,*APT] #a 
,SOCIETY & ,ECOLOGY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,SOCIETY & ,ECOLOGY 

  

,! PROBLEMS :I* MANY PEOPLE FACE TODAY 9 0DEF9+0 !MSELVES1 9 KN[+ 0:O !Y >E0 -- PROBLEMS ?AT FE$ A VA/ PSY*O!RAPY 9DU/RY -- >E BY NO MEANS P]SONAL ONES4 ,!SE PROBLEMS EXI/ NOT ONLY = PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS2 !Y EXI/ = MOD]N SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,SOCIALLY1 WE LIVE 9 DESP]ATE UNC]TA9TY AB\T H[ PEOPLE RELATE TO EA* O!R4 ,WE SUFF] NOT ONLY AS 9DIVIDUALS FROM ALI5ATION & CONFUSION OV] \R ID5TITIES & GOALS2 \R 5TIRE SOCIETY1 CONCEIV$ AS A S+LE 5TITY1 SEEMS UNCLE> AB\T ITS [N NATURE & S5SE ( DIRECTION4 ,IF E>LI] SOCIETIES TRI$ TO FO/] A BELIEF 9 ! VIRTUES ( COOP]ATION & C>E1 !REBY GIV+ AN E?ICAL MEAN+ TO SOCIAL LIFE1 MOD]N SOCIETY FO/]S A BELIEF 9 ! VIRTUES ( COMPETITION & EGOTISM1 !REBY DIVE/+ HUMAN ASSOCIATION ( ALL MEAN+ -- EXCEPT1 P]HAPS1 AS AN 9/RUM5T = GA9 & M9DLESS CONSUMPTION4 

,WE T5D TO BELIEVE ?AT M5 & WOM5 ( E>LI] TIMES W]E GUID$ BY FIRM BELIEFS & HOPES -- VALUES ?AT DEF9$ !M AS HUMAN BE+S & GAVE PURPOSE TO !IR SOCIAL LIVES4 ,WE SPEAK ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES AS AN 0,AGE ( ,FAI?0 OR ! ,5LI<T5M5T AS AN 0,AGE ( ,REASON40 ,EV5 ! PRE-,WORLD ,W> ,I,I ]A & ! YE>S ?AT FOLL[$ IT SEEM LIKE AN ALLUR+ TIME ( 9NOC5CE & HOPE1 DESPITE ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION & ! T]RIBLE CONFLICTS ?AT /A9$ IT4 ,AS AN ELD]LY *>ACT] 9 A REC5T1 RA!R SOPHI/ICAT$1 ESPIONAGE MOVIE PUT IT3 :AT HE MISS$ AB\T HIS Y\NG] YE>S DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I W]E !IR 0CL>ITY0 -- A S5SE ( PURPOSE & IDEALISM ?AT GUID$ HIS BEHAVIOR4 

,?AT 0CL>ITY10 TODAY1 IS GONE4 ,IT HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY AMBIGUITY4 ,! C]TA9TY ?AT TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE W\LD IMPROVE ! HUMAN CONDITION IS MOCK$ BY ! PROLIF]ATION ( NUCLE> WEAPONS1 BY MASSIVE HUNG] 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 & BY POV]TY 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD4 ,! F]V5T BELIEF ?AT LIB]TY W\LD TRIUMPH OV] TYRANNY IS BELI$ BY ! GR[+ C5TRALIZATION ( /ATES EV]Y:]E & BY ! DISEMP[]M5T ( PEOPLE BY BUREAUCRACIES1 POLICE =CES1 & SOPHI/ICAT$ SURVEILLANCE TE*NIQUES -- 9 \R 0DEMOCRACIES0 NO LESS ?AN 9 VISIBLY AU?ORIT>IAN C\NTRIES4 ,! HOPE ?AT WE W\LD =M 0ONE WORLD10 A VA/ COMMUNITY ( DISP>ATE E?NIC GR\PS ?AT W\LD %>E !IR RES\RCES TO IMPROVE LIFE EV]Y:]E1 HAS BE5 %ATT]$ BY A RIS+ TIDE ( NATIONALISM1 RACISM1 & AN UNFEEL+ P>O*IALISM ?AT FO/]S 9DIFF]5CE TO ! PLI<T ( MILLIONS4 

,WE BELIEVE ?AT \R VALUES >E WORSE ?AN ?OSE HELD BY PEOPLE ( ONLY TWO OR ?REE G5]ATIONS AGO4 ,! PRES5T G5]ATION SEEMS MORE SELF-C5T]$1 PRIVATIZ$1 & MEAN-SPIRIT$ BY COMP>ISON ) E>LI] ONES4 ,IT LACKS ! SUPPORT SY/EMS PROVID$ BY ! EXT5D$ FAMILY1 COMMUNITY1 & A COMMITM5T TO MUTUAL AID4 ,! 5C\NT] ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ) SOCIETY SEEMS TO OCCUR ?R\< COLD BUREAUCRATIC AG5CIES RA!R ?AN W>M1 C>+ PEOPLE4 

,?IS LACK ( SOCIAL ID5TITY & MEAN+ IS ALL ! MORE />K 9 ! FACE ( ! M\NT+ PROBLEMS ?AT CONFRONT US4 ,W> IS A *RONIC CONDITION ( \R TIME2 ECONOMIC UNC]TA9TY1 AN ALL-P]VASIVE PRES5CE2 HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 A VAPOR\S MY?4 ,NOT LEA/ ( ! PROBLEMS WE 5C\NT] >E NI<TM>ES ( AN ECOLOGICAL APOCALYPSE--A CATA/ROPHIC BREAKD[N ( ! SY/EMS ?AT MA9TA9 ! /ABILITY ( ! PLANET4 ,WE LIVE UND] ! CON/ANT ?REAT ?AT ! WORLD ( LIFE WILL BE IRREVOCABLY UND]M9$ BY A SOCIETY GONE MAD 9 ITS NE$ TO GR[--REPLAC+ ! ORGANIC BY ! 9ORGANIC1 SOIL BY CONCRETE1 =E/ BY B>R5 E>?1 & ! DIV]SITY ( LIFE-=MS BY SIMPLIFI$ ECOSY/EMS2 9 %ORT1 A TURN+ BACK ( ! EVOLUTION>Y CLOCK TO AN E>LI]1 MORE 9ORGANIC1 M9]ALIZ$ WORLD ?AT WAS 9CAPABLE ( SUPPORT+ COMPLEX LIFE-=MS ( ANY K9D1 9CLUD+ ! HUMAN SPECIES4 

,AMBIGUITY AB\T \R FATE1 MEAN+1 & PURPOSE ?US RAISES A RA!R />TL+ QUE/ION3 IS SOCIETY ITSELF A CURSE1 A BLI<T ON LIFE G5]ALLY8 ,>E WE ANY BETT] = ?IS NEW PH5OM5ON CALL$ 0CIVILIZATION0 ?AT SEEMS TO BE ON ! PO9T ( DE/ROY+ ! NATURAL WORLD PRODUC$ OV] MILLIONS ( YE>S ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION8 

,AN 5TIRE LIT]ATURE HAS EM]G$ :I* HAS GA9$ ! ATT5TION ( MILLIONS ( READ]S3 A LIT]ATURE ?AT FO/]S A NEW PESSIMISM T[>D CIVILIZATION AS SU*4 ,?IS LIT]ATURE PITS TE*NOLOGY AGA9/ A PRESUMABLY 0VIRG9AL0 ORGANIC NATURE2 CITIES AGA9/ C\NTRYSIDE2 C\NTRYSIDE AGA9/ 0WILD]NESS02 SCI5CE AGA9/ A 0REV]5CE0 = LIFE2 REASON AGA9/ ! 09NOC5CE0 ( 9TUITION2 &1 9DE$1 HUMANITY AGA9/ ! 5TIRE BIOSPH]E4 

,WE %[ SIGNS ( LOS+ FAI? 9 ALL \R UNIQUELY HUMAN ABILITIES \R ABILITY TO LIVE 9 PEACE ) EA* O!R1 \R ABILITY TO C>E = \R FELL[ BE+S & O!R LIFE-=MS4 ,?IS PESSIMISM IS F$ DAILY BY SOCIOBIOLOGI/S :O LOCATE \R FAIL+S 9 \R G5ES1 BY ANTIHUMANI/S :O DEPLORE \R 0ANT9ATURAL0 S5SIBILITIES1 & BY 0BIOC5TRI/S0 :O D[NGRADE \R RATIONAL QUALITIES ) NOTIONS ?AT WE >E NO DIFF]5T 9 \R 09TR9SIC WOR?0 ?AN ANTS4 ,9 %ORT1 WE >C WITNESS+ A WIDESPREAD ASSAULT AGA9/ ! ABILITY ( REASON1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NOLOGY TO IMPROVE ! WORLD = \RSELVES & LIFE G5]ALLY4 

,! HI/ORIC !ME ?AT CIVILIZATION MU/ 9EVITABLY BE PITT$ AGA9/ NATURE1 9DE$1 ?AT IT IS CORRUPTIVE ( HUMAN NATURE1 HAS RE-SURFAC$ 9 \R MID/ FROM ! DAYS ?AT REA* BACK TO ,R\SSEAU -- ?IS1 PRECISELY AT A TIME :5 \R NE$ = A TRULY HUMAN & ECOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION HAS NEV] BE5 GREAT] IF WE >E TO RESCUE \R PLANET & \RSELVES4 ,CIVILIZATION1 ) ITS HALLM>KS ( REASON & TE*NICS1 IS VIEW$ 9CREAS+LY AS A NEW BLI<T4 ,EV5 MORE BASICALLY1 SOCIETY AS A PH5OM5ON 9 ITS [N RI<T IS BE+ QUE/ION$ SO MU* SO ?AT ITS ROLE AS 9TEGRAL TO ! =MATION ( HUMANITY IS SE5 AS SOME?+ H>MFULLY 0UNNATURAL0 & 9H]5TLY DE/RUCTIVE4 

