,RESI/ANCE TO ,NAZISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

  

,9 ?IS PAMPHLET1 WE EXPLORE DIFF]5T =MS ( RESI/ANCE TO ,NAZISM 9 ! #a#i#cS & #a#i#dS4 ,FIR/LY1 ! ,$ELWEISS ,PIRATES1 ?\S&S ( Y\NG ,G]MAN PEOPLE :O COMB9$ A ?IR/ = FRE$OM ) A PASSION = /REET-FI<T+ & SATIRICAL SUBV]SION ( ! ,NAZI /ATE4 ,SECONDLY1 ! /ORY ( ! ,F,A,U,D1 ,G]MAN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S :O W5T UND]GR\ND 9 #aicb & UND]TOOK A LONG /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM :ILE CONT9U+ TO DEVELOP NETWORKS & IDEAS AIM$ AT A FREE SOCIETY ?R\< ! G5]AL /RIKE AGA9/ OPPRESSION4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,ZAZUS1 ,FR5* C\NT]-CULTURALI/S & ALT]NATIVE LIFE/YL]S - 9 \R T]MS - :O DID MU* MORE ?AN SIMPLY CELEBRATE !IR DIFF]5CE & P>TY4 ,!Y F\<T AS WELL4 ,!SE /ORIES REVEAL ! P[] ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS & ! DANG] TO CAPITALISM & AU?ORIT>IANISM POS$ BY ! 9NATE & EV]-PRES5T DESIRE = FRE$OM )9 EV]Y HUMAN BE+4 ,!Y ALSO REVEAL ! EXT5T ( A RESI/ANCE HIDD5 )9 ! %AD[S CA/ BY ! CORPSES ( ! REMEMB]$ DEAD1 ! /ATUES ( VICTORI\S G5]ALS & GLORI\S M>TYRS OR DI/ORT$ BY ! COMM]CIALIZATION ( HI/ORY4 

,! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> IS REMEMB]$ AS A /RUGGLE BETWE5 FRE$OM & OPPRESSION & SO IT WAS4 ,BUT 9 SOCIAL T]MS IT WAS ALSO A /RUGGLE BETWE5 TWO DIFF]5T =MS ( CAPITALISM - AU?ORIT>IAN VS B\RGEOIS - 9 :I* PROGRESSIVE =CES 9 SOCIETY W]E ALMO/ 5TIRELY DE/ROY$4 ,( ! #b MILLION PEOPLE :O DI$1 MANY MILLIONS W]E COMMUNI/S1 9TELLECTUALS1 /UD5TS1 SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S2 VIRTUALLY ! 5TIRE MOVEM5T ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR1 ITS TRADE UNIONS & LEFT-W+ P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS W]E PHYSICALLY ELIM9AT$ BY HANG+1 %OOT+1 />VATION1 DISEASE & EXILE4 ,?IS WAS A CRU%+ BL[ & HAS HAUNT$ AN>*ISM EV] S9CE4 ,DON'T LOOK = ORGANIZATIONAL REASONS = :Y AN>*ISM OR LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM HAVE BE5 M>G9AL =CES 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,EUROPE S9CE #a#i#d#e4 ,LOOK = ! GRAVES1 SEEK \T ! PLACES :]E ITS T5S ( ?\S&S - & ! MILLIONS ( O!R PROGRESSIVE ACTIVI/S - W5T D[N FI<T+4 

,:5 WE ?9K AB\T ! RESI/ANCE TO ,NAZISM1 ?REE OR F\R IMAGES COME TO M9D3 ! D\R BUT ROMANTIC ,FR5* MAQUIS BL[+ UP ,G]MAN TROOP TRA9S1 ! BEAUTIFUL ,S,E OP]ATIVE P>A*UT+ 9TO ,OCCUPI$ ,EUROPE1 ! TRAGIC H]OISM ( ! /UD5T PACIFI/S PITT+ WITS & BODIES AGA9/ ! ,GE/APO & ,S,S4 ,!IR /RUGGLES & SUFF]+ >E PORTRAY$ AS A PATRIOTIC RESPONSE TO PHYSICAL OCCUPATION & IDEOLOGICAL OPPRESSION1 A ?+ ?AT IS =C$ UPON !M1 AN UNNATURAL CONDITION :I* 5DS ) ! LIB]ATION UNTIL ALL ?AT IS LEFT >E GRA9Y PHOTOGRAPHS & ! QUIET VOICES ( OLD PEOPLE1 REMEMB]+4 ,!RE WAS ! ,FR5* RESI/ANCE1 ! ,W>SAW UPRIS+1 ,YUGOSLAV P>TISANS3 NATIVE /RUGGLES 9 RESPONSE TO ALI5 OCCUPATION1 :OSE ONLY AMBITION WAS LIB]ATION & ! RE/ORATION ( ! NATION-/ATE4 ,BUT !RE WAS MORE3 BL[S /RUCK1 VOICES RAIS$ ?AT ONCE W5T UNHE>D BUT ?AT SPEAK TO US /ILL4 ,?IS PAMPHLET IS AB\T ?AT O!R RESI/ANCE1 ONE 9VOLV+ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE1 ?AT BEGAN NOT 9 #aici BUT MANY YE>S E>LI]4 ,A RESI/ANCE NOT AGA9/ OCCUPATION BUT AGA9/ FASCISM & = FRE$OM4 ,A RESI/ANCE ?AT WAS 9T]NATIONAL1 REJECT+ ! TIR$ SLOGANS ( EMPIRE & FA!RL&1 NOT A DESP]ATE /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL AGA9/ ,HITL]'S T5 YE> ,REI* BUT A W> BEGUN ON ! B>RICADES ( #a#h#d#h3 AGA9/ TYRANNY1 EXPLOITATION & W> & = FRE$OM1 BRO!RHOOD & PEACE4 ,A RESI/ANCE ROOT$ 9 ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS & ITS UND]/&+ ?AT FASCISM BR+S ONLY EXPLOITATION1 T]ROR & W>1 ?AT AU?ORIT>IAN & TOTALIT>IAN GOV]NM5TS ( ALL K9DS >E GOOD ONLY = ONE CLASS - ! RUL+ CLASS1 ! M]*ANTS1 ! G5]ALS & 9DU/RIALI/S4 ,!SE HI/ORIES REM9D US ( ! ALMO/ LIMITLESS /R5G? ( ! AW>E & SELF-ORGANIZ+ WORK+ CLASS1 ITS CAPACITY = /RUGGLE & SACRIFICE1 IT'S DET]M9ATION TO HOLD ON TO ITS IDEALS 9 ! FACE ( BRUTAL OPPRESSION4 ,!RE IS ANO!R HI/ORY ?AT WE >E WRIT+ EV5 TODAY4 

,BE=E ,HITL] C\LD BUILD ! W> MA*9E HE NE$$ TO ACQUIRE P[] = HIMSELF & LEB5SRAUM = ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE - TO BE BUILT AMONG ! MASS GRAVES ( ! E?NICALLY-CLEANS$ EA/ & S\? - HE NE$$ TO DEFEAT ?IS P[]FUL & DANG]\S RESI/ANCE4 ,HITL]'S FIR/ VICTIMS W]E NOT ! ,JEWS1 ! 9TELLECTUALS1 ! ,POLES OR ,RUSSIANS4 ,! FIR/ VICTIMS ( ,NAZISM - DELIB]ATELY SO - W]E COMMUNI/S1 TRADE UNIONI/S1 AN>*I/S1 WORK+ CLASS COMMUNITIES & ACTIVI/S4 ,HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE1 :OLE COMMUNITIES1 TRADE UNION BRAN*ES1 WORK]S' SOCIETIES & LEAGUES W]E LIQUIDAT$1 !IR MEMB]S >RE/$1 IMPRISON$1 EXIL$ OR DRIV5 UND]GR\ND1 S5T TO =C$ LABOR & RE$UCATION CAMPS & LAT]1 KONZ5TRATIONSLAG]3 CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT1 N[1 TO IMAG9E ! /R5G? ( ?AT RESI/ANCE4 ,HITL] IS (T5 PORTRAY$ AS A PROGRESSIVE CAMPAIGN] :O TOOK TO ! AIR TO CRISS-CROSS ,G]MANY1 W9N+ ! HE>TS & M9DS ( ITS PEOPLE4 ,IT'S NOT WELL-KN[N ?AT ?IS WAS A TACTIC =C$ ON ! ,NAZIS BECAUSE IT WAS LESS DANG]\S ?AN TRAVEL+ BY ROAD OR RAIL6 ,JU/ MON?S BE=E ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/S SEIZ$ P[]1 ,GOEBBELS WAS *AS$ \T ( ,KOLN - HIS HOME T[N - 'LIKE A CRIM9AL' BY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ PROTE/S & MASS ACTION4 ,ALL OV] ,G]MANY BE=E #a#i#c#c1 VIGOR\S & DET]M9$ ACTION1 TAK5 OV] ! HEADS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC & TRADE UNION LEAD]S1 GAVE ! ,NAZIS A V]Y H>D TIME4 

,M>*ES BY ,NAZIS W]E (T5 SURR\ND$ & HAD TO BE PROTECT$ BY ! POLICE1 !IR HIT SQUADS (T5 AMBU%$ & BEAT5 UP 7OR KILL$7 BY ORGANIZ$ WORK]S4 ,! RESI/ANCE TOOK ITS /R5G? FROM ! EXP]I5CES ( WORK]S & ! LESSONS LE>N$ DUR+ ! P]IOD ( SOCIAL UPHEAVAL & REPRESSION FOLL[+ ,W,W,I4 ,ITS RESILI5CE & DYNAMISM WAS ROOT$ 9 ! DESIRE = A SOCIALLY-JU/1 PROGRESSIVE & PEACEFUL SOCIETY1 ?+S ?AT MILLIONS ( PEOPLE W]E PREP>$ TO /RUGGLE1 FI<T & DIE =4 ,ITS WEAKNESS LAY 9 ! SEP>ATE ME?ODS ( ORGANIZATION ( AN>*I/S1 SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S & COMPETITION BETWE5 !M = ! LOYALTY ( WORK+ PEOPLE1 RA!R ?AN COOP]ATION4 ,& AS ) ! P]IOD BE=E ,W,W,I1 NATIONALISM1 PATRIOTISM & SECTIONAL ID5TITIES WEAK5$ ! FRONT = PROGRESS & JU/ICE4 ,! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> WAS SIMPLY ! F9AL PHASE ( A SEV5TY-YE> /RUGGLE BETWE5 AU?ORIT>IAN & B\RGEOIS CAPITALISM1 A LONG /RUGGLE ?AT DECIMAT$ PROGRESSIVE =CES 9 ,EUROPE & ELSE:]E1 PRECLUD+ ! POSSIBILITY ( =M+ ANY O!R SOCIETY 9 ! RU9S ( ! OLD EXCEPT ON DEMOCRACY'S T]MS4 

,9 ! #a#i#cS1 ! LEVEL ( REPRESSION WAS SO SEV]E ?AT ONLY 9DIVIDUALI/ ACTIVITIES W]E POSSIBLE4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 ASSASS9ATION PLOTS - MANY AGA9/ ,HITL] HIMSELF -- & MURD]S W]E ATTEMPT$1 PAMPHLETS & PO/]S PR9T$ & DI/RIBUT$1 SABOTAGE 9 ! FACTORIES C>RI$ \T4 ,AN UND]GR\ND NETWORK =M$ BY ! ,F,A,U,D - ,G]MAN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S -- MANAG$ TO RAISE MONEY = AN>*I/S FI<T+ FASCISM 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ #a#i#c#f-#c#i & SMUGGL$ TE*NICIANS ACROSS ,EUROPE TO ASSI/ !M4 ,BUT )\T A MASS BASE1 AN>*I/S & ?OSE !Y WORK$ ) W]E GRADUALLY HUNT$ D[N1 SUPPRESS$4 ,]NE/ ,B9D]1 A ,F,A,U,D MEMB] WROTE 9 #a#i#d#f3 0,S9CE MASS RESI/ANCE WAS NOT FEASIBLE 9 #a#i#c#c1 ! F9E/ MEMB]S ( ! MOVEM5T HAD TO SQU&] !IR 5]GY 9 A HOPELESS GU]RILLA CAMPAIGN4 ,BUT IF WORK]S WILL DRAW FROM ?AT PA9FUL EXP]IM5T ! LESSON ?AT ONLY A TRULY UNIT$ DEF5SE AT ! PROP] TIME IS EFFECTIVE 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM1 !IR SACRIFICES WILL NOT HAVE BE5 9 VA940 

0,HOPELESS08 ,MAYBE4 ,SQU&]$8 ,NEV]4 

,) ! COMPLETE COLLAPSE ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR RESI/ANCE TO ,NAZISM - ITS LEAD]S 9 PRISON OR EXILE1 ACTIVI/S 9 CONC5TRATION CAMPS OR UND]GR\ND1 WORK+ CLASS DI/RICTS T]RORIZ$ BY ,S,A & ,GE/APO RAIDS & >RE/S1 ITS FUNDS & PR9T+ PRESSES SEIZ$1 ITS ORGANIZATIONS & NEWSPAP]S DECL>$ ILLEGAL - AN>*I/ RESI/ANCE TOO HAD TO GO UND]GR\ND & GRADUALLY LO/ COH]5CE & ! ABILITY TO ACT4 ,?IS DIDN'T JU/ OCCUR 9 ,G]MANY4 ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S CONT9U$ TO FI<T ! FASCI/ GANGS ?R\<\T ?IS P]IOD1 =M+ !IR [N P>TISAN B&S AS SOCIAL /RUGGLES BECAME MILIT>Y BUT RETA9+ A H>D POLITICAL ANALYSIS & $GE1 CONT9U+ !IR CALL = SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,FRANCE - BECAUSE IT WAS 9T]NATIONALI/ & ANTI-W> - WAS SUPPRESS$ 9 #a#i#c#i-#d = RESI/+ MOBILIZATION1 ) ACTIVI/S >RE/$1 IMPRISON$ = REFUS+ TO BE DRAFT$ OR =C$ 9TO HID+4 ,AFT] ! OCCUPATION 9 #a#i#c#i1 ,POLI% TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS W]E PROSCRIB$ BUT SYNDICALI/S GA!R$ ITS MILITANT REMNANTS TOGE!R 9 ! ,POLI% ,SYNDICALI/ ,UNION 7! ,Z,S,P7 & ORGANIZ$ BO? PROPAG&A & OV]T RESI/ANCE4 ,AN ILLEGAL NEW-%EET1 ! ,SYNDICALI/1 WAS PUBLI%$ & ! ,Z,S,P ACTIVELY RESI/$ 9 COOP]ATION ) ! ,NATIONAL ,>MY 7! ,A,K7 & ,PEOPLE'S ,>MY 7,A,L72 ,Z,S,P DETA*M5TS TOOK P>T 9 ! ,W>SAW ,UPRIS+ 9 #a#i#d#d4 

