,REPUBLIC & ,REVOLUTION 

#aibd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A 

,TEXT 3 

,?\<TS ON ,REPUBLIC & ,REVOLUTION 

,\R AV[$ 9T5TION TO TAKE P>T 9 ANY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AIM$ AT GA9+ GREAT] LIB]TY & JU/ICE1 TOGE!R ) REC5T /ATEM5TS BY C]TA9 COMRADES -- :OSE REAL IDEAS HAVE POSSIBLY BE5 DI/ORT$ BY !HA/E ) :I* NEWSPAP] >TICLES >E WRITT5 -- HAVE CONV9C$ SOME PEOPLE1 UNFAMILI> ) \R IDEAS1 ?AT WE W\LD ACCEPT1 ALBEIT ON A PROVISIONAL BASIS1 A SO-CALL$ 'SOCIAL' & 'F$]AT$' REPUBLIC4 ,!RE >E EV5 SOME PEOPLE :O S5D US REPUBLICAN PROPAG&A >TICLES1 9 ! CONFID5T BELIEF?AT!YWILL BE PUBLI%$1 = ALL ! WORLD AS ?\< WE W]E A REPUBLICAN P]IODICAL6 

,IT W\LD NOT SEEM NECESS>Y TO WA/E WORDS ON ?IS SUBJECT1 GIV5 ?AT ! AN>*I/S HAVE NEV] ALL[$ ( MISUND]/&+S AB\T !IR RELATIONS ) ! REPUBLICANS4 ,BUT IT IS USEFUL TO RETURN TO ! 
SUBJECT BECAUSE ! DANG] ( CONFUSION IS ALWAYS GREAT] :5 !RE IS ! WI% TO ADVANCE FROM PROPAG&A TO DE$S & :51 !RE=E1 ONE'S [N WORK MU/ BE COORD9AT$ ) ?AT ( ! O!R P>TICIPANTS 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,& IT IS SURELY V]Y H>D TO DI/+UI% 9 PRACTICE BETWE5 ! PO9T :]E USEFUL COOP]ATION 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! COMMON 5EMY COMES TO AN 5D & A M]G] BEG9S :I* W\LD LEAD ! WEAK] P>TIES TO SURR5D] !IR [N SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES4 

,IT IS A MATT] ( URG5CY ?AT WE UND]/& ONE ANO!R ON ! QUE/ION ( ! REPUBLIC1 BECAUSE ! REGIME :I* EM]GES FROM ! DIRECTION 9 :I* ,ITALY IS MORE OR LESS RAPIDLY HEAD+ WILL V]Y PROBABLY BE A REPUBLICAN ONE4 ,& IT SEEMS TO US ?AT IF WE SUPPORT A REPUBLIC WE %ALL BE BETRAY+ NOT ONLY \R AN>*I/ PURPOSES BUT ALSO ?OSE SAME LIB]T>IAN & EGALIT>IAN IDEALS :I* ! MAJORITY ( REPUBLICAN WORK]S -- & ?OSE Y\NG PEOPLE :O1 :ILE !MSELVES PRIVILEG$1 >E MOTIVAT$ BY A NE$ = JU/ICE :I* UNITES !M ) ! WORK]S -- 9T5D TO PURSUE BY REPUBLICAN MEANS4 -- 

,WE SAID ABOVE ?AT ! REGIME :I*1 9 ,ITALY1 WILL REPLACE ! PRES5T 9/ITUTIONS WILL PROBABLY BE A REPUBLICAN ONE4 ,BUT :AT =M ( POLITICAL CONSPIRACY MI<T FOLL[ IMM$IATELY ON ! HEELS ( ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS ?AT GAVE US FASCISM & :OSE FATE HAS BECOME 9EXTRICABLY B\ND UP ) IT8 

,WE DO NOT WI% TO PR$ICT H[ MU* LONG] FASCISM WILL LA/1 ESPECIALLY AS WI%FUL ?9K+ C\LD GIVE US TOO MU* HOPE4 ,NEV]!LESS WE HAVE REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ,ITALY WILL NOT BE 9CREAS+LY DRIV5 BACK TO M$IEVAL B>B>ISMS & ?AT SOON] OR LAT] %E WILL %AKE (F ! YOKE ?AT BURD5S H]4 ,BUT !N8 