,HUMANITY1 9 EFFECT1 IS BE+ DEFAM$ BY HUMAN BE+S !MSELVES1 IRONICALLY1 AS AN ACCURS$ =M ( LIFE ?AT ALL BUT DE/ROYS ! WORLD ( LIFE & ?REAT5S ITS 9TEGRITY4 ,TO ! CONFUSION ?AT WE HAVE AB\T \R [N MUDDL$ TIME & \R P]SONAL ID5TITIES1 WE N[ HAVE ! ADD$ CONFUSION ?AT ! HUMAN CONDITION IS SE5 AS A =M ( *AOS PRODUC$ BY \R PROCLIVITY = WANTON DE/RUCTION & \R ABILITY TO EX]CISE ?IS PROCLIVITY ALL ! MORE EFFECTIVELY BECAUSE WE POSSESS REASON1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NOLOGY4 

,ADMITT$LY1 FEW ANTIHUMANI/S1 0BIOC5TRI/S10 & MISAN?ROPES1 :O !ORIZE AB\T ! HUMAN CONDITION1 >E PREP>$ TO FOLL[ ! LOGIC ( !IR PREMISES TO SU* AN ABSURD PO9T4 ,:AT IS VITALLY IMPORTANT AB\T ?IS M$LEY ( MOODS & UNF9I%$ IDEAS IS ?AT ! V>I\S =MS1 9/ITUTIONS1 & RELATION%IPS ?AT MAKE UP :AT WE %\LD CALL 0SOCIETY0 >E L>GELY IGNOR$4 ,9/EAD1 JU/ AS WE USE VAGUE WORDS LIKE 0HUMANITY0 OR ZOOLOGICAL T]MS LIKE HOMO SAPI5S ?AT CONCEAL VA/ DIFF]5CES1 (T5 BITT] ANTAGONISMS1 ?AT EXI/ BETWE5 PRIVILEG$ :ITES & PEOPLE ( COLOR1 M5 & WOM51 RI* & POOR1 OPPRESSOR & OPPRESS$2 SO DO WE1 BY ! SAME TOK51 USE VAGUE WORDS LIKE 0SOCIETY0 OR 0CIVILIZATION0 ?AT CONCEAL VA/ DIFF]5CES BETWE5 FREE1 NONHI]>*ICAL1 CLASS1 & /ATELESS SOCIETIES ON ! ONE H&1 & O!RS ?AT >C1 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 HI]>*ICAL1 CLASS-RIDD51 /ATI/1 & AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,ZOOLOGY1 9 EFFECT1 REPLACES SOCIALLY ORI5T$ ECOLOGY1 ,SWEEP+ 0NATURAL LAWS0 BAS$ ON POPULATION SW+S AMONG ANIMALS REPLACE CONFLICT+ ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 9T]E/S AMONG PEOPLE4 

,SIMPLY TO PIT 0SOCIETY0 AGA9/ 0NATURE10 0HUMANITY0 AGA9/ ! 0BIOSPH]E10 & 0REASON10 0TE*NOLOGY10 & 0SCI5CE0 AGA9/ LESS DEVELOP$1 (T5 PRIMITIVE =MS ( HUMAN 9T]ACTION ) ! NATURAL WORLD1 PREV5TS US FROM EXAM9+ ! HI<LY COMPLEX DIFF]5CES & DIVISIONS )9 SOCIETY SO NECESS>Y TO DEF9E \R PROBLEMS & !IR SOLUTIONS4 

,ANCI5T ,EGYPT1 = EXAMPLE1 HAD A SIGNIFICANTLY DIFF]5T ATTITUDE T[>D NATURE ?AN ANCI5T ,BABYLONIA4 ,EGYPT ASSUM$ A REV]5TIAL ATTITUDE T[>D A HO/ ( ESS5TIALLY ANIMI/IC NATURE DEITIES1 MANY ( :I* W]E PHYSICALLY P>T HUMAN & P>T ANIMAL1 :ILE ,BABYLONIANS CREAT$ A PAN!ON ( V]Y HUMAN POLITICAL DEITIES4 ,BUT ,EGYPT WAS NO LESS HI]>*ICAL ?AN ,BABYLONIA 9 ITS TREATM5T ( PEOPLE & WAS EQUALLY1 IF NOT MORE1 OPPRESSIVE 9 ITS VIEW ( HUMAN 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,C]TA9 HUNT+ PEOPLES MAY HAVE BE5 AS DE/RUCTIVE ( WILDLIFE1 DESPITE !IR /RONG ANIMI/IC BELIEFS1 AS URBAN CULTURES :I* /AK$ \T AN OV]->*+ CLAIM TO REASON4 ,:5 !SE MANY DIFF]5CES >E SIMPLY SWALL[$ UP TOGE!R ) A VA/ V>IETY ( SOCIAL =MS BY A WORD CALL$ 0SOCIETY0 WE DO SEV]E VIOL5CE TO ?\<T & EV5 SIMPLE 9TELLIG5CE4 ,SOCIETY P] SE BECOMES SOME?+ 0UNNATURAL0 0,REASON10 0TE*NOLOGY10 & 0SCI5CE0 BECOME ?+S ?AT >E 0DE/RUCTIVE0 )\T ANY REG>D TO ! SOCIAL FACTORS ?AT CONDITION !IR USE4 ,HUMAN ATTEMPTS TO ALT] ! 5VIRONM5T >E SE5 AS ?REATS -- AS ?\< \R 0SPECIES0 CAN DO LITTLE OR NO?+ TO IMPROVE ! PLANET = LIFE G5]ALLY4 

,( C\RSE1 WE >E NOT ANY LESS ANIMALS ?AN O!R MAMMALS1 BUT WE >E MORE ?AN H]DS ?AT BR[SE ON ! ,AFRICAN PLA9S4 ,! WAY 9 :I* WE >E MORE -- NAMELY1 ! K9DS ( SOCIETIES ?AT WE =M & H[ WE >E DIVID$ AGA9/ EA* O!R 9TO HI]>*IES & CLASSES -- PR(\NDLY AFFECTS \R BEHAVIOR & \R EFFECTS ON ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,F9ALLY1 BY SO RADICALLY SEP>AT+ HUMANITY & SOCIETY FROM NATURE OR NAIVELY R$UC+ !M TO M]E ZOOLOGICAL 5TITIES1 WE CAN NO LONG] SEE H[ HUMAN NATURE IS D]IV$ FROM NONHUMAN NATURE & SOCIAL EVOLUTION FROM NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,HUMANITY BECOMES E/RANG$ OR ALI5AT$ NOT ONLY FROM ITSELF 9 \R 0AGE ( ALI5ATION10 BUT FROM ! NATURAL WORLD 9 :I* IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ROOT$ AS A COMPLEX & ?9K+ LIFE-=M4 

,ACCORD+LY1 WE >E F$ A /EADY DIET ( REPROA*ES BY LIB]AL & MISAN?ROPIC 5VIRONM5TALI/S ALIKE AB\T H[ 0WE0 AS A SPECIES >E RESPONSIBLE = ! BREAKD[N ( ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,ONE DOES NOT HAVE TO GO TO 5CLAVES ( MY/ICS & GURUS 9 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO TO F9D ?IS SPECIES-C5T]$1 ASOCIAL VIEW ( ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS & !IR S\RCES4 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY WILL DO JU/ AS WELL4 ,I %ALL NOT EASILY =GET AN 05VIRONM5TAL0 PRES5TATION /AG$ BY ! ,NEW ,YORK ,MUSEUM ( ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY 9 ! SEV5TIES 9 :I* ! PUBLIC WAS EXPOS$ TO A LONG S]IES ( EXHIBITS1 EA* DEPICT+ EXAMPLES ( POLLUTION & ECOLOGICAL DISRUPTION4 ,! EXHIBIT :I* CLOS$ ! PRES5TATION C>RI$ A />TL+ SIGN1 0,! ,MO/ ,DANG]\S ,ANIMAL ON ,E>?0 & IT CONSI/$ SIMPLY ( A HUGE MIRROR :I* REFLECT$ BACK ! HUMAN VIEW] :O /OOD BE=E IT1 ,I CLE>LY RECALL A BLACK *ILD /&+ BE=E ! MIRROR :ILE A :ITE S*OOL TEA*] TRI$ TO EXPLA9 ! MESSAGE :I* ?IS >ROGANT EXHIBIT TRI$ TO CONVEY4 ,!RE W]E NO EXHIBITS ( CORPORATE BO>DS OR DIRECTORS PLANN+ TO DE=E/ A M\NTA9SIDE OR GOV]NM5T (FICIALS ACT+ 9 COLLUSION ) !M4 ,! EXHIBIT PRIM>ILY CONVEY$ ONE1 BASICALLY MISAN?ROPIC1 MESSAGE3 PEOPLE AS SU*1 NOT A RAPACI\S SOCIETY & ITS WEAL?Y B5EFICI>IES1 >E RESPONSIBLE = 5VIRONM5TAL DISLOCATIONS -- ! POOR NO LESS ?AN ! P]SONALLY WEAL?Y1 PEOPLE ( COLOR NO LESS ?AN PRIVILEG$ :ITES1 WOM5 NO LESS ?AN M51 ! OPPRESS$ NO LESS ?AN ! OPPRESSOR4 ,A MY?ICAL HUMAN 0SPECIES0 HAD REPLAC$ CLASSES2 9DIVIDUALS HAD REPLAC$ HI]>*IES2 P]SONAL TA/ES 7MANY ( :I* >E %AP$ BY A PR$ATORY M$IA7 HAD REPLAC$ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS2 & ! DISEMP[]$ :O LIVE MEAG]1 ISOLAT$ LIVES HAD REPLAC$ GIANT CORPORATIONS1 SELF-S]V+ BUREAUCRACIES1 & ! VIOL5T P>APH]NALIA ( ! ,/ATE4 

,! ,RELATION%IP ( ,SOCIETY TO ,NATURE 

  