,RESI/ANCE COALESC$ AMONG AFF9ITY GR\PS OR UPON ! REMA9S ( PRE-W> POLITICAL & 9DU/RIAL NETWORKS AMONG ORGANIZ$ WORK]S4 ,AN>*I/S :O HAD DIRECT EXP]I5CE ( FASCISM1 = 9/ANCE 9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY1 RETA9$ !IR 9T]NATIONALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y GOALS & ORGANIZ$ SEP>ATELY1 ?\< (T5 CO-OP]AT+ ) RESI/ANCE GR\PS4 ,!Y PUBLI%$ RADICAL PAMPHLETS & BULLET9S & CONT9U$ TO CALL = SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,ONE EXAMPLE IS ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PROLET>IAN ,GR\P =M$ 9 ,FRANCE 9 #aida BY REVOLUTION>IES ( MANY NATIONALITIES & :I* ISSU$ A MANIFE/O 9 #aidc CALL+ = AN 9T]NATIONAL REPUBLIC ( WORK]S C\NCILS4 ,IT URG$ ECONOMIC RESI/ANCE1 ! DISAFFECTION ( ,G]MAN SOLDI]S & WORK]S & RESI/ANCE TO =C$ LABOR DRAFTS :IL/ =M+ CL&E/9E FACTORY COMMITTEES & MILITIAS4 ,?\S&S ( ,G]MAN SOLDI]S DID DES]T BUT AT ! CO/ ( HUNDR$S ( LIVES3 EXECUT$1 />V$1 %OT ':ILE ESCAP+' OR SIMPLY DISAPPE>$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 A SECRET CONGRESS ( AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IANS WAS HELD UND] ! NOSES ( ! ,VI*Y AU?ORITIES 9 ,T\L\SE4 ,IT =M$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALI/ ,F$]ATION & AIM$ TO ORGANIZE A MASS G5]AL /RIKE AS SOON AS CONDITIONS P]MITT$1 :ILE CONT9U+ GU]RILLA RESI/ANCE & ECONOMIC SABOTAGE4 

,O!R AN>*I/S W]E DRAWN 9TO ! /RUGGLES AGA9/ ,NAZI OCCUPATION AS AN EXT5SION ( !IR LONG FI<T AGA9/ FASCISM OR ! HOPE ( SOCIAL PROGRESS ) LIB]ATION4 ,9 #aid !RE W]E #b#c1 ,SPANI% ,REPUBLICAN EXILES 9 ,FRANCE1 ( :OM #d1 - AN>*I/S1 SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S - JO9$ ! MAQUIS2 P]HAPS AS MANY AS #c1 DI$ 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,SPANI% EXILE UNITS F\<T 9 MANY BATTLES DUR+ ! W> & AN>*I/ BATTALIONS ) NAMES LIKE 0,DURUTTI01 0,GU]NICA0 & 0,GUADALAJ>A0 ON !IR VEHICLES TOOK P>T 9 ! LIB]ATION ( ,P>IS :ILE #e ,FR5* T[NS1 9CLUD+ ,T\L\SE1 W]E LIB]AT$ BY ,SPANI% GU]RILLA GR\PS4 

,YET1 AS ! PO/W> SETTLEM5T PROV$1 DEMOCRACY IS SIMPLY A MORE B5IGN =M ( CAPITALI/ AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,NATIONAL LIB]ATION & ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES - ?\< ULTIMATELY VICTORI\S - SIMPLY FUR!R 5TR5*$ CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS )9 SOCIETY4 ,SOME AN>*I/S PR$ICT$ ?IS4 ,! ,FRI5DS ( ,DURUTTI1 A RADICAL GR\P DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 >GU$ ?AT AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IANS :O HAD SET ASIDE REVOLUTION>Y GOALS TO HELP ! B\RGEOIS ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC FI<T FASCISM HAD GA9$ NO?+1 SUFF]+ DEFEAT1 EXILE1 DEA? & ! DE/RUCTION ( !IR POPUL> WORK]S COLLECTIVES & ! O!R ORGANIZATIONS BY :I* PEOPLE W]E SELF-MANAG+ SOCIETY 9 ! MID/ ( W>4 ,EV5 AFT] VICTORY1 OPPRESSION CONT9U$3 AN>*I/S :O HAD REFUS$ TO BE DRAFT$ 9 #aici OR :O HAD C>RI$ \T 'ILLEGAL' ACTIONS AGA9/ /ATE T>GETS W]E >RE/$ & CONVICT$ DESPITE S]V+ 9 ! ,RESI/ANCE4 

,:AT ?IS HI/ORY TELLS US IS ! IMPORTANCE ( FI<T+ FASCISM :]EV] IT RE>S ITS UGLY HEAD1 ( ! NE$ TO PUT ASIDE SECT>IAN DIFF]5CES4 ,AN AW>E1 PROGRESSIVE & MOBILIZ$ WORK+ CLASS IS ONE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL =CES 9 ! WORLD1 /RONGE/ :5 IT ACTS FROM ITS [N S5SE ( :AT IS NECESS>Y1 WEAKE/ :5 BADLY L$4 ,& BECAUSE FASCISM IS A FACET ( CAPITALISM1 IT CANNOT BE F\<T EXCEPT UPON ! BASIS ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS CAPITALISM CREATES4 ,NATIONAL LIB]ATION )\T SOCIAL REVOLUTION M]ELY PO/PONES AN 9EVITABLE /RUGGLE & CONT9UES AN OPPRESSIVE & DEAD5+ LIFE )\T FRE$OM4 

,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION1 ,APRIL #bf 

,Y\NG ,PEOPLE & ! ,NAZIS3 ,! ,$ELWEISS ,PIRATES 

  
 ,HITL]'S P[] MAY LAY US L[1 

 ,& KEEP US LOCK$ 9 *A9S1 

 ,BUT WE WILL SMA% ! *A9S ONE DAY1 

 ,WE'LL BE FREE AGA9 

 ,WE'VE GOT FI/S & WE CAN FI<T1 

 ,WE'VE GOT KNIVES & WE'LL GET !M \T 

 ,WE WANT FRE$OM1 DON'T WE BOYS8 

 ,WE'RE ! FI<T+ ,NAVAJOS6  

,:Y W]E ! ,NAZIS ABLE TO CONTROL ,G]MANY SO EASILY8 ,:Y WAS !RE SO LITTLE ACTIVE OPPOSITION TO !M8 ,:Y W]E ! OLD P>TIES ( ! ,S,P,D & ,K,P,D UNABLE TO (F] ANY REAL RESI/ANCE8 ,H[ C\LD A TOTALIT>IAN REGIME SO EASILY CONTA9 :AT HAD BE5 ! /RONGE/ WORK+ CLASS 9 ,EUROPE8 

,WE >E TAU<T ?AT ! ,NAZIS DUP$ ! ,G]MAN POPULATION & ?AT IT TOOK ! >M$ MI<T ( ! ,ALLIES TO LIB]ATE ,EUROPE FROM !IR 5SLAVEM5T4 ,?IS >TICLE AIMS TO %[ H[ ! ,NAZIS W]E ABLE TO CONTA9 ! WORK+ CLASS & TO TELL SOME ( ! TALES ( RESI/ANCE ?AT REALLY TOOK PLACE4 

,DEAL+ ) ! OPPOSITION 

  

,ACT+ ) A RU?LESSNESS ?AT SURPRIS$ !IR OPPON5TS1 ! ,NAZIS BANN$ !IR OPPON5TS1 ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS & ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,= ! WORK+ CLASS ?IS WAS F> MORE S]I\S ?AN JU/ ! DE/RUCTION ( TWO /ATE CAPITALI/ P>TIES4 ,IT WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY ! ANNIHILATION ( A :OLE >EA ( SOCIAL LIFE >\ND WORK+ CLASS COMMUNITIES4 ,MANY ( ! MO/ CONFID5T WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS W]E >RE/$ & S5T TO CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 

,! REPRESSION WAS C>RI$ \T LEGALLY4 ,! ,S,A 7! ,BR[N%IRTS7 N[ ACT$ 9 COLLABORATION ) ! POLICE4 ,!IR BRUTAL ACTIVITIES :I* ONCE HAD BE5 ILLEGAL BUT TOL]AT$ N[ BECAME P>T ( (FICIAL /ATE ACTIVITY4 ,9 SOME CIRCUM/ANCES ?IS MEANT SIMPLE ACTIONS LIKE BEAT+S4 ,9 O!RS1 ,S,A GR\PS MOV$ 9TO & TOOK OV] WORK+ CLASS PUBS & C5T]S4 ,! EFFECT WAS TO ISOLATE1 9TIMIDATE & R5D] P[]LESS ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,MANY WORK]S BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,NAZIS W\LD NOT REMA9 9 P[] =EV]4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT ! NEXT ELECTION W\LD SEE !M SWEPT FROM P[] & '!IR' P>TIES RETURN$4 ,WORK]S ONLY NE$$ TO B9D !IR TIME4 ,:5 IT BECAME CLE> ?AT ?IS WAS NOT GO+ TO HAPP51 ! MY? *ANG$4 ,! ROLE = OPPOSITIONI/S BECAME TO KEEP ! P>TY /RUCTURES 9TACT UNTIL SU* TIME AS ! ,NAZIS W]E DEFEAT$4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT EV5 ! SIMPLE ACT ( DI/RIBUT+ ,SOCIALI/ 7,S,P,D7 OR ,COMMUNI/ 7,K,P,D7 PROPAG&A TOOK AN 9CR$IBLE DEGREE ( H]OISM1 = ! CONSEQU5CES ( BE+ CAU<T W]E QUITE CLE> TO ALL - BEAT+S1 TORTURE & DEA?4 ,IT MEANT ?AT FAMILIES W\LD BE LEFT )\T BREADW9N]S1 SUBJECT$ TO POLICE SURVEILLANCE & 9TIMIDATION4 

,! RESULT WAS (T5 PASSIVITY & 9ACTION4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#i#c#e1 WORK]S W]E AW>E ( ! CONSEQU5CES ?AT 'SUBV]SIVE' ACTIVITY W\LD HAVE ON !IR FAMILIES4 ,A BLACKSMI? 9 #aidc EXPRESS$ ! PROBLEM SIMPLY3 0,MY WIFE IS /ILL ALIVE1 ?AT'S ALL4 ,IT'S ONLY = H] SAKE ?AT ,I DON'T %\T IT RI<T 9 !IR FACES444,Y\ KN[ !SE BLACKGU>DS CAN ONLY DO ALL ?IS BECAUSE EA* ( US HAS A WIFE OR MO!R AT HOME ?AT HE'S GOT TO ?9K (444PEOPLE HAVE TOO MANY ?+S TO CONSID]4 ,AFT] ALL1 Y\'RE NOT ALONE 9 ?IS WORLD4 ,& !SE ,S,S DEVILS EXPLOIT ! FACT40 

,?R\<\T ! P]IOD ( ,NAZI RULE !RE WAS 9DU/RIAL UNRE/1 !RE W]E /RIKES & ACTS ( DISOB$I5CE & EV5 SABOTAGE4 ,ALL !SE1 H[EV]1 ATTRACT$ ! ATT5TION ( ! ,GE/APO4 ,! ,GE/APO HAD ! ASSI/ANCE ( EMPLOY]S & /OOGES 9 ! WORK=CE4 ,! LEA/ A /RIK] C\LD EXPECT WAS >RE/4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ?OSE :O W]E POLITICALLY OPPOS$ TO ! ,NAZI /ATE KEPT !MSELVES AWAY FROM 9DU/RIAL /RUGGLE4 ,TO BE >RE/$ W\LD HAVE L$ NOT ONLY TO P]SONAL SACRIFICE1 BUT ALSO C\LD HAVE COMPROMIS$ ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS TO :I* HE OR %E BELONG$4 ,TO RE9=CE ! MESSAGE TO WORK]S1 HE ,GE/APO SET UP SPECIAL 9DU/RIAL CONC5TRATION CAMPS ATTA*$ TO MAJOR FACTORIES4 

,TO PUT ! 9T5SITY ( ,NAZI REPRESSION 9TO CONTEXT1 DUR+ ! P]IOD #a#i#c#c-#d#e1 AT LEA/ #c1 ,G]MAN PEOPLE W]E EXECUT$ = OPPOS+ ! /ATE4 ,?IS DOES NOT 9CLUDE C\NTLESS O!RS :O DI$ AS A RESULT ( BEAT+S1 ( !IR TREATM5T 9 CAMPS1 OR AS A RESULT ( ! (FICIAL POLICY ( EU?ANASIA = ?OSE DEEM$ M5TALLY ILL4 ,?\S&S ( *ILDR5 W]E DECL>$ MORALLY OR BIOLOGICALLY DEFECTIVE BECAUSE !Y FELL BEL[ ! BEL[ ! ,>YAN 'NORM' & W]E MURD]$ BY DOCTORS4 ,?IS FATE ALSO BEFELL Y\NG/]S ) M5TAL & PHYSICAL DISABILITIES AS WELL AS MANY :O LI/5$ TO ! WRONG K9D ( MUSIC4 

,H[EV]1 ,NAZI DOM9ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS DID NOT RELY SOLELY ON REPRESSION4 ,NAZI 9DU/RIAL POLICY AIM$ TO FRAGM5T ! CLASS1 TO REPLACE WORK+ CLASS SOLID>ITY ) ,NAZI COMRADE%IP & SOLID>ITY ) ! /ATE4 

,TO />T )1 PAY RISES W]E =BIDD54 ,TO /R5G!N COMPETITION1 H\RLY RATES W]E DONE AWAY )4 ,PIECE RATES BECAME ! NORM4 ,IF WORK]S WANT$ TO E>N MORE !N !Y W\LD HAVE TO PRODUCE MORE4 ,WORK]S' 9T]E/S W]E TO BE REPRES5T$ BY ! ,G]MAN ,WORK]S' ,FRONT 7,D,A,F71 :I* !Y W]E =C$ TO BELONG TO & :I* ( C\RSE REPRES5T$ SOLELY ! 9T]E/S ( ! /ATE & EMPLOY]S4 

