,RELIGION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ANNEX TO ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS2 
,TRANSLAT$3 BY ,ADAM ,BUICK2 
,H,T,M,L ,M>KUP3 ,&Y ,BLUND54 

,RELIGION IS ! OLDE/ & MO/ DEEPLY ROOT$ ( ! IDEOLOGIES 
:I* /ILL PLAY A ROLE TODAY4 ,RELIGION HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! =M 9 :I* M5 
HAVE EXPRESS$ ! CONSCI\SNESS ?AT !IR LIFE WAS DOM9AT$ BY SUP]IOR & 
9COMPREH5SIBLE =CES4 ,9 RELIGION WAS EXPRESS$ ! IDEA ?AT !RE IS A DEEP 
UNITY BETWE5 ,MAN & ! WORLD1 BETWE5 ,MAN & NATURE1 & BETWE5 M5 & 
O!R M54 ,) ! EVOLUTION ( LABOR1 ( ! V>I\S MODES ( PRODUCTION1 & 
( KN[L$GE AB\T NATURE1 AS WELL AS ) *ANGES 9 SOCIETY & ! EVOLUTION 
( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE1 RELIGI\S IDEAS *ANG$4 

,TODAY'S RELIGI\S IDEAS W]E MA9LY =M$ F\R C5TURIES AGO DUR+ 
! VIOL5T CLASS /RUGGLE :I* ! P]IOD ( ! ,RE=MATION KNEW4 ,?IS 
/RUGGLE -- A /RUGGLE ( ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE & COMM]CIAL CAPITAL 
AGA9/ ! M$IEVAL DOM9ATION BY L&$ PROP]TY1 A /RUGGLE ( ! PEASANTS 
AGA9/ !IR EXPLOITATION BY ! NOBLES & CL]GY -- ALSO ASSUM$ A 
RELIGI\S =M4 ,AT ?AT TIME NATURE1 LIKE SOCIETY1 WAS BADLY UND]/OOD & ! 
PR(\ND S5SE ( SUBMISSIV5ESS :I* RESULT$ L$ TO ! IDEA ?AT A 
SUP]NATURAL =CE RUL$ BO? ! WORLD & HUMANITY4 ,BUT ! CONT5T ( ?IS 
IDEA V>I$ ) ! 5VIRONM5T1 ! POV]TY & ! BASIC NE$S ( ! 
BELIEV]3 IT TOOK ONE =M = ! RI* & ! PETTY B\RGEOIS1 ANO!R = ! 
PR9CE & ! PRELATE1 & YET ANO!R = ! PROLET>IAT ( ! T[NS4 
,ORGANIZATION 9TO SECTS ) DIFF]5T BELIEFS & CRE$S :I* EXPRESS$ ! 
CLASS 9T]E/S & ANTAGONISMS ( ?AT TIME RECALLS ! ORGANIZATION 9TO 
POLITICAL P>TIES 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,*ANGES ( BELIEF1 ! SETT+ UP ( NEW 
*UR*ES W]E =MS ( PASSIONATE SOCIAL /RUGGLE4 ,:5 9 #ageb ! ,DUT* T[NS 
ROSE AGA9/ ,SPA9 & PUT ,WILLIAM ( ,ORANGE AT !IR HEAD1 !Y DID SO BY 
AB&ON+ ! ,CA?OLIC & JO9+ ! ,CALV9I/ *UR*4 

,! =MS & NAMES :I* ! V>I\S CRE$S TOOK -- ! WAY 9 :I* 
RELIGION PRES5T$ ITSELF -- !N AS LAT]1 WAS ( C\RSE L9K$ TO 
M$IEVAL & PRIMITIVE =MS ( ,*RI/IANITY4 ,BUT !IR BASIC CONT5T1 !IR 
ESS5TIAL *>ACT]1 WAS DET]M9$ BY ! BIR? ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 ( 
COMMODITY-PRODUCTION4 ,! =CES :I* DOM9AT$ ! LIFE ( ,MAN W]E NO LONG] 
NATURAL =CES -- = !SE HAD ALREADY BE5 MA/]$ TO A C]TA9 EXT5T 
BY ! NEW =M ( LABOR :I* WAS DEVELOP+ -- BUT W]E /ILL UNKN[N 
SOCIAL =CES4 ,! PRODUC]S W]E =C$ TO TRANS=M ! COMMODITIES !Y 
PRODUC$ 9TO MONEY4 ,BUT = A PRODUC] TO KN[ IF HE C\LD SELL HIS COMMODITIES 
& H[ MANY DEP5D$ ON SOME?+ BEYOND HIS CONTROL1 ON ! M>KET & ITS 
PRICES1 DET]M9$ BY SOCIAL PRODUCTION AS A :OLE & COMPETITION4 ,H[EV] 
H>DWORK+ OR CAPABLE HE WAS HE C\LD JU/ AS EASILY BECOME IMPOV]I%$ & 
EV5 BE ELIM9AT$ AS SUCCE$ & BECOME RI*4 ,?IS P[] :I* DOM9AT$ HIM 
WAS ! COMMODITY TRANS=M$ 9TO MONEY & CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! =M ( 
CAPITAL4 ,HE WAS NO LONG] ! MA/] ( HIS FATE4 0,MAN PROPOSES1 BUT ,GOD 
DISPOSES40 ,BUT IT WAS NO LONG] AS IT HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY1 :]E IT WAS 
! 9N] BE+ :I* A PHYSICAL P[] C\LD RAISE OR BR+ D[N :I* WAS 
9VOLV$2 N[ IT CONC]N$ ! MO/ M9OR ACTIVITIES ( ! M9D1 ( ?\<T1 ( 
CALCULATIONS1 ( ! WILL1 ( PASSION2 IT WAS A QUE/ION ( A M5TAL =CE 
DOM9AT+ SOCIAL ACTIVITY4 ,?IS SOCIETY IS A S+LE UNIT2 DESPITE ! 
DIFF]5CES BETWE5 PEOPLES & RACES1 TRADE CONNECTS ITS V>I\S P>TS & 
MAKES !M A HOMOG5E\S :OLE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY !RE IS ONLY ONE GOD1 A PURE 
ALL-P[]FUL M9D1 :O REIGNS OV] ! WORLD & DECIDES ! FATE ( M5 AS HE 
PLEASES4 ,?US DO ! RELIGI\S IDEAS ( ! B\RGEOIS EXPRESS ! BASIC 
EXP]I5CE :I* !IR WORLD HAS ( ! SOCIAL =CES :I* DOM9ATE IT4 

,BUT ! 9FLU5CE ( ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION IS JU/ AS GREAT ON ! 
MORAL CONSCI\SNESS ( M5 AS ON !IR SPIRITUAL CONCEPTIONS4 ,! FREE PRODUC]S 
>E 9DEP5D5T ( EA* O!R2 IT IS EV]YONE = HIMSELF 9 UNBRIDL$ 
COMPETITION4 ,EGOISM IS ! FIR/ CONDITION ( EXI/5CE3 LET SOMEONE MAKE A 
MI/AKE 9 ?IS IMPLACABLE /RUGGLE ( EA* AGA9/ ALL & ALL AGA9/ EA* & 
HE RISKS BE+ CRU%$4 ,! PRODUC]S NEV]!LESS =M A COH]5T :OLE3 !Y 
HAVE NE$ ( EA* O!R & WORK TO SATISFY !IR MUTUAL NE$S4 ,!Y >E L9K$ 
BY BUY+ & SELL+3 DESPITE ALL ! /RUGGLES !Y 5GAGE 91 !Y =M A 
COMMUNITY4 ,BUT COMMUNITY MEANS ?AT EA* MEMB]'S WILL IS LIMIT$ BY 
OBLIGATORY RULES4 ,NO REGUL> EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES C\LD TAKE PLACE IF 
EV]YONE LETS HIMSELF BE GUID$ PURELY BY P]SONAL EGOISM3 ! MUTUAL EX*ANGES 
DEM& CON=MITY TO C]TA9 RULES ( BEHAVIOR & A KN[L$GE ( :AT IS 
P]MITT$ & :AT IS NOT4 ,)\T SU* NORMS DEF9+ HONE/Y & GOOD FAI? NO 
LA/+ TRADE W\LD BE POSSIBLE4 ,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT !SE RULES >E NOT 
ALWAYS RESPECT$ BY EV]YBODY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IF P]SONAL 9T]E/ OR ! 
NE$S ( SELF-PRES]VATION DEM& IT1 !Y >E VIOLAT$1 TO A GREAT] OR LESS] 
EXT5T AS ! CASE MAY BE4 ,BUT ?IS IS DONE KN[+LY & ?IS G5]AL NORM1 
CONSID]$ AS AN ET]NAL MORAL IMP]ATIVE1 IS /ILL KEPT 9 M9D4 ,?IS CONFLICT 
BETWE5 P]SONAL 9T]E/ & ! COMMON SOCIAL 9T]E/1 BETWE5 ! ACT & 
! RULE1 IS ! MANIFE/ATION 9 ! SPH]E ( E?ICS ( ! 9T]NAL AMBIGUITY 
( ! B\RGEOIS WORLD4 ,! MORAL LAW -- ACCORD+ TO ,KANT -- DOES NOT 
RULE BECAUSE IT IS OBEY$ BUT PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS NOT4 ,?IS LAW IS NOT A 
PRACTICAL FACT BUT ! 9T]NAL CONSCI\SNESS ( :AT \<T TO BE DONE4 ,9 
B\RGEOIS SOCIETY ! IDEA PR$OM9ATES ?AT 9 ?IS WORLD PEOPLE CAN ONLY 
SURVIVE BY S9N+ AGA9/ ! RULES ( MORALITY4 ,& IT IS 9DE$ A S9 :I* 
WE >E TALK+ AB\T = ! SPIRITUAL =CES1 :OSE ORIG9 9 SOCIETY IS NOT 
UND]/OOD1 >E FELT AS DIV9E EMANATIONS3 ! MORAL LAW IS AN ORD] ?AT HAS 
COME FROM ,GOD4 ,& ANY (F5SE AGA9/ ?IS LAW IS AN (F5SE AGA9/ ,GOD4 