,LEAV+ ASIDE SU* \TRAGE\S 05VIRONM5TAL0 EXHIBITIONS ?AT MIRROR PRIVILEG$ & UND]PRIVILEG$ PEOPLE 9 ! SAME FRAME1 IT SEEMS APPROPRIATE AT ?IS PO9T TO RAISE A HI<LY RELEVANT NE$3 ! NE$ TO BR+ SOCIETY BACK 9TO ! ECOLOGICAL PICTURE4 ,MORE ?AN EV]1 /RONG EMPHASES MU/ BE PLAC$ ON ! FACT ?AT NE>LY ALL ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS >E SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 NOT SIMPLY OR PRIM>ILY ! RESULT ( RELIGI\S1 SPIRITUAL OR POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES4 ,?AT !SE IDEOLOGIES MAY FO/] AN ANTI-ECOLOGICAL \TLOOK 9 PEOPLE ( ALL /RATA H>DLY REQUIRES EMPHASIS4 ,BUT RA!R ?AN SIMPLY TAK+ !IR IDEOLOGIES AT FACE VALUE1 IT IS CRUCIAL = US TO ASK FROM :5CE !SE IDEOLOGIES DEVELOP4 

,QUITE FREQU5TLY1 ECONOMIC NE$S MAY COMPEL PEOPLE TO ACT AGA9/ !IR BE/ IMPULSES1 EV5 /RONGLY FELT NATURAL VALUES4 ,LUMB]JACKS :O -- EMPLOY$ TO CLE>-CUT A MAGNIFIC5T =E/ NORMALLY HAVE NO 0HATR$0 ( TREES4 ,!Y HAVE LITTLE OR NO *OICE BUT TO CUT TREES JU/ AS /OCKY>D WORK]S HAVE LITTLE OR NO *OICE BUT TO SLAU<T] DOME/IC ANIMALS4 ,EV]Y COMMUNITY OR OCCUPATION HAS ITS FAIR %>E ( DE/RUCTIVE & SADI/IC 9DIVIDUALS1 TO BE SURE1 9CLUD+ MISAN?ROPIC 5VIRONM5TALI/S :O W\LD LIKE TO SEE HUMANITY EXT]M9AT$4 ,BUT AMONG ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE1 ?IS K9D ( WORK1 9CLUD+ SU* ON]\S TASKS AS M9+1 >E NOT FREELY *OS5 OCCUPATIONS4 ,!Y /EM FROM NE$ &1 ABOVE ALL1 !Y >E ! PRODUCT ( SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS OV] :I* ORD9>Y PEOPLE HAVE NO CONTROL4 

,TO UND]/& PRES5T-DAY PROBLEMS -- ECOLOGICAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC & POLITICAL -- WE MU/ EXAM9E !IR SOCIAL CAUSES & REM$Y !M ?R\< SOCIAL ME?ODS4 0,DEEP10 0SPIRITUAL10 ANTI-HUMANI/1 & MISAN?ROPIC ECOLOGIES GRAVELY MISLEAD US :5 !Y REFOCUS \R ATT5TION ON SOCIAL SYMPTOMS RA!R ?AN SOCIAL CAUSES4 ,IF \R OBLIGATION IS TO LOOK AT *ANGES 9 SOCIAL RELATION%IPS 9 ORD] TO UND]/& \R MO/ SIGNIFICANT ECOLOGICAL *ANGES1 !SE ECOLOGIES /E] US AWAY FROM SOCIETY TO 0SPIRITUAL0 0CULTURAL0 OR VAGUELY DEF9$ 0TRADITIONAL0 S\RCES4 ,! ,BIBLE DID NOT CREATE ,EUROPEAN ANT9ATURALISM2 IT S]V$ TO JU/IFY AN ANT9ATURALISM ?AT ALREADY EXI/$ ON ! CONT95T FROM PAGAN TIMES1 DESPITE ! ANIMI/IC TRAITS ( PRE-,*RI/IAN RELIGIONS4 ,*RI/IANITY'S ANT9ATURAII/IC 9FLU5CE BECAME ESPECIALLY M>K$ ) ! EM]G5CE ( CAPITALISM4 ,SOCIETY MU/ NOT ONLY BE BR\<T 9TO ! ECOLOGICAL PICTURE TO UND]/& :Y PEOPLE T5D TO *OOSE COMPET+ S5SIBILITIES -- SOME1 /RONGLY NATURALI/IC2 O!RS1 /RONGLY ANT9ATURAII/IC -- BUT WE MU/ PROBE MORE DEEPLY 9TO SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,WE MU/ SE>* \T ! RELATION%IP ( SOCIETY TO NATURE1 ! REASONS :Y IT CAN DE/ROY ! NATURAL WORLD1 &1 ALT]NATIVELY1 ! REASONS :Y IT HAS & /ILL CAN 5HANCE1 FO/]1 & RI*LY CONTRIBUTE TO NATURAL EVOLUTION4 

,9S(> AS WE CAN SPEAK ( 0SOCIETY0 9 ANY AB/RACT & G5]AL S5SE -- & LET US REMEMB] ?AT EV]Y SOCIETY IS HI<LY UNIQUE & DIFF]5T FROM O!RS 9 ! LONG P]SPECTIVE ( HI/ORY -- WE >E OBLIG$ TO EXAM9E :AT WE CAN BE/ CALL 0SOCIALIZATION10 NOT M]ELY 0SOCIETY40 ,SOCIETY IS A GIV5 >RANGEM5T ( RELATION%IPS :I* WE (T5 TAKE = GRANT$ & VIEW 9 A V]Y FIX$ WAY4 ,TO MANY PEOPLE TODAY1 IT W\LD SEEM ?AT A M>KET SOCIETY BAS$ ON TRADE & COMPETITION HAS EXI/$ 0=EV]10 AL?\< WE MAY BE VAGUELY M9DFUL ?AT !RE W]E PRE-M>KET SOCIETIES BAS$ ON GIFTS & COOP]ATION4 ,SOCIALIZATION1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS A PROCESS1 JU/ AS 9DIVIDUAL LIV+ IS A PROCESS4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ! PROCESS ( SOCIALIZ+ PEOPLE CAN BE VIEW$ AS A SORT ( SOCIAL 9FANCY ?AT 9VOLVES A PA9FUL RE>+ ( HUMANITY TO SOCIAL MATURITY4 

,:5 WE BEG9 TO CONSID] SOCIALIZATION FROM AN 9-DEP? VIEWPO9T1 :AT /RIKES US IS ?AT SOCIETY ITSELF 9 ITS MO/ PRIMAL =M /EMS V]Y MU* FROM NATURE4 ,EV]Y SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 9 FACT1 IS VIRTUALLY AN EXT5SION ( NATURAL EVOLUTION 9TO A DI/9CTLY HUMAN REALM4 ,AS ! ,ROMAN ORATOR & PHILOSOPH]1 ,CIC]O1 DECL>$ SOME TWO ?\S& YE>S AGO3 0444BY ! USE ( \R H&S1 WE BR+ 9TO BE+ )9 ! REALM ( ,NATURE1 A SECOND NATURE = \RSELVES40 ,CIC]O'S OBS]VATION1 TO BE SURE1 IS V]Y 9COMPLETE3 ! PRIMEVAL1 PRESUMABLY UNT\*$ 0REALM ( ,NATURE0 OR 0FIR/ NATURE10 AS IT HAS BE5 CALL$1 IS REWORK$ 9 :OLE OR P>T 9 TO 0SECOND NATURE0 NOT ONLY BY ! 0USE ( \R H&S40 ,?\<T1 LANGUAGE1 & COMPLEX1 V]Y IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL *ANGES ALSO PLAY A CRUCIAL &1 AT TIMES1 A DECISIVE ROLE 9 DEVELOP+ A 0SECOND NATURE0 )9 0FIR/ NATURE40 

,I USE ! T]M 0REWORK+0 ADVIS$LY TO FOCUS ON ! FACT ?AT 0SECOND NATURE0 IS NOT SIMPLY A PH5OM5ON ?AT DEVELOPS \TSIDE ( 0FIR/ NATURE0 -- H5CE ! SPECIAL VALUE ?AT %\LD BE ATTA*$ TO ,CIC]O'S USE ( ! EXPRESSION 0)9 ! REALM ( ,NATURE4440 ,TO EMPHASIZE ?AT 0SECOND NATURE0 OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 SOCIETY 7TO USE ?IS WORD 9 ITS BROADE/ POSSIBLE S5SE7 EM]GES FROM )9 PRIMEVAL 0FIR/ NATURE0 IS TO REE/ABLI% ! FACT ?AT SOCIAL LIFE ALWAYS HAS A NATURALI/IC DIM5SION1 H[EV] MU* SOCIETY IS PITT$ AGA9/ NATURE 9 \R ?9K+4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY CLE>LY EXPRESSES ! FACT ?AT SOCIETY IS NOT A SUDD5 0]UPTION0 9 ! WORLD4 ,SOCIAL LIFE DOES NOT NECESS>ILY FACE NATURE AS A COMBATANT 9 AN UNREL5T+ W>4 ,! EM]G5CE ( SOCIETY IS A  
NATURAL FACT ?AT HAS ITS ORIG9S 9 ! BIOLOGY ( HUMAN SOCIALIZATION4 

,! HUMAN SOCIALIZATION PROCESS FROM :I* SOCIETY EM]GES--BE IT 9 ! =M ( FAMILIES1 B&S1 TRIBES1 OR MORE COMPLEX TYPES ( HUMAN 9T]C\RSE -- HAS ITS S\RCE 9 P>5TAL RELATION%IPS1 P>TICUL>LY MO!R & *ILD BOND+4 ,! BIOLOGICAL MO!R1 TO BE SURE1 CAN BE REPLAC$ 9 ?IS PROCESS BY MANY SURROGATES1 9CLUD+ FA!RS1 RELATIVES1 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ALT MEMB]S ( A COMMUNITY4 ,IT IS :5 SOCIAL P>5TS & SOCIAL SIBL+S -- ?AT IS1 ! HUMAN COMMUNITY ?AT SURR\NDS ! Y\NG -- BEG9 TO P>TICIPATE 9 A SY/EM ( C>E1 ?AT IS ORD9>ILY UND]TAK5 BY BIOLOGICAL P>5TS1 ?AT SOCIETY BEG9S TO TRULY COME 9TO ITS [N4 

