIAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS ASSOCIAT$ ) !M1 & ! APP>5TLY EXTRAECONOMIC 0SUP]/RUCTURAL0 EXPRESSIONS ( ! MAT]IAL PRODUCTION PROCESS4 

,HI/ORY IS CLE>LY ! HI/ORY ( SOCIAL *ANGES ( MODES ( PRODUCTION & CLASS RELATIONS1 :I* HAVE L$ TO CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ! SUBJECT MATT] ( ,M>X'S CONC]NS & ?OSE ( ! CLASS AT :OSE EXP5SE IT EXI/S4 ,!RE IS !RE=E NO LONG] ANY HI/ORY = ! B\RGEOISIE3 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ANY NEW MODE ( PRODUCTION W\LD IMPLY ITS [N DEMISE AS A RUL+ CLASS4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 H[EV]1 CAPITALISM MU/ BE ANALYZ$ ) RESPECT TO ITS SPECIFIC CLASS RELATIONS & !IR EFFECT UPON ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ! EM]G5CE ( !SE CLASS RELATIONS ALL[$ = AN 5ORM\S 9CREASE ( ! SOCIAL P[]S ( PRODUCTION 9 ! =M ( ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,IF ! LATT] IS ! LIFE'S BLOOD ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 IT IS H]E ALSO ?AT ?IS SY/EM'S HI/ORICAL LIMITATIONS WILL BE F\ND4 ,IF !RE >E NONE1 !N ( C\RSE ! B\RGEOISIE IS RI<T & HI/ORY HAS COME TO AN 5D4 

,M>X'S !ORY ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS ?US AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( HIS !ORY ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION4 ,AS CAPITAL EXP&S1 SO DOES ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT :ILE ACCUMULATION ASSURES ! RULE & COM=T ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ?IS IS DUE ONLY TO ! CON/ANT 9CREASE 9 ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR P[]1 :I* MAY OR MAY NOT E COMP5SAT$ = BY IMPROVEM5TS ( ! WORK]S' LIV+ /&>DS4 ,?IS DEP5DS ON *ANG+ VALUE RELATIONS1 ON :E!R OR NOT ! L[] EX*ANGE VALUE ( LABOR P[] WILL BE ! VALUE EQUIVAL5T ( A GREAT] QUANTITY ( USE VALUES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 TO RECALL1 ! *ANG+ VALUE /RUCTURE ( CAPITAL 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS ACCUMULATION DIM9I%ES ! RATE ( PR(IT1 EV5 ) A RIS+ RATE ( SURPLUS VALUE1 BECAUSE ! MASS ( SURPLUS VALUE IS R$UC$ DUE TO ! DECL9E ( ! V>IABLE RELATIVE TO ! CON/ANT CAPITAL1 OR1 :AT IS ! SAME1 TO ! DECREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( WORK]S ) RESPECT TO ! TOTAL CAPITAL AMASS$4 ,( C\RSE1 JU/ AS ! L[] EX*ANGE VALUE ( LABOR P[] MAY NOT CONTRADICT A RISE ( WAGES 9 USE-VALUE T]MS1 SO A RISE 9 ! ORGANIC COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL MAY BE COMP5SAT$ = BY AN 9CREASE ( PRODUCTIVITY1 OV]COM+ ! DECL9E ( SURPLUS VALUE 9 EA* COMMODITY BY A DISPROPORTIONALLY GREAT] QUANTITY ( COMMODITIES1 SO AS TO RE/ORE1 OR EV5 SURPASS1 ! CU/OM>Y RATE ( PR(IT ON CAPITAL4 ,?IS DEP5DS 9 TURN ON ! POSSIBILITY ( A SUFFICI5TLY HI< RATE ( ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,?IS MAKES ! RATE ( PR(IT 9 ,M>X'S SY/EM 9DEF9ITE &1 ASIDE FROM ! SPECIFIC ASSUMPTIONS MADE BY ,M>X 9 EXP\ND+ HIS !ORY1 UNPR$ICTABLE1 9 A /RICTLY EMPIRICAL S5SE4 