,PEOPLE ONLY BE/IR !MSELVES = :AT IS IMM$IATELY OBTA9ABLE1 & BASICALLY !Y >E RI<T4 ,MAN CANNOT LIVE BY SELF-D5IAL ALONE1 & IF !RE IS NO?+ NEW TO SET UP !RE IS AN 9EVITABLE T5D5CY TO FALL BACK ON ! OLD WAYS4 

,IT DOES NOT SEEM POSSIBLE TO US ?AT !RE WILL BE A RETURN TO PRE-W> CONDITIONS & ! DAYS ( ANTI-FASCISM -- & C]TA9LY WE %\LD DO \R BE/ TO AVOID SU* A ?+ HAPP5+4 

,AN>*Y IS /ILL NOT UND]/OOD BY ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE & WE CANNOT REASONABLY EXPECT ?AT !Y WILL WI% & KN[ H[ TO ORGANIZE !IR [N LIVES ON A SOCIAL LEVEL1 ON ! BASIS ( FREE AGREEM5T1 )\T AWAIT+ !IR LEAD]S' ORD]S & SUBMITT+ TO COMM&S 
( :ATEV] K9D4 ,EXCEPT = A SMALL M9ORITY ) AN>*I/ IDEAS1 ! PEOPLE1 US$ TO BE+ GOV]N$1 ONLY OV]?R[ ONE GOV]NM5T TO REPLACE IT ) ANO!R FROM :I* !Y HOPE = BETT] ?+S4 

,IF ONE EXCLUDES1 !RE=E1 AS UNDESIRABLE A RETURN TO ! HYPOCRISY ( CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y1 :I* W\LD LEAD US TO A NEW FASCISM AS SOON AS ! MON>*Y & B\RGEOISIE FELT !MSELVES TO BE 9 IMM95T DANG]2 & EXCLUD+ AN>*Y AS BE+ 9APPLICABLE 9 ! NE> FUTURE1 WE SEE ONLY ! POSSIBILITY ( COMMUNI/ DICTATOR%IP OR A REPUBLIC4 

,IT SEEMS TO US ?AT A COMMUNI/ DICTATOR%IP HAS LITTLE *ANCE ( EV5 %ORT-T]M SUCCESS3 !RE >E FEW COMMUNI/S2 !IR AU?ORIT>IANISM W\LD NOT GO D[N WELL 9 A MOVEM5T :I* W\LD1 ABOVE ALL1 BE AN EXPLOSION ( ! NE$ = LIB]TY -- EI!R BECAUSE !IR PROGRAM W\LD MEET ) PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES1 OR BECAUSE ( ! UNPLEASANT RESULTS ( ! ,RUSSIAN EXP]IM5T1 :I* IS LEAD+ ! C\NTRY T[>DS CAPITALISM & MILIT>ISM4 

,!RE REMA9S ! ,REPUBLIC1 :I* W\LD HAVE ! SUPPORT ( ! REPUBLICANS 9 ! /RICT S5SE ( ! WORD1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S ANXI\S = *ANGE BUT )\T SPECIFIC IDEAS ON ! FUTURE1 & ALSO ! MASS ( ! B\RGEOSIE :I* RU%ES TO SUPPORT ANY GOV]NM5T ?AT SEEMS ABLE TO GU>ANTEE 'ORD]' -- :I*1 = !M1 MEANS NO MORE ?AN ! PROTECTION ( !IR [N PRIVILEG$ ECONOMIC /ATUS4 

,BUT :AT IS A ,REPUBLIC8 

,! REPUBLICANS -- OR ?AT PROPORTION ( !M :O S9C]ELY WI% = A RADICAL *ANGE 9 ! SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & >E ?US CLOS] TO US -- DO NOT APPE> TO UND]/& :AT A REPUBLIC IS4 

,!Y SAY '!IR' REPUBLIC IS NOT LIKE ANY ( ! O!RS1 ?AT '!IR' REPUBLIC WILL BE ORGANIZ$ ON A SOCIAL BASIS & ) A F$]AL /RUCTURE -- ?AT IS1 IT WILL EXPROPRIATE1 OR AT LEA/ HEAVILY TAX ! CAPITALI/S1 GIVE L& TO ! PEASANTS1 5C\RAGE ! TRANSF] ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION TO WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 RESPECT RI<TS & FRE$OMS1 ALL 9DIVIDUAL1 CORPORATE & LOCAL GR\P+S1 ETC4 

