,RELIGION & ,MORALITY 

#ai 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TEXT 3 

,Y\ ASK ME--FIR/1 ,H[ ,I UND]/& ! WORD RELIGION2 &1 SECOND1 ,:E!R ,I ADMIT ! EXI/5CE ( MORALITY1 9DEP5D5T ( RELIGION AS UND]/OOD BY ME4 ,I WILL ANSW] !SE MO/ IMPORTANT QUE/IONS1 WELL PUT BY Y\1 AS BE/ ,I CAN4.<#a.> 

,!RE >E ?REE SEP>ATE MEAN+S G5]ALLY IMPLI$ BY ! WORD RELIGION4 ,FIR/--,?AT RELIGION IS A C]TA9 TRUE REVELATION  
GIV5 BY ,GOD TO M51 FROM :I* PROCE$S MAN'S WOR%IP ( ,GOD4 ,SU* AN 9T]PRETATION IS APPLI$ TO RELIGION BY ALL BELIEV]S 9 ONE ( ITS EXI/+ =MS1 :O REG>D 9 CONSEQU5CE !IR P>TICUL> =M AS ! ONLY TRUE ONE4 ,SECOND--,?AT RELIGION IS A COLLECTION ( SUP]/ITI\S /ATEM5TS1 FROM :I* A WOR%IP EQUALLY SUP]/ITI\S IS D]IV$4 ,SU* AN 9T]PRETATION IS APPLI$ TO RELIGION BY SKEPTICS 9 G5]AL2 BY ?OSE1 ?AT IS1 :O DO NOT BELIEVE 9 ! RELIGION !Y >E DEF9+4 ,?IRD--,?AT RELIGION IS A COMPILATION ( PROPOSITIONS & RULES1 9V5T$ BY CLEV] M51 & A NECESSITY = ! VULG> H]D1 AS MU* = !IR CONSOLATION AS = !IR SUBJUGATION & ! RE/RA9T ( !IR PASSIONS4 ,SU* AN 9T]PRETATION IS APPLI$ TO RELIGION BY ?OSE 9DIFF]5T TO IT P]SONALLY1 BUT :O REG>D IT AS A USEFUL 9/RUM5T 9 ! GOV]NANCE ( MANK9D4 

,BY ! FIR/ DEF9ITION1 RELIGION IS AN 9DUBITABLE & IRREFRAGABLE TRU?1 ! PROPAGATION ( :I* AMONG ALL M5 & BY EV]Y POSSIBLE MEANS IS NECESS>Y TO ! WELF>E ( MANK9D4 ,BY ! SECOND1 RELIGION IS A MASS ( SUP]/ITION FROM :I* IT IS DESIRABLE1 & EV5 NE$FUL TO ! WELF>E ( HUMANITY1 ?AT MANK9D %\LD BE DELIV]$4 ,BY ! ?IRD1 RELIGION IS A CONTRIVANCE USEFUL TO HUMANITY1 ?\< UNNECESS>Y = ?OSE ( ! HI<E/ DEVELOPM5T1 BUT :I*1 AS 9DISP5SABLE TO ! CONSOLATION & CONTROL ( ! VULG>1 IT IS NE$FUL TO MA9TA94 

,! FIR/ DEF9ITION IS SIMIL> TO ONE A MAN MI<T MAKE ( MUSIC1 BY DEF9+ IT AS HIS MO/ FAMILI> & FAVORITE SONG1 ) :I* IT IS DESIRABLE ?AT ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( PEOPLE POSSIBLE %\LD BE ACQUA9T$4 ,! SECOND1 9 ! SAME CONNECTION1 W\LD BE ?AT APPLI$ TO MUSIC BY A MAN :O1 NOT UND]/&+ IT1 !RE=E NOT C>+ = IT1 CALL$ IT ! PRODUCTION ( S\ND BY ! ?ROAT1 M\?1 OR H&S UPON C]TA9 9/RUM5TS2 A USELESS & EV5 OBJECTIONABLE OCCUPATION1 FROM :I* IT WAS NECESS>Y TO WEAN M5 AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 ,! ?IRD IS SIMIL> TO ?AT :I* A MAN W\LD APPLY TO MUSIC1 :O CONSID]$ IT A USEFUL CONTRIVANCE = TEA*+ M5 TO DANCE OR TO M>*1 = :I* PURPOSES IT %\LD BE MA9TA9$4 

,! DIFF]5CE & N>R[NESS ( !SE DEF9ITIONS >ISE FROM !IR FAILURE TO TAKE HOLD ( ! ESS5CE ( MUSIC1 M]ELY DEF9+ ITS FEATURES FROM ! DEF9]'S PO9T ( VIEW4 ,SO IS IT ALSO ) ! ?REE DEF9ITIONS ( RELIGION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! FIR/1 RELIGION IS :ATEV] ! DEF9] ?9KS ?AT HE IS RI<T 9 BELIEV+4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! SECOND1 IT IS ?AT :I*1 9 ! DEF9]'S OP9ION1 PEOPLE >E WRONG 9 BELIEV+4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ?IRD1 IT IS1 BY ! /&>D ( ! DEF9]1 :AT IT IS B5EFICIAL TO MAKE M5 BELIEVE4 ,ALL :I* DEF9E1 NOT :AT CON/ITUTES ! ESS5CE ( RELIGION1 BUT ! DEF9]'S BELIEF ( :AT RELIGION CON/ITUTES4 ,! FIR/ SUPPLANTS ! NOTION ( RELIGION1 BY ! FAI? ( HIM :O DEF9ES2 ! SECOND1 BY ! FAI? BY :I* O!R PEOPLE REG>D IT2 ! ?IRD1 BY ! FAI? ( M5 9 :ATEV] MAY BE SUPPLI$ !M AS RELIGION4 

,BUT :AT IS FAI?8 ,:Y DO PEOPLE BELIEVE 9 :AT !Y BELIEVE8 ,:AT IS FAI?8 & :5CE HAS IT >IS58 

,AMONG ! MAJORITY ( ! $UCAT$ CLASSES IT IS REG>D$ AS A SETTL$ QUE/ION ?AT ! ESS5CE ( EV]Y RELIGION HAS ITS ORIG9 9 ! P]SONIFICATION1 DEIFICATION1 & WOR%IP ( ! =CES ( ,NATURE--PROCE$+ FROM SUP]/ITI\S FE> ( ,NATURE'S 9COMPREH5SIBLE PH5OM5A4 ,?IS VIEW IS ACCEPT$1 )\T CRITICISM1 BY ! $UCAT$ CR[D ( \R TIME1 & IT NOT ONLY DOES NOT MEET ) ANY REFUTATION FROM M5 ( SCI5CE1 BUT = ! MO/ P>T1 F9DS1 PRECISELY AMONG !M1 MO/ DEF9ITE CONFIRMATION4 ,IF1 9DE$1 VOICES >E AT TIMES HE>D1 AS ?AT ( ,MAX ,MULL] & O!RS1 :I* ATTRIBUTE TO RELIGION ANO!R ORIG9 & S5SE1 !SE VOICES >E UNHE>D & UNNOTIC$ 9 ! G5]AL & ALMO/ UNANIM\S AFFIRMATION ?AT RELIGION IS ! \TCOME ( IGNORANCE & SUP]/ITION4 

,NOT LONG AGO1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 IF ! MO/ ADVANC$ ?9K]S REJECT$ ,CA?OLICISM1 ,PROTE/ANTISM1 & ,GREEK OR?ODOXY1 AS DID ! ,5CYCLOP$I/S AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5?1 /ILL NOT ONE ( !M D5I$ ?AT RELIGION 9 G5]AL HAS BE5 & IS AN 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION 9 ! LIVES ( ALL4 ,NOT TO M5TION ! ,DEI/S--AS ,B]N>D9 DE ,/4 ,PI]RE1 ,DID]OT1 & ,R\SSEAU--,VOLTAIRE RAIS$ A MONUM5T TO ,GOD1 & ,ROBESPI]RE PROCLAIM$ A FE/AL DAY 9 HONOR ( ! ,SUPREME ,BE+4 ,BUT AT ! PRES5T DAY1 ?ANKS TO ! FRIVOL\S & SUP]FICIAL TEA*+ ( ,AUGU/E ,COMTE 7:O S9C]ELY BELIEV$1 9 COMMON ) ! MAJORITY ( ,FR5*M51 ?AT ,*RI/IANITY IS NO?+ BUT ,CA?OLICISM1 & !RE=E SAW 9 ,CA?OLICISM ! COMPLETE REALIZATION ( ,*RI/IANITY7 ! $UCAT$ CR[D1 :I* ALWAYS READILY & GRE$ILY ACCEPTS ! L[E/ VIEW1 HAVE DECID$ & ACKN[L$G$ ?AT RELIGION IS ONLY A C]TA9 LONG OBSOLETE ASPECT 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY :I* H9D]S PROGRESS4 ,IT IS AGRE$ ?AT HUMANITY HAS ALREADY \TLIV$ TWO P]IODS1 ! RELIGI\S & METAPHYSICAL1 & HAS N[ 5T]$ 9TO ! ?IRD &  
HI<E/1 ! SCI5TIFIC1 & ?AT ALL RELIGI\S PH5OM5A >E ONLY ! SURVIVALS ( AN \TGR[N SPIRITUAL ORGAN ( HUMANITY1 ONCE NE$FUL1 BUT LONG AGO LO/ TO S5SE & SIGNIFICANCE4 

,IT IS AGRE$ ?AT RELIGION HAD ITS ORIG9 9 ! WOR%IP ( IMAG9>Y BE+S1 EVOK$ BY FE> ( ! 9COMPREH5SIBLE =CES (  
,NATURE1 AS 9 ANCI5T TIMES ,DEMOCRITUS ?\<T1 & AS AFFIRM$ BY ! PHILOSOPH]S & HI/ORIANS ( RELIGION4 ,BUT1 PUTT+ ASIDE ! FACT ?AT ! RECOGNITION ( SOME UNSE5 & SUP]NATURAL BE+ OR BE+S HAS NOT ALWAYS PROCE$$ FROM A S5SE ( FE> EVOK$ BY UNKN[N =CES ( ,NATURE1 AS IS PROV$ BY HUNDR$S ( ADVANC$ & LE>N$ ?9K]S ( ! PA/--,SOCRATES1 ,DESC>TES1 ,NEWTON--& LIKE M5 ( \R [N TIMES1 :O1 BE+ 9 NO WISE FE>FUL ( SU* =CES1 ADMITT$ ! EXI/5CE ( SOME SUPREME SUP]NATURAL BE+ OR BE+S--! AFFIRMATION ?AT RELIGION HAS BE5 ! \TCOME ( MAN'S SUP]/ITI\S FE> ( ! 9COMPREH5SIBLE P[]S ( ,NATURE1 9 REALITY DOES NOT ANSW] ! *IEF QUE/ION4 ,FROM :AT 9 MAN DOES ! IDEA ( AN UNSE5 & SUP]NATURAL BE+ D]IVE EXI/5CE8 ,IF M5 W]E AFRAID ( ?UND] & LI<TN+1 !Y W\LD FE> !M AS ?UND] & LI<TN+2 BUT :Y 9V5T AN UNSE5 & SUP]NATURAL ,JOVE1 LIV+ 9 C]TA9 REGIONS1 & OCCASIONALLY FL++ BOLTS AT M58 ,IF M5 W]E A/\ND$ BY ! ASPECT ( DEA?1 !Y W\LD FE> TO DIE2 BUT :Y 9V5T S\LS ( ! DEAD ) :OM TO 5T] 9TO IMAG9>Y COMMUNION8 ,FROM ?UND] M5 MI<T HIDE2 FROM ! FE> ( DEA? !Y MI<T FLY2 BUT 9/EAD !Y DEVIS$ AN ET]NAL1 ALL-P[]FUL ,BE+1 ON :OM !Y RECKON !MSELVES DEP5D5T1 & ! LIV+ S\LS ( ! DEAD--NOT FROM FE> ALONE1 BUT = SOME O!R REASONS4 ,& 9 !SE REASONS1 EVID5TLY1 LIES ! ESS5CE ( :AT IS CALL$ RELIGION4 

