,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #ai 
,:Y IS IT ,DONE8 

#ahiiahii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TRANSLATOR 3 ,L\ISE ,MAUDE 

,TEXT 3 

,IT HAD CLE>$ UP & WAS />LI<T4 ,EXCEPT 9 A FEW PLACES ! MUD WAS FROZ5 H>D :5 ,NEKHLUD(F RETURN$ TO HIS 9N & KNOCK$ AT ONE ( ITS D>K W9D[S4 ,! BROAD-%\LD]$ LABOR] CAME B>EFOOT$ TO OP5 ! DOOR = HIM & LET HIM 94 ,?R\< A DOOR ON ! RI<T1 LEAD+ TO ! BACK PREMISES1 CAME ! L\D SNOR+ ( ! C>T]S1 :O SLEPT !RE1 & ! S\ND ( MANY HORSES *EW+ OATS CAME FROM ! Y>D4 ,! FRONT ROOM1 :]E A R$ LAMP WAS BURN+ 9 FRONT ( ! ICONS1 SMELT ( WORMWOOD & P]SPIRATION1 & SOME ONE ) MI<TY LUNGS WAS SNOR+ BEH9D A P>TITION4 ,NEKHLUD(F UNDRESS$1 PUT HIS LEA!R TRAVEL+ PILL[ ON ! OILCLO? S(A1 SPREAD \T HIS RUG & LAY D[N1 ?9K+ OV] ALL HE HAD SE5 & HE>D ?AT DAY2 ! BOY SLEEP+ ON ! LIQUID ?AT OOZ$ FROM ! /9K+ TUB1 ) HIS HEAD ON ! CONVICT'S LEG1 SEEM$ MORE DREADFUL ?AN ALL ELSE4 

,UNEXPECT$ & IMPORTANT AS HIS CONV]SATION ) ,SIMONSON & ,KATU%A ?AT EV5+ HAD BE51 HE DID NOT DWELL ON IT2 HIS SITUATION 9 RELATION TO ?AT SUBJECT WAS SO COMPLICAT$ & 9DEF9ITE ?AT HE DROVE ! ?\<T FROM HIS M9D4 ,BUT ! PICTURE ( ?OSE UN=TUNATE BE+S1 9HAL+ ! NOISOME AIR1 & LY+ 9 ! LIQUID OOZ+ \T ( ! /9K+ TUB1 ESPECIALLY ?AT ( ! BOY1 ) HIS 9NOC5T FACE ASLEEP ON ! LEG ( A CRIM9AL1 CAME ALL ! MORE VIVIDLY TO HIS M9D1 & HE C\LD NOT GET IT \T ( HIS HEAD4 

,TO KN[ ?AT SOME:]E F> AWAY !RE >E M5 :O TORTURE O!R M5 BY 9FLICT+ ALL SORTS ( HUMILIATIONS & 9HUMAN DEGRADATION & SUFF]+S ON !M1 OR = ?REE MON?S 9CESSANTLY TO LOOK ON :ILE M5 W]E 9FLICT+ !SE HUMILIATIONS & SUFF]+S ON O!R M5 IS A V]Y DIFF]5T ?+4 ,& ,NEKHLUD(F FELT IT4 ,MORE ?AN ONCE DUR+ !SE ?REE MON?S HE ASK$ HIMSELF1 0,AM ,I MAD BECAUSE ,I SEE :AT O!RS DO NOT1 OR >E !Y MAD ?AT DO !SE ?+S ?AT ,I SEE80 

,YET !Y 7& !RE W]E MANY ( !M7 DID :AT SEEM$ SO A/ONI%+ & T]RIBLE TO HIM ) SU* QUIET ASSURANCE ?AT :AT !Y W]E DO+ WAS NECESS>Y & WAS IMPORTANT & USEFUL WORK ?AT IT WAS H>D TO BELIEVE !Y W]E MAD2 NOR C\LD HE1 CONSCI\S ( ! CLE>NESS ( HIS ?\<TS1 BELIEVE HE WAS MAD2 & ALL ?IS KEPT HIM CONT9UALLY 9 A /ATE ( P]PLEXITY4 