,ONE PROBLEM DOM9ATES ALL ! RELIGI\S ?\<T ( PA/ C5TURIES3 H[ CAN 
! S9N] R$EEM HIMSELF BE=E ,GOD1 H[ CAN HE OBTA9 HIS SALVATION1 H[ CAN 
HE AVOID ! PUNI%M5T HE HAS M]IT$4 ,LAT] #a#i? C5TURY CRITICS POS$ ! 
FOLL[+ V]Y LOGICAL QUE/ION3 :Y DOES ,MAN NE$ A REMISSION ( HIS SUPPOS$ 
S9S S9CE ! ,CREATOR HIMSELF MU/ ALONE BE RESPONSIBLE = :AT HE CREAT$8 
,& !Y JU/LY MOCK$ ! /RANGE LUCUBRATIONS ( A CLEV] !OLOGY :I* 
S\<T TO MAKE ALL ?IS 9TELLIGIBLE4 ,BUT !Y =GOT ! 9CONTE/ABLE FACT 
?AT ! IDEA ( S9 WAS AT ?IS TIME V]Y WELL E/ABLI%$ & C\LD NOT HAVE 
BE5 ]ADICAT$ FROM PEOPLE'S M9DS BY >GUM5TS4 ,?IS PROVES ?AT ?IS 
NOTION HAD A DEEPLY ROOT$ SOCIAL ORIG92 IT DREW ITS /R5G?1 BO? AT ! TIME 
( ! ,RE=MATION & 9 ! LAT] P]IODS1 FROM ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE1 I4E4 FROM ! CONTRADICTIONS ( B\RGEOIS PRODUCTION4 

,! RELIGI\S /RUGGLES ( ! C5TURY ( ! ,RE=MATION1 ! IDEOLOGICAL 
=M :I* ! CLASS /RUGGLE TOOK AT ?AT TIME1 W]E EXPRESS$ !OLOGICALLY 9 
! DISCUSSION AB\T ,GRACE4 ,9 ! C\NTRIES ( ! ,S\? :]E ! B\RGEOISIE 
WAS NOT V]Y /RONG1 :]E ABSOLUTE MON>*S REIGN$ & :]E ! C5TRAL P[] 
& APP>ATUS ( A M$IEVAL ,CA?OLIC *UR* WAS MA9TA9$1 9DE$ /R5G!N$ 
?R\< RE-ORGANIZATION1 ?IS *UR* DECL>$ ?AT SALVATION C\LD NOT BE 
OBTA9$ )\T IT & REQUIR$ A TOTAL SUBMISSION TO ! CL]GY4 ,! 
B\RGEOISIE ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ON ! O!R H&1 :OSE /R5G? WAS CONT9UALLY 
GR[+ & :O W]E READY TO CONQU] ! NEW WORLD :I* WAS OP5+ UP BE=E 
!M1 AFFIRM$ !IR FRE$OM BY MEANS ( ! ,PROTE/ANT DOCTR9E :I* SAW ,GRACE 
AS A RESULT ( P]SONAL FAI? )\T HAV+ TO HAVE REC\RSE TO PRIE/S4 ,9 
,G]MANY :]E ! 9EVITABLE RESI/ANCE TO ! EXPLOITATION ( ,ROME CO9CID$ 
) ! BEG9N+ ( AN ECONOMIC DECL9E1 ?IS FAI? TOOK ! =M ( 
,LU!RANISM1 ( A SUBMISSION TO ! ORD]S ( ! PR9CES4 ,! POOR PEASANTS1 
EXPLOIT$ TO DEA?1 & ! PROLET>IANS SC>CELY FELT !MSELVES TO BE 
,GOD'S CREATURES1 BUT RA!R VICTIMS 9 ?IS WORLD2 !Y CONSID]$ 
!MSELVES *>G$ ) A SACR$ DUTY3 TO E/ABLI% ! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD1 ?AT ( 
EQUALITY & JU/ICE1 ON ,E>?4 ,ALL !SE RELIGI\S DIFF]5CES W]E EMBODI$ 9 
AS MANY !OLOGICAL DOCTR9ES :I* REFLECT$ ! DIFF]5CES & ANTAGONISMS 
BETWE5 CLASSES & SOCIAL GR\PS3 BUT !SE RELIGI\S DIFF]5CES W]E 9 FACT 
NOT UND]/OOD AS ?IS BY ?OSE 9VOLV$2 !Y DID NOT P]CEIVE !IR SOCIAL 
ORIG91 EV5 ?\< 9 ! #a#f? C5TURY1 DUR+ A DESP]ATE CLASS /RUGGLE1 
W>S1 REVOLUTIONS & C\NT]-REVOLUTIONS FOLL[$ ONE ANO!R4 

,:5 !SE /RUGGLES DI$ D[N ORD] WAS REE/ABLI%$2 ! DIFF]5CES & 
ANTAGONISMS LO/ !IR %>PNESS2 ! *UR*ES BECAME RIGIDIFI$ 9TO SMALL 
GR\PS2 !Y BECAME DOGMATIC2 !IR NEW MEMB]S ALWAYS CAME FROM ! SAME 
FAMILIES3 PEOPLE 5T]$ ?R\< BIR?4 ,9 FACT ! DIVID+ L9E BETWE5 ! 
DIFF]5T *UR*ES W]E ! RESULTS ( PA/ /RUGGLES & W>S1 & !IR 
/ABILITY & COHESION W]E ! RESULT ( ! TRADITION & SOLID>ITY ( !IR 
MEMB]S4 ,BUT )9 EA* SMALL GR\P NEW CLASS ANTAGONISMS DEVELOP$3 ! 
C5TURIES :I* FOLL[$ SAW RI* & POOR1 L&[N]S & F>M]S1 B\RGEOIS 
& WORK]S LIV+ TOGE!R 9 EA* *UR*4 ,9 ! P]IOD IMM$IATELY AFT] ! 
,RE=MATION1 H[EV]1 CLASS DIFF]5CES ONLY APPE>$ 9 ! =M ( BELIEFS & 
! /RUGGLE = !SE BELIEFS4 ,BUT1 = ! RI* B\RGEOIS1 RELIGION WAS NO 
LONG] SO IMPORTANT2 IT PLAY$ A MU* WEAK] ROLE = !M ?AN = ! PETTY 
B\RGEOIS & ! IMPOV]I%$ & OPPRESS$ PEASANTS & !Y W]E CONSEQU5TLY 
MU* MORE TOL]ANT4 ,AMONG ! LATT] IT TOOK IMPASSION$ & FANATICAL =MS 7AS 
= EXAMPLE ! ,G]MAN ,PIETI/S1 ! ,DUT* ,RE=M$ ,*UR* & ! ,5GLI% 
,ME?ODI/S7 :I* SOMETIMES L$ TO A SPLIT 9 ! ORIG9AL *UR*4 