,MOREOV]1 EV]Y MAN :O HAS EV] FELT ! RELIGI\S S5TIM5T1 IF ONLY 9 *ILDHOOD1 KN[S FROM HIS [N EXP]I5CE ?AT SU* A S5TIM5T HAS ALWAYS BE5 AWAK5$ 9 HIM1 NOT BY EXT]NAL1 T]RIFY+1 MAT]IAL PH5OM5A1 BUT BY AN 9T]NAL CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS [N FRAILTY1 SOLITUDE1 & S9FULNESS1 & CONNECT$ NOT AT ALL ) ANY DREAD ( ! UNKN[N =CES ( ,NATURE4 ,H5CE MAN MAY1 BO? BY EXT]NAL OBS]VATION & BY P]SONAL EXP]I5CE1 ASC]TA9  
?AT RELIGION IS NOT ! WOR%IP ( DEITIES1 EVOK$ BY SUP]/ITI\S FE> ( UNKN[N NATURAL =CES1 & ONLY PROP] TO MANK9D AT A C]TA9 P]IOD ( !IR DEVELOPM5T1 BUT SOME?+ 9DEP5D5T ALTOGE!R ( FE>1 OR ( A DEGREE ( CULTURE1 & NOT  
LIABLE TO DE/RUCTION BY ANY ACCESS ( 5LI<T5M5T2 JU/ AS MAN'S CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS F9ALITY 9 ! 9F9ITE UNIV]SE1 &  
( HIS S9FULNESSS 7I4E41 HIS NON-FULFILLM5T ( ALL HE MI<T & \<T TO HAVE DONE71 ALWAYS HAS EXI/$ & ALWAYS WILL EXI/  
:ILE MAN REMA9S MAN4 

 ,9 TRU?1 EV]Y MAN1 AS SOON AS HE EM]GES FROM ! ANIMAL EXI/5CE ( 9FANCY & *ILDHOOD--DUR+ :I* HE LIVES BY ! PRESSURE ( ?OSE CLAIMS :I* >E PRES5T$ TO HIM BY HIS ANIMAL NATURE--EV]Y MAN :O IS AWAKE TO REASONABLE CONSCI\SNESS CANNOT FAIL TO REM>K H[ ! LIFE AB\T HIM R5EWS ITSELF1 UNDE/ROY$1 & /EADFA/LY SUBORD9ATE TO ONE DEF9ITE ET]NAL LAW2 & ?AT HE ALONE1 SELF-RECOGNIZ$ AS A CREATURE SEP>ATE FROM ! 5TIRE UNIV]SE1 IS CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 TO A DISAPPE>ANCE 9 UNB\ND$ SPACE & LIMITLESS TIME1 & TO ! PA9FUL CONSCI\SNESS ( RESPONSIBILITY = HIS ACTIONS--A CONSCI\SNESS1 SO TO SAY1 ?AT1 HAV+ ACT$ NOT WELL1 HE MI<T HAVE ACT$ BETT]4 ,&1 ) ?IS UND]/&+1 EV]Y REASON+ MAN MU/ /OP1 ?9K1 & ASK HIMSELF--:]E=E ?IS MOM5T>Y1 9DEF9ITE1 UN/ABLE EXI/5CE )9 A UNIV]SE UNCOMPASS$1 ET]NAL1 FIRMLY DEF9$8 

,MAN CANNOT1 :5 HE 5T]S 9TO HIS FULL MEASURE ( LIFE1 ELUDE ?IS QUE/ION4 ,IT CONFRONTS ALL1 & ALL 9 SOME FA%ION ANSW] IT1 & IT IS ?IS ANSW] :I* IS ! ESS5CE ( RELIGION2 ! ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION1 ,:]E=E DO ,I LIVE1 & :AT IS MY RELATION TO ! 9F9ITE UNIV]SE AB\T ME8 ,ALL RELIGI\S METAPHYSICS--!IR TEA*+ AS TO DEITIES1 ! ORIG9 ( EXI/5CE1 EXT]NAL WOR%IP--?\< G5]ALLY TAK5 = RELIGION1 >E ONLY ! V>I\S SIGNS ACCOMPANY+ RELIGION1 & *ANG+ ) A *ANGE 9 ITS GEOGRAPHICAL1 HI/ORICAL1 OR E?NOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS4 ,!RE IS NO RELIGION1 H[EV] CULTUR$1 H[EV] CRUDE1 BUT HAS ITS BEG9N+S 9 ! ASSESSM5T ( ! RELATIONS ( MAN TO ! SURR\ND+ UNIV]SE OR TO ITS FIR/ CAUSE4 ,!RE IS NO C]EMONY ( RELIGION SO RU/IC1 NOR RITUAL SO REF9$1 :I* HAS NOT A LIKE F\NDATION4 ,ALL ! TEA*+ ( RELIGION IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! RELATIONS 9 :I* ! F\ND] ( ! RELIGION REG>DS HIMSELF--& !RE=E ALL MANK9D--AS /&+ T[>DS ! UNIV]SE OR T[>DS ITS ORIG9  
& FIR/ CAUSE4 

,! EXPRESSIONS ( !SE RELATIONS >E V]Y NUM]\S1 & CORRESPOND TO ! CONDITIONS ( RACE & TIME 9 :I* ! F\ND] ( ! RELIGION & ?OSE APPROPRIAT+ IT >E PLAC$4 ,MOREOV]1 !SE EXPRESSIONS >E V>I\SLY MIS9T]PRET$ & DE=M$ BY ! F\ND]'S DISCIPLES1 :O1 (T5 = HUNDR$S1 SOMETIMES = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 >E 9 ADVANCE ( ! UND]/&+ ( ! MASSES4 ,H5CE MANY ACC\NTS APPE> TO EXI/ ( ?IS RELATION (  
MAN TO ! UNIV]SE1 CALL$ RELIGIONS  BUT 9 SUB/ANCE !RE >E ONLY ?REE RELATIONS TO ! UNIV]SE OR ITS FIR/ CAUSE ( AN  
ESS5TIAL QUALITY3 7#a7 ,! PRIMITIVE P]SONAL RELATION2 7#b7 ! PAGAN SOCIAL1 OR FAMILY1 OR ,/ATE RELATION2 7#c7 ! ,*RI/IAN  
OR GODLY RELATION4 ,/RICTLY SPEAK+1 MAN CAN ONLY BE RELAT$ TO ! UNIV]SE 9 TWO WAYS3 ! P]SONAL1 :I* IS ! RECOGNITION ( LIFE AS ! WELF>E ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 SEP>ATELY OR 9 UNION ) O!RS2 & ! ,*RI/IAN1 :I* IS ! RECOGNITION ( LIFE AS ! S]VICE ( ,HIM :O S5T MAN 9TO ! WORLD4 ,! SOCIAL RELATION ( MAN TO ! UNIV]SE IS M]ELY AN 5L>GEM5T ( ! P]SONAL4 

,! FIR/ '( !SE RECOGNITIONS 7OR P]CEPTIONS71 :I* IS ! MO/ ANCI5T1 & :I* IS N[ F\ND ONLY AMONG M5 ( ! L[E/ ORD] ( DEVELOPM5T1 CONSI/S 9 ! CONSID]ATION BY MAN ( HIMSELF AS A SELF-SUFFICI5T BE+1 EXI/+ ) ! SOLE PURPOSE ( OBTA9+ = HIMSELF ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( P]SONAL HAPP9ESS FROM ! WORLD AB\T HIM1 9DIFF]5T TO ! AM\NT ( SUFF]+ ?US 5TAIL$ ON O!R CREATURES4 ,FROM ?IS E>LY CONCEPTION ( A RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE--:I* SUFFICES = EV]Y *ILD1 AS IT SUFFIC$ = HUMANITY ON ! ?RE%OLD ( ITS DEVELOPM5T1 & /ILL SATISFIES MANY SAVAGE TRIBES & M5 ( A CO>SE MORAL FIB]--HAVE PROCE$$ ALL ! ANCI5T HEA!N RELIGIONS1 AS WELL AS ! CORRUPT & L[] =MS ( MORE REC5T RELIGIONS1 AS ,BUDDHISM1.<#b.> ,TAOISM1 ,MOHAMM$ANISM1 & ,*RI/IANITY 9 ITS P]V]T$ ISSUES4 ,TO ?IS SAME P]CEPTION ! MORE MOD]N SPIRITISM [ES ITS ORIG91 BE+ F\ND$ ON ! PRES]VATION & WELF>E ( ! 9DIYIDUAL4 ,ALL HEA!N SUP]/ITIONS1 DIV9ATION1 DEIFICATION ( BE+S 9 BLISSFUL EXI/5CE ) ! ATTRIBUTES ( M51 OR (  
SA9TS 9T]C$+ = M51 ALL SACRIFICES & SUPPLICATIONS = E>?LY ADVANTAGES OR PROTECTION FROM CALAMITY1 PROCE$ FROM ! SAME CONCEPTION ( LIFE4 

,! SECOND OR SOCIAL PAGAN CONCEPTION ( MAN'S RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE1 E/ABLI%$ 9 ! NEXT /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T & NATURAL TO ! /ATE ( MANHOOD1 CONSI/S 9 ! ADMISSION ?AT ! MEAN+ ( LIFE IS TO BE DISCOV]$1 NOT 9 ! HAPP9ESS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT 9 ! WELF>E ( A C]TA9 ASSOCIATION ( !M1 AS ! FAMILY1 TRIBE1 ,/ATE1 NATION1 EV5 HUMANITY 7ACCORD+ TO ! ATTEMPT$ RELIGION ( ! ,POSITIVI/S74 ,9 ?IS P]CEPTION1 ! ATT5TION IS TRANSF]R$ FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! FAMILY1 TRIBE1 ,/ATE1 OR NATION--?AT IS1 TO AN ASSOCIATION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 ! WELF>E ( :OM IS1 9 ?IS CASE1 REG>D$ AS ! OBJECT ( EXI/5CE4 ,ALL PATRI>*AL & SOCIAL RELIGIONS ( A LIKE *>ACT] HAVE !IR ORIG9 9 ?IS CONCEPTION3 ! RELIGIONS ( ! ,*9ESE1 ,JAPANESE1 ( ! *OS5 PEOPLE ( ! ,JEWS1 ! ,/ATE RELIGION ( ! ,ROMANS1 \R [N RELIGION ( ,*UR* & ,/ATE1 DEBAS$ TO ?IS CONNECTION BY ,AUGU/9E1 & WRONGLY CALL$ ,*RI/IAN1 & ! ,POSITIVI/S' HYPO!TICAL RELIGION ( 0HUMANITY40 ,ANCE/OR-WOR%IP 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN1 EMP]OR-WOR%IP 9 ,ROME1 ! MANIFOLD C]EMONIES ( ! ,JEWS TO PRES]VE !IR COV5ANT ) ,GOD1 ALL FAMILY1 SOCIAL1 ,*UR*1 ,*RI/IAN ,TE ,DEUMS = ! WELF>E ( ! ,/ATE1 & = MILIT>Y SUCCESS1 >E F\ND$ ON ?IS SAME CONCEPTION ( ! RELATION (  
MAN TO ! UNIV]SE4 