,:AT WILL 9T]E/ US H]E IS NOT SO MU* ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL AS ! EXPECTATIONS BAS$ ON IT ) REG>D TO ! EVOLUTION ( A REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS ON ! P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,LIKE ALL TRUE REVOLUTION>IES1 & NOT)/&+ HIS SCI5TIFIC B5T & MAT]IALI/IC \TLOOK1 ,M>X WAS A ROMANTIC 9 HIS ?\<TS1 FEEL+1 & ATTITUDES4 ,AL?\< CONV9C$ ?AT 0NO SOCIAL ORD] EV] DISAPPE>S BE=E ALL ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 = :I* !RE IS ROOM 9 IT1 HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$2 & NEW HI<] RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION NEV] APPE> BE=E ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( !IR EXI/5CE HAVE BE5 MATUR$ 9 ! WOMB ( ! OLD SOCIETY10 7#d7 HE SAW 9 ! MATUR+ PROLET>IAT ! MO/ IMPORTANT PRODUCTIVE =CE /RA9+ AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,HI/ORY1 9 ,M>X'S VIEW1 DOES NO?+1 BUT MU/ BE MADE BY PEOPLE1 BY WAY ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,AS AN >D5T /UD5T ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 & AN OBS]V] (1 AS WELL AS P>TICIPANT 91 ! REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS ( #ahdh - DUR+ :I* ! WORK+ CLASS1 EV5 )9 ! CONTEXT ( B\RGEOIS ASPIRATIONS1 DISPLAY$ ITSELF AS AN 9DEP5D5T ANTI-CAPITALI/ =CE-,M>X SAW CAPITALISM'S FUTURE PREORDA9$ ) ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS ( C\RSE NOT POSSIBLE1 & FROM ,M>X'S PO9T ( VIEW ALSO SUP]FLU\S1 TO DET]M9E 9 ADVANCE :5 ! CAPITALI/ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION W\LD CEASE TO FUR!R ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL =CES ( PRODUCTION & ?US RELEASE ! OBJECTIVE NE$ = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,ALL ?AT WAS NECESS>Y = REVOLUTION WAS ! PRES5CE ( A =CE )9 ! %ELL ( CAPITALISM REPRES5T+ NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 CONFLICT ) ! CAPITALI/ICALLY LIMIT$ =CES ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 A DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 ANY PROLONG$ & DEEP GO+ CRISIS C\LD LEAD TO A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION & TO ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM4 ,BY BREAK+ ! CRISIS CYCLE ( CAPITAL PRODUCTION1 ! WAY W\LD !N BE OP5 = A FUR!R UNHAMP]$ SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ! E>LY ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T ?IS WAS SE5 AS A REALI/IC POSSIBILITY1 DUE TO ! FACT ( A GR[+ SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T & ! SPREAD+ RECOGNITION ?AT !RE WAS AN ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM4 

,OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS1 *ANG+ 9 ! C\RSE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 W\LD BR+ =? A SUBJECTIVE READ9ESS ON ! P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO *ANGE ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! !ORY & PRACTICE ( A GR[+ LABOR MOVEM5T WAS SE5 AS A UNIT>Y PH5OM5ON1 DUE TO ! SELF-EXPANSION & AT ! SAME TIME ! SELF-LIMITATION ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL EMPLOY+ ! ME?ODS ( SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS1 WAS ABLE TO PR(F] A !ORY ?AT SYN!SIZ$ ! CLASS /RUGGLE & ! G5]AL CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALISM4 ,! ACTUAL CLASS /RUGGLE W\LD - 9 TIME - TURN CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 9TO REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS1 & ! FI<T OV] WAGES & WORK+ CONDITIONS W\LD BECOME A /RUGGLE = ! ABOLITION ( ! WAGE SY/EM1 ?AT IS1 = ! 5D+ ( CAPITALISM4 ,CLASS CONSCI\SNESS WAS SE5 BY ! ,M>XI/S AS ONE ( ! RESULTS ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 EM]G+ \T ( ! MA/]-SLAVE RELATION 9 ! DIRECT PRODUCTION PROCESS1 ! DISPROPORTIONAL 9CREASE ( EXPLOITATION )9 ! CAPITAL-LABOR EX*ANGE RELATIONS1 ! OBS]VABLY 9CREAS+ MIS]Y ( GR[+ LAY]S ( ! UNEMPLOY$ & ! UNEMPLOYABLE1 ! G5]AL WRET*$NESS EXP]I5C$ DUR+ P]IODS ( DEPRESSION1 & ! 9SECURITY PREVAIL+ UND] ALL CAPITALI/ CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,ON ! POSITIVE SIDE1 !RE WAS ! CAPITALI/ICALLY 5=C$ CONC5TRATION ( GREAT NUMB]S ( WORK]S 9 ALL 9DU/RIES1 9DUC+ ! RECOGNITION ?AT ! LABOR] WAS A MEMB] ( A SOCIAL CLASS & ?US WAS ABLE TO PROCE$ FROM 9DIVIDUAL TO COLLECTIVE ATTEMPTS TO IMPROVE HIS WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,! RESULTS ( ! WORK]S' /RUGGLES W]E SE5 NOT ONLY 9 ! IMPROVEM5T ( !IR LIV+ /&>DS BUT ALSO 9 ! RECOGNITION ( !IR GR[+ /R5G? 9 ! CONTE/ BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR1 & 9 ! ATT5DANT DEVELOPM5T ( !IR SELF-CONFID5CE BO? AS 9DIVIDUALS & AS MEMB]S ( A CLASS4 ,IT WAS ?\<T ?AT \T ( ?IS CLASS ITSELF & ITS CON/ANT CONFRONTATION ) ! B\RGEOISIE W\LD >ISE NOT ONLY A WILL+NESS TO ASS]T ! WORK]S' TEMPOR>Y 9T]E/S BUT ALSO A GR[+ CONVICTION ?AT SOCIAL PRODUCTION C\LD BE C>RI$ ON \TSIDE ! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATION4 

,!SE EXPECTATIONS W]E TO BE DISAPPO9T$4 ,AL?\< A GR[+ NUMB] ( WORK]S BECAME ADH]5TS ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9 SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 A GREAT] NUMB] REMA9$ IMMUNE TO SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGIES1 EV5 ?\< !Y W]E PREP>$ TO FI<T = HI<] WAGES & BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,! ECONOMIC /RUGGLES F\ND ORGANIZATION 9 ! TRADE UNIONS2 BUT !SE ORGANIZATIONS DID NOT1 AS ,M>X HAD EXPECT$ !Y W\LD1 BECOME 0S*OOLS = SOCIALISM10 BUT REMA9$ :AT !Y W]E AT !IR \TSET1 A M]E PH5OM5ON ( ! COMMODITY *>ACT] ( LABOR P[]4 ,!IR CONC]N WAS ) ! PRICE ( LABOR P[] )9 ! CAPITALI/ M>KET RELATIONS4 ,:AT SOCIALI/ IDEAS HAD BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) TRADE UNIONISM W]E GRADUALLY JETTISON$ AS AN UNNECESS>Y BALLA/1 & EV5 AN EMB>RASSM5T1 H9D]+ ! ASC5T & 5DANG]+ ! LEGAL /ATUS ( ?OSE ORGANIZATIONS4 