,SOCIETY !REUPON ADVANCES BEYOND A M]E REPRODUCTIVE GR\P T[>D 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ HUMAN RELATION%IPS1 & FROM A RELATIVELY =MLESS ANIMAL COMMUNITY 9TO A CLE>LY /RUCTUR$ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,BUT AT ! V]Y 9CEPTION ( SOCIETY1 IT SEEMS MORE ?AN LIKELY ?AT HUMAN BE+S W]E SOCIALIZ$ 9TO 0SECOND NATURE0 BY MEANS ( DEEPLY +RA9$ BLOOD TIES1 SPECIFICALLY MAT]NAL TIES4 ,WE %ALL SEE ?AT 9 TIME ! /RUCTURES OR 9/ITUTIONS ?AT M>K ! ADVANCE ( HUMANITY FROM A M]E ANIMAL COMMUNITY 9TO AN AU!NTIC SOCIETY BEGAN TO UND]GO F>-REA*+ *ANGES & !SE *ANGES BECOME ISSUES ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,= BETT] OR WORSE1 SOCIETIES DEVELOP >\ND /ATUS GR\PS1 HI]>*IES1 CLASSES1 & /ATE =MATIONS4 ,BUT REPRODUCTION & FAMILY C>E REMA9 ! ABID+ BIOLOGICAL BASES = EV]Y =M ( SOCIAL LIFE AS WELL AS ! ORIG9AT+ FACTOR 9 ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! Y\NG & ! =MATION ( A SOCIETY4 ,AS ,ROB]T ,BRIFFAULT OBS]V$ 9 ! E>LY HALF ( ?IS C5TURY1 ! 0ONE KN[N FACTOR :I* E/ABLI%ES A PR(\ND DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! CON/ITUTION ( ! MO/ RUDIM5T>Y HUMAN GR\P & ALL O!R ANIMAL GR\PS .<IS !.> ASSOCIATION ( MO!RS & (FSPR+ :I* IS ! SOLE =M ( TRUE SOCIAL SOLID>ITY AMONG ANIMALS4 ,?R\<\T ! CLASS ( MAMMALS1 !RE IS A CONT9U\S 9CREASE 9 ! DURATION ( ?AT ASSOCIATION1 :I* IS ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! PROLONGATION ( DIE P]IOD ( 9FANTILE DEP5D5CE0 .<#d.> A PROLONGATION :I* ,BRIFFAULT CORRELATES ) 9CREASES 9 ! P]IOD ( FEUD GE/ATION & ADVANCES 9 9TELLIG5CE4 

,! BIOLOGICAL DIM5SION ?AT ,BRIFFAULT ADDS TO :AT WE CALL SOCIETY & SOCIALIZATION CANNOT BE /RESS$ TOO /RONGLY4 ,IT IS A DECISIVE PRES5CE1 NOT ONLY 9 ! ORIG9S ( SOCIETY OV] AGES ( ANIMAL EVOLUTION1 BUT 9 ! DAILY RECREATION ( SOCIETY 9 \R EV]YDAY LIVES4 ,! APPE>ANCE ( A NEWLY BORN 9FANT & ! HI<LY EXT5D$ C>E IT RECEIVES = MANY YE>S REM9DS US ?AT IT IS NOT ONLY A HUMAN BE+ ?AT IS BE+ REPRODUC$1 BUT SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,BY COMP>ISON ) ! Y\NG ( O!R SPECIES1 *ILDR5 DEVELOP SL[LY & OV] A LONG P]IOD ( TIME4 ,LIV+ 9 CLOSE ASSOCIATION ) P>5TS1 SIBL+S1 K9 GR\PS1 & AN EV]-WID5+ COMMUNITY ( PEOPLE1 !Y RETA9 A PLA/ICITY ( M9D ?AT MAKES = CREATIVE 9DIVIDUALS & EV]-=MATIVE SOCIAL GR\PS4 ,AL?\< NONHUMAN ANIMALS MAY APPROXIMATE HUMAN =MS ( ASSOCIATION 9 MANY WAYS1 !Y DO NOT CREATE A 0SECOND NATURE0 ?AT EMBODIES A CULTURAL TRADITION1 NOR DO !Y POSSESS A COMPLEX LANGUAGE1 ELABORATE CONCEPTUAL P[]S1 OR AN IMPRESSIVE CAPACITY TO RE/RUCTURE !IR 5VIRONM5T PURPOSEFULLY ACCORD+ TO !IR [N NE$S4 

,A *IMPANZEE1 = EXAMPLE1 REMA9S AN 9FANT = ONLY ?REE YE>S & A JUV5ILE = SEV54 ,BY ! AGE ( T51 IT IS A FULL-GR[N ADULT4 ,*ILDR51 BY CONTRA/1 >E REG>D$ AS 9FANTS = APPROXIMATELY SIX YE>S & JUV5ILES = F\RTE54 ,A *IMPANZEE1 9 %ORT1 GR[S M5TALLY & PHYSICALLY 9 AB\T HALF ! TIME REQUIR$ BY A HUMAN BE+1 & ITS CAPACITY TO LE>N OR1 AT LEA/ TO ?9K1 IS ALREADY FIX$ BY COMP>ISON ) A HUMAN BE+1 :OSE M5TAL ABILITIES MAY EXP& = DECADES4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 *IMPANZEE ASSOCIATIONS >E (T5 IDIOSYNCRATIC & FAIRLY LIMIT$4 ,HUMAN ASSOCIATIONS1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E BASICALLY /ABLE1 HI<LY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 & !Y >E M>K$ BY A DEGREE ( SOLID>ITY1 9DE$1 BY A DEGREE ( CREATIVITY1 ?AT HAS NO EQUAL 9 NONHUMAN SPECIES AS F> AS WE KN[4 

,?IS PROLONG$ DEGREE ( HUMAN M5TAL PLA/ICITY1 DEP5D5CY1 & SOCIAL CREATIVITY YIELDS TWO RESULTS ?AT >E ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE4 ,FIR/1 E>LY HUMAN ASSOCIATION MU/ HAVE FO/]$ A /RONG PR$ISPOSITION =  
9T]DEP5D5CE AMONG MEMB]S ( A GR\P -- NOT ! 0RUGG$ 9DIVIDUALISM0 WE ASSOCIATE ) 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! OV]:ELM+ MASS ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL EVID5CE SUGGE/S ?AT P>TICIPATION1 MUTUAL AID1 SOLID>ITY1 & EMPA?Y W]E ! SOCIAL VIRTUES E>LY HUMAN GR\PS EMPHASIZ$ )9 !IR COMMUNITIES4 ,! IDEA ?AT PEOPLE >E DEP5D5T UPON EA* EA* O!R = ! GOOD LIFE1 9DE$1 = SURVIVAL1 FOLL[$ FROM ! PROLONG$ DEP5D5CE ( ! Y\NG UPON ADULTS4 ,9DEP5D5CE1 NOT TO M5TION COMPETITION1 W\LD HAVE SEEM$ UTT]LY ALI51 IF NOT BIZ>RE1 TO A CREATURE RE>$ OV] MANY YE>S 9 A L>GELY DEP5D5T CONDITION4 ,C>E = O!RS W\LD HAVE BE5 SE5 AS ! P]FECTLY NATURAL \TCOME ( A HI<LY ACCULTURAT$ BE+ ?AT WAS1 9 TURN1 CLE>LY 9 NE$ ( EXT5D$ C>E4 ,\R MOD]N V]SION ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 MORE PRECISELY1 ( EGOTISM1 W\LD HAVE CUT ACROSS ! GRA9 ( E>LY SOLID>ITY & MUTUAL AID -- TRAITS1 ,I MAY ADD1 )\T :I* SU* A PHYSICALLY FRAGILE ANIMAL LIKE A HUMAN BE+ C\LD H>DLY HAVE SURVIV$ AS AN ADULT1 MU* LESS AS A *ILD4 

,SECOND1 HUMAN 9T]DEP5D5CE MU/ HAVE ASSUM$ A HI<LY /RUCTUR$ =M4 ,!RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT HUMAN BE+S NORMALLY RELATE TO EA* O!R ?R\< ! FAIRLY LOOSE SY/EMS ( BOND+ WE F9D AMONG \R CLOSE/ PRIMATE C\S9S4 ,?AT HUMAN SOCIAL BONDS CAN BE DISSOLV$ OR DE-9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9 P]IODS ( RADICAL *ANGE OR CULTURAL BREAKD[N IS TOO OBVI\S TO >GUE H]E4 ,BUT DUR+ RELATIVELY /ABLE CONDITIONS1 HUMAN SOCIETY WAS NEV] ! 0HORDE0 ?AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S ( ! LA/ C5TURY PRESUPPOS$ AS A BASIS = RUDIM5T>Y SOCIAL LIFE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! EVID5CE WE HAVE AT H& PO9TS TO ! FACT ?AT ALL HUMANS1 P]HAPS EV5 \R DI/ANT HOM9ID ANCE/ORS1 LIV$ 9 SOME K9D ( /RUCTUR$ FAMILY GR\PS1 &1 LAT]1 9 B&S1 TRIBES1 VILLAGES1 & O!R =MS4 ,9 %ORT !Y BOND$ TOGE!R 7AS !Y /ILL DO71 NOT ONLY EMOTIONALLY & MORALLY1 BUT ALSO /RUCTURALLY 9 CONTRIV$1 CLE>LY DEF9ABLE1 & FAIRLY P]MAN5T 9/ITUTIONS4 

,NONHUMAN ANIMALS MAY =M LOOSE COMMUNITIES & EV5 TAKE COLLECTIVE PROTECTIVE PO/URES TO DEF5D !IR Y\NG FROM PR$ATORS4 ,BUT SU* COMMUNITIES CAN H>DLY BE CALL$ /RUCTUR$ EXCEPT 9 A BROAD1 (T5 EPHEM]AL S5SE4 ,HUMANS1 BY CONTRA/1 CREATE HI<LY =MAL COMMUNITIES ?AT T5D TO BECOME 9CREAS+LY /RUCTUR$ OV] ! C\RSE ( TIME4 ,9 EFFECT1 !Y =M NOT ONLY COMMUNITIES1 BUT A NEW PH5OM5ON CALL$ SOCIETIES4 