,! ?IRD CONCEPTION ( ?IS RELATION--! ,*RI/IAN ONE--( :I* EV]Y MAN ( ADVANC$ YE>S IS 9VOLUNT>ILY CONSCI\S1 & UPON :I* HUMANITY1 9 MY OP9ION1 IS N[ 5T]+1 CONSI/S 9 ! ACKN[L$GM5T BY MAN ?AT ! MEAN+ ( LIFE IS NOT TO BE F\ND 9 ! ATTA9M5T ( HIS [N 9DIVIDUAL AIM1 NOR 9 ! ATTA9M5T ( ?AT ( ANY ASSOCIATION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT SOLELY 9 S]V+ ?AT ,SUPREME ,WILL1 :I* HAS PRODUC$ MAN & ! 5TIRE UNIV]SE1 = ! ATTA9M5T1 NOT ( ! AIMS ( MAN1 BUT ( ! ,SUP]IOR ,WILL :I* HAS PRODUC$ HIM4 ,FROM ?IS CONCEPTION1 ! L(TIE/ RELIGI\S TEA*+ KN[N TO US HAS PROCE$$1 G]MS ( :I* EXI/$ 9 ! TEA*+ ( ! ,PY?AGOREANS1 ,!RAPEUTICS1 ,ESS5ES1 ,EGYPTIANS1 ,P]SIANS1 ,BRAHM9S1 ,BUDDHI/S1 & ,TAOI/S1 9 !IR BE/ REPRES5TATIVES1 BUT :I* HAS ONLY RECEIV$ ITS F9AL & FULLE/ EXPRESSION 9 ! TRUE1 UNP]V]T$ 9T]PRETATION ( ,*RI/IANITY4 ,ALL ! RITUAL ( ?OSE ANCI5T RELIGIONS PROCE$+ FROM ?IS CONCEPTION ( LIFE1 ALL ! MOD]N EXT]NAL =MS ( ASSOCIATION ( ! ,UNIT>IANS1 ,UNIV]SALI/S1 ,QUAK]S1 ,NAZ>5ES1 & ,RUSSIAN ,SPIRIT-,WRE/L]S 7,D\KHOBORS71.<#c.> & ALL SO-CALL$ RATIONALI/IC SECTS1 !IR S]MONS1 HYMNS1 9T]C\RSE1 & BOOKS1 >E RELIGI\S MANIFE/ATIONS ( ?IS CONCEPTION ( MAN'S RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE4 

,ALL POSSIBLE RELIGIONS ( EV]Y K9D >E 9EVITABLY DI/RIBUT$ BETWE5 !SE ?REE CONCEPTIONS4 ,EV]Y MAN :O HAS EM]G$ FROM ! ANIMAL CONDITION MU/ 9V>IABLY ADOPT ONE ( !SE CONCEPTIONS ( HIS RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE1 & 9 ?IS ADOPTION CONSI/S ! REAL RELIGION ( EV]Y MAN1 \TSIDE ANY CONFESSION ( FAI? TO :I* HE MAY NOM9ALLY ADH]E4 ,EV]Y MAN 9EVITABLY1 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 PICTURES TO HIMSELF HIS [N RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE1 BECAUSE A RATIONAL BE+ CANNOT LIVE 9 ! WORLD )\T SOME SORT ( CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS RELATION TO IT4 ,& AS ONLY ?REE EXPLANATIONS ( ?IS RELATION HAVE BE5 PRODUC$ BY HUMANITY1 & >E KN[N TO US1 EV]Y MAN MU/ 9EVITABLY HOLD BY ONE ( ! ?REE1 &1 :E!R HE WILL OR NOT1 BELONGS TO ONE ( ! ?REE FUNDAM5TAL RELIGIONS1 AMONG :I* ALL HUMANITY MAY BE DIVID$4 ,& H5CE ! G5]AL ASS]TION MADE BY M5 ( CULTURE 9 ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD ?AT !Y HAVE REA*$ ! SUMMIT ( DEVELOPM5T1 :]E !Y NEI!R HAVE NOR NE$ A RELIGION1 ONLY MEANS ?AT1 R5\NC+ ,*RI/IANITY1 ! ONE RELIGION PROP] TO \R TIME1 !Y HOLD ) ONE ( ! L[] RELIGIONS--EI!R ) ! SOCIAL-FAMILY-,/ATE RELIGION1 OR ) ?AT ( PRIMITIVE HEA!NDOM--)\T BE+ AW>E ( ! T5D5CY !MSELVES4 ,A MAN )\T A RELIGION--?AT IS1 )\T ANY P]CEPTIVE RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE--IS AS IMPOSSIBLE AS A MAN )\T A HE>T4 ,HE MAY BE AS  
UNAW>E ( ! POSSESSION ( ONE AS ( ! O!R1 BUT NEI!R )\T A HE>T NOR )\T A RELIGION CAN MAN EXI/4 ,RELIGION IS ! RELATION :I* MAN ACKN[L$GES T[>DS ! UNIV]SE AB\T HIM1 OR TO ITS S\RCE & FIR/ CAUSE1 & A RATIONAL MAN MU/ P]=CE BE 9 SOME SORT ( P]CEPTIVE RELATION%IP4 

,BUT Y\ MAY P]HAPS SAY ?AT ! DEF9ITION ( MAN'S RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE IS A SUBJECT NOT = RELIGION1 BUT = PHILOSOPHY1 OR1 9 G5]AL1 = SCI5CE1 ALL[+ ?AT ! LATT] T]M 9CLUDES PHILOSOPHY4 ,I DO NOT ?9K SO4 ,I HOLD1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT ! SUPPOSITION ?AT SCI5CE 9 ITS WIDE/ S5SE1 9CLUD+  
PHILOSOPHY1 %\LD DEF9E ! RELATION ( MAN TO ! UNIV]SE IS ALTOGE!R ]RONE\S1 & ! *IEF S\RCE ( DISORD] 9 ! IDEAS ( \R $UCAT$ SOCIETY AS TO RELIGION1 SCI5CE1 & MORALITY4 ,SCI5CE1 9CLUD+ PHILOSOPHY1 CANNOT DEF9E ! RELATION ( MANK9D TO ! 9F9ITE UNIV]SE OR TO ITS S\RCE2 IF ONLY BECAUSE1 BE=E ANY SORT ( SCI5CE OR ( PHILOSOPHY C\LD HAVE BE5 =MULAT$1 A CONCEPTION ( SOME SORT ( RELATION%IP ( MAN TO ! UNIV]SE1 )\T :I* NO K9D ( M5TAL ACTIVITY IS POSSIBLE1 MU/ HAVE EXI/$4 ,AS A MAN CANNOT BY ANY K9D ( MOVEM5T DISCOV] ! DIRECTION 9 :I* HE MU/ MOVE1 YET ALL MOVEM5T IS MADE 9EVITABLY 9 SOME GIV5 DIRECTION1 SO IT IS IMPOSSIBLE1 BY ! M5TAL EF=TS ( PHILOSOPHY OR ( SCI5CE1 TO DISCOV] ! DIRECTION 9 :I* ?IS EF=T %\LD BE MADE1 BUT EV]Y M5TAL  
EF=T IS 9EVITABLY ACCOMPLI%$ 9 SOME DIRECTION :I* HAS BE5 GIV5 IT ALREADY4 ,& ?IS DIRECTION = ALL M5TAL EF=T IS ALWAYS 9DICAT$ BY RELIGION4 ,ALL PHILOSOPHIES KN[N TO US1 FROM ,PLATO TO ,S*OP5HAU]1 HAVE FOLL[$ 9EVITABLY ! DIRECTION GIV5 BY RELIGION4 

,! PHILOSOPHY ( ,PLATO & ( HIS FOLL[]S WAS A PAGAN SY/EM TO PROCURE ! MAXIMUM ( HAPP9ESS1 AS WELL = ! 9DIVIDUAL AS = ! ASSOCIATION ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! =M ( A ,/ATE4 ,! ,*UR*-,*RI/IAN PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 BAS$ ON ! SAME PAGAN CONCEPTION ( EXI/5CE1 9VE/IGAT$ MEANS ( SALVATION = ! 9DIVIDUAL--?AT IS1 ! MEANS = PROCUR+ HIS BE/ ADVANTAGE 9 A FUTURE LIFE--& ONLY 9 ITS !OCRATIC 5DEAVORS DID IT T\* ON ! WELF>E ( SOCIETIES4 ,! MOD]N PHILOSOPHY ( ,HEGEL1 AS WELL AS ?AT ( ,COMTE1 IS F\ND$ ON ! ,/ATE-SOCIAL-RELIGI\S CONCEPTION ( EXI/5CE4 ,! PESSIMI/IC PHILOSOPHY ( ,S*OP5HAU] & ,H>TMANN1 :I* DESIR$ TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! ,JEWI% RELIGI\S CONCEPTION1 BECAME UNWITT+LY SUBJECT TO ! BASIS ( ,BUDDHISM4 ,PHILOSOPHY ALWAYS HAS BE5 & ALWAYS WILL BE M]ELY ! 9VE/IGATION ( ! RESULTS ( ! RELATION ( MAN TO ! UNIV]SE 9CULCAT$ BY RELIGION1 = UNTIL ?IS CONCEPTION IS ACQUIR$ !RE IS NO MAT]IAL = PHILOSOPHICAL 9VE/IGATION4 

 ,IT IS JU/ ! SAME ) POSITIVE SCI5CE 9 ! /RICT MEAN+ ( ! T]M4 ,SU* A SCI5CE ALWAYS HAS BE51 & ALWAYS WILL BE1 M]ELY ! 9VE/IGATION ( SU* OBJECTS & PH5OM5A AS APPE> TO DEM& 9QUIRY 9 CONSEQU5CE ( A C]TA9 CONCEPTION ( ! RELATION ( MAN TO ! UNIV]SE 9/ITUT$ BY RELIGION4 ,SCI5CE ALWAYS HAS BE51 & ALWAYS WILL BE1 NOT ! /UDY ( 0EV]Y?+10 AS M5 ( SCI5CE AT PRES5T NAIVELY IMAG9E 7A ?+ :I* IS1 MOREOV]1 IMPOSSIBLE1 AS ! SUBJECTS 9 ! SCOPE ( /UDY >E 9NUM]ABLE71 BUT ONLY ( ?OSE ?+S :I*1 9 ORD] & ACCORD+ TO !IR DEGREE ( IMPORTANCE1 RELIGION SELECTS FROM ! 9F9ITE OBJECTS1 PH5OM5A1 & CIRCUM/ANCES1 9TO :I* 9QUIRY MAY BE MADE4 