,N[ LANGUAGE LIKE ?IS CAN BE EI!R AN>*I/ OR AU?ORIT>IAN3 AN>*I/ IF SU* F9E ?+S CAN BE A*IEV$ ?R\< ! AG5CY ( ! MORE 5LI<T5$ M9ORITIES :I*1 OV]?R[+ OR RESI/+ ! GOV]NM5T1 C>RY !M \T :]E & :5 IT IS POSSIBLE TO DO SO1 & C]TA9LY BY PROPAG&A & BY ! DE$2 AU?ORIT>IAN IF1 ON ! 
O!R H&1 IT MEANS TAK+ OV] P[] BY =CE & IMPOS+ !IR PROGRAM BY =CE4 ,BUT :AT SU* LANGUAGE IS NOT1 IS REPUBLICAN4 

,A REPUBLIC IS A DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T1 9DE$ ! ONLY REAL =M ( DEMOCRACY1 IFBY ?IS ONE MEANS A GOV]NM5T ( ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE RUL+ ?R\< !IR FREELY ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES4 ,A REPUBLICAN CAN ?US SAY :AT HIS WI%ES >E1 :AT >E ! CRIT]IA ?AT W\LD GUIDE HIM AS A VOT]1 :AT ! PROPOSALS HE W\LD MAKE OR APPROVE W]E HE ELECT$ A DEPUTY4 ,BUT :AT HE CANNOT SAY IS :AT K9D ( REPUBLIC ! P>LIAM5T 7OR CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY1 IF Y\ PREF]7 ?AT IS CALL$ UPON TO PREP>E ! NEW CON/ITUTION & ! LAWS ?AT WILL FOLL[1 WILL COME UP )4 ,A REPUBLIC REMA9S A REPUBLIC1 EV5 IF1 GOV]N$ BY REACTION>IES1 IT M]ELY CONSOLIDATES & EV5 WORS5S EXI/+ /RUCTURES4 

,!RE W\LD NO LONG] BE A K+ & ROYALLY APPO9T$ S5ATE & ?IS W\LD C]TA9LY BE PROGRESS4 ,BUT PROGRESS ( V]Y SMALL PRACTICAL ACC\NT4 ,TODAY ! PR$OM9AT+ & DET]M9+ =CE BEH9D ALL GOV]NM5T IS F9ANCE & ROYAL P[] C\NTS ONLY AS A TOOL 9 ! H&S ( ! F9ANCI]S1 :O WELL KN[ H[ TO JETTISON IT )\T R$UC+ !IR BALEFUL 9FLU5CE4 

,ANYWAY1 DO 'SOCIAL' REPUBLICANS REALLY WANT ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM1 NAMELY ! RI<TS & ! OPPORTUNITIES TO MAKE A PR(IT \T ( ! LABOR ( O!RS ?R\< ! MONOPOLY ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION8 ,BUT !N :Y DON'T !Y RID !MSELVES ( ?AT AMBIGU\S T]M & CALL !MSELVES SOCIALI/S \TRI<T8 

,TO US IT SEEMS ?AT :ILE !Y AIM TO IMPROVE ! CONDITIONS ( ! POOR] CLASSES & TO R$UCE EXPLOITATION1 !Y >E HAPPY TO PRES]VE ! RI<T ( ! [N]S TO MAKE O!RS WORK = !IR B5EFIT & ?US LEAVE ! WAY OP5 TO ALL ?OSE EVILS ?AT >ISE FROM CAPITALI/ PROP]TY RI<TS4 

,AS = !IR F$]ALISM1 :AT DOES IT COME D[N TO8 ,DO !Y ACKN[L$GE ! RI<T ( ! REGIONS & ! MUNICIPALITIES TO LEAVE ! F$]ATION & 9DEP5D5TLY *OOSE ?OSE GR\P+S ?AT BE/ SUIT !IR 9DIVIDUAL NE$S8 ,DO !Y ACKN[L$GE ?AT MEMB]S ( ! F$]ATION HAVE ! RI<T TO REFUSE ANY P>TICIPATION 9 MILIT>Y OR F9ANCIAL AFFAIRS :5 !Y SEE FIT8 ,WE FE> !Y DO NOT1 BECAUSE ?IS W\LD LEAVE AS BASIS = NATIONAL UNITY ONLY ! GOOD WILL ( ! F$]AT$ REGIONS2 A ?+ :I* H>DLY SEEMS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! TRADITIONS & SPIRIT ( ! REPUBLICANS4 