,IF WE FAIL TO DI/+UI% ANIMAL COMMUNITIES FROM HUMAN SOCIETIES1 WE RISK ! DANG] ( IGNOR+ ! UNIQUE FEATURES ?AT DI/+UI% HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE FROM ANIMAL COMMUNITIES -- NOTABLY1 ! ABILITY ( SOCIETY TO *ANGE = BETT] OR WORSE & ! FACTORS ?AT PRODUCE !SE *ANGES4 ,BY R$UC+ A COMPLEX SOCIETY TO A M]E COMMUNITY1 WE CAN EASILY IGNORE H[ SOCIETIES DIFF]$ FROM EA* O!R OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,WE CAN ALSO FAIL TO UND]/& H[ !Y ELABORAT$ SIMPLE DIFF]5CES 9 /ATUS 9TO ,FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ HI]>*IES1 OR HI]>*IES1 9TO ECONOMIC CLASSES4 ,9DE$1 WE RISK ! POSSIBILITY ( TOTALLY MISUND]/&+ ! V]Y MEAN+ ( T]MS LIKE 0HI]>*Y0 AS HI<LY ORGANIZ$ SY/EMS ( COMM& & OB$I5CE -- !SE1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM P]SONAL1 9DIVIDUAL1 & (T5 %ORT-LIV$ DIFF]5CES 9 /ATUS ?AT MAY1 9 ALL TOO MANY CASES1 9VOLVE NO ACTS ( COMPULSION4 ,WE T5D1 9 EFFECT1 TO CONFUSE ! /RICTLY 9/ITUTIONAL CREATIONS ( HUMAN WILL1 PURPOSE1 CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S1 & TRADITIONS1 ) COMMUNITY LIFE 9 ITS MO/ ,FIX$ =MS1 AS ?\< WE W]E DEAL+ ) 9H]5T1 SEEM+LY UNALT]ABLE1 FEATURES ( SOCIETY RA!R ?AN FABRICAT$ /RUCTURES ?AT CAN BE MODIFI$1 IMPROV$1 WORS5$--OR SIMPLY AB&ON$4 ,! TRICK ( EV]Y RUL+ ELITE FROM ! BEG9N+S ( HI/ORY TO MOD]N TIMES HAS BE5 TO ID5TIFY ITS [N SOCIALLY CREAT$ HI]>*ICAL SY/EMS ( DOM9ATION ) COMMUNITY LIFE AS SU*1 ) ! RESULT BE+ ?AT HUMAN-MADE 9/ITUTIONS ACQUIRE DIV9E OR BIOLOGICAL SANCTION4 

,A GIV5 SOCIETY & ITS 9/ITUTIONS ?US T5D TO BECOME REIFI$ 9TO P]MAN5T & UN*ANGEABLE 5TITIES ?AT ACQUIRE A MY/]I\S LIFE ( !IR [N AP>T FROM NATURE -- NAMELY1 ! PRODUCTS ( A SEEM+LY FIX$ 0HUMAN NATURE0 ?AT IS ! RESULT ( G5ETIC PROGRAMM+ AT ! V]Y 9CEPTION ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,ALT]NATIVELY1 A GIV5 SOCIETY & ITS 9/ITUTIONS MAY BE DISSOLV$ 9TO NATURE AS M]ELY ANO!R =M ( ANIMAL COMMUNITY ) ITS 0ALPHA MALES10 0GU>DIANS10 0LEAD]S10 & 0HORDE0-LIKE =MS ( EXI/5CE4 ,:5 ANNOY+ ISSUES LIKE W> & SOCIAL CONFLICT >E RAIS$1 !Y >E ASCRIB$ TO ! ACTIVITY ( 0G5ES0 ?AT PRESUMABLY GIVE RISE TO W> & EV5 0GRE$40 

,9 EI!R CASE1 BE IT ! NOTION ( AN AB/RACT SOCIETY ?AT EXI/S AP>T FROM NATURE OR AN EQUALLY AB/RACT NATURAL COMMUNITY ?AT IS 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM NATURE1 A DUALISM APPE>S ?AT %>PLY SEP>ATES SOCIETY  
FROM NATURE1 OR A CRUDE R$UCTIONISM APPE>S ?AT DISSOLVES SOCIETY 9TO NATURE4 ,!SE APP>5T6 Y CONTRA/+1 BUT CLOSELY RELAT$1 NOTIONS >E ALL ! MORE S$UCTIVE BECAUSE !Y >E SO SIMPLI/IC4 ,AL?\< !Y >E (T5 PRES5T$ BY !IR MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ SUPPORT]S 9 A FAIRLY NUANC$ =M1 SU* NOTIONS >E EASILY R$UC$ TO BUMP]-/ICK] SLOGANS ?AT >E FROZ5 9TO H>D1 POPUL> DOGMAS4 

,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 

  

,! APPROA* TO SOCIETY & NATURE ADVANC$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY MAY SEEM MORE 9TELLECTUALLY DEM&+1 BUT IT AVOIDS ! SIMPLICITIES ( DUALISM & ! CRUDITIES ( R$UCTIONISM4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY TRIES TO %[ H[ NATURE SL[LY PHASES 9TO SOCIETY )\T IGNOR+ ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE ON ! ONE H&1 AS WELL AS ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y M]GE ) EA* O!R ON ! O!R4 ,! EV]YDAY SOCIALIZATION ( ! Y\NG BY ! FAMILY IS NO LESS ROOT$ 9 BIOLOGY ?AN ! EV]YDAY C>E ( ! OLD BY ! M$ICAL E/ABLI%M5T IS ROOT$ 9 ! H>D FACTS ( SOCIETY4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 WE NEV] CEASE TO BE MAMMALS :O /ILL HAVE PRIMAL NATURAL URGES1 BUT WE 9/ITUTIONALIZE !SE URGES & !IR SATISFACTION 9 A WIDE V>IETY ( SOCIAL =MS4 ,H5CE1 ! SOCIAL & ! NATURAL CONT9UALLY P]MEATE EA* O!R 9 ! MO/ ORD9>Y ACTIVITIES ( DAILY LIFE )\T LOS+ !IR ID5TITY 9 A %>$ PROCESS ( 9T]ACTION1 9DE$1 ( 9T]ACTIVITY4 

,OBVI\S AS ?IS MAY SEEM AT FIR/ 9 SU* DAY-TO-DAY PROBLEMS AS C>ETAK+1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY RAISES QUE/IONS ?AT HAVE F>-REA*+ IMPORTANCE = ! DIFF]5T WAYS SOCIETY & NATURE HAVE 9T]ACT$ OV] TIME & ! PROBLEMS !SE 9T]ACTIONS HAVE PRODUC$4 ,H[ DID A DIVISIVE1 9DE$1 SEEM+LY COMBATIVE1 RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMANITY & NATURE EM]GE8 ,:AT W]E ! 9/ITUTIONAL =MS & IDEOLOGIES ?AT R5D]$ ?IS CONFLICT POSSIBLE8 ,GIV5 ! GR[? ( HUMAN NE$S & TE*NOLOGY1 WAS SU* A CONFLICT REALLY UNAVOIDABLE8 ,& CAN IT BE OV]COME 9 A FUTURE1 ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ SOCIETY8 

,H[ DOES A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ SOCIETY FIT 9TO ! PROCESSES ( NATURAL EVOLUTION8 ,EV5 MORE BROADLY1 IS !RE ANY REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ! HUMAN M9D -- ITSELF A PRODUCT ( NATURAL EVOLUTION AS WELL AS CULTURE -- REPRES5TS A DECISIVE HI<PO9T 9 NATURAL DEVELOPM5T1 NOTABLY1 9 ! LONG DEVELOPM5T ( SUBJECTIVITY FROM ! S5SITIVITY & SELF-MA9T5ANCE ( ! SIMPLE/ LIFE-=MS TO ! REM>KABLE 9TELLECTUALITY & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MO/ COMPLEX8 

,9 ASK+ !SE HI<LY PROVOCATIVE QUE/IONS1 ,I AM NOT TRY+ TO JU/IFY A /RUTT+ >ROGANCE T[>D NONHUMAN LIFE-=MS4 ,CLE>LY1 WE MU/ BR+ HUMANITY'S UNIQU5ESS AS A SPECIES1 M>K$ BY RI* CONCEPTUAL1 SOCIAL1 IMAG9ATIVE1 & CON/RUCTIVE ATTRIBUTES1 9TO SYN*RONICITY ) NATURE'S FECUNDITY1 DIV]SITY1 & CREATIVITY4 ,I HAVE >GU$ ?AT ?IS SYN*RONICITY WILL NOT BE A*IEV$ BY OPPOS+ NATURE TO SOCIETY1 NONHUMAN TO HUMAN LIFE-=MS1 NATURAL FECUNDITY TO TE*NOLOGY1 OR A NATURAL SUBJECTIVITY TO ! HUMAN M9D4 ,9DE$1 AN IMPORTANT RESULT ?AT EM]GES FROM A DISCUSSION ( ! 9T]RELATION%IP ( NATURE TO SOCIETY IS ! FACT ?AT HUMAN 9TELLECTUALITY1 AL?\< DI/9CT1 ALSO HAS A F>-REA*+ NATURAL BASIS4 ,\R BRA9S & N]V\S SY/EMS DID NOT SUDD5LY SPR+ 9TO EXI/5CE )\T A LONG ANTEC$5T NATURAL HI/ORY4 ,?AT :I* WE MO/ PRIZE AS 9TEGRAL TO \R HUMANITY -- \R EXTRAORD9>Y CAPACITY TO ?9K ON COMPLEX CONCEPTUAL LEVELS--CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! N]VE NETWORK ( PRIMITIVE 9V]TEBRATES1 ! GANGLIA ( A MOLLUSK1 ! SP9AL CORD ( A FI%1 ! BRA9 ( AN AMPHIBIAN1 & ! C]EBRAL CORTEX ( A PRIMATE4 

,H]E1 TOO1 9 ! MO/ 9TIMATE ( \R HUMAN ATTRIBUTES1 WE >E NO LESS PRODUCTS ( NATURAL EVOLUTION ?AN WE >E ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,AS HUMAN BE+S WE 9CORPORATE )9 \RSELVES EONS ( ORGANIC DIFF]5TIATION & ELABORATION4 ,LIKE ALL COMPLEX LIFE-=MS1 WE >E NOT ONLY P>T ( NATURAL EVOLUTION2 WE >E ALSO ITS HEIRS & ! PRODUCTS ( NATURAL FECUNDITY4 