,& H5CE !RE IS NOT ONE SCI5CE1 BUT AS MANY SCI5CES AS !RE >E RELIGIONS4 ,EA* RELIGION SELECTS A C]TA9 CIRCLE ( SUBJECTS :I* MU/ BE /UDI$1 & H5CE ! SCI5CE ( EV]Y TIME & NATION 9EVITABLY BE>S ! *>ACT] ( ITS RELIGION 9 ! PO9T ( VIEW FROM :I* ITS EXAM9ATION IS MADE4 ,SO ! PAGAN SCI5CE1 RE9/ITUT$ AT ! ,R5AISSANCE1 & FL\RI%+ AT PRES5T AMONG US UND] ! TITLE ( ,*RI/IAN1 ALWAYS HAS BE51 & CONT9UES TO BE1 M]ELY AN 9VE/IGATION ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES BY :I* MAN MAY  
ATTA9 ! HI<E/ WELF>E1 & ( ?OSE PH5OM5A ( ! UNIV]SE :I* MAY BE PUT UND] CONTRIBUTION TO ! SAME 5D4 ,! PHILOSOPHICAL SCI5CE ( ,BRAHM9 & ,BUDDHI/ HAS ALWAYS BE5 M]ELY ! 9VE/IGATION ( CIRCUM/ANCES BY :I* MAN MAY BE DELIV]$ FROM ! MIS]IES :I* OPPRESS HIM4 ,! ,JEWI% SCI5CE 7( ! ,TALMUD7 HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! /UDY & EXPLANATION ( ?OSE CONDITIONS :I* MU/ BE OBS]V$ BY MAN 9 ORD] TO RATIFY HIS COV5ANT ) ,GOD1 & TO PRES]VE ! *OS5 NATION AT ! HI<E/ LEVEL ( ITS ELECTION4 ,! ,*UR*-,*RI/IAN  
SCI5CE WAS & IS ! 9VE/IGATION ( ?OSE CIRCUM/ANCES BY :I* MAN PROCURES HIS SALVATION4 ,! TRUE ,*RI/IAN SCI5CE1 ?AT :I* IS BUT JU/ AT ! BIR?1 IS ! 9VE/IGATION ( ?OSE CIRCUM/ANCES BY :I* MAN MAY BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) ! DEM&S ( ! ,SUPREME ,WILL1 :OSE 9/RUM5T HE IS1 & H[ HE MAY FIT !M TO HIS EXI/5CE4 

,NEI!R PHILOSOPHY NOR SCI5CE CAN 9/ITUTE ! RELATION ( MAN TO ! UNIV]SE1 BECAUSE SU* RECIPROCITY MU/ HAVE EXI/5CE BE=E ANY K9D ( SCI5CE OR PHILOSOPHY CAN BEG92 S9CE EA* 9VE/IGATES PH5OM5A BY MEANS ( ! 9TELLECT1 & 9DEP5D5T ( ! POSITION OR S5SATIONS ( ! 9VE/IGATOR2 :]EAS ! RELATION ( MAN TO ! UNIV]SE IS DEF9$1 NOT BY ! 9TELLECT ALONE1 BUT BY HIS S5SITIVE P]CEPTION1 AID$ BY ALL HIS SPIRITUAL P[]S4 ,H[EV] MU* ONE MAY ASSURE & 9/RUCT A MAN ?AT ALL REAL EXI/5CE IS AN IDEA ONLY1 ?AT MATT] IS MADE UP ( ATOMS1 ?AT ! ESS5CE ( LIFE IS CORPORALITY OR WILL1 ?AT HEAT1 LI<T1 MOVEM5T1 ELECTRICITY >E DIFF]5T  MANIFE/ATIONS ( ONE & ! SAME 5]GY1 ONE  
CANNOT !REBY EXPLA9 TO A BE+ ) PA9S1 PLEASURES1 FE>S1 & HOPES1 HIS POSITION 9 ! UNIV]SE4 ,?AT POSITION1 & HIS CONSEQU5T RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE1 IS EXPLA9$ ONLY BY RELIGION1 :I* SAYS1 0,! UNIV]SE EXI/S = !E1 & !RE=E TAKE FROM LIFE ALL ?AT ?\ CAN/ OBTA920 OR ELSE1 0,?\ >T ONE ( ! FAVORITE PEOPLE ( ,GOD2 S]VE ?AT PEOPLE1 & ACCOMPLI% ! 9/RUCTIONS ( ?AT ,GOD1 & ?\ & ?Y PEOPLE %ALL BE  
P>TAK]S ( ! HI<E/ BLISS20 OR ELSE1 0,?\ >T ! 9/RUM5T ( A ,SUPREME ,WILL1 :I* HAS S5T !E 9TO ! UNIV]SE TO ACCOMPLI% A WORK PR$E/9$ = !E2 LE>N ?AT WILL1 & DO IT1 & ?\ WILT DO = ?YSELF ! BE/ ?AT ?\ CAN/ DO40 

,TO UND]/& PHILOSOPHY & SCI5CE1 ONE NE$S /UDY & PREP>ATION1 BUT NEI!R IS REQUIR$ = ! UND]/&+ ( RELIGION3 ?AT IS AT ONCE COMPREH5SIBLE TO EV]Y MAN1 :ATEV] HIS IGNORANCE & LIMITATIONS4 ,A MAN NE$ ACQUIRE NEI!R PHILOSOPHY NOR SCI5CE TO UND]/& HIS RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE1 OR TO ITS S\RCE2 A SUP]FLUITY ( KN[L$GE1 5CUMB]+ HIS CONSCI\SNESS1 IS RA!R AN IMP$IM5T2 BUT HE MU/ R5\NCE1 IF ONLY = ! TIME1 ! VANITY ( ! WORLD1 & ACQUIRE A S5SE ( HIS MAT]IAL FRAILTY & ( TRU?1 :I* >E1 AS ! ,GOSPELS TELL US1 TO BE F\ND MO/ (T5 9 *ILDR5 & 9 ! SIMPLE/1 MO/ UNLE>N$1 ( M54 ,= ?IS REASON WE SEE ! MO/ SIMPLE1 IGNORANT & UNTAU<T M5 ACCEPT CLE>LY1 CONSCI\SLY1 & EASILY ! HI<E/ ,*RI/IAN CONCEPTION ( LIFE1 :]EAS ! MO/ LE>N$  
& CULTUR$ L+] 9 CRUDE PAGANISM4 ,AS1 = EXAMPLE1 WE OBS]VE M5 ( REF9EM5T & $UCATION :OSE CONCEPTION ( EXI/5CE IS ! ACQUIREM5T ( P]SONAL PLEASURE OR SECURITY FROM PA91 AS ) ! %REWD & CULTUR$ ,S*OP5HAU]1 OR 9 ! SALVATION ( ! S\L BY SACRAM5TS & MEANS ( GRACE1 AS ) LE>N$ BI%OPS ( ! ,*UR*2 :]EAS AN ALMO/ ILLIT]ATE SECT>IAN PEASANT 9 ,RUSSIA1 )\T ! SLI<TE/ M5TAL EF=T1 A*IEVES ! SAME CONCEPTION ( LIFE AS WAS ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! GREATE/ SAGES ( ! WORLD--,EPICTETUS1 ,M>CUS ,AURELIUS1 ,S5ECA--NAMELY1 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ONE'S BE+ AS ! 9/RUM5T ( ! WILL ( ,GOD--! SON ( ,GOD4 

,BUT Y\ MAY ASK ME3 ,9 :AT1 !N1 DOES ! ESS5CE ( ?IS UNSCI5TIFIC & UNPHILOSOPHICAL KN[L$GE CONSI/8 ,IF IT BE NEI!R SCI5TIFIC NOR PHILOSOPHICAL1 ( :AT SORT IS IT8 ,H[ IS IT TO BE DEF9$8 ,TO !SE QUE/IONS ,I CAN ONLY REPLY ?AT AS RELIGI\S KN[L$GE IS ?AT :I* PREC$ES1 & UPON :I* IS F\ND$1 EV]Y O!R KN[L$GE1 IT CANNOT BE DEF9$1 !RE BE+ NO MEANS ( DEF9ITION 9 EXI/5CE4 ,9 !OLOGICAL LANGUAGE ?IS KN[L$GE IS CALL$ REVELATION4 ,& ?IS WORD1 IF WE DO NOT GIVE IT ANY MY/IC MEAN+1 IS QUITE ACCURATE2 BECAUSE ?IS KN[L$GE IS NOT ACQUIR$ BY /UDY1 NOR BY ! EF=TS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ?R\< ! RECEPTION BY !M ( ! MANIFE/ATION ( ! ,9F9ITE ,M9D1 :I*1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 DISCLOSES ITSELF TO M54 ,:Y IS IT ?AT  
T5 ?\S& YE>S AGO M5 W]E UNABLE TO UND]/& ?AT ! MEAN+ ( !IR LIFE WAS NOT EXHAU/$ BY ! WELF>E ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & ?AT LAT] CAME A TIME :5 ! HI<] FAMILY-SOCIAL-,/ATE-NATIONAL CONCEPTION ( LIFE WAS DISCLOS$ TO MANK9D8  
,:Y IS IT ?AT1 )9 ! LIMITS ( HI/ORICAL MEMORY1 ! ,*RI/IAN CONCEPTION ( LIFE HAS BE5 DISCLOS$ TO M58 ,& :Y HAS IT BE5 DISCLOS$ TO SU* A MAN OR M51 & PRECISELY AT SU* A TIME1 AT SU* & NO O!R PLACE1 9 SU* & NO O!R =M8 

,TO TRY TO ANSW] !SE QUE/IONS BY SE>*+ = !IR REASONS 9 ! HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! TIME1 LIFE1 & *>ACT] & SPECIAL QUALITIES ( ?OSE M5 :O FIR/ ACCEPT$ & EXPRESS$ ?IS CONCEPTION ( LIFE1 IS AS ?\< ONE W]E TO TRY TO PROVE :Y ! RIS+ SUN FIR/ CA/S HIS RAYS ON C]TA9 OBJECTS4 ,! SUN ( TRU?1 RIS+ HI<] & HI<] UPON ! WORLD1 5LI<T5S IT EV] FUR!R1 & IS REFLECT$ BY ?OSE =MS ON :I* FIR/ FALL ! ILLUM9ATION ( ITS RAYS1 & :I* >E MO/ CAPABLE ( REFLECT+ !M4 ,! QUALITIES :I* GIVE TO SOME ! P[] ( RECEIV+ ! RIS+ TRU? >E NO SPECIAL ACTIVITIES ( ! M9D1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 >E RA!R PASSIVE QUALITIES ( ! HE>T1 SELDOM CORRESPOND+ TO A GREAT & 9QUISITIVE 9TELLECT4 ,REJECTION ( ! VANITIES ( ! WORLD1 A S5SE ( ONE'S MAT]IAL FRAILTY1 & ( TRU?FULNESS1 >E :AT WE OBS]VE 9 EV]Y F\ND] ( A RELIGION1 NONE ( :OM HAVE BE5 DI/+UI%$ BY PHILOSOPHICAL OR SCI5TIFIC ACQUIREM5T4 