,9 REALITY IT IS BUT A QUE/ION ( A =C$ F$]ATION1 LIKE ,SWITZ]L&1 
! ,U,S,A OR ,G]MANY1 :I* CONT9UES TO LEAVE ! F$]AT$ REGIONS SUBJECT TO C5TRALIZ$ P[]1 & !RE IS !RE=E LITTLE TO *OOSE BETWE5 !M & ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATES4 

,IF ?AT IS SO1 H[ & :Y C\LD WE AGREE ) REPUBLICANS 9 ANY K9D ( MOVEM5T8 

,WE C\LD JO9 ) ! REPUBLICANS ON ! QUE/ION ( REVOLUTION1 JU/ AS WE C\LD JO9 ) ! COMMUNI/S ON ?AT ( ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 SO LONG AS !Y ACT 9 A REVOLUTION>Y MANN]1 )\T HAV+ FIR/ SET UP !IR ,/ATE1 !IR ,DICTATOR%IP4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN WE W\LD \RSELVES BECOME REPUBLICANS OR COMMUNI/S4 

,!RE IS A NE$ TO MAKE A CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y ACT1 :I* OV]?R[S AS MU* AS IT CAN ( ! OLD REGIME1 REPLAC+ IT ) NEW 9/ITUTIONS1 & GOV]NM5TS ?AT FOLL[ TO HALT REVOLUTION & SUPPRESS AS MU* AS !Y CAN ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S4 

,HI/ORY TEA*ES US ?AT :ATEV] PROGRESS IS MADE BY REVOLUTION OCCURS 9 ! P]IOD :5 POPUL> ACTIVITY IS AT ITS HEI<T1 :5 EI!R A RECOGNIZ$ GOV]NM5T DOES NOT YET EXI/ OR IS TOO WEAK TO OP5LY SET ITSELF AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION4 ,!N1 ONCE GOV]NM5T IS E/ABLI%$ REACTION 9V>IABLY SETS 91 S]V+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! OLD & NEW PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 & SEIZES FROM ! MASSES EV]Y?+ IT POSSIBLY CAN SEIZE BACK FROM !M4 

,?US \R TASK IS TO MAKE1 OR HELP TO MAKE1 ! REVOLUTION1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ALL ! OCCASIONS ?AT COME \R WAY & FROM ALL AVAILABLE =CES4 ,TO PU% ! REVOLUTION AS F> =W>D AS POSSIBLE1 NOT ONLY 9 T]MS ( DE/RUCTION BUT ABOVE ALL 9 T]MS ( RECON/RUCTION1 & TO REMA9 OPPOS$ TO ANY EMBRYONIC GOV]NM5T1 IGNOR+ IT OR FI<T+ IT TO ! BE/ ( \R ABILITY4 

,WE %ALL NO MORE RECOGNIZE ! REPUBLICAN ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY ?AN ! MON>*I/ P>LIAM5T4 ,IF ! PEOPLE WANT SU* AN ASSEMBLY1 SO BE IT2 9 FACT WE C\LD F9D \RSELVES ALONGSIDE ! REPUBLICANS 9 RESI/+ ANY ATTEMPTS AT RE/ORATION ( ! MON>*Y4 ,BUT WE ASK1 WE DEM&1 COMPLETE FRE$OM = ?OSE :O ?9K AS WE DO1 TO LIVE \TSIDE /ATE PROTECTION & OPPRESSION & TO SPREAD \R IDEAS BY WORD & DE$4 