,9 ! #a#h? & #a#i? C5TURIES ! /RUGGLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE = P[] 
SOMETIMES TOOK ! =M ( AN IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ TRADITIONAL RELIGION4 
,! P[] ( ! PR9CES1 NOBLES & CL]GY WAS 9 FACT SUPPORT$ BY A RELIGI\S 
DOCTR9E1 BY ! AU?ORITY ( A *UR* 7! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* 9 FACT7 :I* 
GU>ANTE$ ! SACR$ *>ACT] ( ! OLD 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! *UR*1 AS 9 
,FRANCE BE=E ! #a<i ,REVOLUTION1 WAS (T5 ! BIGGE/ L&[N]2 ! 
EXPROPRIATION ( ITS L& & ITS R$I/RIBUTION TO ! PEASANTS -- A 
PRECONDITION = CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION -- WAS A PRIME S\RCE ( WEAL? 
= ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,!Y APPEAL$ TO & FAVOR$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 
NATURAL SCI5CES S9CE !SE W]E ! BASIS ( 9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGY & 
MA*9]Y1 BUT !Y ALSO US$ !M 9 !IR IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLE4 ,= ! LAWS 
( NATURE :I* W]E DISCOV]$ %[$ ?AT IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO RETA9 ! 
PRIMITIVE IDEAS ( TRADITIONAL RELIGION & SACR$ TRU?S4 ,?US 9 US+ ! NEW 
KN[L$GE AGA9/ ! OLD TEA*+S !Y PURSU$ !IR !N 9T]E/1 & !Y 
S\<T TO REMOVE ! VA/ MASS ( PETTY B\RGEOIS & PEASANTS FROM ! 
9FLU5CE ( ! *UR* & TO L9E !M UP ON !IR SIDE4 ,BY MAK+ !SE 
MASSES PASS FROM A BELIEF 9 ! *UR* TO A BELIEF 9 SCI5CE1 !Y UND]M9$ 
! POLITICAL P[] ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS & /R5G!N$ !IR [N4 

,9 ! #a#i? C5TURY ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ TRADITIONAL RELIGION L$ 9 ALL 
C\NTRIES TO A RETREAT ( OBSCURANTISM & TO UND5IABLE PROGRESS2 BUT 9 WAYS 
:I* DIFF]$ ACCORD+ TO ! P>TICUL> SITUATION4 ,:]E1 AS 9 ,5GL&1 A 
RI* B\RGEOISIE REIGN$1 !SE %[$ !MSELVES PRUD5T & TOL]ANT S9CE 
!Y DID NOT WANT TO BREAK !IR L9KS ) ! NOBILITY & ! *UR* & 
CONSEQU5TLY IT WAS ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE & ! WORK]S :O WAG$ ! MO/ 
FI]CE & RADICAL /RUGGLE 9 ! SPIRITUAL SPH]E4 ,BUT :]E1 ON ! O!R 
H&1 ! B\RGEOISIE HAD /ILL TO RAISE ITSELF & MET AN OB/9ATE RESI/ANCE 
7AS 9 ,G]MANY7 ! ANTI-RELIGI\S /RUGGLE IMM$IATELY TOOK EXTREME RADICAL 
=MS4 ,SCI5TI/S & 9TELLECTUALS 9 G5]AL PLAC$ !MSELVES 9 ! FRONT 
L9E ( PROPAG&I/S3 A WAVE ( BOOKS & >TICLES AIM$ AT POPUL>IZ+ 
SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES SPREAD4 ,& IT WAS PRECISELY BECAUSE ! PRACTICAL1 
POLITICAL /RUGGLE ( ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE WAS SO NOTICEABLY WEAK ?AT ! 
!ORETICAL SIDE HAD TO DEVELOP4 ,IT DID ?IS ) V]Y DIFF]5T RESULTS RANG+ 
FROM B5IGN & LIB]AL ,*RI/IANITY TO ! MO/ TOTAL A!ISM4 

,! /RUGGLE WAG$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE :E!R = OR AGA9/ RELIGION 
REMA9$ ON ! IDEOLOGICAL LEVEL3 ?AT ( ,TRU?1 ( G5]AL & AB/RACT 
CONCEPTS4 ,9 ?IS =M IT HAD NO?+ TO DO ) SOCIAL OBJECTIVES4 ,IT GOES 
)\T SAY+ ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE C\LD H>DLY HAVE REVEAL$ ITS SOCIAL 
OBJECTIVE1 ?AT ( 9/ALL+ ! DOM9ATION ( CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION2 IT HAD 
TO DISGUISE ?IS BEH9D IDEAS1 IDEALS1 ?OSE ( A POLITICAL & AB/RACT LEGAL 
LIB]TY4 ,?US ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 RELIGION & SCI5CE REMA9$ 9 APPE>ANCE 
ON ! LEVEL ( IDEAS4 ,! MO/ RADICAL OPPON5TS ( RELIGION1 MO/ (T5 FROM 
! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 CALL$ !MSELVES 0FREE?9K]S01 WI%+ TO 
%[ ?US ?AT !Y W]E FREE ( ! DOGMAS & OLD TEA*+S ( ! *UR*ES 
& ?AT !Y S\<T ! TRU?1 BY !IR [N ?\<T1 9 ! MO/ COMPLETE ( 
LIB]TIES4 ,BUT ! IDEA ?AT M5'S ?\<T WAS DET]M9$ BY SOCIETY1 ?AT 
RELIGI\S & ANTI-RELIGI\S CONCEPTIONS W]E BORN 9 FACT FROM ! MODE ( 
PRODUCTION1 C\LD NOT OCCUR TO !M1 S9CE !IR [N KN[L$GE DID NOT EXT5D 
BEYOND ! NATURAL SCI5CES4 ,BUT !Y W]E TO GET A GOOD ILLU/RATION ( ?IS1 
TO EXP]I5CE IT LIVE1 ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( ! FATE ( !IR [N 
DOCTR9E4 

,= ! MAJORITY ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS 9 FACT A!ISM WAS NOT ! BE/ 
!ORY4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT 9 !IR FIR/ 5?USIASM !Y BELIEV$ ?AT1 ) 
! COM+ ( ! B\RGEOIS ORD]1 AN ]A ( G5]AL WELL-BE+1 ( UNIV]SAL 
HAPP9ESS1 W\LD COMM5CE & ?AT ALL ! PROBLEMS ( EV]YDAY LIFE W\LD BE 
SOLV$ & ?AT CONSEQU5TLY NO SUP]NATURAL OR UNKN[N P[] C\LD DISPOSE ( 
,MAN'S FATE2 HUMANITY 9 SOLV+1 ?ANKS TO SCI5CE & ITS TE*NICAL 
APPLICATIONS1 ! PRACTICAL PROBLEMS ( MAT]IAL LIFE W\LD AT ! SAME TIME 
SOLVE PROBLEMS ( !ORY4 ,BUT ?IS WAS ONLY A PASS+ ILLUSION4 ,=1 9 ! 5D1 
AT ! BOTTOM ( !IR SUBCONSCI\S REMA9$ ! IDEA ?AT ) ! /RUGGLE ( 
M5 AGA9/ EA* O!R1 ) COMPETITION1 NO MAN WAS 9 FACT ! MA/] ( HIS 
FATE4 ,& IT WAS SOON REVEAL$ ?AT O!R NEW =CES W]E AT WORK 9 ?IS NEW 
WORLD4 ,P]IODIC COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL CRISES1 UN=ESEEABLE & MY/]I\S 
CATA/ROPHES1 BRUTALLY 9T]RUPT$ PROGRESS4 ,! IRRESI/IBLE GR[? ( 9DU/RY 
R$UC$ WORK]S & >TISANS TO ! MO/ ATROCI\S POV]TY3 ! UPRIS+S ( ! 
/>V+ 9 ,5GL& ALREADY %[$ ! BEG9N+ ( ! ORGANIZ$ CLASS 
/RUGGLE4 ,FROM ! DEP?S ( !SE 9SURG5T MASSES NEW IDEAS SPRUNG =? 
:I*1 LIKE A NEW 0,M5E1 ,M5E1 ,TEKEL1 ,UPH>SIM0 TRAC$ 9 LETT]S ( 
FIRE BY A PROPHETIC H&1 ANN\NC$ TO ! B\RGEOISIE !IR FUTURE DECL9E4 ,BUT 
! B\RGEOISIE C\LD NOT REA* A CLE>1 SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ ( ! TRUE 
*>ACT] ( SOCIETY = ?IS W\LD AT ! SAME TIME HAVE REVEAL$ !IR [N 
EXPLOIT+ & SLAVI/ *>ACT] & W\LD HAVE TAU<T !M ?AT !IR MODE ( 
PRODUCTION WAS TRANSITORY4 ,?AT W\LD HAVE MEANT ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE HAD TO 
SACRIFICE !MSELVES1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! 9T]NAL /R5G? TO CONT9UE ! 
/RUGGLE W\LD HAVE BE5 LACK+4 ,BUT ! B\RGEOISIE DID FEEL ITSELF A Y\NG 
5\< =CE TO CONT9UE TO FI<T TO CONQU] ! WORLD & IMPOSE ITS DOM9ATION 
ON ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,A CLASS :I* FEELS ITSELF CAPABLE ( WAG+ A PRACTICAL 
/RUGGLE CANNOT DO ?IS )\T ! !ORETICAL CONVICTION ?AT IT IS RI<T & 
WILL W92 SO IT CON/RUCTS A SUITABLE !ORY & DISSEM9ATES IT4 ,?IS IS :Y 
! B\RGEOISIE HAD TO DRAW !IR /R5G? FROM AN 9/9CTIVE BELIEF ?AT IT 
WAS NOT MAT]IAL =CES :I* DOM9AT$ ! WORLD & !IR [N FUTURE1 BUT 
TRANSC5D5TAL SPIRITUAL =CES4 ,?US ! B\RGEOISIE AS A CLASS HAD TO ALL[ 
RELIGION TO SURVIVE2 ! RELIGI\S WAY ( ?9K+ WAS COMPLETELY ADAPT$ TO 
!IR SOCIAL SITUATION4 ,BUT ?IS RELIGION WAS ( C\RSE QUITE A DIFF]5T ?+ 
FROM ! TRADITIONAL DOCTR9E ( ! *UR*4 ,! 9TOL]ANT & 9TRANSIG5T 
DOGMAS W]E SUCCE$$ BY MORE FLEXIBLE1 MORE RATIONAL IDEAS & ! VAGUE 
FEEL+ ?AT 9/EAD ( ,GOD ! AV5G]1 T]RIFY+ ,JEHOVAH1 !RE REIGN$ 9 
HEAV5 A TOL]ANT & DEBONAIR GOD1 SOMETIMES EV5 SO VAGUE & SO LITTLE 
EXI/+ ?AT HE TRANS=M$ HIMSELF 9TO A SIMPLE MORAL IDEAL4 