,9 TRY+ TO %[ H[ SOCIETY SL[LY GR[S \T ( NATURE1 H[EV]1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS ALSO OBLIG$ TO %[ H[ SOCIETY1 TOO1 UND]GOES DIFF]5TIATION & ELABORATION4 ,9 DO+ SO1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY MU/ EXAM9E ?OSE JUNCTURES 9 SOCIAL EVOLUTION :]E SPLITS OCCURR$ :I* SL[LY BR\<T SOCIETY 9TO OPPOSITION TO ! NATURAL WORLD1 & EXPLA9 H[ ?IS OPPOSITION EM]G$ FROM ITS 9CEPTION 9 PREHI/ORIC TIMES TO \R [N ]A4 ,9DE$1 IF ! HUMAN SPECIES IS A LIFE-=M ?AT CAN CONSCI\SLY & RI*LY 5HANCE ! NATURAL WORLD1 RA!R ?AN SIMPLY DAMAGE IT1 IT IS IMPORTANT = SOCIAL ECOLOGY TO REVEAL ! FACTORS ?AT HAVE R5D]$ MANY HUMAN BE+S 9TO P>ASITES ON ! WORLD ( LIFE RA!R ?AN ACTIVE P>TN]S 9 ORGANIC EVOLUTION4 ,?IS PROJECT MU/ BE UND]TAK5 NOT 9 A HAPHAZ>D WAY1 BUT ) A S]I\S ATTEMPT TO R5D] NATURAL & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T COH]5T 9 T]MS ( EA* O!R1 & RELEVANT TO \R TIMES & ! CON/RUCTION ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,P]HAPS ONE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S MO/ IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! CURR5T ECOLOGICAL DISCUSSION IS ! VIEW ?AT ! BASIC PROBLEMS :I* PIT SOCIETY AGA9/ NATURE EM]GE =M )9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ITSELF --NOT BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 ! DIVISIONS BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE HAVE !IR DEEPE/ ROOTS 9 DIVISIONS )9 ! SOCIAL REALM1 NAMELY1 DEEP-SEAT$ CONFLICTS BETWE5 HUMAN & HUMAN ?AT >E (T5 OBSCUR$ BY \R BROAD USE ( ! WORD 0HUMANITY40 

,?IS CRUCIAL VIEW CUTS ACROSS ! GRA9 ( NE>LY ALL CURR5T ECOLOGICAL ?9K+ & EV5 SOCIAL !ORIZ+4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ FIX$ NOTIONS ?AT PRES5T-DAY ECOLOGICAL ?9K+ %>ES ) LIB]ALISM1 ,M>XISM1 & CONS]VATISM IS ! HI/ORIC BELIEF ?AT ! 0DOM9ATION ( NATURE REQUIRES ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN4 ,?IS IS MO/ OBVI\S 9 SOCIAL !ORY4 ,NE>LY ALL ( \R CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL IDEOLOGIES HAVE PLAC$ ! NOTION ( HUMAN DOM9ATION AT ! C5T] ( !IR !ORIZ+4 ,IT REMA9S ONE ( ! MO/ WIDELY ACCEPT$ NOTIONS1 FROM CLASSICAL TIMES TO ! PRES5T1 ?AT HUMAN FRE$OM FROM ! 0DOM9ATION ( MAN BY NATURE0 5TAILS ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN AS ! E>LIE/ MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! USE ( HUMAN BE+S AS 9/RUM5TS = H>NESS+ ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,H5CE1 9 ORD] TO H>NESS ! NATURAL WORLD1 IT HAS BE5 >GU$ = AGES1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO H>NESS HUMAN BE+S AS WELL1 9 ! =M ( SLAVES1 S]FS1 & WORK]S4 

,?AT ?IS 9/RUM5TAL NOTION P]VADES ! IDEOLOGY ( NE>LY ALL RUL+ ELITES & HAS PROVID$ BO? LIB]AL & CONS]VATIVE MOVEM5TS ) A JU/IFICATION = !IR ACCOMMODATION TO ! /ATUS QUO1 REQUIRES LITTLE1 IF ANY1 ELABORATION4 ,! MY? ( A 0/+Y0 NATURE HAS ALWAYS BE5 US$ TO JU/IFY ! 0/+9ESS0 ( EXPLOIT]S 9 !IR H>% TREATM5T ( ! EXPLOIT$ -- & IT HAS PROVID$ ! EXCUSE = ! POLITICAL OPPORTUNISM ( LIB]AL1 AS WELL AS CONS]VATIVE1 CAUSES4 ,TO 0WORK )9 ! SY/EM0 HAS ALWAYS IMPLI$ AN ACCEPTANCE ( DOM9ATION AS A WAY ( 0ORGANIZ+0 SOCIAL LIFE &1 9 ! BE/ ( CASES1 A WAY ( FREE+ HUMANS FROM !IR PRESUM$ DOM9ATION BY NATURE4 

,:AT IS P]HAPS LESS KN[N1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT ,M>X1 LOO1 JU/IFI$ ! EM]G5CE ( CLASS SOCIETY & ! ,/ATE AS /EPP+ /ONES T[>D ! DOM9ATION ( NATURE &1 PRESUMABLY1 ! LIB]ATION ( HUMANITY4 ,IT WAS ON ! /R5G? ( ?IS HI/ORICAL VISION ?AT ,M>X =MULAT$ HIS MAT]IALI/ CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY & HIS BELIEF 9 ! NE$ = CLASS SOCIETY AS A /EPP+ /ONE 9 ! HI/ORIC ROAD TO COMMUNISM4 

,IRONICALLY1 MU* ?AT N[ PASSES = ANTIHUMANI/IC1 MY/ICAL ECOLOGY 9VOLVES EXACTLY ! SAME K9D ( ?9K+ -- BUT 9 AN 9V]T$ =M4 ,LIKE !IR 9/RUM5TAL OPPON5TS1 !SE ECOLOGI/S1 TOO1 ASSUME ?AT HUMANITY IS DOM9AT$ BY NATURE1 BE IT 9 ! =M ( 0NATURAL LAWS0 OR AN 9EFFABLE 0E>? WISDOM0 ?AT MU/ GUIDE HUMAN BEHAVIOR4 ,BUT :ILE !IR 9/RUM5TAL OPPON5TS >GUE ! NE$ TO A*IEVE NATURE'S 0SURR5D]0 TO A 0CONQU]+0 ACTIVE-AGGRESSIVE HUMANITY1 ANTIHUMANI/ & MY/ICAL ECOLOGI/S >GUE ! CASE = A*IEV+ HUMANITY'S PASSIVE-RECEPTIVE 0SURR5D]0 TO AN 0ALL-CONQU]+0 NATURE4 ,H[EV] MU* ! TWO VIEWS MAY DIFF] 9 !IR V]BIAGE & PIETIES1 DOM9ATION REMA9S ! UND]LY+ NOTION ( BO?3 A NATURAL WORLD CONCEIV$ AS A TASKMA/] -- EI!R TO BE CONTROLL$ OR OBEY$4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY SPR+S ?IS TRAP DRAMATICALLY BY REEXAM9+ ! 5TIRE CONCEPT ( DOM9ATION1 BE IT 9 NATURE & SOCIETY OR 9 ! =M ( 0NATURAL LAW0 & 0SOCIAL LAW40 ,:AT WE NORMALLY CALL DOM9ATION 9 NATURE IS A HUMAN PROJECTION ( HI<LY ORGANIZ$ SY/EMS ( SOCIAL COMM& & OB$I5CE ONTO HI<LY IDIOSYNCRATIC1 9DIVIDUAL1 & ASYMMETRICAL =MS ( (T5 MILDLY CO]CIVE BEHAVIOR 9 ANIMAL COMMUNITIES4 ,PUT SIMPLY1 ANIMALS DO NOT 0DOM9ATE0 EA* O!R 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT A HUMAN ELITE DOM9ATES1 & (T5 EXPLOITS1 AN OPPRESS$ SOCIAL GR\P4 ,NOR DO !Y 0RULE0 ?R\< 9/ITUTIONAL =MS ( SY/EMATIC VIOL5CE AS SOCIAL ELITES DO4 ,AMONG APES1 = EXAMPLE1 !RE IS LITTLE OR NO CO]CION1 BUT ONLY ]RATIC =MS ( DOM9ANT BEHAVIOR4 ,GIBBONS & ORANGUTANS >E NOTABLE = !IR PEACEABLE BEHAVIOR T[>D MEMB]S ( !IR [N K9D4 ,GORILLAS >E (T5 EQUALLY PACIFIC1 AL?\< ONE CAN S+LE \T 0HI< /ATUS10 MATURE1 & PHYSICALLY /RONG MALES AMONG 0L[] /ATUS10 Y\NG] & PHYSICALLY WEAK] ONES4 ,! 0ALPHA MALES0 CELEBRAT$ AMONG *IMPANZEES DO NOT OCCUPY V]Y FIX$ 0/ATUS0 POSITIONS )9 :AT >E FAIRLY FLUID GR\PS4 ,ANY /ATUS ?AT !Y DO A*IEVE MAY BE DUE TO V]Y DIV]SE CAUSES4 

,ONE CAN M]RILY SKIP FROM ONE ANIMAL SPECIES TO ANO!R1 TO BE SURE1 FALL+ BACK ON V]Y DIFF]5T1 ASYMMETRICAL REASONS = SE>*+ \T 0HI<0 V]SUS 0L[ /ATUS0 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! PROC$URE BECOMES RA!R SILLY1 H[EV]1 :5 WORDS LIKE 0/ATUS0 >E US$ SO FLEXIBLY ?AT !Y >E ALL[$ TO 9CLUDE M]E DIFF]5CES 9 GR\P BEHAVIOR & FUNCTIONS1 RA!R ?AN CO]CIVE ACTIONS4 