,WE >E REVOLUTION>IES1 YES1 BUT ABOVE ALL WE >E AN>*I/S4 

,FUR!R ,?\<TS ON ,REPUBLIC & ,REVOLUTION 

,9 ! ,VOCE ,REPUBBLICANA1 \R FRI5D ,C>LO ,FRANCESCO ,ANSALDI COMM5TS ON \R DISCUSSIONS AB\T ! IMM$IATE FUTURE1 & 9 P>TICUL> MY >TICLE ',REPUBLIC & ,REVOLUTION1' :I* APPE>$ 9 ! LA/ ISSUE ( ?AT P]IODICAL4 ,HE EXPRESSES :AT BASICALLY >E ASPIRATIONS & DESIRES ?AT APPROXIMATE & EV5 P]HAPS BL5D ) \RS1 BUT IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT HE RUNS AWAY FROM ! HE>T ( ! MATT] -- ! WAY 9 :I*1 9 ! IMM$IATE AFT]MA? ( ! FALL ( ! EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS1 WE SET UP ! NEW SOCIAL /RUCTURES & DECIDE ON ! S\RCE ( ! CON/ITUT5T P[]4 ,9 \R CURR5T DISCUSSIONS IT IS NOT REALLY A QUE/ION ( ! PO9T ( >RIVAL -- S9CE ON ?IS WE CAN ALL P]HAPS AGREE1 ,ANSALDI 9CLUD$ -- BUT ( ! WAYS & MEANS BY :I* WE PUT \R IDEALS 9TO PRACTICE4 

,DO ! REPUBLICANS1 & ESPECIALLY ?OSE1 ,ANSALDI AGA9 9CLUD$1 :O DESCRIBE !MSELVES AS 'SOCIAL1' 'F$]ALI/S' OR 'SYNDICALI/S1' 9T5D CONV5+ ! ',CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY' 7! LEGISLATIVE BODY ELECT$ BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE7 IMM$IATELY AFT] ! FALL ( ! PRES5T REGIME & SUBMIT TO !IR BE+ SET UP BY MAJORITY VOTE8 

,ANO!R REPUBLICAN WRIT]1 ,PAOLO ,ALBATRELLI1 AGA9 9 ,LA ,VOCE1 CLE>LY SAYS YES4 ,BUT :AT DOES ,ANSALDI SAY8 ,:AT DO ! 'SOCIAL & F$]ALI/' REPUBLICANS SAY8 

',\R REPUBLIC1' SAYS ,ALBATRELLI1 'MU/ SPR+ FROM ! DIRECT WILL ( ! PEOPLE 444 ,IF ! MAJORITY ( ! ,ITALIAN PEOPLE IS ) US1 WE DO NOT 9T5D TO RESORT TO ANY VIOL5CE AGA9/ !M4 ,WE DO1 H[EV]1 DESIRE ?AT !Y BE ALL[$ A FREE VOTE & DO NOT COME UND] ANY PRESSURE OR VIOL5CE FROM AN EXECUTIVE P[] DEVOID ( SCRUPLES & MORALITY4' 

,DOES ?IS1 !RE=E1 MEAN ?AT IF ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY VOT$ = A MON>*Y ! REPUBLICANS W\LD SUBMIT & ?AT ! :OLE MOVEM5T W\LD HAVE S]V$ = NO?+ MORE ?AN TO SAVE & TO SUPPLY A NEW VIRG9ITY TO ?IS MON>*Y ?AT FASCISM IS N[ DRAGG+ ) IT 9TO ! GUTT]8 

,& :AT AB\T ! PRECONDITIONS ( AN ANTI-MON>*I/ POSITION8 ,ALBATRELLI SUGGE/S ?AT ! P>TY 'JEAL\SLY RETA9S IT 9 ITS SPECIFIC PROGRAM & DOES NOT PRES5T IT TO ANY POSSIBLE OPPOSITION AS A BILL TO BE SETTL$ 9 ADVANCE4' ,BUT >E ! ANTIMON>*I/ PRECONDITIONS NOT BAS$ ON ! CONVICTION ?AT ! 9/ITUTION ( MON>*Y IS OPPOS$ TO ANY REAL POLITICAL & SOCIAL PROGRESS & ?AT UNTIL IT IS 
ABOLI%$ !RE WILL BE NO GU>ANTEE ( LIB]TY OR POSSIBILITY ( A WIDE G5]AL $UCATION ( ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE8 ,DOES IT MEAN NO?+ TO ,ALBATRELLI ?AT FIFTY YE>S ( REPUBLICAN1 SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ PROPAG&A HAVE RESULT$ 9 444 FASCISM8 ,:]E WE >E CONC]N$1 ! ANTIMON>*I/ PRECONDITIONS %\LD BE ACCOMPANI$ BY ANTICAPITALI/ ONES4 ,BUT ! REPUBLICANS1 :O ASCRIBE PRIME IMPORTANCE TO POLITICAL =M1 %\LD AT ! LEA/ 9SI/ ON 444 A REPUBLIC4 ,O!RWISE !IR REPUBLICANISM R$UCES TO NO MORE ?AN ! ASS]TION ( A F>-(F IDEAL1 A VAGUE 'POT5TIAL' :I* C\LD EV5 BE ACCEPT$ BY ,MUSSOL9I & ,VICTOR ,EMANUEL4 