,BUT TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T LAT] >OSE AS A ?REAT1 
! B\RGEOISIE MORE & MORE TURN$ BACK TO RELIGION4 ,MY/ICAL IDEAS GOT MORE 
& MORE ( A HOLD ON ! G5]AL ?\<T & \TPUT ( ITS SPOKESM54 ,C]TA9LY 
FROM TIME TO TIME ONE SAW SOME SIGNS ( RATIONALISM RESURG+1 ESPECIALLY AT ! 
TIME :5 ! BIG B\RGEOISIE FELT ITSELF /RONG 5\< TO CONQU] ! UNIV]SE 
) ITS 9DU/RY & ITS CAPITAL2 BUT1 /R5G!N$ BY VIOL5T WORLD CRISES & 
DE/RUCTIVE W>S1 ! FEEL+ ( UNC]TA9TY1 ( ANGUI% 9 ! FACE ( ! 
FUTURE1 DEVELOP$ 9 ! B\RGEOISIE &1 ) ?IS1 MY/ICAL & RELIGI\S 
T5D5CIES GREW4 

,9 ! #a#i? C5TURY !RE APPE>$ )9 ! WORK+ CLASS A COMPLETELY 
DIFF]5T MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION1 CONNECT$ ) ITS WAY ( LIFE & CLASS 
POSITION4 ,IT WAS DIFF]5T FROM ! A!ISM :I* HAD PLAY$ A ROLE 9 ! 
/RUGGLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,A!ISM IS OPPOS$ TO !ISM1 TO BELIEF 9 ,GOD2 = 
IT1 ! ESS5TIAL PROBLEM IS3 DOES !RE EXI/ A ,GOD :O RULES ! WORLD4 
,MAT]IALISM DOES NOT DEAL ) ?IS PROBLEM2 IT IS 9T]E/$ 9 ! =CES 
:I* REALLY DOM9ATE ! WORLD3 !SE >E MAT]IAL =CES1 ?AT IS REAL & 
OBS]VABLE =CES4 ,= ! =CES :I* DOM9ATE ! WORK]S >E VISIBLE & 
CLE>LY ID5TIFIABLE3 !Y >E SOCIAL =CES4 ,AS SOON AS ! WORK]S REA* AN 
UND]/&+ ( !IR CLASS POSITION !Y REALIZE ?AT !IR COMMON FATE IS 
DET]M9$ BY CAPITALISM2 !Y REALIZE ?AT !IR EXPLOITATION IS ! RESULT ( 
! NECESSITY = CAPITAL TO ACCUMULATE BY MAK+ PR(ITS2 !Y REALIZE ?AT 
?R\< ! /RUGGLE :I* !Y WAGE 9 9CREAS+ NUMB]S !Y WILL BECOME 
CAPABLE ( OV]?R[+ CAPITAL & ABOLI%+ EXPLOITATION4 ,!IR ?\<T MOVES 
)9 ! REALITIES ( ! WORLD2 ! OLD QUE/ION ( :E!R OR NOT !RE 
EXI/S A ,GOD :O RULES ! WORLD DOES NOT >ISE = !M4 ,IT IS MEAN+LESS1 
JU/ AS IS ! QUE/ION POS$ 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ( H[ MANY ANGELS CAN DANCE ON 
A P9HEAD4 ,RELIGI\S QUE/IONS & PROBLEMS HAVE NO 9T]E/ = ! WORK]S 
S9CE !Y PLAY NO ROLE 9 ! QUE/IONS :I* REALLY MOVE !M TO ACT4 ,& 
BECAUSE !Y PLAY NO ROLE1 RELIGI\S QUE/IONS & PROBLEMS DISAPPE> FROM ! 
CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK]S & F9ALLY DISAPPE> ALTOGE!R4 

,?IS !N IS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A!ISM & MAT]IALISM4 ,A!ISM 
ESS5TIALLY ATTACKS RELIGION1 CONSID]+ IT ! MA9 CAUSE ( IGNORANCE & 
OPPRESSION1 & FI<TS IT BECAUSE IT SEES 9 IT ! MO/ DANG]\S 5EMY ( 
PROGRESS4 ,MAT]IALISM SEES RELIGION AS A PRODUCT ( SOCIAL RELATIONS & 
CONSEQU5TLY DOES NOT 9T]E/ ITSELF AT ALL 9 RELIGI\S QUE/IONS AS SU*1 BUT 
9 SO DO+ DOES NOT ANY ! LESS UND]M9E RELIGION4 ,MAT]IALISM HAS TO DEAL 
) RELIGION FROM ! !ORETICAL PO9T ( VIEW ALONE1 TO %[ ?AT IT IS AN 
IMPORTANT HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON1 & ?US TO UND]/& & EXPLA9 IT4 ,9 
PRACTICE1 H[EV]1 A!ISM & MAT]IALISM HAVE EXI/$ SIDE BY SIDE 9 ! 
WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,IT (T5 HAPP5S 9 FACT ?AT A WORK] BR\<T UP 9 A 
RELIGI\S TRADITION1 BEG9S TO ?9K ON ! BASIS ( HIS P]SONAL EXP]I5CE ( 
REALITY1 I4E4 9 A MAT]IALI/ WAY1 & !N NOTES ?AT HIS PREVI\S BELIEFS 
DISAPPE>4 ,9 ?IS P]IOD ( D\BT & 9T]NAL CONTRADICTION1 HE HAS REC\RSE 
TO A!I/ WORKS & TO BOOKS POPUL>IZ+ SCI5CE 9 ORD] TO TRIUMPH OV] 
TRADITION BY COM+ TO UND]/&4 