,UNABLE TO OBTA9 PAY RISES ) !IR EMPLOY]S IT BECAME COMMON 9 A SITUATION ( FULL EMPLOYM5T = WORK]S TO MOVE FROM ONE FACTORY TO ANO!R 9 SE>* ( HI<] WAGES4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ?IS DEFEAT$ ! ,NAZI OBJECTIVES ( LIMIT+ PAY2 ON ! O!R H& IT FUR!R WEAK5$ ! BONDS ( SOLID>ITY BETWE5 WORK]S4 ,KN[+ ?AT !Y C\LD NOT RULE SOLELY ?R\< FE>1 ! ,NAZIS GAVE 'WELF>E' CONCESSIONS TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,FAMILY ALL[ANCES W]E PAID = ! FIR/ TIME2 ORGANIZ$ HOLIDAYS & \T+S W]E PROVID$ AT L[ CO/4 ,= MANY WORK]S ?IS WAS !IR FIR/ OPPORTUNITY TO GO AWAY ON HOLIDAY4 ,SOCIAL ACTIVITIES W]E PROVID$ ?R\< ,NAZI ORGANIZATIONS4 

,!RE IS LITTLE EVID5CE ?AT ! ,NAZIS WON OV] ! WORK+ CLASS IDEOLOGICALLY1 NONE!LESS1 ?IS COMB9ATION ( REPRESSION & AMELIORATION S]V$ TO CONFUSE MANY :O W\LD O!RWISE HAVE BE5 \TRI<T OPPON5TS4 ,! SPECTACLES WE HAVE ALL SE5 ( ,NAZI RALLIES1 BOOK BURN+S1 P>ADES & SPEE*ES >E NOT EVID5CE ?AT WORK]S W]E CONV9C$ ( ,NAZI RULE4 ,IT WAS CLE> TO ALL :AT ! CONSEQU5CE ( NOT ATT5D+1 ( NOT C>RY+ A PLAC>D OR WAV+ A FLAG W\LD BE4 ,H[EV]1 !Y MU/ HAVE 9CREAS$ ! S5SE ( ISOLATION & P[]LESSNESS ( ?OSE :O W\LD HAVE LIK$ TO RESI/4 ,AS A RESULT !RE WAS LITTLE OP5 RESI/ANCE FROM WORK+ CLASS ADULTS TO ! ,NAZIS ?R\<\T !IR P]IOD 9 P[]4 

,Y\NG ,PEOPLE 

  

,IF ! ,NAZI POLICY T[>DS ADULTS WAS BAS$ ON CO]CION1 !IR POLICY T[>DS Y\NG PEOPLE WAS SUBTL]4 ,PUT SIMPLY1 ! 9T5TION WAS TO 9DOCTR9ATE EV]Y Y\NG P]SON1 TO MAKE !M A GOOD NATIONAL SOCIALI/ CITIZ5 PR\DLY UPHOLD+ ! IDEALS ( ! P>TY4 ,! MEANS *OS5 TO DO ?IS WAS ! ,HITL] ,Y\? 7,H,J74 

,BY ! 5D ( #a#i#c#c1 ALL Y\? ORGANIZATIONS \TSIDE ! ,HITL] ,Y\? HAD BE5 BANN$ - ) ! EXCEPTION ( ?OSE CONTROLL$ BY ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* ?AT WAS BUSY COZY+ UP TO ! ,NAZIS AT ! TIME4 ,BOYS W]E TO BE ORGANIZ$ 9TO ! ,DEUTS*ES ,JUNGVOLK BETWE5 ! AGES ( #a & #ad & ! ,HITL] ,Y\? PROP] FROM #ad TO #a#h4 

,!Y QUICKLY 9CORPORAT$ >\ND #d.0 ( BOYS4 ,GIRLS W]E TO BE 5ROLL$ 9TO ! ,BUND ,DEUTS*E ,MADEL 7,B,D,M71 BUT ! ,NAZIS W]E MU* LESS 9T]E/$ 9 GETT+ !M TO JO94 ,! OBJECTIVE WAS TO GET ALL BOYS 9TO ! ,H,J4 ,:5 ?IS FAIL$ TO TAKE PLACE1 LAWS W]E PASS$ GRADUALLY MAK+ IT COMPULSORY BY #a#i#c#i4 ,9 ! E>LY DAYS1 BE+ 9 ! ,H,J WAS F> FROM A *ORE4 ,BOYS GOT TO TAKE P>T 9 SPORTS1 GO CAMP+1 HIKE1 PLAY COMPETITIVE GAMES - AS WELL AS BE+ 9VOLV$ 9 DRILL & POLITICAL 9DOCTR9ATION4 ,BE+ 9 ! ,H,J GAVE Y\NG/]S ! *ANCE TO PLAY ONE =M ( AU?ORITY (F AGA9/ ANO!R4 ,!Y C\LD AVOID S*OOLWORK BY CLAIM+ TO BE 9VOLV$ 9 ,H,J WORK4 ,! ,H,J PROVID$ EXCUSES :5 DEAL+ ) O!R AU?ORITY FIGURES - LIKE P>5TS & PRIE/S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !Y C\LD ALSO BLAME PRESSURES FROM S*OOL 9 ORD] TO GET \T ( MORE UNPLEASANT ,HITL] ,Y\? TASKS6 ,9 SOME P>TS ( ! C\NTRY ! ,H,J PROVID$ ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY TO />T A SPORTS CLUB1 TO GET AWAY FROM P>5TS1 TO EXP]I5CE SOME 9DEP5D5CE4 

,AS ! #a#i#cS W5T ON1 ! FUNCTION ( ! ,H,J & ,B,D,M *ANG$4 ,! OBJECTIVES ( ! REGIME BECAME MORE OBVI\SLY MILIT>Y & AIM$ AT CONQUE/4 ,! ,H,J WAS SE5 AS A WAY RECRUIT+ & TRA9+ Y\NG M5 9TO ! >M$ =CES4 ,AS W> BECAME MORE LIKELY1 ! EMPHASIS %IFT$ AWAY FROM LEISURE ACTIVITIES & 9TO MILIT>Y TRA9+1 ,/ATE POLICY BECAME ( ONE ( =C+ ALL TO BE 9 ! ,H,J4 ,T MADE SEEM+LY H>MLESS ACTIVITIES1 LIKE GETT+ TOGE!R ) Y\R MATES = AN EV5+1 CRIM9AL (F5SES IF !Y TOOK PLACE \TSIDE ! ,H,J ( ,B,D,M4 

,! ,H,J SET UP ITS [N POLICE SQUADS TO SUP]VISE Y\NG PEOPLE4 ,!SE ,/REIF5DI5/ PATROLS W]E MADE UP ( ,HITL] ,Y\? MEMB]S SC>CELY OLD] ?AN ?OSE !Y W]E MEANT TO BE POLIC+4 

,BY #a#i#c#h1 REPORTS FROM ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS 9 ,G]MANY TO !IR LEAD]S 9 EXILE W]E ABLE TO REPORT ?AT3 0,9 ! LONG RUN Y\NG PEOPLE TOO >E FEEL+ 9CREAS+LY IRRITAT$ BY ! LACK ( FRE$OM & ! M9DLESS DRILL+ ?AT IS CU/OM>Y 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,IT IS !RE=E NO WOND] ?AT SYMPTOMS ( FATIGUE >E BECOM+ P>TICUL>LY APP>5T AMONG !IR RANKS4440 

,! \TBREAK ( W> BR\<T ! TRUE NATURE ( ! ,H,J EV5 MORE %>PLY 9TO FOCUS4 ,OLD] ,H,J MEMB]S W]E CALL$ UP4 ,MORE & MORE TIME WAS TAK5 UP ) DRILL & POLITICAL 9DOCTR9ATION4 ,BOMB+ L$ TO ! DE/RUCTION ( MANY ( ! SPORT+ FACILITIES4 ,! ,H,J BECAME MORE & MORE OBVI\SLY A MEANS ( OPPRESSION4 ,AS ! DEM&S = FRE% RECRUITS TO ! >M$ =CES BECAME MORE 9T5SE1 ! DIVISIONS )9 ! ,H,J BECAME MORE ACUTE4 ,! ,G]MAN $UCATION SY/EM AT ! TIME WAS %>PLY DIVID$ ALONG CLASS L9ES4 ,MO/ WORK+ CLASS *ILDR5 LEFT S*OOL AT ! AGE ( #a#d4 ,A FEW W5T ON TO SECOND>Y OR GRAMM> S*OOLS ALONG ) ! *ILDR5 ( MIDDLE CLASS & PR(ESSIONAL FAMILIES4 ,AS OLD] ,H,J MEMB]S W]E CALL$ UP1 ! MIDDLE CLASS S*OOL /UD5TS TOOK ! PLACE ( ! LEAD]S4 ,! RANK & FILE WAS 9CREAS+LY MADE UP ( Y\NG WORK]S H>DLY LIKELY TO TAKE TOO WELL TO BE+ ORD]$ AB\T AT ,H,J MEET+S6 

,IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO IMAG9E ! SC5E ( A SNOTTY DOCTOR'S KID /ILL 9 S*OOL TRY+ TO GIVE ORD]S TO A BUN* ( Y\NG FACTORY WORK]S & HAV+ TO USE ! ?REAT ( (FICIAL PUNI%M5T TO GET HIS [N WAY4 ,DISSATISFACTION GREW4 ,9ITIALLY1 ! ACUTE LABOR %ORTAGES ( ! E>LY W> YE>S MEANT ?AT ! ,NAZIS C\LD NOT RESORT TO ! K9D ( ,NAZI T]ROR TACTICS ?AT !Y EMPLOY$ AGA9/ O!R DISSID5TS4 ,AS ! W> W5T ON1 MANY ( !SE Y\NG PEOPLE'S FA!RS DI$ OR W]E S5T TO ! FRONT4 ,MANY W]E BOMB$ \T ( !IR [N HOMES4 ,! ONLY FUTURE !Y C\LD SEE = !MSELVES WAS TO WE> A UNI=M & FI<T = A LO/ CAUSE4 

,ONE TE5AG] SAID 9 #a#i#d#b3 0,EV]Y?+ ! ,H,J PREA*ES IS A FRAUD4 ,I KN[ ?IS = C]TA91 BECAUSE EV]Y?+ ,I HAD TO SAY 9 ! ,H,J MYSELF WAS A FRAUD40 ,BY ! 5D ( ! #a#i#cS1 ?\S&S ( Y\NG PEOPLE W]E F9D+ WAYS TO AVOID ! CLUT*ES ( ! ,HITL] ,Y\?4 ,!Y W]E GA!R+ TOGE!R 9 !IR [N GANGS & />T+ TO 5JOY !MSELVES AGA94 ,?IS T]RIFI$ ! ,NAZIS1 P>TICUL>LY :5 ! TE5AG]S />T$ TO DEF5D !IR [N SOCIAL SPACES PHYSICALLY4 ,:AT P>TICUL>LY FRI<T5$ ! ,NAZIS WAS ?AT !SE Y\NG PEOPLE W]E ! PRODUCTS ( !IR [N $UCATION SY/EM4 ,!Y HAD NO CONTACT ) ! OLD ,S,P,D OR ,K,P,D1 KNEW NO?+ ( ,M>XISM OR ! OLD LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,!Y HAD BE5 $UCAT$ BY ! ,NAZIS 9 ,NAZI S*OOLS1 !IR FREE TIME HAD BE5 REGIM5T$ BY ! ,H,J LI/5+ TO ,NAZI PROPAG&A & TAK+ P>T 9 (FICIALLY APPROV$ ACTIVITIES & SPORTS4 

,!SE GANGS W5T UND] DIFF]5T NAMES4 ,!IR FAVOR$ CLO!S V>I$ FROM T[N TO T[N1 AS DID !IR BADGES4 ,9 ,ESS5 !Y W]E CALL$ ! ,F>HT5/5ZE 7,TRAVEL+ ,DUDES71 9 ,OB]HAUS5 & ,DUSSELDORF ! ,KITTELBA* ,PIRATES1 9 ,COLOGNE !Y W]E ! ,NAVAJOS4 ,BUT ALL SAW !MSELVES AS ,$ELWEISS ,PIRATES 7NAM$ AFT] AN $ELWEISS FL[] BADGE MANY WORE74 

,GE/APO FILES 9 ,COLOGNE CONTA9 ! NAMES ( OV] #c1 TE5AG]S ID5TIFI$ AS ,$ELWEISS ,PIRATES4 ,CLE>LY1 !RE MU/ HAVE BE5 MANY MORE & !IR NUMB]S MU/ HAVE BE5 EV5 GREAT] :5 TAK5 OV] ,G]MANY AS A :OLE4 ,9ITIALLY1 !IR ACTIVITIES W]E 9 !MSELVES PRETTY H>MLESS4 ,!Y HUNG >\ND 9 P>KS & ON /REET CORN]S1 CREAT+ !IR [N SOCIAL SPACE 9 ! WAY TE5AG]S DO EV]Y:]E 7USUALLY TO ! ANNOYANCE ( ADULTS74 ,AT WEEK5DS !Y W\LD TAKE !MSELVES (F 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE ON HIKES & CAMP+ TRIPS 9 A P]V]SE WAY MIRROR+ ! ACTIVITIES 9ITIALLY PROVID$ BY ! ,H,J !MSELVES4 

,UNLIKE ! ,H,J TRIPS1 H[EV]1 !SE EXP$ITIONS COMPRIS$ BOYS & GIRLS TOGE!R1 SO ADD+ A DIFF]5T1 MORE EXCIT+ & MORE NORMAL DIM5SION ?AN PROVID$ BY ! ,H,J4 ,:]EAS ! ,H,J HAD TAK5 Y\NG PEOPLE AWAY = TRIPS TO ISOLATE & 9DOCTR9ATE !M1 ! ,$ELWEISS ,PIRATES EXP$ITIONS GOT !M AWAY FROM ! ,P>TY & GAVE !M ! TIME & SPACE TO BE !MSELVES4 

,ON !IR TRIPS !Y W\LD MEET UP ) ,PIRATES FROM O!R T[NS & CITIES4 ,SOME W5T AS F> AS TO TRAVEL ! L5G? & BREAD? ( ,G]MANY DO+ W>TIME1 :5 TO TRAVEL )\T PAP]S WAS AN ILLEGAL ACTION4 

,D>+ TO 5JOY !MSELVES ON !IR [N WAS A CRIM9AL ACT4 ,!Y W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE UND] ,P>TY CONTROL4 ,9EVITABLY !Y CAME ACROSS ,H,J ,/REIF5DI5/ PATROLS4 ,9/EAD ( RUNN+1 ! ,PIRATES (T5 /OOD & F\<T4 ,REPORTS S5T TO ,GE/APO (FIC]S SUGGE/ ?AT AS (T5 AS NOT ! ,$ELWEISS ,PIRATES WON !SE FI<TS4 0,I !RE=E REQUE/ ?AT ! POLICE 5SURE ?AT ?IS RIFF-RAFF IS DEALT ) ONCE & = ALL4 ,! ,H,J >E TAK+ !IR LIVES 9TO !IR H&S :5 !Y GO \T ON ! /REETS40 

,! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,$ELWEISS ,PIRATES GREW BOLD] AS ! W> PROGRESS$4 ,!Y 5GAG$ 9 PRANKS AGA9/ ! ALLIES1 FI<TS AGA9/ !IR 5EMIES & MOV$ ON TO SMALL ACTS ( SABOTAGE4 ,!Y W]E ACCUS$ ( BE+ SLACK]S AT WORK & SOCIAL P>ASITES4 

,!Y BEGAN TO HELP ,JEWS1 >MY DES]T]S & PRISON]S ( W>4 ,!Y PA9T$ ANTI- ,NAZI SLOGANS ON WALLS & SOME />T$ TO COLLECT ,ALLI$ PROPAG&A LEAFLETS & %OVE !M ?R\< PEOPLE'S LETT]BOXES4  
  

0,!RE IS A SUSPICION ?AT IT IS !SE Y\?S :O HAVE BE5 9SCRIB+ ! WALLS ( ! P$E/RIAN SUBWAY ON ! ,ALTEBB]G/RASSE ) ! SLOGANS ',D[N ) ,HITL]'1 ',! ,O,K,W 7,MILIT>Y ,HI< ,COMM&7 IS LY+'1 ',M$ALS = ,MURD]'1 ',D[N ) ,NAZI ,BRUTALITY' ETC4 ,H[EV] (T5 !SE 9SCRIPTIONS >E REMOV$ )9 A FEW DAYS NEW ONES APPE> ON ! WALLS AGA940 7#a#i#d#c ,DUSSELDORF-,GRAF5B]G ,NAZI ,P>TY REPORT TO ! ,GE/APO74  
  

,AS TIME W5T ON1 A FEW GREW BOLD] & EV5 MORE H]OIC4 ,!Y RAID$ >MY CAMPS TO OBTA9 >MS & EXPLOSIVES1 MADE ATTACKS ON ,NAZI FIGURES O!R ?AN ! ,H,J & TOOK P>T 9 P>TISAN ACTIVITIES4 ,! ,HEAD ( ! ,COLOGNE ,GE/APO WAS ONE VICTIM ( ! ,$ELWEISS ,PIRATES4 

,! AU?ORITIES REACT$ ) !IR FULL >MORY ( REPRESSIVE MEASURES4 ,!SE RANG$ FROM 9DIVIDUAL W>N+S1 R\ND-UPS & TEMPOR>Y DET5TION 7FOLL[$ BY A HEAD %AV+71 TO WEEK5D IMPRISONM5T1 RE=M S*OOL1 LABOR CAMP1 Y\? CONC5TRATION CAMP OR CRIM9AL TRIAL4 ,?\S&S W]E CAU<T UP 9 ?IS HUNT4 ,= MANY1 ! 5D WAS DEA?4 ,! SO-CALL$ LEAD]S ( ! ,COLOGNE ,$ELWEISS ,PIRATES W]E PUBLICLY HANG$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#d#d4 

,H[EV]1 AS LONG AS ! ,NAZIS NE$$ WORK]S 9 >MAM5T FACTORIES & SOLDI]S = !IR W>1 !Y C\LD NOT RESORT TO ! PHYSICAL EXT]M9ATION ( ?\S&S ( Y\NG ,G]MANS4 ,MOREOV]1 IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT ! /ATE WAS CONFUS$ AS TO :AT TO DO ) !SE REBELS4 ,!Y CAME FROM ,G]MAN /OCK1 ! SORT ( PEOPLE :O %\LD HAVE BE5 GRATEFUL = :AT ! ,NAZIS GAVE4 ,UNWILL+ TO EXECUTE ?\S&S & UNABLE TO COMPREH5D :AT WAS HAPP5+1 ! /ATE WAS EQUALLY UNABLE TO CONTA9 !M4 

,WALL ( ,SIL5CE 

  

,SO :Y HAS SO LITTLE BE5 HE>D ( ! ,$ELWEISS ,PIRATES8 ,:5 RESE>*+ ?IS >TICLE1 IT WAS EXTREMELY H>D TO F9D 9=MATION AB\T !M4 ,MO/ SEEM$ TO REVOLVE >\ND ! RESE>* ( ! ,G]MAN HI/ORIAN ,DETLEV ,PEUK]T1 :OSE WRIT+S REMA9 ESS5TIAL READ+4 ,SE>*ES ( ! 9T]NET REVEAL$ ONLY TWO >TICLES4 ,A NUMB] ( EXPLANATIONS COME TO M9D4 ,! PO/W> ,ALLI$ AU?ORITIES WANT$ TO RECON/RUCT ,G]MANY 9TO A MOD]N1 WE/]N1 DEMOCRATIC /ATE4 ,TO DO ?IS1 !Y 5=C$ /RICT LABOR LAWS 9CLUD+ COMPULSORY WORK4 ,! ,$ELWEISS ,PIRATES HAD A /RONG ANTI-WORK E?OS1 SO !Y CAME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! NEW AU?ORITIES TOO4 ,A REPORT 9 #aidi SPOKE ( ! 0WIDESPREAD PH5OM5ON ( UNWILL+NESS TO WORK ?AT WAS BECOM+ A HABIT ( MANY Y\NG PEOPLE40 ,! PROSECUTION ( SO-CALL$ 'Y\NG IDL]S' WAS SOMETIMES NO LESS RIGID UND] ,ALLI$ OCCUPATION ?AN IT WAS UND] ! ,NAZIS4 ,A C\RT 9 #aidg S5T ONE Y\NG WOMAN TO PRISON = FIVE MON?S = 'REFUSAL TO WORK'4 ,! Y\NG BECAME 5EMIES ( ! NEW ORD] TOO4 

,! POLITICAL OPPON5TS ( ! ,NAZIS HAD BE5 EI!R =C$ 9TO EXILE1 MURD]$ OR HID !IR POLITICS4 ,CL&E/9E ACTIVITY HAD C5T]$ ON KEEP+ P>TY /RUCTURES 9TACT4 ,!Y C\LD NOT AF=D TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT PHYSICAL RESI/ANCE HAD BE5 ALIVE & WELL & BAS$ ON Y\NG PEOPLE'S /REET GANGS6 ,TO ! POLITICIANS ( ! ,C,D,U 7,*RI/IAN ,DEMOCRATIC ,UNION7 & ,S,P,D1 ! ,$ELWEISS ,PIRATES W]E JU/ AS MU* RIFFRAFF AS !Y W]E TO ! ,NAZIS4 ,! MY? ( ! JU/ W> US$ BY ! ALLIES RELI$ HEAVILY ON ! IDEA ?AT ALL ,G]MANS HAD BE5 AT LEA/ SIL5T DUR+ ! ,NAZI P]IOD IF NOT ACTIVELY SUPPORT+ ! REGIME4 ,TO MA9TA9 ?IS FICTION ! ACTIONS ( '/REET HOOLIGANS' 9 FI<T+ ! ,NAZIS HAD TO BE =GOTT54 

,FIFTY-FIVE YE>S ON1 9T]E/ 9 ! ,$ELWEISS ,PIRATES IS BEG9N+ TO RESURFACE4 ,MORE IS BE+ PUBLI%$ ON !M & A FILM HAS BE5 PRODUC$ 9 ,G]MANY4 ,WE NE$ TO MAKE SURE ?AT !Y >E NEV] =GOTT5 AGA94 ,AS ! PRODUC]S ( ! FILM SAY3 0! ,$ELWEISS ,PIRATES W]E NO ABSOLUTE H]OES1 BUT RA!R ORD9>Y PEOPLE DO+ EXTRAORD9>Y ?+S40 ,IT IS PRECISELY ?IS ?AT GIVES US HOPE = ! FUTURE4 
 ,WE M>* BY BANKS ( ,RUHR & ,RH9E 

 ,& SMA% ! ,HITL] ,Y\? 9 TWA94 

 ,\R SONG IS FRE$OM1 LOVE & LIFE1 

 ,WE'RE ! ,PIRATES ( ! ,$ELWEISS4  

,! #dc ,GR\P 

  

,! #dc ,GR\P WAS =M$ BY ,JEWI% EX-S]VICEM5 & WOM5 AS A DIRECT ACTION ORGANIZATION TO COMBAT ! REEM]G5CE ( ,BRITA9'S FASCI/S AFT] ,W,W#b1 FIR/LY ON ! /REETS ( ,LONDON & LAT] ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,IT'S HI/ORY IS TOLD 9 A FASC9AT+ BOOK 7SEE BEL[72 A HIDD5 HI/ORY ( WORK+ CLASS RESI/ANCE & A MANUAL ( MOD]N-DAY DIRECT ACTION CAMPAIGN+ (F]+ MANY USEFUL 9SI<TS 9TO ORGANIZATIONAL ME?ODS4 

,AFT] ,W,W#b1 ,JEWS W]E AL>M$ AT ! RESURG5CE ( ,BRITA9'S FASCI/S1 AID$ & ABETT$ BY ! ,LABOR ,GOV]NM5T'S COMPLAC5CY & (T5 ! CONNIVANCE ( ! POLICE1 T[N HALLS1 WAT* COMMITTEES & LOCAL MAGI/RATES1 :O DEF5D$ ! ,FASCI/'S RI<T TO FREE SPEE* BUT CRACK$ D[N H>D ON C\NT]-PROTE/S 7S\ND FAMILI>874 

,FASCI/ GR\PS & P>TIES RE-=M$1 NEWSPAP]S & 0BOOK CLUBS0 FL\RI%$1 C&IDATES /OOD & HECTOR$4 ,AFT] BITT] & FRU/RAT+ EXP]I5CES DIRECTLY CONFRONT+ ! FASCI/S ONLY TO BE MET ) POLICE /RONG->M TACTICS & C\RT APPE>ANCES1 #dc ,JEWI% EX-S]VICEM5 & WOM5 MET TO =M A GR\P AIM$ AT DE/ROY+ ! GR[+ FASCI/ MOVEM5T4 

,! GR\P ORGANIZ$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP & BY WORD-(-M\? ) MO/ RECRUITM5T ON A P]SONAL BASIS4 ,IT =M$ LOCAL CELLS BUT ) ACCESS TO ! RES\RCES ( ! :OLE ORGANIZATION1 :I* GREW QUICKLY4 ,TAXI DRIV]S PROVID$ TRANSPORT & A QUICK GETAWAY1 PEOPLE ) FI<T+ SKILLS ORGANIZ$ 9 FLY+ W$GES TO DRIVE 9 & BREAK UP FASCI/ /REET DEMOS & MEET+S1 O!RS WORK$ 9 9TELLIG5CE & C\NT]9TELLIG5CE 7SOME EV5 JO9+ FASCI/ GR\PS7 & SECURITY 7LOOK+ = MOLES1 MOV+ EQUIPM5T74 ,CONTACT WAS MADE ) SYMPA!TIC POLICEM5 & J\RNALI/S & LOCAL COMMUNITIES MOBILIZ$ AGA9/ FASCI/ GR\PS & ACTIVITIES4 ,IT WAS A T\< JOB3 FASCISM WAS /ILL AN 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 ?UGGI% ,NAZI PRISON]S-(-W> HAD REMA9$ BEH9D 9 ,BRITA91 IT C\LD CALL ON ! WEAL? ( ! LUNATIC FR+ES ( ! >I/OCRACY & B\RGEOISIE = MONEY & 9FLU5CE4 ,BUT ! CON/ANT PRESSURE ( ! #dc ,GR\P & ITS SUPPORT]S & ALLIES1 NOTABLY ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 PAID (F4 ,FASCI/ GR\PS F\ND !Y C\LD NOT ORGANIZE & W]E UND] CON/ANT SURVEILLANCE & ATTACK1 MEET+S W]E CON/ANTLY DISRUPT$1 LOCAL NEWSPAP]S BEGAN TO OP5LY SCORN ! FASCI/S & 9DIGNANTLY CALL ON ! GOV]NM5T TO ACT AGA9/ !M & ! T[N HALLS1 N[ AW>E ( ! DEP? ( LOCAL FEEL+S1 BEGAN TO D5Y !M ACCESS TO ! S*OOL HALLS & MEET+ ROOMS ?AT GAVE !M AN AIR ( RESPECTABILITY4 ,BY ! E>LY #a#i#eS1 AFT] YE>S ( /RUGGLE1 ! FASCI/ M5ACE WAS L>GELY DEFEAT$ - /ILL PRES5T1 !Y W]E NOT LIKELY TO POSE A S]I\S ?REAT & DID NOT AGA9 UNTIL ! #a#i#gS4 

,?IS IS A LITTLE-KN[N BUT L>GELY POSITIVE HI/ORY1 M>R$ ONLY BY ! FACT ?AT ! ,JEWI% E/ABLI%M5T1 LIKE MANY B\RGEOIS LIB]ALS1 ATTACK$ ! #dc ,GR\P 7:I* HAD1 AT ITS HEI<T1 ?\S&S ( MEMB]S & SUPPORT]S7 = BE+ '?UGS'1 'HEAVIES' :O DELI<T$ 9 VIOL5CE - A SORRY ACCUSATION LEVEL$ AT ,CLASS ,W> 9 ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS & ! ,BLACK ,BLOC EV5 TODAY4 ,ANY ACTIVITY ! MIDDLE CLASSES CANNOT CONTROL FRI<T5S !M TO DEA?4 ,! BOOK IS A GOOD READ ?AT REPAYS C>EFUL /UDY4 ,! #dc ,GR\P1 ,MORRIS ,BECKMAN1 A ,C5T]PRISE ,PUBLICATION ,I,S,B,N3  #icg* #ge #i 

,AN>*I/ ,RESI/ANCE TO ,NAZISM -- ,! ,F,A,U,D ,UND]GR\ND 9 ! ,RH9EL& 

  

,! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION ! ,FREIE ,>BEIT] ,UNION 7,F,A,U,D7 HAD A /RONG PRES5CE 9 ,DUISB]G 9 ! ,RH9EL&1 ) A MEMB]%IP 9 #aiba ( >\ND #e1 MEMB]S4 ,!N ?IS MEMB]%IP FELL AWAY & BY ! TIME ,HITL] ROSE TO P[] !RE W]E JU/ A FEW LITTLE GR\PS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! NUMB] ( ACTIVE MILITANTS 9 ,DUISB]G-,S\? WAS #b#e1 & ! ,REGIONAL ,LABOR ,EX*ANGE = ,RH9EL& C\NT$ #ah TO #b MEMB]S4 ,AT ITS LA/ NATIONAL CONGRESS 9 ,]FURT 9 ,M>* #a#i#c#b1 ! ,F,A,U,D DECID$ ?AT IF ! ,NAZIS CAME TO P[] ITS F$]AL BUREAU 9 ,B]L9 W\LD BE DISSOLV$1 ?AT AN UND]GR\ND BUREAU W\LD BE PUT 9 PLACE 9 ,]FURT1 & ?AT !RE %\LD BE AN IMM$IATE G5]AL /RIKE4 ,?IS LA/ DECISION WAS NEV] PUT 9TO PRACTICE1 AS ! ,F,A,U,D WAS DECIMAT$ BY MASSIVE >RE/S4 

,9 ,APRIL OR ,MAY #a#i#c#c1 DOCTOR ,G]H>D ,W>T5BURG1 BE=E BE+ =C$ TO LEAVE ,G]MANY1 HAD ! LOCKSMI? ,EMIL ,ZEHN] PUT 9 PLACE AS HIS REPLACEM5T AS ,F,A,U,D SECRET>Y4 ,HE FL$ TO ,AM/]DAM1 :]E HE WAS WELCOM$1 ) O!R ,G]MAN REFUGEES1 BY ,ALB]T DE ,JONG1 ! ,DUT* AN>*O-SYNDICALI/4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! SECRET>IAT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATION 7! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ 9T]NATIONAL7 WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ,HOLL& 9 #a#i#c#c1 ?\< ! ,NAZIS SEIZ$ ITS >*IVES & CORRESPOND5CE4 ,9 AUTUMN #a#i#c#c1 ,ZEHN] WAS REPLAC$ BY ,F]D9& ,GOETZE ( ,SAXONY1 !N BY ,RI*>D ,?I$E ( ,LEIPZIG4 ,GOETZE REAPPE>$ 9 WE/]N ,G]MANY 9 AUTUMN #a#i#c#d1 ALREADY ON ! RUN FROM ! ,GE/APO4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 A SECRET GR\P ( ! ,F,A,U,D WAS SET UP1 ) ! SUPPORT ( ! ,DUT* SECTION ( ! ,I,W,A1 ! ,N,S,V4 ,A SECRET>IAT ( ! ,F,A,U,D 9 EXILE WAS SET UP 9 ,HOLL&4 ,UP TO ! RISE TO P[] ( ! ,NAZIS1 ! WORK] ,FRANZ ,BUNG]T WAS A LEAD+ MEMB] ( ! ,DUISB]G ,F,A,U,D4 ,)\T EV5 ! PRET5SE ( A TRIAL1 HE WAS 9T]N$ 9 ! CONC5TRATION CAMP ( ,BOEG]MOOR 9 #a#i#c#c4 ,AFT] A YE> HE WAS FRE$ BUT WAS PUT UND] P]MAN5T SURVEILLANCE4 ,HIS SUCCESSOR WAS ,JULIUS ,NOLD51 A METALWORK] !N UNEMPLOY$ & TREASUR] ( ! ,LABOR ,EX*ANGE = ! ,RH9EL&4 ,HE WAS ALSO >RE/$ BY ! ,GE/APO1 :O SUSPECT$ ?AT HIS ACTIVITY 9 A ,SOCIETY = ! ,RI<T TO ,CREMATION767 HID ILLEGAL RELATIONS ) O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,F,A,U,D4 

,9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#c1 A LITTLE AFT] HE WAS RELEAS$1 HE MET ,K>OLUS ,HEB]1 :O WAS P>T ( ! SECRET ,F,A,U,D ORGANIZATION 9 ,]FURT4 ,HE HAD BE5 P>T ( ! ,G5]AL ,SECRET>IAT 9 ,B]L91 BUT AFT] MANY >RE/S !RE HAD TO MOVE TO ,]FURT4 ,!Y >RANG$ A PLAN = ! FLI<T ( 5DANG]$ COMRADES TO ,HOLL& & ! SETT+ UP ( A RESI/ANCE ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,RH9EL& & ! ,RUHR4 

,NOLD5 & HIS COMRADES SET UP A SECRET ESCAPE R\TE TO ,AM/]DAM & DI/RIBUT$ PROPAG&A AGA9/ ! ,NAZI REGIME4 ,ALB]T DE ,JONG VISIT$ ,G]MANY & VIA ! ,F,A,U,D MEMB] ,FRITZ ,S*RO$]1 MET ,NOLD54 ,DE ,JONG >RANG$ = ! S5D+ ( PROPAG&A OV] ! BORD] VIA ! AN>*I/ ,HILLEBR&T4 ,ONE PAMPHLET WAS DISGUIS$ ) ! TITLE ,EAT ,G]MAN ,FRUIT ,& ,Y\ ,WILL ,BE ,9 ,GOOD ,HEAL?4 ,IT BECAME SO POPUL> AMONG ! M9]S ?AT !Y US$ TO GREET EA* O!R )3 0,HAVE Y\ EAT5 ,G]MAN FRUIT AS WELL80 ,AS = ! ESCAPE R\TE1 ! ,G]MAN-,DUT* AN>*I/ ,D]KS51 :O HAD A V]Y GOOD KN[L$GE ( ! BORD] ZONE1 WAS ABLE TO GET MANY REFUGEES TO SAFETY4 ,MANY ( ?OSE JO9$ ! AN>*I/ COLUMNS 9 ,SPA94 

,AFT] #a#i#c#e1 ) ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! ECONOMIC SITUATION 9 ,G]MANY1 IT WAS MORE & MORE DIFFICULT TO MA9TA9 A SECRET ORGANIZATION4 ,MANY MEMB]S ( ! ,F,A,U,D F\ND JOBS AGA9 AFT] A LONG P]IOD ( UNEMPLOYM5T & W]E RELUCTANT TO 5GAGE 9 ACTIVE RESI/ANCE4 ,! T]ROR ( ! ,GE/APO DID ! RE/4 ,ON TOP ( ?IS1 NO MORE PROPAG&A WAS S5T FROM ,AM/]DAM4 

,! \TBREAK ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 9 #aicf BREA!D NEW LIFE 9TO ,G]MAN AN>*ISM4 ,NOLD5 MULTIPLI$ HIS CONTACTS 9 ,DUISB]G1 ,DUSSELDORF & ,COLOGNE1 ORGANIZ+ MEET+S & LAUN*+ APPEALS = F9ANCIAL AID TO ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 ,AS A RESULT ( ,NOLD5'S TIRELESS ACTIVITIES1 SEV]AL L>GE GR\PS W]E SET UP4 ,NOLD5 W5T EV]Y:]E BY BIKE6 ,AT ! SAME TIME ,SIMON ,WEHR5 ( ,AA*5 US$ ! NETWORK ( ,F,A,U,D LABOR EX*ANGES TO F9D VOLUNTE] TE*NICIANS TO GO TO ,SPA94 

,9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#f1 ! ,GE/APO1 ?ANKS TO AN 9=M] !Y HAD 9FILTRAT$1 UNCOV]$ GR\PS 9 ,MO5*5GLADBA*1 ,DUELK5 & ,VI]S54 ,AT ! />T ( #a#i#c#g1 #e AN>*O- SYNDICALI/S ( ,DUISB]G1 ,DUSSELDORF & ,COLOGNE W]E >RE/$1 9CLUD+ ,NOLD54 ,A LITTLE LAT] O!R >RE/S FOLL[$1 BR++ TO #hi ! NUMB] ( ,F,A,U,D MEMB]S 9 ,GE/APO H&S4 ,! TRIAL LA/$ A YE> ON *>GES ( 0PREP>ATION ( ACTS ( HI< TREASON0.<#a.>4 ,!RE W]E #f ACQUITTALS = LACK ( EVID5CE1 ! O!RS BE+ CONDEMN$ TO PRISON S5T5CES FROM SEV]AL MON?S TO #f YE>S 9 ,JANU>Y-,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#h4 ,NOLD5 WAS S5T TO ! ,LUETTR+HAUS5 ,P5IT5TI>Y FROM :I* ! ,ALLIES FRE$ HIM ON #a#i? ,APRIL #a#i#d#e4 ,9 ,:ITSUN #aidg HE WAS AT ,D>M/ADT ) O!R SURVIVORS ( ! ,DUISB]G GR\P TO F\ND ! ,F$]ATION ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,SOCIALI/S4 ,9 PRISON1 SEV]AL AN>*I/S W]E MURD]$4 ,EMIL ,MAHN]T1 A TURN] ( ,DUISB]G1 WAS ?R[N FROM A SECOND FLOOR W9D[ BY A POLICE TORTUR]4 ,! MASON ,WILHELM ,S*MITZ DI$ 9 PRISON ON #bi ,JANU>Y #aidd 9 OBSCURE CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,]N/ ,HOLTZNAGEL WAS S5T TO ,DISCIPL9>Y ,BATTALION #i#i#i1 ( S9I/] REPUTATION1 & MURD]$ !RE4 ,MI*AEL ,DELISS5 ( ,MO5*5GLADBA* WAS BEAT5 TO DEA? BY ! ,GE/APO 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#c#f4 ,ANTON ,ROS9KE ( ,DUSSELDORF WAS MURD]$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c#g4 

,! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,]N/ ,B9D] ( ,DUSSELDORF WROTE 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#d#f3 0,A MASSIVE RESI/ANCE NOT HAV+ BE5 POSSIBLE 9 #a#i#c#c1 ! BE/ ( ?OSE AT ! HE>T ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T HAD TO DISP]SE !IR =CES 9 A GU]RILLA W> )\T HOPE4 ,BUT IF1 FROM ?IS PA9FUL EXP]I5CE1 ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 ! WORK]S WILL DRAW FROM ?IS ! LESSON ?AT ONLY UNIT$ DEF5SE AT ! RI<T MOM5T IS EFFECTIVE 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM1 ?OSE SACRIFICES WILL NOT HAVE BE5 9 VA904 

,! ,ZAZ\S 

  

,9 #a#i#d1 ! ,NAZIS HAD OCCUPI$ ,FRANCE4 ,! ,VI*Y REGIME1 9 COLLABORATION ) ! ,NAZIS & FASCI/ ITSELF 9 POLICIES & \TLOOK1 HAD AN ULTRA CONS]VATIVE MORALITY1 & />T$ TO USE A :OLE RANGE ( LAWS AGA9/ A Y\? ?AT WAS RE/LESS & DIS5*ANT$4 

,9 ,P>IS1 Y\NG PEOPLE />T$ MEET+ 9 CAFES1 PASS+ !IR TIME MOCK+ ! POLITICS ( ! TIME4 ,?IS SPONTANE\S DEVELOPM5T WAS A %>P RESPONSE TO ! DEAD5+ EFFECT ON SOCIETY ( ! ,NAZI-,VI*Y RULE4 ,!Y MET 9 C9EMAS1 9 ! CELL> CLUBS & AT P>TIES >RANG$ AT %ORT NOTICE4 ,!SE Y\NG PEOPLE1 :O CALL$ !MSELVES ,ZAZ\S1 W]E TO BE F\ND ?R\<\T ,FRANCE1 BUT W]E MO/ CONC5TRAT$ 9 ,P>IS4 ,! TWO MO/ IMPORTANT MEET+ PLACES ( ! ,ZAZ\S W]E ! T]RACE ( ! ,PAM ,PAM CAFE ON ! ,*AMPS ,ELYSEES & ! ,B\L',MI* 7 ! ,B\LEV>D ,SA9T- ,MI*EL NE> ! ,SORBONNE4 ,! ,ZAZ\S ( ! ,*AMPS ,ELYSEES CAME FROM A MORE MIDDLE CLASS BACKGR\ND & W]E OLD] ?AN ! ,ZAZ\S ( ! ,LAT9 ,QU>T]4 ,! ,*AMPS ,ELYSEES ,ZAZ\S W]E EASILY RECOGNIZABLE ON ! T]RACE ( ! ,PAM ,PAM & TOOK AFT]NOON BIKE RIDES 9 ! ,BOIS DE ,B\LOGNE4 ,9 ! ,LAT9 ,QU>T]1 ! ,ZAZ\S MET 9 ! CELL> CLUBS ( ,DUPONT-,LAT9 OR ! ,CAP\LADE4 

,! MALE ,ZAZ\S WORE EXTRA L>GE JACKETS :I* HUNG D[N TO !IR KNEES1 & :I* W]E FITT$ \T ) MANY POCKETS & (T5 SEV]AL HALF-BELTS4 ,! AM\NT ( MAT]IAL US$ WAS A DIRECT COMM5T ON GOV]NM5T DECREES ON ! RATION+ ( CLO?+ MAT]IAL4 ,!IR TR\S]S W]E N>R[1 GA!R$ AT ! WAI/1 & SO W]E !IR TIES1 :I* W]E COTTON OR HEAVY WOOL4 ,! %IRT COLL>S W]E HI< & KEPT 9 PLACE BY A HORIZONTAL P94 ,!Y LIK$ ?ICK-SOL$ SU$E %OES1 ) :ITE OR BRI<TLY COLOR$ SOCKS4 ,!IR HAIR/YLES W]E GREAS$ & LONG 4 ,9 FACT AFT] ! GOV]NM5T DECREE ( #aidb :I* AU?ORIZ$ ! COLLECTION ( HAIR FROM B>B]-%OPS TO BE MADE 9TO SLIPP]S !Y GREW !IR HAIR LONG]6 ,9 A P>ODY ( ,5GLI%NESS !Y C>RI$ =MAL 0,*AMB]LA90 UMBRELLAS1 ALWAYS NEATLY FURL$1 & NEV] OP5$ 9 SPITE ( RA9Y WEA!R4 

,SYNCOPAT$ 

  

,ONE FASCI/ MAGAZ9E COMM5T$ ON ! MALE ,ZAZ\ 30 ,H]E IS ! SPECIM5 ( ,ULTRA ,SW+ #a#i#d#a3 HAIR HANG+ D[N TO ! NECK1 TEAS$ UP 9TO AN UNTIDY QUIFF1 LITTLE MU/A*E A LA ,CL>K ,GABLE144444 %OES ) TOO ?ICK SOLES1 SYNCOPAT$ WALK04 ,FEMALE ,ZAZ\S WORE !IR HAIR 9 CURLS FALL+ D[N TO !IR %\LD]S OR 9 BRAIDS4 ,BLOND WAS ! FAVORITE COLOR1 & !Y WORE BRI<T R$ LIP/ICK1 AS WELL AS SUNGLASSES1 ALSO FAVOR$ BY SOME MALE ,ZAZ\S4 ,!Y WORE JACKETS ) EXTREMELY WIDE %\LD]S & %ORT PLEAT$ SKIRTS4 ,!IR /OCK+S W]E /RIP$ OR SOMETIMES NET1 & !Y WORE %OES ) ?ICK WOOD5 SOLES4 