,TRUE 5\<1 IT IS NOT PROBABLE ?AT A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY SET UP UPON ! FALL ( FASCISM W\LD VOTE = A MON>*Y4 ,! MASS ( ! PEOPLE >E TIR$ ( *ANGE & ! B\RGEOISIE NE$S ORD] & PEACE :I*1 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 >E MORE LIKELY TO PREVAIL UND] A REPUBLIC1 BOL/]$ BY ALL ! ILLUSIONS ?AT NEW REGIMES C>RY ) !M1 RA!R ?AN ! H>D-WON FI<T = RE/ORATION ( A MON>*Y4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS MO/ PROBABLE -- ALMO/ C]TA9 -- ?AT ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 BE+ :AT IT W\LD 9EVITABLY BE 9 PRES5T MORAL & ECONOMICAL TIMES 9 ,ITALY -- ?AT IS1 MADE UP ( A MAJORITY ( CONS]VATIVES & CL]ICALS1 L&[N]S & LAWY]S1 REPRES5T+ ! GREAT 9DU/RIAL 9T]E/S ( ! L& -- W\LD GIVE US A CONS]VATIVE & CL]ICAL REPUBLIC LIKE ! REPUBLIC ( ,FRANCE ON ! FALL ( ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE & :I*1 AFT] MORE ?AN FIFTY YE>S1 IS /ILL A C5TRALIZ+ & CAPITALI/ REPUBLIC4 

,AP>T FROM DIE RI<T ( ! MAJORITY1 :I* WE DO NOT RECOGNIZE1 TO IMPOSE ITS WILL1 BY =CE1 ON ! M9ORITY2 AP>T FROM ! CONSID]ATION ?AT NO ELECTORAL ME*ANISM CAN SUCCE$ 9 ELECT+ A *AMB] ?AT W\LD EXPRESS ! WILL ( ! MAJORITY -- EV5 IF SU* A ?+ AS A MAJORITY ) ONE COMMON WILL EXI/$ -- !RE ALWAYS REMA9S ! FACT ?AT UND] A CAPITALI/ REGIME1 :5 SOCIETY IS DIVID$ BETWE5 RI* & POOR1 BOSSES & WORK]S :OSE RATION ( DAILY BREAD DEP5DS ON ! :IM ( ?OSE BOSSES1 !RE CANNOT BE SU* A ?+ AS A FREE ELECTION4 ,!N3 ALSO REMA9S ! FACT ?AT UND] A C5TRALIZ$ REGIME ! MORE DEVELOP$ REGIONS EXPLOIT ! LESS DEVELOP$ ONES1 :ILE ! LATT] REGIONS1 MORE HEAVILY POPULAT$1 HAMP] PROGRESS & T5D TO BE A DRAG ON RE=M4 

',! FREE VOTE ( ! PEOPLE1' SAYS ,ALBATRELLI4 ,BUT CAN HE REALLY BELIEVE :AT HE SAYS8 

,9 SOME ( ! BIGG] CITIES & 9 SOME ( ! MORE PROGRESSIVE REGIONS ! CONS]VATIVES W\LD BE ECLIPS$ & ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 9 A /ATE ( REVOLUTION>Y F]M5T1 W\LD VOTE 9 A MAJORITY ( SOCIALI/S1 REPUBLICANS & COMMUNI/S -- & EV5 AN>*I/S1 %\LD ! LATT] ALL[ !MSELVES TO TAKE P>T 9 ! COM$Y4 ,BUT EV5 9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES IT IS A DECEPTION TO MA9TA9 ?AT ! ELECTIONS W\LD BE FREE4 ,UN=TUNATELY WE >E A' VIOL5T PEOPLE & ! REC5T EXP]I5CES ( W> & FASCISM HAVE EXAC]BAT$1 TO ! PO9T ( P>OXYSM1 ALL \R WOR/ 9/9CTS4 ,EV5 IF \R LEAD]S1 ! MO/ WELL-KN[N & POPUL> ( M51 S9C]ELY WI%$ = ! LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 =CE1 FRAUD & VIOL5CE W\LD EX]T YET GREAT] 9FLU5CE OV] ! *OICE ( DEPUTIES ?AN ! 9=M$ & FREE WILL ( ! MAJORITY4 