,! SAME IS TRUE = ! WORD 0HI]>*Y40 ,BO? 9 ITS ORIG9S & ITS /RICT MEAN+1 ?IS T]M IS HI<LY SOCIAL1 NOT ZOOLOGICAL4 ,A ,GREEK T]M1 9ITIALLY US$ TO D5OTE DIFF]5T LEVELS ( DEITIES &1 LAT]1 ( CL]GY 7*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 ,HICRAPOLIS WAS AN ANCI5T ,PHRYGIAN CITY 9 ,ASIA ,M9OR ?AT WAS A C5T] = MO!R GODDESS WOR%IP71 ! WORD HAS BE5 M9DLESSLY EXP&$ TO 5COMPASS EV]Y?+ FROM BEEHIVE RELATION%IPS TO ! ]OSIVE EFFECTS ( RUNN+ WAT] 9 :I* A /REAM IS SE5 TO WE> D[N & 0DOM9ATE0 ITS B$ROCK4 ,C>+ FEMALE ELEPHANTS >E CALL$ 0MATRI>*S0 & ATT5TIVE MALE APES :O EXHIBIT A GREAT DEAL ( C\RAGE 9 DEF5SE ( !IR COMMUNITY1 :ILE ACQUIR+ V]Y FEW 0PRIVILEGES10 >E (T5 DESIGNAT$ AS 0PATRI>*S40 ,! ABS5CE ( AN ORGANIZ$ SY/EM ( RULE -- SO COMMON 9 HI]>*ICAL HUMAN COMMUNITIES & SUBJECT TO RADICAL 9/ITUTIONAL *ANGES1 9CLUD+ POPUL> REVOLUTIONS -- IS L>GELY IGNOR$4 

,AGA91 ! DIFF]5T FUNCTIONS ?AT ! PRESUM$ ANIMAL HI]>*IES >E SAID TO P]=M1 ?AT IS1 ! ASYMMETRICAL CAUSES ?AT PLACE ONE 9DIVIDUAL 9 AN 0ALPHA /ATUS0 & O!RS 9 A LESS] ONE1 IS UND]/AT$ :]E IT IS NOT$ AT ALL4 ,ONE MI<T1 ) MU* ! SAME APLOMB1 PLACE ALL TALL SEQUOIAS 9 A 0SUP]IOR0 /ATUS OV] SMALL] ONES1 OR1 MORE ANNOY+LY1 REG>D !M AS AN 0ELITE0 9 A MIX$ =E/ HI]>*Y OV] 0SUBMISSIVE0 OAKS1 :I*1 TO COMPLICATE MATT]S1 >E MORE ADVANC$ ON ! EVOLUTION>Y' SCALE4 ,! T5D5CY TO ME*ANICALLY PROJECT SOCIAL CATEGORIES ONTO ! NATURAL WORLD IS AS PREPO/]\S AS AN ATTEMPT TO PROJECT BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS ONTO GEOLOGY4 ,M9]ALS DO NOT REPRODUCE ! WAY LIFE-=MS DO4 ,/ALAGMITES & /ALACTITES 9 CAVES C]TA9LY DO 9CREASE 9 SIZE OV] TIME4 ,BUT 9 NO S5SE DO !Y GR[ 9 A MANN] ?AT EV5 REMOTELY CORRESPONDS TO GR[? 9 LIV+ BE+S4 ,TO TAKE SUP]FICIAL RESEMBLANCES1 (T5 A*IEV$ 9 ALI5 WAYS1 & GR\P !M 9TO %>$ ID5TITIES1 IS LIKE SPEAK+ ( ! 0METABOLISM0 ( ROCKS & ! 0MORALITY0 ( G5ES4 

,?IS RAISES ! ISSUE ( REPEAT$ ATTEMPTS TO READ E?ICAL1 AS WELL AS SOCIAL1 TRAITS 9TO A NATURAL WORLD ?AT IS ONLY POT5TIALLY E?ICAL 9S(> AS IT =MS A BASIS = AN OBJECTIVE SOCIAL E?ICS4 ,YES1 CO]CION DOES EXI/ 9 NATURE2 SO DOES PA9 & SUFF]+4 ,H[EV]1 CRUELTY DOES NOT4 ,ANIMAL 9T5TION & WILL >E TOO LIMIT$ TO PRODUCE AN E?ICS ( GOOD & EVIL OR K9DNESS & CRUELTY4 ,EVID5CE ( 9F]5TIAL & CONCEPTUAL ?\<T IS V]Y LIMIT$ AMONG ANIMALS1 EXCEPT = PRIMATES1 CETACEANS1 ELEPHANTS1 & POSSIBLY A FEW O!R MAMMALS4 ,EV5 AMONG ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T ANIMALS1 ! LIMITS TO ?\<T >E IMM5SE 9 COMP>ISON ) ! EXTRAORD9>Y CAPACITIES ( SOCIALIZ$ HUMAN BE+S4 ,ADMITT$LY1 WE >E SUB/ANTIALLY LESS ?AN HUMAN TODAY 9 VIEW ( \R /ILL UNKN[N POT5TIAL TO BE CREATIVE1 C>+1 & RATIONAL4 ,\R PREVAIL+ SOCIETY S]VES TO 9HIBIT1 RA!R ?AN REALIZE1 \R HUMAN POT5TIAL4 ,WE /ILL LACK ! IMAG9ATION TO KN[ H[ MU* \R F9E/ HUMAN TRAITS C\LD EXP& ) AN E?ICAL1 ECOLOGICAL1 & RATIONAL DISP5SATION ( HUMAN AFFAIRS4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ! KN[N NONHUMAN WORLD SEEMS TO HAVE REA*$ VISIBLY FIX$ LIMITS 9 ITS CAPACITY TO SURVIVE 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES4 ,IF M]E ADAPTATION TO 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES IS SE5 AS ! CRIT]ION = EVOLUTION>Y SUCCESS 7AS MANY BIOLOGI/S BELIEVE71 !N 9SECTS W\LD HAVE TO BE PLAC$ ON A HI<] PLANE ( DEVELOPM5T ?AN ANY MAMMALIAN LIFE-=M4 ,H[EV]1 !Y W\LD BE NO MORE CAPABLE ( MAK+ SO L(TY AN 9TELLECTUAL EVALUATION ( !MSELVES ?AN A QUE5 BEE W\LD BE EV5 REMOTELY AW>E ( H] 0REGAL0 /ATUS -- A /ATUS1 ,I MAY ADD1 ?AT ONLY HUMANS 7:O HAVE SUFF]$ ! SOCIAL DOM9ATION ( /UPID1 9EPT1 & CRUEL K+S & QUE5S7 W\LD BE ABLE TO IMPUTE TO A L>GELY M9DLESS 9SECT4 

,NONE ( !SE REM>KS >E MEANT TO METAPHYSICALLY OPPOSE NATURE TO SOCIETY OR SOCIETY TO NATURE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y >E MEANT TO >GUE ?AT :AT UNITES SOCIETY ) NATURE 9 A GRAD$ EVOLUTION>Y CONT9UUM IS ! REM>KABLE EXT5T TO :I* HUMAN BE+S1 LIV+ 9 A RATIONAL1 ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ SOCIETY1 C\LD EMBODY ! CREATIVITY ( NATURE ?IS1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A PURELY ADAPTIVE CRIT]ION ( EVOLUTION>Y SUCCESS4 ,! GREAT A*IEVEM5TS ( HUMAN ?\<T1 >T1 SCI5CE1 & TE*NOLOGY S]VE NOT ONLY TO MONUM5TALIZE CULTURE1 !Y S]VE ALSO TO MONUM5TALIZE NATURAL EVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,!Y PROVIDE H]OIC EVID5CE ?AT ! HUMAN SPECIES IS A W>MBLOOD$1 EXCIT+LY V]SATILE1 & KE5LY 9TELLIG5T LIFE-=M NOT A COLD-BLOOD$1 G5ETICALLY PROGRAMM$1 & M9DLESS 9SECT -- ?AT EXPRESSES NATURE'S GREATE/ P[]S ( CREATIVITY4 

,LIFE-=MS ?AT CREATE & CONSCI\SLY ALT] !IR 5VIRONM5T1 HOPEFULLY 9 WAYS ?AT MAKE IT MORE RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL1 REPRES5T A VA/ & 9DEF9ITE EXT5SION ( NATURE 9TO FASC9AT+1 P]HAPS UNB\ND$1 L9ES ( EVOLUTION :I* NO BRAN* ( 9SECTS C\LD EV] A*IEVE--NOTABLY1 ! EVOLUTION ( A FULLY SELF-CONSCI\S NATURE4 ,IF ?IS BE HUMANISM -- MORE PRECISELY1 ECOLOGICAL HUMANISM -- ! CURR5T CROP ( ANTIHUMANI/S & MISAN?ROPES >E WELCOME TO MAKE ! MO/ ( IT4 

,NATURE1 9 TURN1 IS NOT A SC5IC VIEW WE ADMIRE ?R\< A PICTURE W9D[ -- A VIEW ?AT IS FROZ5 9TO A L&SCAPE OR A /ATIC PANORAMA4 ,SU* 0L&SCAPE0 IMAGES ( NATURE MAY BE SPIRITUALLY ELEVAT+ BUT !Y >E ECOLOGICALLY DECEPTIVE4 ,FIX$ 9 TIME & PLACE1 ?IS IMAG]Y MAKES IT EASY = US TO =GET ?AT NATURE IS NOT A /ATIC VISION ( ! NATURAL WORLD BUT ! LONG1 9DE$ CUMULATIVE1 HI/ORY ( NATURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS HI/ORY 9VOLVES ! EVOLUTION ( ! 9ORGANIC1 AS WELL AS ! ORGANIC1 REALMS ( PH5OM5A4 ,:]EV] WE /& 9 AN OP5 FIELD1 =E/1 OR ON A M\NTA9 TOP1 \R FEET RE/ ON AGES ( DEVELOPM5T1 BE !Y GEOLOGICAL /RATA1 FOSSILS ( LONG-EXT9CT LIFE-=MS1 ! DECAY+ REMA9S ( ! NEWLY DEAD1 OR ! QUIET /IRR+ ( NEWLY EM]G+ LIFE4 ,NATURE IS NOT A 0P]SON10 A 0C>+ ,MO!R10 OR1 9 ! CRUDE MAT]IALI/ LANGUAGE ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 0MATT] & MOTION40 ,NOR IS IT A M]E 0PROCESS0 ?AT 9VOLVES REPETITIVE CYCLES LIKE SEASONAL *ANGES & ! BUILD+-UP & BREAK+-D[N PROCESS ( METABOLIC ACTIVITY -- SOME 0PROCESS PHILOSOPHIES0 TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+4 ,RA!R1 NATURAL HI/ORY IS A CUMULATIVE EVOLUTION T[>D EV] MORE V>I$1 DIFF]5TIAT$1 & COMPLEX =MS & RELATION%IPS4 