,9 MY OP9ION1 ! *IEF ]ROR1 :I*1 MORE ?AN ALL ELSE1 IMP$ES ! TRUE PROGRESS ( ,*RI/IAN HUMANITY1 IS PRECISELY ! FACT ?AT ! SCI5TIFIC M5 ( \R TIME1 :O >E N[ 9 ! SEAT ( ,MOSES1 BE+ GUID$ BY ! PAGAN CONCEPTION ( LIFE REVIV$ AT ! ,R5AISSANCE1 & HAV+ ACCEPT$ AS ! ESS5CE ( ,*RI/IANITY ITS CRUDE/ DI/ORTIONS1 & HAV+ DECID$ ?AT IT IS A CONDITION ALREADY \TWORN BY MANK9D 7:ILE !Y CONSID]1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT ! ANCI5T SOCIAL-,/ATE CONCEPTION ( PAGANISM1 :I* IS 9DE$ \TWORN1 IS ! L(TIE/ CONCEPTION & ONE ?AT %\LD /EADFA/LY BE HELD BY HUMANITY71 !SE M5 NOT ONLY DO NOT UND]/& TRUE ,*RI/IANITY1 :I* COMPRISES ?AT MO/ P]FECT CONCEPTION ( LIFE T[>DS :I* ALL HUMANITY IS ADVANC+1 BUT !Y DO NOT EV5 TRY TO UND]/& IT4 

,! *IEF S\RCE ( ?IS MISUND]/&+ >ISES FROM ! FACT ?AT M5 ( SCI5CE1 HAV+ DIV]G$ FROM ,*RI/IANITY1 & SE5 ?AT !IR SCI5CE CANNOT CON=M TO IT1 HAVE AGRE$ ?AT ,*RI/IANITY & NOT SCI5CE MU/ BE AT FAULT3 ?AT IS1 !Y HAVE ASSUM$1 NOT ! FACT ?AT SCI5CE IS #ah YE>S BEH9D ,*RI/IANITY1 :I* EMBRAC$ ! GREAT] P>T ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY1 BUT ?AT IT IS ,*RI/IANITY :I* IS #ah YE>S 9 >RE>4 ,FROM ?IS DI/ORTION ( FACTS >ISES ! CURI\S  CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT NO PEOPLE HAVE MORE 5TANGL$ IDEAS AS TO ! ESS5CE ( TRUE KN[L$GE1 RELIGION1 MORALITY1 & EXI/5CE ?AN M5 ( SCI5CE1 & TIIE YET MORE CURI\S FACT ?AT ! SCI5CE ( \R TIME1 DESPITE ALL ITS SUCCESSES 9 EXAM9+ ! PH5OM5A ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 APPE>S TO BE1 AS TO HUMAN EXI/5CE1 EI!R UNNECESS>Y OR PRODUCTIVE ( M]ELY P]NICI\S RESULTS4 ,& H5CE ,I HOLD ?AT IT IS NEI!R PHILOSOPHY NOR SCI5CE :I* CAN DET]M9E ! RELATION ( MAN TO ! UNIV]SE1 BUT ONLY RELIGION4 

,& SO ,I ANSW] Y\R FIR/ QUE/ION1 AS TO :AT ,I UND]/& BY ! WORD 0RELIGION10 ?US--,RELIGION IS A C]TA9 RELATION ( MAN TO ! ET]NAL1 9F9ITE UNIV]SE1 ITS ORIG9 & S\RCE4 ,\T ( ?IS REPLY TO Y\R FIR/ QUE/ION FOLL[S NATURALLY ?AT TO ! SECOND4 ,IF RELIGION IS A DEF9ITE RELATION ( MAN TO ! UNIV]SE :I* DET]M9ES ! MEAN+ ( HIS LIFE1 MORALITY IS ! 9DEX & EXPLANATION ( MAN'S ACTIVITY :I* NATURALLY FL[S FROM ONE OR O!R P]CEIV$ RELATION4 ,& AS WE RECOGNIZE ONLY TWO ( !SE P]CEPTIONS1 IF WE 9CLUDE ! PAGAN-SOCIAL AS ! 5L>GEM5T ( ! P]SONAL RELATION1 OR ?REE1 IF WE CONSID] IT AP>T1 SO !RE EXI/ BUT ?REE MORAL TEA*+S3 ! PRIMITIVE1 SAVAGE1 9DIVIDUALI/IC2 ! PAGAN-FAMILY-,/ATE OR SOCIAL2 & ! ,*RI/IAN OR GODLY1 TEA*+ MAN'S SUBS]VI5CE TO ! UNIV]SE OR TO ,GOD4 

,FROM ! FIR/ CONCEPTION ( MAN'S RELATION%IP PROCE$S ! MORALITY COMMON TO ALL PAGAN RELIGIONS :OSE ESS5TIAL T5D5CY IS ! WELF>E ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & :I*1 !RE=E1 DEF9ES EV]Y CONDITION CAPABLE ( PRODUC+ ?AT WELF>E & ! MEANS BY :I* IT MAY BE PROCUR$4 

,FROM ?IS P]CEPTION ( MAN'S RELATION%IP HAVE PROCE$$ ! PAGAN MORALITIES2 ! ,EPICUREAN 9 ITS L[E/ MANIFE/ATION2 ! ,MOHAMM$AN1 PROMIS+ ! WELF>E ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 ?IS & ! NEXT WORLD2 ! ,*UR*-,*RI/IAN1 ) SALVATION = ITS OBJECT--?AT IS1 ! WELF>E ( ! 9DIVIDUAL *IEFLY 9 ! WORLD TO COME2 & ! WORLDLY UTILIT>IAN1 HAV+ = ITS OBJECT ! WELF>E ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 ?IS WORLD ALONE4 

,FROM ?IS SAME CONCEPTION1 :I* PROCLAIMS ! WELF>E ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & H5CE HIS IMMUNITY FROM PA91 AS ! OBJECT ( HIS EXI/5CE1 PROCE$S ! ,BUDDHI/ MORALITY 9 ITS CRUDE/ ASPECT &  
! WORLDLY TEA*+ ( ! PESSIMI/S4 

,FROM ! SECOND PAGAN CONCEPTION1 :I* PROCLAIMS ! WELF>E ( A C]TA9 ASSOCIATION ( 9DIVIDUALS AS ! OBJECT ( EXI/5CE1 PROCE$ ?OSE MORAL TEA*+S :I* DEM& FROM MANK9D SUBS]VI5CE TO ?AT P>TICUL> ASSOCIATION1 ! WELF>E ( :I* IS ACCEPT$ AS ! AIM ( LIFE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS MORALITY1 SU* AM\NT ( P]SONAL WELF>E IS ALONE P]MITT$ AS MAY BE PROCURABLE = ! 5TIRE ASSOCIATION :I* =MS ! RELIGI\S BASE ( EXI/5CE4 

,FROM ?IS RELATION ( MAN TO ! UNIV]SE PROCE$ SU* MORAL TEA*+S ( ! ,GREEK & ,ROMAN WORLD AS >E KN[N TO US1 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL IS ALWAYS SACRIFIC$ TO SOCIETY2 ! MORAL TEA*+ ( ,*9A2 ! ,JEWI% MORALITY ( P]SONAL SUBJECTION TO ! WELF>E ( ! *OS5 PEOPLE2 & ! ,*UR*-,/ATE-MORAL TEA*+ ( \R [N TIME :I* DEM&S ! SACRIFICE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! WELF>E ( ! ,/ATE4 

,FROM ?IS SAME CONCEPTION PROCE$S ALSO ! MORALITY ( ! MAJORITY ( WOM51 SACRIFIC+ !IR 9DIVIDUALITY TO ! WELF>E ( ! FAMILY1 & ESPECIALLY ( !IR *ILDR54 ,ALL ANCI5T HI/ORY1 & 9 P>T ?AT ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 & ( ! MOD]N ]A1 IS FULL ( ! EXPLOITS ( ?IS FAMILY-SOCIAL & ,/ATE MORALITY4 ,&1 AT ! PRES5T TIME1 MO/ M5 ONLY IMAG9E !Y PR(ESS ,*RI/IANITY & HOLD ! ,*RI/IAN MORALITY1 BUT 9 REALITY !Y FOLL[ ?IS FAMILY-,/ATE MORALITY ( PAGANISM4 ,& ?IS MORALITY !Y ELEVATE 9TO AN IDEAL 9 ! $UCATION ( ! Y\NG4 

,FROM ! ?IRD CONCEPTION ( MAN'S RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE--NAMELY1 !  
ACKN[L$GM5T BY MAN ( HIS EXI/5CE AS AN 9/RUM5T ( ! ,SUPREME ,WILL = ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ITS DESIGNS--PROCE$S ! MORALITY CORRESPOND+ TO ?IS CONCEPTION1 :I* EXPLA9S ! DEP5D5CE ( MAN ON ! ,SUPREME ,WILL1 & DET]M9ES ! DEM&S ( ?IS ,WILL4 ,FROM ?IS P]CEPTION1 PROCE$S ! L(TIE/ MORALITY KN[N TO MAN--! ,PY?AGOREAN ,/OIC1 ,BUDDHI/1 ,BRAHM91 & ,TAOI/--9 !IR BE/ ASPECTS1 & ! ,*RI/IAN TEA*+ 9 ITS REAL S5SE1 :I* DEM&S ! R5UNCIATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL1 & ( ! WELF>E1 NOT ONLY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT ( FAMILY1 SOCIETY1 & ,/ATE1 9 ! NAME ( ! FULFILLM5T ( ,HIS WILL :O GAVE US ! EXI/5CE :I* \R CONSCI\SNESS HAS DISCLOS$4 

,FROM ONE ( !SE P]CEPTIONS ( MAN'S RELATION%IP TO ! 9F9ITE UNIV]SE OR ITS FIR/ CAUSE PROCE$S ! TRUE1 S9C]E MORALITY ( EV]Y MAN1 9 SPITE ( :AT HE NOM9ALLY PR(ESSES OR PREA*ES AS MORALITY OR ! APPE>ANCE HE DESIRES TO CONVEY4 

,SO ?AT A MAN :O ACKN[L$GES ?AT ! ESS5CE ( HIS RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE CONSI/S 9 ! ACQUIREM5T ( ! GREATE/ WELF>E = HIMSELF1 H[EV] MU* HE MAY PRATE ( ! MORALITY ( LIV+ = FAMILY1 SOCIETY4 ,/ATE1 HUMANITY1 OR ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ! WILL ( ,GOD 7?\< HE MAY BE CLEV] 5\< BY FEIGN+ TO DECEIVE HIS FELL[S71 ! REAL MOTIVE ( HIS ACTIVITY WILL ALWAYS BE ! WELF>E ( HIMSELF1 SO ?AT1 :5 OCCASION >ISES = *OICE1 HE WILL SACRIFICE1 NOT HIMSELF = HIS FAMILY1 NATION1 OR ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ,GOD'S WILL1 BUT EV]Y?+ = HIMSELF1 BECAUSE HIS CONCEPTION ( EXI/5CE BE+ C5T]$ 9 HIS [N WELF>E1 HE CANNOT ACT O!RWISE TILL ! CONCEPTION ( HIS RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE UND]GOES A *ANGE4 