,BUT REMEMB] ?AT1 (FSETT+ & OV]:ELM+ ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES ( ! CITIES & REGIONS ?AT ,I %ALL CALL SUBV]SIVE1 >E ! C\NTLESS ,V5DEES'.<#a.> ( ,ITALY1 :]E ! ELECTIONS W\LD BE SUBJECT TO ! ECONOMIC & MORAL PRESSURE ( ! BOSSES & PRIE/S1 BACK$ UP BY ! VIOL5CE ( ?OSE ELEM5TS :I* >E ALWAYS READY = A BIT ( BLOODLETT+ ON BEHALF ( ANYONE :O C>ES TO PAY = IT4 

,!N :AT TO DO8 ,MAKE ( ! ,ITALIAN ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY A C>BON COPY ( ! ,FR5* ,CONV5TION ( #a#g#i#b-#i#c1 :5 ! RIVAL P>TIES GUILLOT9$ ONE ANO!R & PREP>$ ! WAY = A ,BONAP>TE8 ,OR IMITATE ! 'RURAL' ,ASSEMBLY ( #ahga :I* BEGAN ) ! MASSACRE ( ! ,COMMUN>DS & CONT9U$ AS SYMBOL & %IELD ( B\RGEOIS CL]ICAL REACTION8 

,BUT1 IT WILL BE ASK$1 IF Y\ DON'T WANT ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 :AT DO Y\ WANT8 

,REVOLUTION4 ,& BY REVOLUTION WE DON'T MEAN ! 9SURRECTION>Y PHASE ALONE1 :I* W\LD BE 9DISP5SABLE1 SAVE 9 ! HI<LY UNLIKELY EV5TUALITY ?AT ! REGIME1 COLLAPS+ FROM )91 FALLS ( ITS [N ACCORD4 ,BUT 9SURRECTION W\LD BE /]ILE IF IT W]E NOT FOLL[$ BY ! LIB]ATION ( ! PEOPLE & W\LD S]VE M]ELY TO REPLACE ONE /ATE ( VIOL5CE BY ANO!R4 

,REVOLUTION IS ! CREATION ( NEW 9/ITUTIONS1 NEW GR\P+S1 NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,REVOLUTION IS ! DE/RUCTION ( PRIVILEGE & 
MONOPOLY1 A NEW SPIRIT ( JU/ICE1 SOLID>ITY & FRE$OM :I* MU/ R5EW ! :OLE ( SOCIAL LIFE1 RAISE ! MORAL LEVEL & ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ! MASSES BY CALL+ UPON !M TO PROVIDE = !IR [N FUTURE ?R\< !IR DIRECT & CONSCI\S ACTION4 ,REVOLUTION IS ! ORGANIZATION ( ALL PUBLIC S]VICES BY ?OSE :O WORK )9 !M 9 !IR [N 9T]E/S1 AS WELL AS 9 ?OSE ( ! WID] PUBLIC4 ,REVOLUTION IS ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL CO]CIVE BONDS1 & IS ! AUTONOMY ( GR\PS1 COMMUNES & REGIONS4 ,REVOLUTION IS ! FREE F$]ATION1 BR\<T AB\T BY SOLID>ITY1 BY 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE 9T]E/S & BY ! NE$S ( PRODUCTION & DEF5SE4 ,REVOLUTION IS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A MYRIAD FREE GR\P+S BAS$ ON ! IDEAS1 DESIRES1 NE$S & TA/ES ( ALL & EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL4 ,REVOLUTION IS ! =MATION & DISSOLUTION ( ?\S&S ( REPRES5TATIVE1 NEI<BORHOOD1 COMMUNAL1 REGIONAL & NATIONAL BODIES :I*1 LACK+ ANY K9D ( LEGISLATIVE P[]1 S]VE TO MAKE !M KN[N & H>MONIZE ! WI%ES & 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE NE> & F>1 & ACT ?R\< PROPAGATION ( 9=MATION1 ADVICE & EXAMPLE4 ,REVOLUTION IS FRE$OM PROV$ 9 ! CRUCIBLE ( EV5TS -- & LA/S AS LONG AS FRE$OM LA/S1 ?AT IS1 UNTIL SU* TIME AS O!RS1 PR(IT+ FROM ! WE>9ESS ?AT OV]TAKES ! MASSES1 ! 9EVITABLE DISAPPO9TM5TS ?AT FOLL[ UPON EXAGG]AT$ HOPES1 POSSIBLE MI/AKES & HUMAN ]ROR1 SUCCE$ 9 CREAT+ A P[] :I*1 BACK$ BY AN >MY ( CONSCRIPTS & M]C5>IES1 MAKES LAWS & BLOCKS ANY =W>D MOVEM5T -- & REACTION SETS 94 