,A!ISM HAS ONLY ONCE PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE3 DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN 
REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! #a#i? C5TURY ,RUSSIA WAS AN IMM5SE C\NTRY PEOPL$ BY 
UNCULTIVAT$ & POV]TY-/RICK5 PEASANTS1 JU/ FRE$ FROM S]FDOM1 LIV+ 9 A 
QUITE PRIMITIVE POV]TY & SUBJECT$ TO ! CRUEL & 9COMPET5T DESPOTISM ( 
! ,CZ> & ! L&$ NOBILITY4 ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN CAPITALISM EXPLOIT$ ! C\NTRY 
AS A SORT ( COLONY3 ! />V+ PEASANTS HAD TO PAY HEAVY TAXES :I* W5T TO 
REPAY ! DEBTS CONTRACT$ BY ! ,CZ> = HIS W> POLICY & HIS WA/EFUL 
EXP5DITURE4 ,NEV]!LESS 9 SOME L>GE T[NS W]E TO BE F\ND A CON/ANTLY 
9CREAS+ NUMB] ( FACTORIES MANAG$ BY =EIGN]S :I* EMPLOY$ A WORK+ 
CLASS POPULATION RECRUIT$ FROM ! PEASANTRY & DEPRIV$ ( ALL RI<TS4 ,! 
/RUGGLE AGA9/ ,ABSOLUTISM & TO OBTA9 A MORE LIB]AL POLITICAL /RUCTURE WAS 
WAG$ BY SMALL GR\PS ( 9TELLECTUALS :O1 AS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 W]E ! 
SPOKESM5 ( ! B\RGEOISIE & F\<T ON !IR SIDE4 ,BUT H]E 9 ,RUSSIA1 :]E 
NO P[]FUL B\RGEOISIE EXI/$1 ! FIR/ /RUGGLES -- ! MO/ WELL KN[N 
BE+ ?OSE ( ! ,NIHILI/S -- W]E BRUTALLY CRU%$4 ,IT WAS ONLY AT ! 
BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY :5 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T ) ITS /RIKES WAS 
BORN ?AT ! ACTIVITIES ( ! 9TELLECTUALS ACQUIR$ A SOLID BASIS4 ,! 
REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLECTUALS !N BECAME ! SPOKESM51 PROPAG&I/S & 
$UCATORS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,& TO ?IS 5D !Y TURN$ TO ! 
WORK]S' MOVEM5T ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & P>TICUL>LY TO ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 
,!Y BORR[$ ! IDEAS & !ORIES ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS & 9 P>TICUL> 
! ,M>XI/ !ORY ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE & ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( 
CAPITALISM4 ,!Y D$ICAT$ !MSELVES BODY & S\L TO ! /RUGGLE1 C>RY+ 
\T UNREL5T+ PROPAG&A = ! WORK]S TO ORGANIZE 9TO ! 0,BOL%EVIK 
P>TY0 & TO ?US UND]M9E ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME4 ,& :5 ! ,CZ>I/ 
REGIME COLLAPS$1 WORN \T BY TWO UNSUCCESSFUL W>S1 ?IS P>TY TOOK P[] 9 
#aiag 9 ! C\RSE ( A WORK]S' & PEASANTS' REVOLUTION4 

,! *>ACT] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 ITS DOCTR9E1 IDEAS & PROPAG&A W]E 
?US AMBIGU\S4 ,!Y HAD TO ACCOMPLI% A TASK :I* 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE HAD BE5 
! WORK ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION3 TO WAGE ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ROYAL 
ABSOLUTISM1 AGA9/ ! DOM9ATION ( ! NOBLES & ! *UR* & TO CLE> ! 
WAY = 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T & ! $UCATION ( ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT H]E ! 
=CE :I* HAD TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS TASK WAS ! WORK+ CLASS :I* HAD ALREADY 
%[N SIGNS ( SOCIALI/ T5D5CIES GO+ BEYOND CAPITALISM4 ,BUT ! 
CORRESPOND+ SOCIALI/ DOCTR9E WAS 9FLU5C$ BY IDEAS CONNECT$ ) ! 
/RUGGLE ( ! NASC5T B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ ! PR9CES1 NOBLES & ! *UR*4 
,RUSSIAN RELIGION HAD A NATURE EV5 MORE IGNORANTLY & PRIMITIVELY BIGOT$ ?AN 
9 WE/]N ,EUROPE1 RE/+ EV5 MORE ON A FL[]Y LITURGY & ON ! WOR%IP ( 
IMAGES1 ! MIRACLE-WORK+ ICONS4 ,! SPIRITUAL /RUGGLE HAD TO BE L>GELY 
DIRECT$ AGA9/ ?IS IGNORANCE ON :I* ,CZ>ISM RE/$ & TO DO ?IS REC\RSE 
HAD TO BE HAD EXPLICITLY TO A!I/ & ANTI-RELIGI\S PROPAG&A4 ,?IS IS :Y 
! WRIT+S ( ! 0Y\NG ,M>X10 I4E4 HIS WORKS BE=E #a#h#d#f1 DAT+ 
FROM A TIME :5 !IR AU?OR WAS ONE ( ! LEAD+ FI<T]S = A MA9LY 
B\RGEOIS ,G]MAN REVOLUTION1 PROVID$ >GUM5TS & SLOGANS ( PRIME IMPORTANCE 
= ?IS /RUGGLE4 

,:51 ONCE 9 P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS BEGAN TO ORGANIZE 9DU/RY & HAD TO 
CONSOLIDATE !IR DOM9ATION OV] ! PEASANT MASSES1 ANTI-RELIGI\S & A!I/ 
PROPAG&A BECAME EV5 MORE SIGNIFICANT & IMPORTANT4 ,IT WAS AN ESS5TIAL P>T1 
EV5 ! BASIS1 ( ! 9T5SE CAMPAIGN TO $UCATE ! PEOPLE4 ,! ILLIT]ATE 
MUZHIKS W]E NOT AFFECT$ MU* BY >GUM5TS DRAWN FROM ! NATURAL SCI5CES1 BUT 
! FACT ?AT ! A!I/ PROPAG&I/S W]E NOT R$UC$ TO DU/ BY LI<TN+ 
SEEM$ TO !M A SUFFICI5T PRO( TO GET !M TO BURN ! IMAGES ( ! SA9TS 
& TO LET ! PRIE/S DIE ( HUNG]4 ,! Y\NG PEASANTS WILL+LY ATT5D$ ! 
AGRICULTURAL & PR(ESSIONAL S*OOLS TO ACQUIRE ! NEW KN[L$GE4 ,!RE ?US 
APPE>$ 9 ,RUSSIA A NEW G5]ATION1 BR\<T UP \TSIDE ( ALL RELIGION4 

,UND] ,BOL%EVIK RULE 9DU/RY1 ) ITS C5TRAL PLANN+ & ITS ORGANIZATION 
BAS$ ON SCI5TIFIC TE*NIQUES1 DEVELOP$ AT AN IMPRESSIVE SPE$1 DESPITE ! 
DIFFICULTY ( *ANG+ OLD HABITS ( WORK1 ADAPT+ !M TO ! PACE ( 
MA*9ES4 ,AGRICULTURE TOO UND]W5T A TRANS=MATION1 IMPOS$ BY =CE1 :I* 
MADE IT A NETWORK ( BIG ME*ANIZ$ 5T]PRISES4 ,A L>GE BUREAUCRACY ( 
POLITICAL & TE*NICAL LEAD]S BECAME MA/] ( ! ,/ATE1 ! MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION & ! PRODUCTS4 ,&1 DESPITE ! NAME ( ,COMMUNISM :I* IS 
FREQU5TLY ATTRIBUT$ TO ?IS REGIME1 & :I* IS 9 FACT FALSE1 ! WORK+ 
CLASS DOES NOT RULE 9DU/RY3 IT RECEIVES L[ WAGES :I* >E FIX$ BY HI<] 
AU?ORITIES & IS 9 FACT EXPLOIT$1 ! SURPLUS VALUE BE+ AT ! DISPOSAL ( 
! GOV]NM5T :I* APPLIES IT TO FUR!R DEVELOP ! PRODUCTIVE APP>ATUS & 
= ITS [N USE4 ,9 ?IS ECONOMIC SY/EM1 ,/ATE CAPITALISM1 ! BUREAUCRACY 
PLAYS ! ROLE ( A NEW RUL+ CLASS1 A ROLE 9 MANY RESPECTS ! SAME AS ?AT 
PLAY$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 

,! H>% OPPRESSION :I* ?IS SY/EM IMPOS$ ON ! MASS ( WORK]S & ! 
(T5 FI]CE /RUGGLE :I* ! PEASANTS WAG$ AGA9/ ! SETT+ UP ( L>GE 
AGRICULTURAL 5T]PRISES & = ! DEF5SE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY L$ TO 
OPPOSITION :I*1 9 ! ABS5CE ( POLITICAL FRE$OM1 FREQU5TLY TOOK 
IDEOLOGICAL =MS4 ,9 MANY CASES A REVIVAL ( RELIGION OCCURR$4 ,=1 AW>E ( 
ITS IMPOT5CE 9 ! FACE ( ! C5TRAL P[]1 ?IS OPPOSITION HAD TO TAKE A 
=M HO/ILE TO ! (FICIAL DOCTR9E ( ! LEAD]S ( ! REGIME &1 AS 
RELIGI\S BELIEF WAS ! ONLY MEANS ( ACTIVE OPPOSITION & COLLECTIVE PROTE/1 
?IS L$ TO A /R5G!N+ ( =M] IGNORANCE4 ,& 9 RETALIATION ?IS 
OPPOSITION L$ TO CAMPAIGNS AGA9/ RELIGION4 