,9 ! SAME WAY1 H[EV] MU* A MAN1 ! CONCEPTION ( :OSE RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE CONSI/S 9 ! S]VICE ( HIS FAMILY 7AS IS ! CASE ) MO/ WOM571 TRIBE1 C\NTRY1 OR NATION 7AS ?OSE ( OPPRESS$ NATIONALITIES1 OR POLITICAL WORK]S 9 TIMES ( CONT5TION71 MAY SAY ?AT HE IS A ,*RI/IAN1 HIS MORALITY WILL ALWAYS REMA9 A FAMILY1 NATIONAL1 OR ,/ATE MORALITY1 NOT A ,*RI/IAN2 & :5 ! NECESSITY >ISES = *OOS+ BETWE5 ! WELF>E ( FAMILY OR ( SOCIETY & ?AT ( HIMSELF1 OR BETWE5 SOCIAL WELF>E & ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ,GOD'S WILL1 HE WILL 9EVITABLY *OOSE TO S]VE ! WELF>E ( ?AT ASSOCIATION ( HIS FELL[S = :I* HE1 ACCORD+ TO HIS CONCEPTION ( LIFE1 EXI/S2 BECAUSE ONLY 9 SU* S]VICE DOES HE DISCOV] ! MEAN+ ( HIS EXI/5CE4 ,&1 SIMIL>LY1 H[EV] MU* Y\ MAY ASSURE A MAN1 :O CONSID]S ?AT HIS RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE CONSI/S 9 ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ! ,WILL ( ,HIM ?AT S5T HIM1 ?AT HE MU/1 9 ! 9T]E/ ( P]SON1 FAMILY4 ,/ATE1 NATION1 OR HUMANITY1 DO ?AT :I* CONTRADICTS ?IS ,SUP]IOR ,WILL1 ( :I* HE IS CONSCI\S ?R\< ! REASON & LOVE ) :I* HE IS EQUIPP$1 HE WILL ALWAYS SACRIFICE P]SONS1 FAMILY1 C\NTRY1 OR HUMANITY RA!R ?AN BE UNFAI?FUL TO ! ,WILL ( ,HIM ?AT S5T HIM1 BECAUSE ONLY BY ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ?IS ,WILL DOES HE REALIZE HIS CONCEPTION ( LIFE4 

,MORALITY CANNOT BE 9DEP5D5T ( RELIGION1 BECAUSE1 NOT ONLY IS IT ! \TCOME ( RELIGION--?AT IS1 ( ?AT CONCEPTION BY MAN ( HIS RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE--BUT BECAUSE IT IS ALREADY IMPLI$ BY RELIGION4 ,ALL RELIGION IS A REPLY TO ! QUE/ION1 ,:AT IS ! MEAN+ ( MY LIFE8 ,& ! RELIGI\S ANSW] ALWAYS 9CLUDES A C]TA9 MORAL DEM&1 :I* MAY SOMETIMES FOLL[ ! EXPLANATION ( ?IS CONCEPTION1 SOMETIMES PREC$E IT4 ,! QUE/ION MAY BE ANSW]$ ?US--,! MEAN+ ( LIFE IS 9 ! WELF>E ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 !RE=E PR(IT BY EV]Y ADVANTAGE ACCESSIBLE TO !E2 OR1 ,! MEAN+ ( LIFE IS 9 ! WELF>E ( AN ASSOCIATION1 S]VE !RE=E ?AT ASSOCIATION ) ALL ?Y P[]2 OR1 ,! MEAN+ ( LIFE IS 9 ! FULFILLM5T ( ! 0,WILL ( ,HIM ?AT S5T !E1 !RE=E TRY1 ) ALL ?Y P[]1 TO LE>N ?AT ,WILL & TO DO IT4 ,& ! SAME QUE/ION MAY BE ANSW]$ ?US--,! MEAN+ ( ?Y LIFE IS 9 ?Y P]SONAL PLEASURE1 & ?AT IS ! TRUE DE/9Y ( MAN2 OR1 ,! MEAN+ ( LIFE IS 9 ! S]VICE ( ?AT ASSOCIATION ( :I* ?\ CONSID]E/ ?YSELF A MEMB]1 = ?AT IS ?Y DE/9Y2 OR1 ,! MEAN+ ( LIFE IS 9 ! S]VICE ( ,GOD1 S9CE = ?AT ?\ HA/ BE5 MADE4 

,MORALITY IS 9CLUD$ 9 ! EXPLANATION ( LIFE :I* RELIGION (F]S US1 & !RE=E CANNOT POSSIBLY BE DIVORC$ FROM IT4 ,?IS TRU? IS ESPECIALLY EVID5T 9 ?OSE ATTEMPTS ( NON-,*RI/IAN PHILOSOPH]S TO  
D$UCE ! 9CULCATION ( ! L(TIE/ MORALITY FROM !IR PHILOSOPHY4 ,!SE TEA*]S SEE ?AT ,*RI/IAN MORALITY IS 9DISP5SABLE2 ?AT EXI/5CE )\T IT IS IMPOSSIBLE2 MORE1 !Y SEE ?AT SU* A MORALITY DOES EXI/1 & !Y DESIRE 9 SOME MANN] TO ATTA* IT TO !IR  NON-,*RI/IAN PHILOSOPHY1 & EV5 SO TO REPRES5T ?+S ?AT IT MAY APPE> AS IF ,*RI/IAN MORALITY W]E ! NATURAL \TCOME ( !IR HEA!N OR SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY4 ,& !Y MAKE ! ATTEMPT1 BUT !IR V]Y EF=TS EXHIBIT MORE CLE>LY ?AN ANY?+ ELSE1 NOT ONLY ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,*RI/IAN MORALITY1 BUT ITS COMPLETE CONTRADICTION ( ! PHILOSOPHY ( 9DIVIDUAL WELF>E1 ( ESCAPE FROM P]SONAL SUFF]+1 ( ! WELF>E ( SOCIETY4 

,*RI/IAN E?ICS1 ?AT ( :I* WE BECOME CONSCI\S BY A RELIGI\S CONCEPTION ( LIFE1 DEM& NOT ONLY ! SACRIFICE ( P]SONALITY TO AN AGGREGATE ( P]SONS1 BUT ( ONE'S [N P]SON & ANY AGGREGATE ( P]SONS TO ! S]VICE ( ,GOD4 ,:]EAS1 HEA!N PHILOSOPHY1 9VE/IGAT+ ! MEANS BY :I* ! WELF>E ( ! 9DIVIDUAL OR ( AN ASSOCIATION ( 9DIVIDUALS MAY BE A*IEV$1 9EVITABLY CONTRADICTS ! ,*RI/IAN IDEAL4 ,PAGAN PHILOSOPHY HAS BUT ONE ME?OD = CONCEAL+ ?IS DISCREPANCY2 IT HEAPS UP AB/RACT CONDITIONAL NOTIONS1 ONE UPON ! O!R1 & REFUSES TO EM]GE FROM ! MI/Y REGION ( METAPHYSICS4 ,*IEFLY AFT] ?IS MANN] WAS ! BEHAVIOR ( ! PHILOSOPH]S S9CE ! ,R5AISSANCE1 & TO ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE--NAMELY1 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( RECONCIL+ ! DEM&S ( ,*RI/IAN MORALITY ALREADY RECOGNIZ$ AS EXI/+1 ) PHILOSOPHY UPON A HEA!N BASIS--ONE MU/ ATTRIBUTE ?AT AWFUL AB/RACTION1 UNCLE>NESS1 9COMPREH5SIBILITY1 E/RANGEM5T FROM LIFE1 ( ! NEW PHILOSOPHY4 

 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( ,SP9OZA1 :OSE PHILOSOPHY PROCE$$ FROM A RELIGI\S & TRULY ,*RI/IAN BASIS1 AL?\< HE IS NOT COMMONLY RECKON$ A ,*RI/IAN1 & ( ,KANT1 A GIFT$ G5IUS :O RESOLUTELY CONDUCT$ HIS E?ICS 9DEP5D5T ( HIS METAPHYSICS2 ) !SE TWO EXCEPTIONS1 EV]Y O!R PHILOSOPH]1 EV5 ! BRILLIANT ,S*OP5HAU]1 MANIFE/LY DEVIS$ >TIFICIAL CONNECTIONS BETWE5 !IR E?ICS & !IR METAPHYSICS4 ,ONE FEELS ?AT ,*RI/IAN E?ICS HAVE AN ORIG9AL & FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ /&PO9T 9DEP5D5T ( PHILOSOPHY1 & NE$+ NOT AT ALL ! FICTITI\S PROPS PLAC$ B5EA? IT1 & ?AT PHILOSOPHY 9V5TS SU* /ATEM5TS NOT ONLY TO AVOID AN APPE>ANCE ( CONTRADICTION1 BUT APP>5TLY TO 9VOLVE A NATURAL CONNECTION & \TCOME4 

,BUT ALL !SE /ATEM5TS ONLY SEEM TO JU/IFY ,*RI/IAN E?ICS :ILE !Y >E CONSID]$ 9 ! AB/RACT4 ,! MOM5T !Y >E FITT$ TO QUE/IONS ( PRACTICAL EXI/5CE1 !N NOT ONLY DOES !IR DISAGREEM5T BECOME VISIBLE 9 ALL ITS =CE1 BUT ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS & ?AT :I* WE REG>D AS MORALITY IS MADE MANIFE/4 ,! UNHAPPY ,NIETZ*E1 :O HAS LATELY BECOME SO CELEBRAT$1 IS ESPECIALLY NOTICEABLE AS AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS CONTRADICTION4 ,HE IS IRREFUTABLE :5 HE SAYS ?AT ALL RULES ( MORALITY1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! EXI/5T NON-,*RI/IAN PHILOSOPHY1 >E NO?+ BUT FALSEHOOD & HYPOCRISY1 & ?AT IT IS MU* MORE ADVANTAGE\S1 PLEASANT1 & REASONABLE = A MAN TO CREATE A SOCIETY ( ,UEB]M5S*1 & TO BECOME ONE ( ITS MEMB]S1 ?AN TO BE ONE ( A CR[D :I* MU/ S]VE AS A SCAFFOLD = ?AT SOCIETY4 

,NO COMB9ATIONS ( PHILOSOPHY :I* PROCE$ FROM ! PAGAN RELIGI\S CONCEPTION ( LIFE CAN PROVE ?AT IT WILL BE ( GREAT] ADVANTAGE TO1 & MORE REASONABLE =1 A MAN TO LIVE1 NOT = HIS [N DESIR$1 ATTA9ABLE1 & CONCEIVABLE WELF>E1 OR = ! WELF>E ( HIS FAMILY & SOCIETY1 BUT = ! WELF>E ( ANO!R1 :I*1 AS F> AS HE IS CONC]N$1 MAY BE UNDESIRABLE1 9CONCEIVABLE1 & UNATTA9ABLE BY HIS [N 9SUFFICI5T MEANS4 ,?AT PHILOSOPHY :I* IS F\ND$ ON MAN'S WELF>E AS ! CONCEPTION ( LIFE CAN NEV] PROVE TO A REASON+ BE+1 ) ! EV]-PRES5T CONSCI\SNESS ( DEA?1 ?AT IT IS FITT+ = HIM TO R5\NCE HIS [N DESIRABLE1 CONCEIVABLE1 & C]TA9 WELF>E1 NOT = ! C]TA9 WELF>E ( O!RS--= HE CAN NEV] KN[ ! RESULTS ( HIS SACRIFICE--BUT M]ELY BECAUSE IT IS RI<T ?AT HE %\LD DO SO3 ?AT IT IS ! CATEGORICAL IMP]ATIVE4 