,! ,ZAZ\S W]E BIG FANS ( *ECK]$ PATT]NS1 ON JACKET1 SKIRT OR BROLLY4 ,!Y />T$ APPE>+ 9 ! VEGET>IAN RE/AURANTS & DEVELOP$ A PASSION = GRAT$ C>ROT SALAD6 ,!Y USUALLY DRANK FRUIT JUICE OR BE] ) GR5AD9E SYRUP1 A COCKTAIL ?AT !Y SEEM TO HAVE 9V5T$4 

,! ZAZ\S W]E DIRECTLY 9SPIR$ BY JAZZ & SW+ MUSIC4 ,A HEAL?Y BLACK JAZZ SC5E HAD SPRUNG UP 9 ,MONTM>TRE 9 ! 9T]-W> YE>S4 ,BLACK ,AM]ICANS FELT FRE] 9 ,P>IS ?AN !Y DID BACK HOME1 & ! HOMEGR[N JAZZ SC5E WAS GREATLY RE9=C$ BY ?IS EMIGRATION4 ,MAN\*E ,GYPSY MUSICIANS LIKE ,DJANGO ,RE9H>DT />T$ PLAY+ SW++ JAZZ MUSIC 9 ! ,P>IS CLUBS4 

,! ,ZAZ\S PROBABLY GOT !IR NAME FROM A L9E 9 A SONG -,ZAH ,ZUH ,ZAH BY ! BLACK JAZZ MUSICIAN ,CAB ,CALL[AY FAM\S = HIS ,M9NIE ! ,MOO*]4 ,A ,FR5* CROON] P\L> ) ! ,ZAZ\S1 ,JOHNNY ,HESS1 ALSO HAD A SONG ,JE SUIS SW+ 9 E>LY #a#i#d#b1 9 :I* HE SUNG ! L9ES 0,ZA Z\1 ZA Z\1 ZA Z\1 ZA Z\ ZE04 

,AN ASSOCIATE ( ! ,ZAZ\S1 ! AN>*I/ S+]-SONGWRIT]1 JAZZ TRUMPET]1 POET & NOVELI/ ,BORIS ,VIAN WAS ALSO EXTREMELY FOND ( Z WORDS 9 HIS WORK6 ,! LONG DRAPE JACKET WAS ALSO COPI$ FROM ZOOTSUITS WORN BY ! LIKES ( ,CALL[AY4 0,! ZAZ\S W]E V]Y OBVI\SLY DETE/$ BY ! ,NAZIS1 :O ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,RH9E1 HAD S9CE A LONG TIME DECIMAT$ ! ,G]MAN CULTURAL AVANTE G>DE1 =BIDD5 JAZZ & ALL VISIBLE SIGNS (44444DEG5]ATIONS ( ,G]MANIC CULTURE4440 ,PI]RE ,SEEL1 :O AS A Y\NG ZAZ\ WAS DEPORT$ TO A ,G]MAN CONC5TRATION CAMP BECAUSE ( HIS HOMOSEXUALITY4 

,:5 ! YELL[ /> WAS =C$ TO BE WORN BY ,JEWS1 ?OSE NON-,JEWS :O OBJECT$ TO ?IS BEGAN TO WE> YELL[ />S ) 0,BUDDHI/0 0,GOY0 7,G5TILE7 OR 0,VICTORY04 ,SOME ,ZAZ\S TOOK ?IS UP1 ) 0,ZAZ\0 WRITT5 BEL[ ! />4 ,:5 ! ,FR5* ,JEWS W]E REMOV$ FROM ! SC5E1 ! ,VI*Y REGIME & !IR ,NAZI MA/]S TURN$ ON ! ,ZAZ\S4 ,VI*Y HAD />T$ 0,Y\? ,WORKSITES0 9 ,JULY #aid 9 AN ATTEMPT TO 9DOCTR9ATE ,FR5* Y\?4 ,! SAME YE>1 !Y SET UP A ,M9I/RY ( ,Y\?4 ,!Y SAW ! ,ZAZ\S AS A RIVAL & DANG]\S 9FLU5CE ON Y\?4 ,BY #a#i#d#b1 ,VI*Y HI<-UPS REALIZ$ ?AT ! NATIONAL REVIVAL ?AT !Y HOP$ W\LD BE C>RI$ \T BY Y\NG PEOPLE UND] !IR GUIDANCE W]E S]I\SLY EFFECT$ BY WIDESPREAD REJECTION ( ! PATRIOTISM1 WORK E?IC1 SELFD5IAL1 ASCETICISM & MASCUL9ITY ?IS CALL$ =4 ,! ,ZAZ\S W]E DEG5]ATE & D&IFI$ & SO W]5'T A LOT ( !SE SCUM OBVI\SLY ,JEWS8 

,! WIT* HUNT BEG9S 

  

#< ANTI-,ZAZ\ >TICLES W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ! PRESS 9 #aidb 7 AS OPPOS$ TO #i 9 #aida & #* 9 #a#i#d#c74 ,! ,VI*Y PAP]S DEPLOR$ ! MORAL TURPITUDE & DECAD5CE ?AT WAS EFFECT+ ,FR5* MORALITY4 ,ZAZ\S W]E SE5 AS WORK-%Y1 EGOTI/ICAL1 & ,JUDEO- ,GAULLI/ %IRK]S4 ,SOON R\NDUPS BEGAN 9 B>S & ZAZ\S W]E BEAT5 ON ! /REET4 ,!Y BECAME ,5EMY ,NUMB] ,ONE ( ! FASCI/ Y\? ORGANIZATION ,JEUNESSE ,POPULAIRE ,FRANCAIS4 0,SCALP ! ,ZAZ\S60 BECAME !IR SLOGAN4 ,SQUADS ( Y\NG ,J,P,F FASCI/S >M$ ) HAIRCLIPP]S ATTACK$ ,ZAZ\S4 ,MANY W]E >RE/$ & S5T TO ! C\NTRYSIDE TO WORK ON ! H>VE/4 ACQUIESC5CE1 

,AT ?IS PO9T ! ,ZAZ\S W5T UND]GR\ND1 HOL+ UP 9 !IR DANCE HALLS & BASEM5T CLUBS4 ,) ! ,LIB]ATION ( ,P>IS IT APPE>S SOME ZAZ\S JO9$ 9 ! >M$ COMBAT TO DRIVE \T ! ,NAZIS - C]TA9LY !Y HAD A FEW SCORES TO SETTLE4 ,BUT ! ,ZAZ\S W]E SUSPECT$ BY ! (FICIAL ,COMMUNI/ RESI/ANCE ( HAV+ A 0C\LDN'T GIVE A FUCK0 ATTITUDE TO ! W> 9 G5]AL4 

,! ,ZAZ\S W]E TO BE NUMB]$ 9 ! HUNDR$S RA!R ?AN ?\S&S & W]E G5]ALLY BETWE5 #ag & #b4 ,!RE W]E ,ZAZ\S FROM ALL CLASSES BUT ) APP>5TLY SIMIL> \TLOOKS4 ,WORK+ CLASS ,ZAZ\S US$ !FT ( CLO? & BLACK M>KET ACTIVITIES TO GET !IR \TFITS1 SOMETIMES /IT*+ !IR [N CLO!S4 ,SOME ( ! MORE BOHEMIAN ,ZAZ\S 9 ! ,LAT9 ,QU>T] V>I$ ! \TFIT1 ) %EEPSK9 JACKETS & MULTICOLOR$ SC>VES4 ,IT WAS !IR G5]AL ATTITUDE ( IRONIC & S>CA/IC COMM5TS ON ! ,NAZI_/,VI*Y RUL]S1 !IR D&YISM & H$ONISM1 !IR SUSPICION ( ! WORK E?IC & !IR LOVE ( 0DECAD5T0 JAZZ ?AT DI/+UI%$ !M AS ONE ( ! PROTOTYPE Y\? MOVEM5TS ?AT W]E TO QUE/ION ! VALUES ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 4,?\< !Y DID NOT SUFF] LIKE !IR CONTEMPOR>IES 9 ,G]MANY1 ! WORK+ CLASS ,$ELWEISS ,PIRATES1 SOME ( :OM W]E HANG$ BY ! ,NAZIS1 NEV]!LESS 9 A SOCIETY ( WIDESPREAD COMPLICITY & ACQUIESC5CE1 !IR /& WAS C\RAGE\S & TRAIL-BLAZ+4 

,! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO 

  
,9TRODUCTION 

  

,BY ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,ITALY W]E 9 A /ATE ( REVOLUTION>Y F]M5T4 ,NOT YET READY = ! CONQUE/ ( P[] !MSELVES1 WORK]S & PEASANTS BY #aiah HAD WON A V>IETY ( CONCESSIONS FROM ! /ATE3 AN IMPROVEM5T ( WAGES1 ! #h-H\R DAY1 & RECOGNITION ( COLLECTIVE CONTRACTS4 

,BY #aiai A NEW RADICALISM HAD DESC5D$ UPON ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,9 ?AT YE> ALONE !RE W]E #a1#f#f#c /RIKES ACROSS ! P59SULA1 :ILE 9 ,AUGU/ ! NEWLY-=M$ %OP /EW>DS' MOVEM5T 9 ,TUR9 7! =]UNN] ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS7 UND]L9$ ! GR[? ( A NEW VIBRANT MILITANCY ?AT DREW ITS /R5G? FROM ! AUTONOM\S CAPACITY ( WORK]S TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES ALONG LIB]T>IAN L9ES & :I* HAD 0! POT5TIAL OBJECTIVE ( PREP>+ M51 ORGANIZATIONS & IDEAS1 9 A CONT9U\S PR]EVOLUTION>Y CONTROL OP]ATION1 SO ?AT !Y >E READY TO REPLACE EMPLOY] AU?ORITY 9 ! 5T]PRISE & IMPOSE A NEW DISCIPL9E ON SOCIAL LIFE0.<#a.>4 

,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ! PEASANTRY OP5$ UP A SECOND FRONT AGA9/ ! /ATE BY OCCUPY+ ! L& ?AT HAD BE5 PROMIS$ !M BE=E ! W>4 ,! ,VISO*I DECREE ( ,SEPTEMB] #aiai M]ELY VALIDAT$ ! COOP]ATIVES ?AT HAD ALREADY BE5 SET UP :ILE ! 'R$ LEAGUES' ASSI/$ ! =MATION ( /RONG UNIONS ( DAY LABOR]S4 #aiai ALSO M>K$ ! 9ITIAL SIGNS ( CAPITAL DEF5D+ ITSELF AGA9/ ! GR[+ ONSLAU<T4 ,A MEET+ ( 9DU/RIALI/S & L&[N]S AT ,G5OA 9 ,APRIL SEAL$ ! FIR/ /AGES ( ! 'HOLY ALLIANCE' AGA9/ ! RISE ( LABOR P[]4 ,FROM ?IS MEET+ W]E DRAWN UP PLANS = ! =MATION1 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>1 ( BO? ! ,G5]AL ,F$]ATION ( ,9DU/RY & ! ,G5]AL ,F$]ATION ( ,AGRICULTURE1 :I* TOGE!R WORK$ \T A PRECISE /RATEGY = ! DISMANTL+ ( ! LABOR UNIONS & ! NASC5T C\NCILS4 ,ALONE1 H[EV]1 ! 9DU/RIALI/S & L&[N]S C\LD NOT UND]TAKE ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! WORK]S !MSELVES HAD TO BE C[$ 9TO SUBMISSION1 HAD TO HAVE !IR SPIRIT ( REVOLT BROK5 ON ! V]Y /REETS !Y WALK$ & ! FIELDS !Y S[$4 ,= ?IS1 CAPITAL TURN$ TO ! >M$ ?UGG]Y ( FASCISM1 & ITS BIGGE/ ?UG ( ALL3 ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I4 

,=MATION ( ! ,FASCI/ SQUADS 

  

,IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! 5D ( ! W>1 !RE WAS A V]ITABLE FL[]+ ( ANTILABOR LEAGUES3 ,MUSSOL9I'S ,COMBAT ,FASCI1 ! ,ANTI-,BOL%EVIK ,LEAGUE1 ,FASCI = ,SOCIAL ,$UCATION1 ,UMUS1 ,ITALY ,R$EEM$ ETC444,AT ! SAME TIME1 MEMB]S ( ! ,>DITI1 ! W> VOLUNTE] CORPS1 ON BE+ DEMOBILIZ$ ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO AN ELITE =CE ( #b1 %OCK TROOPS & W]E IMM$IATELY PUT TO USE BY ! ANTI-LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,?IS MOVEM5T WAS MO/LY COMPRIS$ ( ! MIDDLE OR L[] MIDDLE CLASS4 ,EX-(FIC]S & ,N,C,OS1 :ITE COLL> WORK]S1 /UD5TS & ! SELF-EMPLOY$ ALL ALLI$ !MSELVES TO ! FASCI/ CAUSE 9 ! T[NS1 :ILE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ! SONS ( T5ANT F>M]S1 SMALL L& [N]S & E/ATE MANAG]S W]E WILL+ RECRUITS 9 ! W> AGA9/ ! P]CEIV$ ,R$ ,M5ACE4 ,! POLICE & ! >MY BO? ACTIVELY 5C\RAG$ ! FASCI/S1 URG+ EX-(FIC]S TO JO9 & TRA9 ! SQUADS1 L5D+ !M VEHICLES & WEAPONS1 EV5 ALL[+ CRIM9ALS TO 5ROLL 9 !M ) ! PROMISE ( B5EFITS & IMMUNITY4 ,>MS P]MITS1 REFUS$ TO WORK]S & PEASANTS1 W]E FREELY H&$ OV] TO ! FASCI/ SQUADRONS1 :ILE MUNITIONS FROM ! /ATE >S5ALS GAVE ! ,BLACK%IRTS AN IMM5SE MILIT>Y ADVANTAGE OV] !IR 5EMIES4 ,BY ,NOVEMB] #aiba ! V>I\S HIT SQUADS W]E WELD$ TOGE!R 9TO A MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION KN[N AS ! ,PR9CIPI ) A HI]>*Y ( SECTIONS1 COHORTS1 LEGIONS & A SPECIAL UNI=M4 

,! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO 

  