,SU* IS ! BASIS ( ! REVIVAL ( RELIGION :I* IS (T5 PO9T$ \T 9 
,RUSSIA4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T PROVES ! GR\NDLESSNESS ( ! A!I/ !ORY :I* 
SEES RELIGION AS ! \TCOME ( A TRADITION RESULT+ FROM ! TRICK]Y ( ! 
PRIE/S :I* IS =CIBLY IMPOS$ UPON *ILDR51 & :I* %\LD CONSEQU5TLY 
DISAPPE> ) ?IS PRACTICE & ) ! /UDY ( SCI5TIFIC TRU?4 ,9 FACT 
RELIGION RE/S ON A MODE ( PRODUCTION & CANNOT DISAPPE> UNTIL WORK+ 
HUMANITY IS FREE & ! MA/] ( ITS LABOR1 ( ITS FATE1 OR :5 IT SEES ?IS 
POSSIBILITY4 ,IT CAN ?US BE SAID1 AS REG>DS ,RUSSIA1 ?AT TO ! EXT5T ?AT 
,/ATE CAPITALISM1 BY P]MAN5TLY DEVELOP+ PRODUCTION1 EI!R PLACES ! MASSES 
BE=E ! NECESSITY TO TAKE !IR FATE COMPLETELY 9TO !IR [N H&S BY A 
MORE & MORE DET]M9$ /RUGGLE = !IR LIB]ATION OR1 ON ! O!R H&1 
LEADS TO A /R5G!N+ ( ! DICTATOR%IP1 A!I/ IDEOLOGY WILL EI!R BE 
TRANS=M$ 9TO CONSCI\S MAT]IALISM OR WILL RETREAT BE=E A RETURN ( 
RELIGI\S BELIEFS4 

,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 HUMAN HI/ORY !RE APPE>S A LIFE )\T RELIGION 
AMONG ! WORK+ MASSES2 BUT ?IS IS NOT A QUE/ION ( AN AGGRESSIVE 
ANTI-RELIGI\S ATTITUDE1 ( A /RUGGLE AGA9/ RELIGION AS SU*4 ,IMPORTANT 
FRACTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 FACT REMA9 ON ! SURFACE & QUITE =MALLY 
FAI?FUL TO *UR*ES & RELIGI\S =MS4 ,BUT 9 REALITY !Y HAVE LE>N$ TO 
CONSID] ! PH5OM5A ( ! WORLD & ! HAPP5+S ( LIFE AS GOV]N$ BY 
NATURAL =CES1 TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT TRADITIONAL RELIGI\S IDEAS & BELIEFS 
TAKE SECOND PLACE4 ,?IS IS ! REASON :Y ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION1 :ILE IT 
PROGRESSES 9 ?9K+1 DOES NOT DO SO 9 FULL CONSCI\SNESS1 NOR 9 AN ABSOLUTE 
MANN]1 NOR EV]Y:]E4 ,:]E ! WORK]S' LABOR P[] IS P]MAN5TLY 
PITT$ AGA9/ T]RIFY+ NATURAL =CES :I* >E NOT PROP]LY DOM9AT$ AS A 
RESULT ( ! WEAKNESS ( CAPITALISM1 & :I* ?REAT5 !M ) DEA? 7AS IS 
! CASE = EXAMPLE ) M9]S & FI%]M571 IT IS NATURAL ?AT !IR 
CONSCI\SNESS REMA9S FULL ( RELIGI\S IDEAS & BELIEF4 ,FUR!R1 :]E ! 
*UR*1 :OSE /RANGE COLLECTION ( POLITICAL POSITIONS IS KN[N1 *OOSES ! 
WORK]S' SIDE & PUTS ITS /R5G? AT !IR DISPOSAL 9 ! /RUGGLE 
AGA9/ CAPITAL AS IF IT W]E ITS [N CAUSE1 = DOZ5S ( YE>S ! WORK]S 
FEEL L9K$ TO IT1 EV5 IF ! *UR*'S POSITION LAT] COMES TO *ANGE4 
,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION IS ?US ITSELF SUBJECT TO 
V>IATIONS ( HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS4 

,?IS TYPE ( PH5OM5ON FIR/ APPE>$ DUR+ ! >D5T /RUGGLE :I* 
,*>TISM WAG$4 ,! ,5GLI% WORK]S1 :O W]E ! FIR/ TO DO SO1 HAD TO F9D 
!IR [N WAY1 BO? PRACTICALLY & !ORETICALLY4 ,!IR /RUGGLE CO9CID$ ) 
?AT ( ! B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ L&$ PROP]TY2 ?IS IS :Y B\RGEOIS 
RADICALISM HAD SU* AN 9FLU5CE ON ! ,5GLI% WORK]S4 ,IT IS ONLY ! MORE 
REM>KABLE ?AT1 AMID TRADITIONAL IDEAS1 !RE CAN BE F\ND 9 ! ,*>TI/ 
PRESS NEW RADICAL1 A!I/1 MAT]IALI/ IDEAS ALREADY EXPRESS$ ) 
CONSID]ABLE =CE4 ,C]TA9LY A GOOD P>T ( !SE CAME FROM ! PA/ BE+ 
9H]IT$ FROM A RADICAL TRADITION -- RATIONALI/ ?\<T4 ,AFT] #a#h#d#h1 
H[EV]1 :5 ! ,5GLI% B\RGEOISIE HAD A*IEV$ ITS AIMS & HAD MADE ITSELF1 
?ANKS TO ITS 9DU/RY & TRADE1 MA/]S ( ! WORLD1 IT RECUP]AT$ = ITS 
[N ACC\NT ALMO/ ! 5TIRE TRADITIONAL DOCTR9E ( ! ,*UR*2 & :5 ! 
WORK+ CLASS ITSELF HAD1 ?ANKS TO ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T & ! W9N+ ( 
! RI<T TO VOTE1 TAK5 ITS PLACE 9 CAPITALISM & RECEIV$ ITS %>E ( ! 
PR(ITS ( MONOPOLY CAPITAL -- 9 O!R WORDS :5 IT 9 FACT ACCEPT$ 
CAPITALISM -- IT ADAPT$ ITS IDEAS TO ?IS NEW SITUATION4 ,IT SET AB\T 
ADOPT+ ! IDEAS ( ! B\RGEOISIE3 ITS MODES ( ?\<T W]E B\RGEOIS1 BUT 
ONES :I* FOLL[$ ?OSE ( ! RADICAL PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 ,?IS HAPP5$1 = 
EXAMPLE1 ) ITS ACCEPTANCE ( RELIGI\S TRADITION1 ( ! RUL+ BELIEF1 :I* 
MO/ (T5 TOOK ! =M ( ADHESION TO ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS1 NON-CON=MI/ 
*UR* 7,L[ ,*UR*7 AS OPPOS$ TO ! (FICIAL ,ANGLICAN ,*UR* 7,HI< 
,*UR*74 