,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PROVE ?IS FROM ! PAGAN-PHILOSOPHICAL /&PO9T4 ,9 ORD] TO PROVE ?AT M5 >E ALL EQUAL1 ?AT IT IS BE/ = A MAN TO SACRIFICE HIS [N LIFE 9 ! S]VICE ( O!RS1 RA!R ?AN TO MAKE HIS FELL[S S]VE HIM1 TRAMPL+ UPON !IR LIVES1 IT IS NECESS>Y = A MAN TO R$EF9E HIS RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE1 & TO UND]/& ?AT SU* IS ! POSITION ( A MAN ?AT HE IS LEFT NO O!R C\RSE1 BECAUSE ! MEAN+ ( HIS LIFE IS ONLY TO BE F\ND 9 ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ! ,WILL ( ,HIM ?AT S5T ,MM1 & ?AT ! ,WILL ( ,HIM ?AT S5T HIM IS--?AT HE %\LD GIVE HIS LIFE TO ! S]VICE ( MANK9D4 ,& SU* A MODIFICATION 9 MAN'S P]CEPTION ( HIS RELATION TO ! UNIV]SE IS WR\<T ONLY BY RELIGION4 

,SO1 TOO1 IS IT ) ! ATTEMPTS TO D$UCE ,*RI/IAN MORALITY FROM1 & TO H>MONIZE IT )1 ! FUNDAM5TAL PROPOSITIONS ( PAGAN SCI5CE4 ,NO SOPHISMS NOR M5TAL %IFT+ WILL DE/ROY ! SIMPLE & CLE> PROPOSITION1 ?AT ! HYPO!SIS ( EVOLUTION1 LAID AS ! BASIS ( ALL ! SCI5CE ( \R TIME1 IS F\ND$ UPON A G5]AL1 UN*ANGEABLE1 & ET]NAL LAW--?AT ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 & ( ! SURVIVAL ( ! 0FITTE/0--& ?AT1 !RE=E1 EV]Y MAN1 = ! ATTA9M5T ( HIS [N WELF>E1 OR ( ?AT ( HIS SOCIETY1 MU/ BE ?IS FITTE/1 OR MAKE HIS SOCIETY ! FITTE/1 9 ORD] ?AT NEI!R HE NOR HIS SOCIETY %\LD P]I%1 BUT ANO!R LESS FIT4 ,H[EV] MU* SOME NATURALI/S1 AL>M$ BY ! LOGICAL 9F]5CES ( ?IS LAW1 & BY ITS ADAPTATION TO HUMAN EXI/5CE1 MAY /RIVE TO EXT+UI% IT ) WORDS & TALK IT D[N1 ITS IRREFUTABILITY BECOMES ONLY ! MORE MANIFE/ BY !IR EF=TS1 & ITS CONTROL OV] ! LIFE ( ! 5TIRE ORGANIC WORLD1 & H5CE OV] ?AT ( MAN1 REG>D$ AS AN ANIMAL4 

,:ILE ,I AM WRIT+ ?IS1.<#d.> ! ,RUSSIAN TRANSLATION ( AN >TICLE BY ,PR(ESSOR ,HUXLEY HAS BE5 PUBLI%$1 COMPIL$ FROM A SPEE* ( HIS UPON ! EVOLUTION ( E?ICS BE=E A C]TA9 ,5GLI% SOCIETY4 ,9 ?IS >TICLE ! LE>N$ ,PR(ESSOR--AS DID SOME YE>S AGO1 TOO1 \R EM95T ,PR(ESSOR  
,BEKET(F AS UNSUCCESSFULLY AS HIS PR$ECESSORS--TRIES TO PROVE ?AT ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE DOES NOT VIOLATE MORALITY1 & ?AT1 ALONGSIDE ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! LAW ( ?IS /RUGGLE AS ! FUNDAM5TAL LAW ( EXI/5CE1 MORALITY MAY NOT ONLY EXI/1 BUT MAY IMPROVE4 ,MR4 ,HUXLEY'S  
>TICLE IS FULL ( A V>IETY ( JOKES1 V]SES1 & G5]AL VIEWS UPON ! RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY ( ! ANCI5TS1 & !RE=E IS SO %OCK-HEAD$ & 5TANGL$ ?AT ONLY ) GREAT PA9S CAN ONE >RIVE AT ! FUNDAM5TAL IDEA4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 IS AS FOLL[S3-- ,! LAW ( EVOLUTION IS CONTR>Y TO ! LAW ( MORALITY2 ?IS WAS KN[N TO ! ANCI5T WORLD ( ,GREECE & ,9DIA4 ,& ! PHILOSOPHY & RELIGION ( EI!R NATION L$ !M TO ! TEA*+ ( SELF-ABNEGATION4 ,?IS TEA*+1 ACCORD+ TO ! AU?OR'S OP9ION1 IS NOT CORRECT2 BUT ! RI<T ONE IS ! FOLL[+3 ,A LAW EXI/S1 T]M$ BY ! AU?OR 0COSMIC10 ACCORD+ TO :I* ALL CREATURES /RUGGLE AMONG !MSELVES1 & ONLY ! FITTE/ SURVIVES4 ,MAN IS SUBORD9ATE TO ?IS LAW1 &1 ?ANKS TO IT1 HAS BECAME :AT HE N[ IS4 ,BUT ?IS LAW IS CONTR>Y TO MORALITY4 ,H[1 !N1 >E WE TO RECONCILE MORALITY ) ?IS LAW8 ,?US3 ,SOCIAL PROGRESS EXI/S :I* T5DS TO SUSP5D ! COSMIC PROCESS1 & TO REPLACE IT BY ANO!R--AN E?ICAL ONE1 ! OBJECT ( :I* IS NO LONG] ! SURVIVAL ( ! 0FITTE/10 BUT ( ! 0BE/0 9 ! E?ICAL S5SE4 

,:5CE CAME ?IS E?ICAL PROCESS ,MR4 ,HUXLEY DOES NOT EXPLA91 BUT 9 ,NOTE #ai HE SAYS ?AT ! BASIS ( ?IS PROCESS CONSI/S 9 ! FACT ?AT M51 AS WELL AS ANIMALS1 PREF]1 ON ! ONE H&1 TO LIVE 9 COMPANIES1 & !RE=E SMO!R )9 !MSELVES ?OSE PROP5SITIES :I* >E P]NICI\S TO SOCIETIES1 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETIES CRU% BY =CE SU* ACTIONS AS >E PREJUDICIAL TO ! WELF>E ( ! SOCIETY4 ,MR4 ,HUXLEY ?9KS ?AT ?IS PROCESS1 :I* COMPELS M5 TO CONTROL !IR PASSIONS = ! PRES]VATION ( ?AT ASSOCIATION TO :I* !Y BELONG1 & ! FE> ( PUNI%M5T %\LD !Y BREAK ! RULES ( ?AT ASSOCIATION1 COMPOSE ?AT V]Y E?ICAL PROCESS ! EXI/5CE ( :I* IT BEHOOVES HIM TO PROVE4 ,IT EVID5TLY APPE>S TO ! M9D ( ,MR4 ,HUXLEY1 ?AT 9 ,5GLI% SOCIETY ( \R TIME1 ) ITS ,IRI% DE/ITUTION1 ITS 9SANE LUXURY ( ! RI*1 ITS TRADE 9 OPIUM & SPIRITS1 ITS EXECUTIONS1 ITS SANGU9>Y W>S1 ITS EXT]M9ATION ( 5TIRE NATIONS = ! SAKE ( CONMI]CE & POLICY1 ITS SECRET VICE & HYPOCRISY--IT EVID5TLY APPE>S TO HIM ?AT A MAN :O DOES NOT OV]/EP POLICE REGULATIONS IS A MORAL MAN1 & ?AT SU* A MAN IS GUID$ BY AN E?ICAL PROCESS4 ,MR4 ,HUXLEY SEEMS TO =GET ?AT QUALITIES :I* MAY BE NE$FUL TO PREV5T ! DE/RUCTION ( ?AT SOCIETY 9 :I* ITS MEMB] LIVES1 MAY BE ( S]VICE TO ! SOCIETY ITSELF2 & ?AT ! P]SONAL QUALITIES ( ! MEMB]S ( A B& ( BRIG&S >E ALSO USEFUL TO ! B&2 AS1 ALSO1 9 \R SOCIETY1 WE F9D A USE = HANGM51 JAIL]S1 JUDGES1 SOLDI]S1 FALSE PA/ORS1 ETC41 BUT ?AT !SE QUALITIES HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) MORALITY4 

,MORALITY IS AN AFFAIR ( CON/ANT DEVELOPM5T & GR[?1 & H5CE ! PRES]VATION ( ! 9/ITUT$ ORD]S ( A C]TA9 SOCIETY1 BY MEANS ( ! ROPE & SCAFFOLD1 TO :I* AS 9/RUM5TS ( MORALITY ,MR4 ,HUXLEY ALLUDES1 WILL BE NOT ONLY NOT ! CONFIRMATION1 BUT ! 9FRACTION ( MORALITY4 ,&1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 EV]Y 9FR+EM5T ( EXI/+ CANONS1 SU* AS WAS ! VIOLATION BY ,*RI/ & ,HIS DISCIPLES ( ! ORD9ANCES ( A ,ROMAN PROV9CE1 SU* AS W\LD BE ! DEFIANCE ( EXI/+ REGULATIONS BY A MAN :O REFUSES TO TAKE P>T 9 JUDGM5TS AT LAW1 MILIT>Y S]VICE1 & PAYM5T ( TAXES1 US$ = MILIT>Y PREP>ATIONS1 
WILL BE NOT ONLY NOT CONTR>Y TO MORALITY1 BUT ! 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION ( ITS MANIFE/ATION4 ,EV]Y CANNIBAL1 :O CEASES TO P>TAKE ( HIS SPECIES1 ACTS 9 ! SAME MANN] & TRANSGRESSES ! ORD9ANCES ( HIS SOCIETY4 ,H5CE ?\< ACTIONS :I* 9FR+E ! REGULATIONS ( SOCIETY MAY BE IMMORAL1 )\T D\BT1 ALSO1 EV]Y TRULY MORAL ACTION :I* ADVANCES ! CAUSE ( MORALITY IS ALWAYS A*IEV$ BY TRANSGRESS+ SOME ORD9ANCE ( SOCIETY4 ,&1 !RE=E1 IF !RE HAS EV] APPE>$ 9 A SOCIETY A LAW :I* DEM&S ! SACRIFICE ( P]SONAL ADVANTAGE TO PRES]VE ! UNITY ( ! :OLE SOCIAL FABRIC1 ?AT LAW IS NOT AN E?ICAL /ATUTE1 BUT1 = ! MO/ P>T1 ON ! CONTR>Y 7BE+ OPPOS$ TO ALL E?ICS71 IS ?AT SAME LAW ( /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE 9 A LAT5T & CONCEAL$ =M4 ,IT IS ! SAME /RUGGLE1 BUT TRANSF]R$ FROM UNITS TO !IR AGGLOM]ATIONS4 ,IT IS NOT ! CESSATION ( /RIFE1 BUT ! SW++ BACKW>D ( ! >M TO HIT ! /RONG]4 ,IF ! LAW ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE & SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/ IS ! ET]NAL LAW ( ALL LIFE 7& ONE MU/ P]=CE REG>D IT AS SU* ) REF]5CE TO MAN CONSID]$ AS AN ANIMAL71 !N SU* MI/Y >GUM5TS AS TO SOCIAL PROGRESS--SUPPOS$ TO PROCE$ FROM IT1 & >IS5 NONE KN[S :5CE1 A DEUS EX MA*9A E?ICAL PROCESS TO ASSI/ US 9 \R NE$--CANNOT BREAK ?AT LAW D[N4 ,IF SOCIAL PROGRESS1 AS ,MR4 ,HUXLEY ASSURES US1 COLLECTS M5 9TO GR\PS1 !N ! SAME /RUGGLE & ! SAME SURVIVAL WILL EXI/ BETWE5 FAMILIES1 RACES1 & ,/ATES1 & ?IS /RUGGLE WILL BE1 NOT ONLY NOT MORE MORAL1 BUT MORE CRUEL & IMMORAL ?AN ?AT BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS1 AS1 9DE$1 WE F9D IT 9 REALITY4 