,TO MY QUE/ION1 ',H[ DO Y\ KN[ 9 :AT DIRECTION Y\R REPUBLIC WILL GO8' ,ANSALDI C\NT]S BY ASK+1 ',H[ DO Y\ KN[ 9 :AT DIRECTION Y\R AN>*ISM WILL GO8' ,& HE'S RI<T4 ,!RE >E TOO MANY & COMPLICAT$ HI/ORICAL FACTORS1 TOO GREAT A FACTOR ( UNC]TA9TY 9 ! HUMAN WILL = ANYONE TO BE ABLE S]I\SLY TO PR$ICT ! FUTURE4 ,BUT ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 US & ! REPUBLICANS IS ?AT WE SEEK NEI!R TO H>D5 \R AN>*ISM 9 DOGMA1 NOR IMPOSE IT BY =CE4 ,IT WILL BE :AT IT CAN BE1 & WILL DEVELOP AS PEOPLE & 9/ITUTIONS GR[ MORE SUPPORTIVE ( COMPLETE LIB]TY & JU/ICE4 ,! REPUBLICANS1 ON ! O!R H&1 SEEK TO MAKE LAWS :I*1 BY DEF9ITION1 W\LD BE OBLIGATORY = ALL & MU/ !RE=E NECESS>ILY BE IMPOS$ ON ! RECALCITRANTS BY MAT]IAL =CE4 ,IF ! REPUBLICANS R5\NCE ! G5DANNES1 !N AGREEM5T CAN SOON BE REA*$4 

,IT IS POSSIBLE -- EV5 C]TA9 -- ?AT ! NEXT MOVEM5T WILL LEAD TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A REPUBLIC4 ,BUT ?IS WILL BE A 'SOCIAL' REPUBLIC ONLY 
IF ! SOCIAL RE=MS >E C>RI$ \T BE=EH& & ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 C>RI$ \T4 ,& IT WILL BE 'F$]ALI/' ONLY IF ! UNITY ( ! /ATE HAS FIR/LY BE5 BROK5 UP & ! AUTONOMY ( ! REGIONS & COMMUNES HAS BE5 SET 9 MOTION4 ,! =CES ( REACTION1 TO :I* ALL GOV]NM5TS T5D1 WILL BE PROPORTIONATELY LESS EFFECTIVE ! MORE RADICAL ! RE=MS C>RI$ \T 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 

,IF1 H[EV]1 AS IT SEEMS1 ! REPUBLICANS 9T5D TO BEG9 ) ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY & ONLY !N PROCE$ TO C>RY \T RE=MS ?R\< ! AG5CY ( ?AT ,ASSEMBLY1 ! ANTIFASCI/ MOVEM5T W\LD BE ( LITTLE USE4 

,EV5 SO1 WE %ALL TAKE P>T1 BUT ONLY TO WORK )9 ! MASSES1 \TSIDE & IF NECESS>Y AGA9/ ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 TO DRAW ! MAXIMUM POSSIBLE ADVANTAGE = \R IDEAS 9 FAVOR ( FRE$OM & JU/ICE4 

.<#a.> ,A WE/]N REGION ( ,FRANCE :I*1 DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION & E>LY ,NAPOLEONIC P]IOD1 WAS HOME TO ! =CES ( ROYALI/ 9SURRECTION -- ,$ITOR4 

7,S\RCE3 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,REVOLUTION3 ,POLEMICAL ,>TICLES #a#i#b#d-#a#i#c#a1 $IT$ & 9TRODUC$ BY ,V]NON ,RI*>DS4 ,PUBLI%$ BY ,FRE$OM ,PRESS ,LONDON #a#i#i#e47 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,MAY #c#a1 #aibd 3 ,REPUBLIC & ,REVOLUTION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
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,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,REPUBLIC & ,REVOLUTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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