,IT WAS QUITE DIFF]5T 9 ,G]MANY :]E1 DUR+ ! SECOND HALF ( ! #a#i? 
C5TURY CAPITALISM & ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T W]E BORN SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,! 
ACCEL]AT$ DEVELOPM5T ( L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY & ! AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! 
B\RGEOISIE & ! L&$ PROPRIETORS :O !N HELD P[] MEANT ?AT ! 
WORK]S HAD TO FI<T !SE TWO 5EMIES AT ! SAME TIME2 AS A RESULT !RE WAS A 
RAPID GR[? ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY4 ,! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS B5EFIT$ FROM AN 
IMPORTANT ADVANTAGE 9 ! =MATION ( ITS NEW CONCEPTION ( ! WORLD1 ?AT ( 
HAV+ AVAILABLE ! SCI5TIFIC /UDIES ( ,K>L ,M>X4 ,!SE UNCOV]$ ! =CES 
& T5D5CIES ( ! SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T :I* GOV]N$ ! BIR? & FUTURE 
DECL9E ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION & ?US %[$ ! WORK+ CLASS 
:AT W]E ITS TASK & DE/9Y4 ,M>X1 9 ! C\RSE ( HIS HI/ORICAL /UDIES1 
AT ! SAME TIME P]FECT$ A ME?OD1 HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 :I* NOT ONLY 
UNCOV]$ ! RELATION ( DEP5D5CE BETWE5 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY & ! 
ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY1 BUT :I* ALSO TRAC$ ! WAY :I* LEADS TO A 
NATURALI/ CONCEPTION ( ALL M5TAL PH5OM5A :I* UNTIL !N HAD BE5 TI$ TO 
RELIGI\S & MY/ICAL !ORIES4 ,?ANKS TO ?IS ME?OD1 ! MAT]IALI/ IDEAS ( 
! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC WORK]S W]E ABLE TO DEVELOP )\T H9DRANCE & TO GR[ 
/RONG]4 ,!Y W]E EXPRESS$ 9 A :OLE LIT]ATURE4 ,BUT ?IS DID NOT OCCUR 
)\T /RUGGLE OR DISCUSSION4 ,= MODES ( BO? RELIGI\S & A!I/ ?\<T 
HAD BE5 9H]IT$ FROM ! B\RGEOIS WORLD4 ,& IT (T5 HAPP5S ?AT :5 ! 
B\RGEOISIE R5\NCES ITS =M] FI<T+ POSITIONS1 !SE >E TAK5 UP BY ! 
PETTY B\RGEOISIE & ! WORK]S :O DO NOT WANT TO ACCEPT ?IS 0BETRAYAL 
( PR9CIPLES0 & :O CONT9UE ! OLD TRADITION4 ,IT WAS ?US ) 
A!ISM :I* HAD COME TO BE CONSID]$ A BASIC & RADICAL PR9CIPLE4 ,BUT 
A!ISM ONLY CONSID]$ ! IDEOLOGICAL =MS )\T PAY+ ATT5TION TO ! 
DEEP] FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION & ! 
PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,IT HAD LITTLE 9FLU5CE ON ,M>XI/ IDEAS1 AS WAS 
REFLECT$ 9 PRACTICE 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY :]E IT 
C\LD BE READ ?AT RELIGION IS A PRIVATE MATT] 7,RELIGION I/ 
,PRIVATSA*E74 ,?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 H[EV]1 HAD ! RESULT NOT ONLY ( 
CORRECTLY LIMIT+ ! ,P>TY'S AIMS TO ! ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION ( ! 
MODE ( PRODUCTION1 BUT ( S]V+ AS AN OP5 DOOR ?R\< :I* ALL SORTS ( 
OPPORTUNI/ IDEAS C\LD P\R ?R\< 9TO PROPAG&A4 ,9 ! 5D IT BECAME & 
REMA9$ A MATT] ( CONTROV]SY 9 ! POLITICAL DISCUSSIONS )9 ! 
,P>TY4 

,LAT]1 :5 9 ! #b? C5TURY1 RE=MISM1 CONNECT$ ) PROSP]ITY1 CAME 
TO DOM9ATE ?9K+ MORE & MORE CONSCI\SLY1 B\RGEOIS PO9TS ( VIEW 
PROGRESSIVELY TOOK OV] 9 ALL SPH]ES4 ,! B\RGEOISIE1 ITS P[] /R5G!N$1 
=C$ ! WORK+ CLASS TO ESP\SE ITS CAUSE 9 ! /RUGGLE = WORLD 
DOM9ATION2 ?IS IS :Y C]TA9TY AS TO ! COM+ ( ,SOCIALISM WAN$4 ,?IS NEW 
D\BT L$ TO A REVIVAL ( RELIGI\S FEEL+S AMONG ! WORK]S4 ,9 ,G]MANY ! 
ACCEPTANCE ( ! LEAD]%IP ( ! B\RGEOISIE RESULT$ 9 A REC$+ ( 
9DEP5D5T & MAT]IALI/ IDEAS4 ,IT WAS ! SAME EV]Y:]E4 

,BUT AS SOON AS ! WORK+ CLASS COMES TO WAGE ITS /RUGGLE = P[]1 TO 
CONQU] ! FACTORIES1 TO MA/] PRODUCTION1 ALL ?IS WILL *ANGE4 ,?IS /RUGGLE 
MORE ?AN EV] DEM&S AN EV] CLE>] CONSCI\SNESS ( ! ECONOMIC AIM4 ,UNITY 
( ACTION IS MORE ?AN EV] NE$$4 ,! WORK=CE MU/ =M COH]5T UNITS ( 
ACTION3 IDEOLOGICAL DIV]G5CES SU* AS EXI/ 9 ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T CANNOT 
BE ADMITT$4 ,! WORK=CE DISCUSSES ITS ACTION AS ! UNIT :I* WILL C>RY \T 
! TASK2 IF RELIGI\S DIV]G5CES W]E TO BE ADMITT$ ! UNITY ( ?IS :OLE 
W\LD BE ?REAT5$ & ALL PRACTICAL ACTION W\LD BECOME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,?IS IS 
:Y SU* DIV]G5CES MU/ BE 5TIRELY KEPT \T ( ! DISCUSSIONS AMONG 
MEMB]S ( A FACTORY4 ,= IT IS H]E ?AT ! MO/ >D5T1 ! DEEPE/ & ! 
MO/ SELF-AW>E SOCIAL /RUGGLE DEVELOPS1 :I* NO LONG] DISGUISES ITSELF UND] 
IDEOLOGICAL T9SEL4 ,A CLE> CONSCI\SNESS TAKES HOLD ( ! COMBATANTS4 ,ALL 
DEVIATION FROM ! DIRECTION :I* LEADS TO ! OBJECTIVE MU/ BE CEASELESSLY 
CORRECT$1 S9CE IT MEANS A WEAK5+ & DEFEAT4 

,IT IS PROBABLE1 H[EV]1 ?AT1 EV5 DUR+ SU* A /RUGGLE1 RELIGION WILL 
PLAY A ROLE S9CE IT /ILL DOM9ATES ! ?\<T ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE & 
! PEASANTS4 ,! B\RGEOISIE WILL TRY TO ORGANIZE !SE CLASSES & TO RANGE 
!M AGA9/ ! WORK]S4 ,IT WILL FIR/ ( ALL APPEAL TO ! 9/9CT ( 
PROP]TY1 ?US DISGUIS+ ITS EXPLOIT+ 9T]E/4 ,BUT IT WILL ALSO TRY TO GIVE 
?IS FI<T AN IDEOLOGICAL =M & WILL PRES5T IT AS A CLA% BETWE5 BELIEF & 
UNBELIEF4 ,& ?IS WILL MAKE ! CLASS /RUGGLE H>%]2 IT WILL BECOME MORE 
CRUEL AS A BL9D FANATICISM COMES TO DOM9ATE & TO REPLACE ALL DISCUSSION ON 
! SUBJECT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( !SE CLASSES4 ,BUT1 H]E AGA91 ! /R5G? ( 
! WORK+ CLASS LIES 9 !IR PUTT+ ! ECONOMIC AIM TO ! =EFRONT1 VIZ41 
! ORGANIZATION ( WORK BY ! WORK+ & PRODUC+ CLASSES !MSELVES1 ?US 
EXCLUD+ ALL DOM9ATION BY ! 9T]E/S ( ! EXPLOIT]S4 ,IT IS ?US ?AT ALL 
TRACE ( ! OPPRESSION ( =M] MODES ( ?\<T WILL DISAPPE> S9CE1 ) 
! COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 ! BASIS & CONDITION = A G5U9E 
EXPANSION ( ! ?\<T & CULTURAL LIFE ( ALL WILL APPE>4 ,F9ALLY1 IF ! 
ECONOMIC NECESSITIES =CE !SE CLASSES TO COLLABORATE ) ! WORK+ CLASS1 
IF !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! WORK ( UNIT+ PROMISES !M EMANCIPATION FROM 
ALL CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION1 SO ?AT ! OLD CLASS RELATIONS DISAPPE>1 IT MU/ 
BE EXPECT$ ?AT A NEW CULTURAL LIFE :I* WILL REPLACE =M] RELIGI\S 
CONVICTIONS WILL FL\RI% = !M ALSO4 