,M>X'S MAXIM ?AT ! CONSCI\SNESS ( A TIME IS ?AT ( ITS SOCIAL & MAT]IAL PRODUCTION RELATIONS HOLDS ALSO = ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,:ILE ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 AS SE5 ) SOCIALI/ EYES1 WAS SUPPOS$ TO *ANGE ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! LABOR]S1 & TO SOME EXT5T ACTUALLY DID SO1 ?IS *ANGE WAS NOT 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIALISM AS A PRACTICAL GOAL4 ,AL?\< ! CLASS /RUGGLE IMPLI$ AW>5ESS ( ! OPPOS$ 9T]E/S ( LABOR & CAPITAL1 IT DID NOT *ALL5GE ! CAPITAL-LABOR RELATION ITSELF1 BUT M]ELY ! DEGREE ( EXPLOITATION AS MEASUR$ BY ! WAGE-PR(IT RATIO4 ,9 ORD] TO BE EFFECTIVE1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE HAS TO BE ORGANIZ$1 & ! GA9S MADE 9 ?IS /RUGGLE MU/ BE SU/A9$ BY MAK+ ! ORGANIZATIONS P]MAN5T4 ,! GREAT] ! NUMB] ( ORGANIZ$ WORK]S & ! NE$ = COORD9AT$ ACTIONS1 ! LESS WAS !IR [N 9ITIATIVE 9 DET]M9+ !SE ACTIVITIES4 ,! DECISION-MAK+ P[]S BECAME ?OSE ( A C5TRALIZ$ LEAD]%IP 9 A HI]>*ICAL BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE ?AT CAME TO LOOK UPON ITSELF AS AN 9/RUM5T TO SECURE ITS [N SPECIAL 9T]E/S AS A PRECONDITION = ITS ACTIVITIES 9 BEHALF ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,( C\RSE1 IT WAS ! WORK]S !MSELVES :O BUILT !SE ORGANIZATIONS & DELEGAT$ TO !M CONTROL OV] !IR [N ACTIVITIES4 ,! FACT ?AT !Y DID NOT LEAVE !SE ORGANIZATIONS C\LD ONLY MEAN ?AT !IR [N DEM&S CO9CID$ ) ?OSE BR\<T =W>D 9 !IR NAME BY ! LEAD]S OCCUPY+ ! COMM&+ PO/S 9 !IR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,N[1 IT IS TRUE ?AT !SE LEAD]S1 9 ANY CASE ?OSE 9 ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 PR(ESS$ TO CONSID] ! FI<T = CAPITALI/IC RE=MS AS A M]E MEANS TO REA* ! REVOLUTION>Y GOALS & NOT AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF2 BUT ACTUALLY1 ! /RUGGLE = RE=MS WAS ! ONLY ONE POSSIBLE1 BR++ ) IT TYPES ( ORGANIZATION ?AT W]E ONLY ABLE TO FUNCTION )9 ! GIV5 RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & W]E ?US B\ND1 BY !IR V]Y GR[? & SUCCESSES1 TO TURN 9TO DEF5D]S ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 AS A PRECONDITION ( !IR [N EXI/5CE4 

,!Y C\LD HAVE NO CONCEIVABLE FUNCTION 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 & = ?AT REASON DID NOT ?9K 9 T]MS ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE1 EXCEPT RHETORICALLY :]E ?IS SEEM$ OPPORTUNE4 

,! SUPPOS$ 0DIALECTIC0 BETWE5 RE=M & REVOLUTION-! EV]YDAY /RUGGLE = IMM$IATE DEM&S *ANG+ 9TO A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! SY/EM ITSELF - DID NOT ACTUALLY LEAD TO A NOTICEABLE 9CREASE 9 REVOLUTION>Y CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 BUT M]ELY ISSU$ 9TO ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ( CLASS /RUGGLE 9CAPABLE ( MAK+ ! LEAP FROM RE=M TO REVOLUTION4 ,TO ! CONTROLL+ IDEOLOGY ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY WAS N[ ADD$ ! CONTROLL+ 9FLU5CE ( NONREVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS OV] ! ORGANIZ$ AS WELL AS UNORGANIZ$ P>TS ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 A TWO-SID$ EF=T TO HOLD ! CLASS /RUGGLE )9 ! CONF9ES ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

,M>X'S EXPECTATIONS AS TO ! REVOLUTION>Y EFFECT ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION UPON ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK+ CLASS TURN$ \T TO BE ]RONE\S1 AT LEA/ 9 ! ASC5D+ /AGE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 

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