,?IS EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ( 9CREAS+LY V>IEGAT$ 5TITIES1 MO/ NOTABLY1 ( LIFE-=MS1 IS ALSO AN EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T :I* CONTA9S EXCIT+1 LAT5T POSSIBILITIES4 ,) V>IETY1 DIFF]5TIATION1 & COMPLEXITY1 NATURE1 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS [N UNFOLD+1 OP5S NEW DIRECTIONS = /ILL FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ALONG ALT]NATIVE L9ES ( NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT ANIMALS BECOME COMPLEX1 SELF-AW>E1 & 9CREAS+LY 9TELLIG5T1 !Y BEG9 TO MAKE ?OSE ELEM5T>Y *OICES ?AT 9FLU5CE !IR [N EVOLUTION4 ,!Y >E LESS & LESS ! PASSIVE OBJECTS ( 0NATURAL SELECTION0 & MORE & MORE ! ACTIVE SUBJECTS ( !IR [N DEVELOPM5T4 

,A BR[N H>E ?AT MUTATES 9TO A :ITE ONE & SEES A SN[-COV]$ T]RA9 9 :I* TO CAM\FLAGE ITSELF IS ACT+ ON BEHALF ( ITS [N SURVIVAL1 NOT SIMPLY 0ADAPT+0 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE4 ,IT IS NOT M]ELY BE+ 0SELECT$0 BY ITS 5VIRONM5T2 IT IS SELECT+ ITS [N 5VIRONM5T & MAK+ A *OICE ?AT EXPRESSES A SMALL MEASURE ( SUBJECTIVITY & JUDGM5T4 

,! GREAT] ! V>IETY ( HABITATS ?AT EM]GE 9 ! EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 ! MORE A GIV5 LIFE-=M1 P>TICUL>LY A NEUROLOGICATLY COMPLEX ONE1 IS LIKELY TO PLAY AN ACTIVE & JUDGM5TAL ROLE 9 PRES]V+ ITSELF4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT NATURAL EVOLUTION FOL L[S ?IS PA? ( NEUROLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 IT GIVES RISE TO LIFE-=MS ?AT EX]CISE AN EV]-WID] LATITUDE ( *OICE & A NASC5T =M ( FRE$OM 9 DEVELOP+ !MSELVES4 

,GIV5 ?IS CONCEPTION ( NATURE AS ! CUMULATIVE HI/ORY ( MORE DIFF]5TIAT$ LEVELS ( MAT]IAL ORGANIZATION 7ESPECIALLY ( LIFE-=MS7 & ( 9CREAS+ SUBJECTIVITY1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY E/ABLI%ES A BASIS = A MEAN+FUL UND]/&+ ( HUMANITY & SOCIETY'S PLACE 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,NATURAL HI/ORY IS NOT A 0CAT*-AS-CAT*-CAN0 PH5OM5ON4 ,IT IS M>K$ BY T5D5CY1 BY DIRECTION1 &1 AS F> AS HUMAN BE+S >E CONC]N$1 BY CONSCI\S PURPOSE4 ,HUMAN BE+S & ! SOCIAL WORLDS !Y CREATE CAN OP5 A REM>KABLY EXPANSIVE HORIZON = DEVELOPM5T ( ! NATURAL WORLD -- A HORIZON M>K$ BY CONSCI\SNESS1 REFLECTION1 & AN UNPREC$5T$ FRE$OM ( *OICE & CAPACITY = CONSCI\S CREATIVITY4 ,! FACTORS ?AT R$UCE MANY LIFE-=MS TO L>GELY ADAPTIVE ROLES 9 *ANG+ 5VIRONM5TS >E REPLAC$ BY A CAPACITY = CONSCI\SLY ADAPT+ 5VIRONM5TS TO EXI/+ & NEW LIFE-=MS4 

,ADAPTATION1 9 EFFECT1 9CREAS+LY GIVES WAY TO CREATIVITY & ! SEEM+LY RU?LESS ACTION ( 0NATURAL LAW0 TO GREAT] FRE$OM4 ,:AT E>LI] G5]ATIONS CALL$ 0BL9D NATURE0 TO D5OTE NATURE'S LACK ( ANY MORAL DIRECTION1 TURNS 9TO 0FREE NATURE10 A NATURE ?AT SL[LY F9DS A VOICE & ! MEANS TO RELIEVE ! NE$LESS TRIBULATIONS ( LIFE = ALL SPECIES 9 A HI<LY CONSCI\S HUMANITY & AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,! 0,NOAH ,PR9CIPLE0 ( PRES]V+ EV]Y EXI/+ LIFE-=M SIMPLY = ITS [N SAKE--A PR9CIPLE ADVANC$ BY ! ANTIHUMANI/1 ,DAVID ,EHR5FELD -- HAS LITTLE MEAN+ )\T ! PRESUPPOSITION1 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 ( ! EXI/5CE ( A 0,NOAH0 -- ?AT IS1 A CONSCI\S LIFE-=M CALL$ HUMANITY ?AT MI<T WELL RESCUE LIFE-=MS ?AT NATURE ITSELF W\LD EXT+UI% 9 ICE AGES1 L& DESICCATION1 OR COSMIC COLLISIONS ) A/]OIDS4.<#e.> ,GRIZZLY BE>S1 WOLVES1 PUMAS1 & ! LIKE1 >E NOT SAF] FROM EXT9CTION BECAUSE !Y >E EXCLUSIVELY 9 ! 0C>+0 H&S ( A PUTATIVE 0,MO!R ,NATURE40 ,IF !RE IS ANY TRU? TO ! !ORY ?AT ! GREAT ,MESOZOIC REPTILES W]E EXT+UI%$ BY CLIMATIC *ANGES ?AT PRESUMABLY FOLL[$ ! COLLISION ( AN A/]OID ) ! E>?1 ! SURVIVAL ( EXI/+ MAMMALS MI<T WELL BE JU/ AS PREC>I\S 9 ! FACE ( AN EQUALLY MEAN+LESS NATURAL CATA/ROPHE UNLESS !RE IS A CONSCI\S1 ECOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ LIFE-=M ?AT HAS ! TE*NOLOGICAL MEANS TO RESCUE !M4 

,! ISSUE1 !N1 IS NOT :E!R SOCIAL EVOLUTION /&S OPPOS$ TO NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,! ISSUE IS H[ SOCIAL EVOLUTION CAN BE SITUAT$ 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION & :Y IT HAS BE5 ?R[N -- NE$LESSLY1 AS ,I WILL >GUE -- AGA9/ NATURAL EVOLUTION TO ! DETRIM5T ( LIFE AS A :OLE4 ,! CAPACITY TO BE RATIONAL & FREE DOES NOT ASSURE US ?AT ?IS CAPACITY WILL BE REALIZ$4 ,IF SOCIAL EVOLUTION IS SE5 AS ! POT5TIALITY = EXP&+ DIE HORIZON ( NATURAL EVOLUTION ALONG UNPREC$5T$ CREATIVE L9ES1 & HUMAN BE+S >C SE5 AS ! POT5TIALITY = NATURE TO BECOME SELF-CONSCI\S & FREE1 ! ISSUE WE FACE IS :Y !SE POT5TIALITIES HAVE BE5 W>P$ & H[ !Y CAN BE REALIZ$4 

,IT IS P>T ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S COMMITM5T TO NATURAL EVOLUTION ?AT !SE POT5TIALITIES >C 9DE$ REAL & ?AT !Y CAN BE FULFILL$4 ,?IS COMMITM5T /&S FLATLY AT ODDS ) A 0SC5IC0 IMAGE ( NATURE AS A /ATIC VIEW TO AWE M\NTA9 M5 OR A ROMANTIC VIEW = CONJUR+ UP MY/ICAL IMAGES ( A P]SONIFI$ DEITY ?AT IS SO MU* 9 VOGUE TODAY4 ,! SPLITS BETWE5 NATURAL & SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 NONHUMAN & HUMAN LIFE1 AN 9TRACTABLE 0/+Y0 NATURE & A GRASP+1 DEV\R+ HUMANITY1 HAVE ALL BE5 SPECI\S & MISLEAD+ :5 !Y >E SE5 AS 9EVITABILITIES4 ,NO LESS SPECI\S & MISLEAD+ HAVE BE5 R$UCTIONI/ ATTEMPTS TO ABSORB SOCIAL 9TO NATURAL EVOLUTION1 TO COLLAPSE CULTURE 9TO NATURE 9 AN ORGY ( IRRATIONALISM1 !ISM1 & MY/ICISM1 TO EQUATE ! HUMAN ) M]E ANIMALITY1 OR TO IMPOSE A CONTRIV$ 0NATURAL LAW0 ON AN OB$I5T HUMAN SOCIETY4 

,:ATEV] HAS TURN$ HUMAN BE+S 9TO 0ALI5S0 9 NATURE >E SOCIAL *ANGES ?AT HAVE MADE MANY HUMAN BE+S 0ALI5S0 9 !IR [N SOCIAL WORLD3 ! DOM9ATION ( ! Y\NG BY ! OLD1 ( WOM5 BY M51 & ( M5 BY M54 ,TODAY1 AS = MANY C5TURIES 9 ! PA/1 !RE >E /ILL OPPRESSIVE HUMAN BE+S :O LIT]ALLY [N SOCIETY & O!RS :O >E [N$ BY IT ,UNTIL SOCIETY CAN BE RECLAIM$ BY AN UNDIVID$ HUMANITY ?AT WILL USE ITS COLLECTIVE WISDOM1 CULTURAL A*IEVEM5TS1 TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS1 SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE1 & 9NATE CREATIVITY = ITS [N B5EFIT & = ?AT ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 ALL ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS WILL HAVE !IR ROOTS 9 SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 

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