,?US1 9 ALL PROBABILITY1 ! S\RCES :I*1 9 ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D HAVE 
UP UNTIL N[ F$ ! =CES ( RELIGION WILL DRY UP4 ,NO NATURAL P[] WILL ANY 
LONG] BE ABLE TO FRI<T5 ,MAN2 NO NATURAL CATA/ROPHE1 NO /ORM1 NO FLOODS1 NO 
E>?QUAKE OR EPIDEMIC WILL BE ABLE TO PUT HIS EXI/5CE 9 DANG]4 ,BY EV] MORE 
ACCURATE PR$ICTIONS1 BY AN EV] GREAT] DEVELOPM5T ( ! SCI5CES & ( AN 
EV] MORE WOND]FUL TE*NOLOGY1 ! DANG]S WILL BE LIMIT$ TO ! MAXIMUM3 NO 
HUMAN LIFE WILL BE WA/$4 ,SCI5CE & ITS APPLICATIONS WILL MAKE MANK9D ! 
MA/] ( NATURAL =CES :I* IT WILL USE = ITS [N NE$S4 ,NO P[]FUL OR NOT 
UND]/OOD SOCIAL =CE WILL BE ABLE TO ATTACK OR FRI<T5 MANK9D3 !Y WILL 
MA/] !IR FATE BY ORGANIZ+ !IR WORK & AT ! SAME TIME MA/] ALL ! 
M5TAL =CES ( ! WILL & PASSION4 ,! ANGUI% ( HAV+ TO GO BE=E A 
SUPREME JUDGE :O WILL DECIDE ! FATE ( EA* P]SON = ET]NITY -- AN 
ANGUI% :I* HAS BE5 RESPONSIBLE = C5TURIES = SO MANY T]RORS = 
DEF5SELESS MANK9D -- WILL DISAPPE> AS SOON AS COOP]ATION BETWE5 M5 
& SACRIFICE = ! COMMUNITY >E NO LONG] FETT]$ BY MORAL LAWS4 ,?US ALL 
! FUNCTIONS :I* RELIGION FULFILL$ 9 M5'S ?\<T & FEEL+S WILL 
BE FILL$ BY O!R WAYS ( ?9K+ & FEEL+4 

,BUT WILL NOT AN ET]NAL FUNCTION ( RELIGION REMA93 TO GIVE CONSOLATION & 
C]TA9TY 9 ! MOM5TS ( DY+ & DEA?8 ,! C]TA9TY ( BE+ ABLE TO 
5SURE ONE'S LIFE BY ONE'S WORK1 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( MANY ( ! 
CAUSES ( PREMATURE DEA?1 POV]TY1 ILLNESS & ACCID5T HAVE NO 9FLU5CE ON 
! BIOLOGICAL FACT ?AT EV]Y LIV+ BE+ HAS A TEMPOR>Y EXI/5CE4 ,! 
SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS FACT1 H[EV]1 & ITS 9FLU5CE ON MANK9D'S IDEAS 
IS /RONGLY DEP5D5T ON SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,BELIEF 9 ! SURVIVAL ( ! M9D1 
( ! S\L1 ! PSY*OLOGICAL BASIS ( ALL RELIGION 7:I* CAN ALREADY BE SE5 
=M+ AMONG PRIMITIVE PEOPLES ON ! BASIS ( DREAMS71 IS1 9 ITS PRES5T 
=M1 A PRODUCT ( ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,! V]Y /RONG S5TIM5T 
( 9DIVIDUAL P]SONALITY :I* HAS ITS ROOTS 9 9DIVIDUAL WORK C>RI$ ON 
UND] ONE'S [N RESPONSIBILITY1 9 ! SEP>ATION FROM ! O!R'S 
ACTIVITY1 R$UCES ?IS BELIEF TO ! NE$ TO BELIEVE1 TO BE CONV9C$1 ?AT ! 
9DIVIDUAL1 9 HIS REAL1 I4E4 M5TAL1 ESS5CE IS ET]NAL4 ,EA* 9DIVIDUAL WAS 
ISOLAT$ -- OR LOOSELY HELD BY ! V]Y LAX L9KS :I* UNITE ! MEMB]S 
( ANY GR\P+ -- 9 ! /RUGGLE = LIFE4 ,>\ND EA* 9DIVIDUAL !RE 
EXI/$1 H[EV]1 A SMALL GR\P1 SU* AS ! FAMILY1 A SORT ( SMALL ISOLAT$ 
& 9DEP5D5T =TIFI$ T[N AT W> ) O!R T[NS4 ,?US ! BIOLOGICAL 
L9KS BETWE5 C\PLES & BETWE5 P>5TS & *ILDR5 BECAME ! ONLY SOLID 
L9KS BETWE5 M51 BO? ON ! ECONOMIC & MAT]IAL LEVEL & ON ! M5TAL4 
,! BREAK+ ( !SE L9KS1 :E!R EXPECT$LY OR UNEXPECT$LY1 WAS 9 
EV]YBODY'S EYES ! GREATE/ ( ALL CATA/ROPHES3 ! WORRIES :I* ! 
DY+ HAD = ?OSE !Y LEFT BEH9D1 ! LONEL9ESS ( ! LATT]1 :I* WAS 
(T5 AGGRAVAT$ BY ECONOMIC RU91 W]E ONLY FEEBLY COMP5SAT$ BY ! PRES5CE 
( P>5TS & FRI5DS1 :O W]E !MSELVES PREOCCUPI$ MA9LY BY !IR [N 
/RUGGLE TO LIVE4 ,?IS IS :Y1 ?ANKS TO A BELIEF 9 A NEW MEET+ 9 ET]NITY 
= ?OSE :O W]E SEP>AT+1 & TO A FAI? 9 ! PROVID5CE TO :I* ,MAN HAD 
TO SUBMIT 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO BE> ! CAPRICES ( FATE1 RELIGION S]V$ = 
C5TURIES AS A CONSOLATION4 

,) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! NEW MODE ( PRODUCTION MANY ( ! REASONS = 
BELIEV+ WILL DISAPPE> & P>TICUL>LY ?OSE WE HAVE JU/ EXAM9$4 ,! 
FEEL+ ( 9DIVIDUALITY WILL BE PR(\NDLY *ANG$ BY ! FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY 
:I* WILL DEVELOP1 TO :I* ONE WILL D$ICATE ONESELF & FROM :I* ONE WILL 
D]IVE ONE'S GREATE/ /R5G?4 ,!N1 !RE WILL NO LONG] BE ANY NE$ = 
! ILLUSION ( BELIEV+ 9 ! ET]NAL LIFE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL OR ! S\L3 IT 
IS 9 FACT ! COMMUNITY TO :I* ONE BELONGS :I* IS ET]NAL4 ,EV]Y?+ :I* 
HAS BE5 PRODUC$ BY ,MAN1 EV]Y?+ TO :I* HE HAS D$ICAT$ ! BE/ ( HIS 
=CES SURVIVES )9 ?IS COMMUNITY4 ,HIS M5TAL BE+ IS ET]NAL 9S(> AS IT 
=MS P>T ( ! M5TALITY ( ALL MANK9D & HAS NO NE$ TO SURVIVE AS SOME 
SPECT] SEP>AT$ FROM IT4 ,L9KS ( SOLID>ITY1 MU* /RONG] ?AN ?OSE :I* 
9 ! PA/ UNIT$ ! MEMB]S ( ! SAME FAMILY WILL UNITE ALL M54 ,!RE WILL 
NO LONG] BE ANY NE$ TO WORRY AB\T ! ECONOMIC CONSEQU5CES ( DEA?1 NOR TO 
CONC]N ONESELF = ! SURVIVORS -- WORRIES :I*1 =M]LY1 (T5 MADE 
DY+ MORE DI/RESS+4 ,& ! PA9 ( HAV+ TO LEAVE = EV] WILL WEAK5 
S9CE ! /R5G!N$ L9KS ( HUMAN FRAT]NITY WILL NO LONG] RETREAT BE=E 
FEEL+S ( ISOLATION & LONEL9ESS4 ,DEA? WILL LOSE ITS FRI<T5+ *>ACT] 
= A G5]ATION :I* WILL HAVE LE>N$1 9 ! C\RSE ( A FI]CE /RUGGLE = 
ITS FRE$OM1 TO SACRIFICE ITS [N LIFE4 ,& ! FEEL+ ( LOVE = ! 
COMMUNITY :I* WILL !NCE=? DOM9ATE WILL GR[ /RONG] 9 ! COMMUNITY ( 
WORK 9 :I* ! FREE PRODUC]S WILL BE GR\P$ TOGE!R4 ,= ! =TUNATE 
G5]ATION 9 :I* ! NEW MANK9D WILL BE BORN1 EA* 9DIVIDUAL LIFE WILL ONLY 
BE ! TEMPOR>Y =M TAK5 BY A SOCIAL LIFE :I* WILL MORE & MORE 
DEVELOP4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,RELIGION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,RELIGION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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