,TO COMP5SATE = ! %ORTCOM+S ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7,P,S,I -,P>TITO ,SOCIALI/A ,ITALIANA7 & ! MA9 TRADE UNION1 ! ,C,G,L 7SEE BEL[71 MILITANTS ( V>I\S T5D5CIES1 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 LEFT SOCIALI/S1 COMMUNI/S & REPUBLICANS =M$1 9 ,JUNE #a#i#b#a1 A PEOPLE'S MILITIA1 ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO 7,AD,P71 TO TAKE ! FI<T TO ! FASCI/S4 

,:ILE POLITICALLY DIV]SE1 ! ,AD,P WAS A PR$OM9ANTLY WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION4 ,WORK]S W]E 5LI/$ FROM FACTORIES1 F>MS1 RAILWAYS1 %IPY>DS1 BUILD+ SITES1 PORTS & PUBLIC TRANSPORT4 ,SOME SECTIONS ( ! MIDDLE CLASS ALSO GOT 9VOLV$ 9 ! =M ( /UD5TS1 (FICE WORK]S1 & O!R PR(ESSIONAL TYPES4 ,/RUCTURALLY1 ! ,AD,P WAS RUN ALONG MILIT>Y L9ES ) BATTALIONS1 COMPANIES & SQUADS4 ,SQUADS W]E COMPRIS$ ( #a MEMB]S & A GR\P LEAD]4 #d SQUADS MADE UP A COMPANY ) A COMPANY COMM&]1 & #c COMPANIES MADE UP A BATTALION ) ITS [N BATTALION COMM&]4 ,CYCLE SQUADS W]E US$ TO MA9TA9 L9KS BETWE5 ! G5]AL COMM& & ! WORK=CE AT L>GE4 ,9 SPITE ( ITS /RUCTURE1 ! ,AD,P REMA9$ ELA/IC 5\< TO =M A RAPID REACTION =CE 9 RESPONSE TO FASCI/ ?REATS4 ,AD,P BEHAVIOR WAS DICTAT$ BY :ATEV] POLITICAL GR\P HELD SWAY 9 A P>TICUL> LOCALE AL?\< MO/ SECTIONS W]E ALL[$ VIRTUAL AUTONOMY OV] !IR ACTIONS4 

,!SE SECTIONS W]E QUICKLY SET UP 9 ALL P>TS ( ! C\NTRY1 EI!R AS NEW CREATIONS OR AS P>T ( ALREADY EXI/+ GR\PS LIKE ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,ITALY 7,P,CD,I -- ,P>TITO ,COMUNI/A D',ITALIA71 ! P>AMILIT>Y ,>DITI ,ROSSI 9 ,TRIE/E1 ! ,*ILDR5 ( ,NO-,ONE 7,FIGLI DI ,NESSUNO7 9 ,G5OVA & ,V]CELLI4OR ! ,PROLET>IAN ,LEAGUE 7,LEGA ,PROLET>IA -- L9K$ TO ! ,P,S,I74 ,OV]ALL1 AT LEA/ #add SECTIONS HAD BE5 SET UP BY ! 5D ( SUMM] #aiba ) A TOTAL ( AB\T #b1 MEMB]S4 ,! L>GE/ SECTIONS W]E ! #ab ,LAZIO SECTIONS ) AB\T #c1#c MEMB]S1 FOLL[$ BY ,TUSCANY1 #ah SECTIONS1 ) A TOTAL ( #c1 MEMB]S4 ,O!R REGIONS W]E AS FOLL[S3  
   ,UMBRIA   #af S   #b1 MEMB]S   ,M>*E   #ab S   #a1   ,LOMB>DY   #ag S   #b1#a   ,TRE ,V5EZIE   #ae S   #b1#b   ,EMILIA ,ROMAGNA   #ah S   #a1#d   ,LIGURIA   #d B   #a1#a   ,PI$MONT   #h B   #a1#c   ,SICILY   #g S   #f   ,CAMPANIA   #g   #e   ,APULIA   #f   #e   ,S>D9IA   #b   #ae   ,ABRUZZO   #a   #b   ,CALABRIA   #a   #b   

7S-SECTION1 B-BATTALION7 

,! ,AD,P V]Y QUICKLY BUILT UP ITS [N CULTURAL ID5TITY ) 9DIVIDUAL SECTIONS PR\DLY FLAUNT+ !IR [N LOGOS & IMAGES ( W>4 ,:ILE ! ,AD,P AS A :OLE WAS EASILY RECOGNIZABLE BY A SKULL SURR\ND$ BY A LAUREL WREA? ) A DAGG] 9 ITS TEE?1 & ! MOTTO ',A ,NOI' 7,TO ,US71 ! ,DIRECTORATES LOGO WAS A DAGG] SURR\ND$ BY AN OAK & LAUREL WREA?4 ,! IVETAVEC*IA MEAN:ILE DIDN'T LEAVE MU* TO ! IMAG9ATION :5 *OOS+ !IR BANN] - AN AX SMA%+ ! FASCES SYMBOL6 ,AL?\< !Y DID NOT HAVE1 NOR WANT1 !IR [N UNI=M1 ! AV]AGE ,AD,P MEMB] PREF]R$ TO DRESS 9 BLACK SWEAT]S1 D>K-GRAY TR\S]S1 ) A R$ FL[] 9 !IR BUTTONHOLES4 ,!IR SONGS W]E AS DIRECT & CONFRONTATIONAL AS !Y !MSELVES W]E3  
  

0,R9TUZZIAMO LA VIOL5ZA_/ DEL FASCISMO M]C5>IO4_/ ,TUTTI 9 >MI6SUL CALV>IO_/ DELL'UMANA R$5ZION4_/ ,QUE/A ET]NA GIOV9EZZA_/ SI R9NOVA NELLA F$E_/ P] UN POPOLO *E *I$E_/ UGUAGLIANZA E LIB]TA40 

0,WE CURB ! VIOL5CE_/( ! M]C5>Y FASCI/S_/ ,EV]YONE >M$ ON ! CAVALRY_/( HUMAN R$EMPTION_/ ,?IS ET]NAL Y\?_/IS R5EW$ 9 ! FAI?_/ = ! PEOPLE :O DEM& EQUALITY & FRE$OM40  

,! ,FASCI/ ,(F5SIVE 

  

,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/1 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 COMM5T+ ON ! MASSIVE FACTORY OCCUPATIONS 9 NOR!RN ,ITALY 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aib :I* 9VOLV$ #f1 WORK]S1 PR$ICT$ 0IF WE DO NOT C>RY ON TO ! 5D1 WE WILL PAY ) TE>S ( BLOOD = ! FE>S WE N[ 9/ILL 9 ! B\RGEOISIE04 ,HIS WORDS W]E TO BE PROPHETIC AS BO? ! ,P,S,I & ,C,G,L1 9/EAD ( EXP&+ ! /RUGGLE FROM ! FACTORIES 9TO ! COMMUNITY1 COLLABORAT$ ) ! /ATE TO RETURN ! WORK]S TO !IR JOBS4 ,IT WAS FROM ?IS MOM5T ONW>DS ?AT ! /ATE MOV$ ONTO ! (F5SIVE1 & ,MUSSOL9I'S 'REVOLUTION>Y ACTION' SQUADS W]E SUPPLI$ ) 5\< >MS TO TAKE TO ! /REETS4 

,UNTIL ! =MATION ( ! ,AD,P1 ! FASCI/S HAD ?+S MO/LY !IR [N WAY4 ,/>T+ (F ) AN ATTACK ON ! T[N HALL 9 ,BOLOGNA1 ! FASCI/ SQUADS SWEPT ?R\< ! C\NTRYSIDE LIKE A SCY!1 UND]TAK+ 'PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS' AGA9/ 'R$' VILLAGES4 ,FOLL[+ !IR SUCCESS !RE1 !Y BEGAN ATTACK+ ! CITIES4 ,LABOR UNIONS1 ! (FICES ( CO-OP]ATIVES & LEFTI/ PAP]S W]E DE/ROY$ 9 ,TRIE/E1 ,MOD5A1 & ,FLOR5CE )9 ! FIR/ FEW MON?S ( #a#i#b#a4 ,AS ,ROSSI WRITES1 !Y HAD 0AN IMM5SE ADVANTAGE OV] ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ITS FACILITIES = TRANSPORTATION & CONC5TRATION444 ,! FASCI/S >E G5]ALLY )\T TIES444!Y CAN LIVE ANY:]E444,! WORK]S1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 >E B\ND TO !IR HOMES444,?IS SY/EM GIVES ! 5EMY EV]Y ADVANTAGE3 ?AT ( ! (F5SIVE OV] ! DEF5SIVE1 & ?AT ( MOBILE W>F>E OV] A W> ( POSITION .<#b.>40 

,H[EV] BY ,M>* #aiba !RE W]E GR[+ SIGNS ( WORK+ CLASS DEF5SE /RUCTURES BE+ PUT 9 PLACE4 ,9 ,LIVORNO1 :5 A WORK+ CLASS DI/RICT 7,BORGO DEI ,CAPPUC9I7 CAME UND] ATTACK BY ! FASCI/S1 ! :OLE NEI<BORHOOD MOBILIZ$ AGA9/ !M1 R\T+ !M FROM ! T[N4 ,9 ,APRIL1 :5 ! FASCI/S LAUN*$ AN ASSAULT ON ONE ( ! UNION C5T]S 7,CAM]O DEL ,LAVORO71 ! WORK]S HELD /RIKE ACTION ON ! #a#d? & SURR\ND$ ! FASCI/ SQUAD1 ONLY = ! >MY TO RU% TO ! FASCI/S' DEF5SE4 ,BY ,JULY1 ! WORK+ CLASS HAD CREAT$ !IR [N >M$ MILITIA -! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO4 

,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO ,9 ,ACTION 

  

,! ,AD,P FIR/ SAW ACTION 9 ,PIOMB9O ON ,JULY #a#i?1 :5 !Y ATTACK$ A FASCI/ MEET+ PLACE & R\ND$ UP ! FASCI/S 9SIDE4 ,:5 ! ,ROYAL ,GU>D TRI$ TO 9T]V5E1 !Y TOO W]E =C$ TO SURR5D]4 ,! ,AD,P HELD ! /REETS = A FEW DAYS BE=E ! %E] SIZE ( POLICE NUMB]S =C$ !M TO )DRAW4 ,9 ,S>ZANA1 !Y W5T TO ! AID ( ! LOCAL POPULATION ?AT HAD MANAG$ TO CAPTURE ONE ! FASCI/S' MO/ IMPORTANT LEAD]S1 ,R5ATO ,TICCI4 ,:5 A SQUAD ( #e FASCI/S ATTEMPT$ TO RESCUE ,TICCI1 ! ,AD,P WAS !RE TO =CE ! FASCI/S 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 #b FASCI/S 7PROBABLY MORE7 W]E KILL$ & !IR SQUADRON LEAD] COMM5T$3 0,! SQUAD1 SO LONG ACCU/OM$ TO DEFEAT+ AN 5EMY :O NE>LY ALWAYS RAN AWAY1 OR (F]$ FEEBLE RESI/ANCE1 C\LD NOT & DID NOT KN[ H[ TO DEF5D !MSELVES04 

,SELL ,\T 

  

,H[EV]1 JU/ AS ! ,AD,P WAS BUILD+ UP ! MOM5TUM ON ! /REETS1 !Y W]E BETRAY$ BY ! ,P,S,I :O W]E MORE 9T]E/$ 9 SIGN+ A PACT ( NONAGGRESSION ) ! FASCI/S2 ?IS AT A TIME :5 ! FASCI/S W]E AT !IR MO/ VULN]ABLE4 ,SOCIALI/ MILITANTS W]E =C$ BY !IR LEAD]%IP TO )DRAW FROM ! ,AD,P1 :ILE ! ,C,G,L UNION ORD]$ ITS MEMB]S TO LEAVE ! ORGANIZATION4 

,ONE UNION LEAD]1 ,MATTEOTTI1 CONFIRM$ ! SELL \T 9 ! UNION PAP] ,BATTAGLIA ,S9DICALE3 0,/AY AT HOME3 DO NOT RESPOND TO PROVOCATIONS4 ,EV5 SIL5CE1 EV5 C[>DICE1 >E SOMETIMES H]OIC40 

,! COMMUNI/S W5T ONE /EP FUR!R BY =M+ !IR [N PURE 'CLASS CONSCI\S' SQUADRONS ?US DECIMAT+ ! MOVEM5T FUR!R4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,GRAMSCI1 '! TACTIC444 CORRESPOND$ TO ! NE$ TO PREV5T ! P>TY MEMB]%IP BE+ CONTROLL$ BY A LEAD]%IP ?AT WAS NOT ! P>TY LEAD]%IP40 ,QUITE SOON1 ONLY #e SECTIONS ( #f MEMB]S REMA9$1 SUPPORT$ BO? BY ! ,UNIONE ,S9DICALE ,ITALIANA 7,U,S,I7 & ! ,UNIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA 7,U,A,I74 ,A NUMB] ( !SE SECTIONS W5T 9TO ACTION AGA9 9 ,SEPTEMB] 9 ,PIOMB9O :5 ! FASCI/S1 :O HAD BURN$ D[N ! (FICES ( ! ,P,S,I 7! SAME ORGANIZATION ?AT HAD SOLD !M \T A MON? BE=E71 W]E 9T]CEPT$ BY AN AN>*I/ PATROL & =C$ TO FLEE4 ,PIOMB9O WAS SOON TO BECOME ! N]VE C5T] ( ! DEF5SE AGA9/ FASCISM1 DEF5D+ ITSELF AGA9/ A FUR!R FASCI/ ONSLAU<T 9 ,APRIL #a#i#b#b1 BE=E F9ALLY SUCCUMB+ AFT] #a  #a_/#b  DAYS ( FI]CE FI<T+ :5 ! FASCI/S1 AID$ BY ! ,ROYAL ,GU>D1 W]E ABLE TO CAPTURE ! (FICES ( ! ,U,S,I4 

,9 ,JULY #a#i#b#b1 ! RE=MI/ G5]AL /RIKE TO DEF5D 'CIVIL LIB]TIES & ! CON/ITUTION' M>K$ ! F9AL DISA/] = ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 AS ! WORK /OPPAGES W]E NOT1 & C\LD NOT BE1 ACCOMPANI$ BY AGGRESSIVE DIRECT ACTION4 ,! FASCI/S SIMPLY RAN PUBLIC S]VICES ) SCABS & MADE !MSELVES MA/]S ( ! /REETS4 ,) ! /RIKE'S COLLAPSE1 ! FASCI/S MU/]$ !IR =CES TO DEAL ) ! LA/ REMA9+ \TPO/S ( RESI/ANCE1 ONE ( :I*1 ,LIVORNO1 SUCCUMB$ TO A =CE ( #b SQUADRI/I4 