,EV5 IF WE ADMIT ! IMPOSSIBLE--?AT ALL HUMANITY1 SOLELY BY SOCIAL PROGRESS1 WILL 9 A ?\S& YE>S A*IEVE A S+LE UNITY & WILL BE ( ONE ,/ATE & NATION1 EV5 !N1 NOT TO M5TION ?AT ! /RUGGLE SUPPRESS$ BETWE5 ,/ATES & NATIONS WILL BE ALT]$ TO ONE BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! ANIMAL WORLD1 & ?AT ?AT /RUGGLE WILL ALWAYS REMA9 A /RUGGLE--?AT IS1 AN ACTIVITY ABSOLUTELY EXCLUD+ ! POSSIBILITY ( ,*RI/IAN MORALITY AS PR(ESS$ BY US--NOT TO SPEAK ( ?IS1 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUALS :I* COMPOSE ?IS UNITY1 & BETWE5 ! ASSOCIATIONS ( FAMILIES1 RACES1 NATIONALITIES WILL NOT 9 ! LEA/ BE DIM9I%$1 BUT WILL CONT9UE ! SAME1 ONLY 9 ANO!R =M1 AS WE MAY OBS]VE 9 ALL ASSOCIATIONS ( M5 9 FAMILIES1 RACES1 & ,/ATES4 ,?OSE ( ONE FAMILY QU>REL & FI<T--& (T5 MORE & MO/ CRUELLY--BETWE5 !MSELVES1 AS WELL AS ) /RANG]S4 ,SO ALSO 9 A ,/ATE1 ! SAME /RUGGLE CONT9UES BETWE5 ?OSE )9 IT1 AS BETWE5 !M & ?OSE )\T1 ONLY 9 O!R =MS4 ,9 ONE CASE M5 KILL EA* O!R ) >R[S & KNIVES1 9 ANO!R BY />VATION4 ,& IF ! FEEBLE/ >E SOMETIMES PRES]V$ 9 ! FAMILY OR ,/ATE1 IT IS 9 NO WISE ?ANKS TO ! ,/ATE ASSOCIATION1 BUT BECAUSE SELF-ABNEGATION & T5D]NESS EXI/ AMONG PEOPLE JO9$ 9 FAMILIES & ,/ATES4 ,IF1 ( TWO *ILDR5 )\T P>5TS1 ONLY ! FITTE/ SURVIVES1 ! FACT ?AT BO? MI<T LIVE ) ! HELP ( A GOOD MO!R1 WILL NOT BE A CONSEQU5CE ( FAMILY UNIFICATION1 BUT BECAUSE A C]TA9 MO!R IS GIFT$ ) T5D]NESS & SELF-D5IAL4 ,& NEI!R ( !SE GIFTS CAN PROCE$ FROM SOCIAL PROGRESS4 ,TO ASS]T ?AT SOCIAL PROGRESS PRODUCES MORALITY IS EQUIVAL5T TO SAY+ ?AT ! ]ECTION ( /OVES PRODUCES HEAT4 ,HEAT PROCE$S FROM ! SUN2 & /OVES PRODUCE HEAT ONLY :5 FUEL--! WORK ( ! SUN--IS K9DL$ 9 !M2 SO MORALITY  PROCE$S FROM RELIGION1 & SOCIAL =MS ( LIFE PRODUCE MORALITY ONLY :5 9TO !SE =MS >E PUT ! RESULTS ( RELIGI\S 9FLU5CE ON HUMANITY--?IS IS1 MORALITY4 ,/OVES MAY BE K9DL$1 & SO MAY IMP>T HEAT1 OR MAY BE LEFT UNLIT & SO REMA9 COLD4 ,SO1 TOO1 SOCIAL =MS MAY 9CLUDE MORALITY1 & 9 ?AT CASE MORALLY 9FLU5CE  
SOCIETY1 OR MAY NOT 9CLUDE MORALITY & ?US REMA9 )\T 9FLU5CE4 ,*RI/IAN MORALITY CANNOT BE F\ND$ ON ! HEA!N OR SOCIAL CONCEPTION ( LIFE1 NOR CAN IT BE D$UC$ EI!R FROM NON-,*RI/IAN PHILOSOPHY OR SCI5CE--CAN NOT ONLY NOT BE D$UC$1 BUT CANNOT BE RECONCIL$ ) !M4 ,SO ALWAYS WAS IT IMD]/OOD BY ALL S]I\S1 CONSI/5T1 ANCI5T PHILOSOPHY & SCI5CE1 :I* SAID1 0,DO \R PROPOSITIONS DISAGREE ) MORALITY8 ,WELL1 !N1 SO MU* ! WORSE = MORALITY10 & CONT9U$ !IR 9VE/IGATIONS4 

,E?ICAL TREATISES NOT F\ND$ ON RELIGION1 & EV5 LAY CATE*ISMS1 >E WRITT5 & TAU<T1 & M5 MAY BELIEVE ?AT HUMANITY IS GUID$ BY !M2 BUT IT ONLY SEEMS TO BE SO1 BECAUSE PEOPLE 9 REALITY >E GUID$1 NOT BY !SE TREATISES & CATE*ISMS1 BUT BY ! RELIGION :I* !Y HAVE ALWAYS HAD & HAVE2 :]EAS ! TREATISES & CATE*ISMS ONLY TRY TO C\NT]FEIT ! NATURAL \TFLUX ( RELIGION4 ,ORD9ANCES ( LAY MORALITY NOT F\ND$ UPON RELIGI\S TEA*+ >E SIMIL> TO ! ACTIONS ( A MAN :O1 BE+ IGNORANT ( MUSIC1 %\LD TAKE ! CONDUCTOR'S SEAT BE=E ! OR*E/RA1 & BEG9 TO WAVE HIS >MS BE=E ! MUSICIANS1 :O >E P]=M+4 ,! MUSIC MI<T CONT9UE A LITTLE :ILE BY ITS [N MOM5TUM1 & FROM ! PREVI\S KN[L$GE ( ! PLAY]S1 BUT IT IS EVID5T ?AT ! M]E WAV+ ( A /ICK BY A MAN :O IS IGNORANT ( MUSIC W\LD BE NOT ONLY USELESS1 BUT W\LD 9EVITABLY CONFUSE ! MUSICIANS & DISORGANIZE ! OR*E/RA 9 ! 5D4 ,! SAME DISORD] IS BEG9N+ TO TAKE PLACE 9 ! M9DS ( ! M5 ( \R TIME1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! ATTEMPTS ( LEAD+ M5 TO TEA* PEOPLE MORALITY1 NOT F\ND$ ON ?AT L(TIE/ RELIGION :I* IS 9 PROCESS ( ADOPTION1 & IS 9 P>T ADOPT$ BY ,*RI/IAN HUMANITY4 ,IT W\LD BE1 9DE$1 DESIRABLE TO HAVE A MORAL TEA*+ UNMIX$ ) SUP]/ITION1 BUT ! FACT IS ?AT MORAL TEA*+ IS ONLY ! RESULT ( A C]TA9 DEF9$ RELATION ( MAN TO ! UNIV]SE1 OR TO ,GOD4 ,IF ! DET]M9ATION ( SU* A RELATION IS EXPRESS$ 9 =MS :I* SEEM TO US SUP]/ITI\S1 !N1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ?IS1 WE %\LD TRY TO EXPRESS ?IS RELATION MORE CLE>LY1 REASONABLY1 & ACCURATELY1 & EV5 TO DE/ROY ! =M] P]CEPTION ( MAN'S RELATION%IP :I* HAS BECOME 9SUFFICI5T1 & TO PUT 9 ITS PLACE ONE L(TI]1 CLE>]1 & MORE REASONABLE2 BUT BY NO MEANS TO 9V5T A SO-CALL$ LAY1 IRRELIGI\S MORALITY F\ND$ ON SOPHISMS1 OR UPON NO?+ AT ALL4 

,! ATTEMPTS TO F\ND A MORALITY 9DEP5D5T ( RELIGION >E LIKE ! ACTIONS ( *ILDR5 :51 WI%+ TO MOVE A PLANT :I* PLEASES !M1 !Y TE> (F ! ROOT :I* DOES NOT PLEASE & SEEMS  UNNECESS>Y TO !M1 & PLANT IT 9 ! E>? )\T ! ROOT4 ,)\T RELIGI\S F\NDATION !RE CAN BE NO TRUE1 UNSIMULAT$ MORALITY1 AS )\T A ROOT !RE CAN BE NO TRUE PLANT4 ,& SO 9 REPLY TO Y\R TWO QUE/IONS1 ,I SAY RELIGION IS MAN'S CONCEPTION ( HIS RELATION TO ! 9F9ITE UNIV]SE1 & TO ITS S\RCE4 ,& MORALITY IS ! EV]-PRES5T GUIDE ( LIFE PROCE$+ ONLY FROM ?IS RELATION4  

 4MW-P>S]-\TPUT 4W/-SMALLREFS_<FONT-SIZE3#h#c.02CLE>3BO?2L9E-HEI<T3#a4#b#e_> 

.<#a.> ,A REPLY TO TWO QUE/IONS PUT BY ! ,G]MAN ,E?ICAL ,SOCIETY4 ,FIR/ PR9T$ 9 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,REVIEW1 #a#h#i#d4 ,REVIS$ & CORRECT$4 

.<#b.> ,BUDDHISM1 AL?\< IT DEM&S FROM ITS DISCIPLES RESIGNATION ( ALL ! PLEASURES ( ! WORLD1 & EV5 ( LIFE ITSELF1 IS F\ND$ ON ! SAME IDEA ( AN 9DIVIDUAL SUFFICI5T = HIMSELF1 & PR$E/9$ TO HAPP9ESS1 OR RA!R--9 COMP>ISON ) ! RI<T ( MAN TO 5JOYM5T AS PROCLAIM$ BY POSITIVE HEA!NISM--TO ! ABS5CE ( PA94 ,HEA!NISM HOLDS ?AT ! UNIV]SE %\LD S]VE ! 9T]E/ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,BUDDHISM ?AT ! UNIV]SE MU/ BE DISSOLV$ AS ! PRODUC+ FACTOR 9 ! MIS]IES ( MANK9D4 ,BUDDHISM IS ONLY NEGATIVE HEA!NISM4 

.<#c.> ,A SECTION ( ! SO-CALL$ SECT>IANS1 HAV+ A SPIRITUAL CONCEPTION ( LIFE & ! ,GOSPELS1 & :O CLAIM TO FI<T AGA9/ ! FLE% BY ! AID ( ! ,SPIRIT4 

.<#d.> #ahid 

7,S\RCE3 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,VLADIMIR ,T*]TK(F47 

,FROM 3 ,WIKIS\RCE4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahii 3 ,RELIGION & ,MORALITY -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a#b1 #bba 3 ,RELIGION & ,MORALITY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,RELIGION & ,MORALITY -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/