,CONCLUSION 

  

,SO :AT LESSONS CAN WE TODAY LE>N FROM ! >DITI DEL POPOLO8 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 WE NE$ TO LE>N ! B5EFITS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,LIKE ! ,AD,P1 WE NE$ TO =M LOCAL ANTI-FASCI/ GR\PS1 OP]AT+ AUTONOM\SLY 9 !IR [N >EAS1 BUT GELL$ TOGE!R 9 A NATIONAL NETWORK4 ,!SE GR\PS %\LD NOT REFRA9 FROM APPLY+ MILITANT DIRECT ACTION TACTICS AGA9/ ! LIKES ( ! ,B,N,P2 ! ONLY LANGUAGE ! FASCI/S UND]/&4 ,WE NE$ TO AVOID ! PA? ( RE=MISM1 ADVOCAT$ BY ! RECRUIT+ AG5TS ( RE=MI/ P>TIES LIKE ! ,S,W,P & DE/ROY1 ONCE & = ALL1 ! NATIONALI/ MY? ?AT SCAPEGOATS \R E?NIC COMMUNITIES & :I* ALL[S GOV]NM5TS ACROSS ,EUROPE TO HOODW9K L>GE SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9TO ! BELIEF ! ROOT ( !IR SOCIO-ECONOMIC WOES LIES ELSE:]E4 ,TO DO ?IS1 WE NE$ TO TIE ! FASCI/S' AG5DA TO ?AT ( ! /ATE :I* SUPPORTS IT1 & GET ACROSS ! MESSAGE ?AT FASCISM WILL ONLY EV] BE DE/ROY$ ONCE ! /ATE ITSELF IS SMA%$4 ,ONLY A SOCIETY RUN ALONG ! PR9CIPLES ( AN>*OCOMMUNISM CAN EV] HOPE TO A*IEVE ?IS4 

,?ANKS TO ,NE/OR ,MC,NAB1 = HIS HELP ) TRANSLATION ( P>TS ( ?IS >TICLE4 

,! UND]GR\ND ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ PRESS 9SIDE & \TSIDE FASCI/ ,ITALY 

  

,RESI/ANCE & PROPAG&A TO FASCISM DID NOT BEG9 9 #a#i#c#i1 #aicf OR #a#i#c#i4 ,NOR DID IT CONSI/ SIMPLY ( SLOGANS HA/ILY PA9T$ ON WALLS 9 ! DEAD ( NI<T4 ,A P[]FUL AN>*I/ UND]GR\ND PRESS OP]AT$ 9 ,ITALY ?R\<\T ! P]IOD ( FASCI/ DICTATOR%IP & OCCUPATION PRESS+ ! CASE = LIB]ATION ?R\< SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,TO GAUGE ! EXT5T ( ! RESI/ANCE TO FASCISM & ,NAZI OCCUPATION 9 ,ITALY1 H]E IS A REVIEW ( ! LIB]T>IAN UND]GR\ND PRESS AT ! TIME 

,VOCI (FIC9A 7,VOICE ( ! FACTORIES7 

  

,UND]GR\ND PAP] PUT \T BY WORK]S ( ! ,TUR9 FACTORY C\NCILS1 AMONG !M ! AN>*I/S ,MI*ELE ,GUASCO & ,DANTE ,>MANETTI4 #h OR #i ISSUES 9 ! FIR/ YE> ( FASCI/ T]ROR4 

,ICONOCLA/A6 

  

,AN>*I/ REVIEW OP5 TO ALL T5D5CIES4 ,PRODUC$ MON?LY 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#i#b#d-#e1 :5 TOGE!R ) ! ,ITALIAN SECTION ( ,RIVI/A ,9T]NAZIONALE ,POLIGLOTTA 7,9T]NATIONAL ,POLYGOT ,REVIEW7 IT CEAS$ PUBLICATION TO PRODUCE ,LA ,TEMPRA 

,LA ,TEMPRA 

  

,9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ REVIEW4 ,MON?LY FROM ,P>IS FROM #a#i#b#e-#f 7LACK ( 9=MATION ON HIS PUBLICATION 9 FOLL[+ YE>S7 

,LOTTA AN>*ICA 7AN>*I/ /RUGGLE7 

  

,PUBLI%$ 9 ,P>IS = DI/RIBUTION 9 ,ITALY4 ,SUBTITL$3 ,= >M$ 9SURRECTION AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,! $ITIONS SPECIFICALLY = ,ITALY W]E PRODUC$ 9 SMALL =MAT1 ?REE COLUMN 

WID? ON ?9 PAP]1 ) #c TO #d PAGES ?AT C\LD BE 9CLUD$ 9 A LETT]4 ,REGUL> PUBLICATION UP TILL 5D ( ,M>* #a#i#c#a4 

,AI ,LAVATORI D',ITALIA 7,TO ! ,ITALIAN WORK]S7 

  

,MILAN 1 ,OCTOB] #a#i#d#c4 ,SMALL =MAT1 #d PAGES4 ,! PROGRAM ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S ( ! ,UNIONE ,S9DACALE ,ITALIANA4 ,= A @aSOCIALI/ REPUBLIC ( SYNDICATES@a4 ,$IT$ BY ,ALDIBR&O ,GIOVANETTI4 

,FRONTE ,UNICO DEI ,LAVATORI 7,UNIT$ ,WORK]S ,FRONT7 

  

,FIR/ ( ALL 9 PAMPHLET =M1 !N A PAP]4 #ab PAGES4 ,PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,ROMAGNA ) ! SUPPORT ( ! AN>*I/S ( ,LIGURIA1 ,TUSCANY1 & ,ROMAGNA AFT] A MEET+ 9 ,FLOR5CE4 

,L',ADUNATA DEI ,LIB]T>I3 VOCI DEI COMUNI/I LIB]T>I 7VOICE ( ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S7 

  

,MILAN4 ,UND]GR\ND PUBLICATION ( FIR/ #c NUMB]S41 FIR/ ONE APPE>+ #a#h? ,JUNE #a#i#d#d4 ,SMALL =MAT ) #c COLUMNS1 #b PAGES4 ,$ITOR WAS ,PIETRO ,BRUZZI1 >RE/$1 TORTUR$ & %OT BY ! ,NAZIS AT ,LEGNANO4 

,IL ,COMUNI/A LIB]T>IO4 

  

,MILAN4 ,PAP] ( ! ,F$]AZIONE ,COMUNI/A ,LIB]T>IA ,ITALIANA4 ,FIR/ APPE>$ ,DECEMB] #a#i#d#d4 ,SMALL =MAT ) #c COLUMNS1 #d PAGES4 ,9 ,M>* #aide ITS SECOND ISSUE APPE>$1 & CONT9U$ REGUL>LY UNTIL ! 5D ( ,APRIL #a#i#d#e1 ) ! F9AL FALL ( FASCISM 

,L',AZIONE ,LIB]T>IA 

  

,MILAN4 #e ISSUES APPE>$ FROM ,AUGU/ TO ,SEPTEMB] #aidd 9 ! SAME =MAT AS ABOVE PAP]S1 & 9DE$ MO/ ( ! UND]GR\ND PRESS4 

,RIVOLUZIONE 

  

,PAP] ( ! ,LIGA DEI ,CONSIGLI ,RIVOLUZION>I 7,LEAGUE ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCILS7 ,FROM ,DECEMB] #aidd 9CLUD$ ! PROGRAM ( ! ,LIGA4 ,COMPOS$ ( COMMUNI/S1 AN>*I/S & SYMPA?IZ]S4 ,SECOND ISSUE APPE>$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#d#e4 

,]A ,NUOVA 

  

0,VOICE ( ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/S04 ,TUR94 ,FIR/ ISSUE APPE>$ 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#d#d1 #b COLUMNS1 SMALL =MAT1 #d PAGES4 #bND ISSUE 9 ,NOVEMB] '#d#d & ?IRD 9 ,M>* '#d#e4 

,L',ADUNATA DEI ,REFRATT>I4 

  

,NEW ,YORK4 ,AT ! 5D ( '#d#d ! ,NEW ,YORK ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ PAP] PUBLI%$ SEV]AL SUPPLEM5TS AIM$ AT ,ITALY4 ,?9 PAP]1 SMALL =MAT1 #b COLUMNS1 #h PAGES4 ,IT WAS DI/RIBUT$ ABOVE ALL BY SOLDI]S 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,>M$ ,=CES1 DESPITE ! ,AM]ICAN AU?ORITIES HEAVILY PUNI%+ ANYONE 9VOLV$ 9 ITS DISSEM9ATION4 ,ISSUE #a 9 ,DECEMB] '#d#d & ,ISSUE #c 9 ,M>* '#d#e4 

,UMANITA ,NOVA4 

  

,AN>*I/ PAP]4 ,G5OA4 ,PUBLI%$ JU/ A LITTLE BE=E 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! FASCI/ AU?ORITIES & 9 PREP>ATION = IT1 #bb ,APRIL '#d#e4 ,SMALL =MAT1 #c COLUMNS1 #d PAGES4 ,CONT9U$ NUMB]+ FROM :5 IT WAS A DAILY PAP] PUBLI%$ 9 ,MILAN & ,ROME & $IT$ BY ,MALATE/A 9 #a#i#b-#a#i#b#b4 

,UMANITA ,NOVA 

  

,AN>*I/ PAP]4 ,FLOR5CE4 ,APPE>$ #b#d? ,SEPTEMB] '#d#d1 )\T ! AU?ORIZATION ( ! ,ALLI$ AU?ORITIES4 ,! PR9T] ,LATO ,LAT9I WAS >RE/$ & CONDEMN$ TO #a YE> 9 PRISON4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y '#d#e1 AFT] A SUSP5SION ( SEV]AL MON?S1 RE/>T$ ON A MON?LY BASIS ) ,UMANITA ,NOVA2 ,FIOR5T9A 7,FLOR5T9E7AS SUBTITLE & ) ANN\NCEM5T ?AT ! ,F$]ZIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA WAS BE+ =M$4 ,PREMATURELY AS IT HAPP5S1 AS ! ,F,A,I WAS N[ CON/ITUT$ UNTIL ! ,C>R>A CONF]5CE 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aide 

,AUF ,RUF3 ,(FIZ]E1 ,UNT](FIZ]E UND ,MANNS*AFT5 D] ,DEUTS*5 ,WEHRMA*T4 ,APPEAL 9 ,G]MAN PUT \T BY ,MILANESE AN>*I/S TO ! ,G]MAN >M$ =CES 9 ,M>* #aide 

,PAMPHLETS ( ,RISVEGLIO-,REVEIL4 

  

,PUBLI%$ SOME: ]E 9 ,SWITZ]L&4 ,AFT] ! SUPPRESSION ( ?IS ,SWISS PAP]1 SMALL PAMPHLETS ( #af PAGES ON A MON?LY BASIS 7HALF 9 ,ITALIAN1 HALF 9 ,FR5*7 APPE>$ FROM ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#d4 ,*ANG$ TITLE SEV]AL TIMES1 BUT CONT9U$ ) A SURPRIS+ REGUL>ITY UP UNTIL ! 5D ( ,DECEMB] #aidf ) NO4#a#d#g 

,LA ,RIVOLUZIONE ,LIB]T>IA4 

  

,ORGAN ( ! LIB]T>IAN GR\PS ( S\!RN ,ITALY4 ,B>I4 ,IT WAS ! FIR/ (FICIAL AN>*I/ PAP] S9CE ! FASCI/ TAKEOV]4 ,9ITIALLY IT APPE>$ ON #c? ,JUNE '#d#d )\T ,ALLI$ AU?ORIZATION1 & WAS DI/RIBUT$ SECRETLY UNTIL #a#f? ,NOVEMB] '#d#d :5 IT WAS LEGALIZ$4 

,L',IDEA ,PROLET>IA 

  

,MILAN4 #b1 COPIES PR9T$4 ,$IT$ BY ,M>IO ,P]ELLI ) A VAGUE 1 GRADUALI/ L9E4 ,CAME \T FROM ,AUTUMN '#d#c1 ) A %ORT LIFE4 

,SEMP] ,AVANTI6 

  

,AN>*I/ PAP] SECRETLY PR9T$ & DI/RIBUT$ 9 ,G5OA4 

,IL ,SEME ,LIB]T>IO 

  

,S+LE ISSUE PAP] ( ! ,F$]AZIONE ,COMUNI/A ,LIB]T>IA ( ,LIVORNO4 ,APPE>+ SEMI-CL&E/9ELY1 BECAUSE ( P]SI/5T C5SOR%IP ( ,ALLI$ AU?ORITIES 9 SUMM] #a#i#d#e1 ) FALSE 9DICATION ( ITS ADDRESS 7,ROME7 

,AURORA 

  

,LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ 7,RAV5NA74 ,PAP] ( ! ,ROMAGNA AN>*I/S12 ITS FIR/ #b ISSUES APPE>$ CL&E/9ELY4 

,IL ,P>TIGIANO 

  

,POLITICAL WEEKLY ( ! P>TISANS ( LIB]TY4 ,ROME4 ,ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICAL L9E 1 $IT$ BY ,C>LO ,&REONI1 LIB]T>IAN ,M>XI/ MILITANT ( ! ,UNIONE 0,SP>TACO04 ,UND]GR\ND PUBLICATION FROM '#d#c1 CONT9U$ UP UNTIL '#d#e1 PROBABLY TOL]AT$ BY ! ,ALLI$ AU?ORITIES BECAUSE NOT DIRECTLY AN>*I/1 BUT SUSP5D$ = #d ISSUES 9 M>* '#d#e1 = 0HAV+ PUBLI%$ =BIDD5 NOTICES ( ! ,ALLI$ MILIT>Y C5SOR%IP04 

,LA ,MONTAGNA 

  

,LIB]A VOCE CL&E/9E4 ,ROME4 ,PAP] ( 0A GR\P ( P>TISANS ( ! ,NOR?0 TAK+ ! PLACE ( ,IL ,P>TIGIANO DUR+ ITS =C$ SUSP5SION4 ,ON ITS LI/ ( @aFRI5DS & NEI<BORS@a WAS ,UMANITA ,NOVA4 

.<#a.> ,WILLIAMS ,L4 ,PROLET>IAN ,ORD] #aige 

.<#a.> ,WILLIAMS ,L4 ,PROLET>IAN ,ORD] #aige 

.<#b.> ,ROSSI1 ,A4 ,! ,BIR? ( ,FASCISM #ai* 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON ,JUNE #d1 #bae FROM WEB4>*IVE4ORG47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,RESI/ANCE TO ,NAZISM -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/