,?IS IS H[ ! ?+S HE SAW DUR+ !SE ?REE MON?S IMPRESS$ ,NEKHLUD(F3 ,FROM AMONG ! PEOPLE :O W]E FREE1 ?OSE W]E *OS51 BY MEANS ( TRIALS & ! ADM9I/RATION1 :O W]E ! MO/ N]V\S1 ! MO/ HOT TEMP]$1 ! MO/ EXCITABLE1 ! MO/ GIFT$1 & ! /RONGE/1 BUT ! LEA/ C>EFUL & CUNN+4 ,!SE PEOPLE1 NOT A WIT MORE DANG]\S ?AN MANY ( ?OSE :O REMA9$ FREE1 W]E FIR/ LOCK$ 9 PRISONS1 TRANSPORT$ TO ,SIB]IA1 :]E !Y W]E PROVID$ = & KEPT MON?S & YE>S 9 P]FECT IDL5ESS1 & AWAY FROM NATURE1 !IR FAMILIES1 & USEFUL WORK--?AT IS1 AWAY FROM ! CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = A NATURAL & MORAL LIFE4 ,?IS FIR/LY4 ,SECONDLY1 !SE PEOPLE W]E SUBJECT$ TO ALL SORTS ( UNNECESS>Y 9DIGNITY 9 !SE DIFF]5T ,PLACES--*A9S1 %AV$ HEADS1 %AMEFUL CLO?+--?AT IS1 !Y W]E DEPRIV$ ( ! *IEF MOTIVES ?AT 9DUCE ! WEAK TO LIVE GOOD LIVES1 ! REG>D = PUBLIC OP9ION1 ! S5SE ( %AME & ! CONSCI\SNESS ( HUMAN DIGNITY4 ,?IRDLY1 !Y W]E CONT9UALLY EXPOS$ TO DANG]S1 SU* AS ! EPIDEMICS SO FREQU5T 9 PLACES ( CONF9EM5T1 EXHAU/ION1 FLOGG+1 NOT TO M5TION ACCID5TS1 SU* AS SUN/ROKES1 DR[N+ OR CONFLAGRATIONS1 :5 ! 9/9CT ( SELF-PRES]VATION MAKES EV5 ! K9DE/1 MO/ MORAL M5 COMMIT CRUEL ACTIONS1 & EXCUSE SU* ACTIONS :5 COMMITT$ BY O!RS4 

,F\R?LY1 !SE PEOPLE W]E =C$ TO ASSOCIATE ) O!RS :O W]E P>TICUL>LY DEPRAV$ BY LIFE1 & ESPECIALLY BY !SE V]Y 9/ITUTIONS--RAKES1 MURD]]S & VILLA9S--:O ACT ON ?OSE :O >E NOT YET CORRUPT$ BY ! MEASURES 9FLICT$ ON !M AS LEAV5 ACTS ON D\<4 

,&1 FIF?LY1 ! FACT ?AT ALL SORTS ( VIOL5CE1 CRUELTY1 9HUMANITY1 >E NOT ONLY TOL]AT$1 BUT EV5 P]MITT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 :5 IT SUITS ITS PURPOSES1 WAS IMPRESS$ ON !M MO/ =CIBLY BY ! 9HUMAN TREATM5T !Y W]E SUBJECT$ TO2 BY ! SUFF]+S 9FLICT$ ON *ILDR51 WOM5 & OLD M52 BY FLOGG+S ) RODS & :IPS2 BY REW>DS (F]$ = BR++ A FUGITIVE BACK1 DEAD OR ALIVE2 BY ! SEP>ATION ( HUSB&S & WIVES1 & ! UNIT+ !M ) ! WIVES & HUSB&S ( O!RS = SEXUAL 9T]C\RSE2 BY %OOT+ OR HANG+ !M4 ,TO ?OSE :O W]E DEPRIV$ ( !IR FRE$OM1 :O W]E 9 WANT & MIS]Y1 ACTS ( VIOL5CE W]E EVID5TLY /ILL MORE P]MISSIBLE4 ,ALL !SE 9/ITUTIONS SEEM$ PURPOSELY 9V5T$ = ! PRODUCTION ( DEPRAVITY & VICE1 COND5S$ TO SU* A DEGREE ?AT NO O!R CONDITIONS C\LD PRODUCE IT1 & = ! SPREAD+ ( ?IS COND5S$ DEPRAVITY & VICE BROADCA/ AMONG ! :OLE POPULATION4 

0,JU/ AS IF A PROBLEM HAD BE5 SET TO F9D ! BE/1 ! SURE/ MEANS ( DEPRAV+ ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( P]SONS10 ?\<T ,NEKHLUD(F1 :ILE 9VE/IGAT+ ! DE$S ?AT W]E BE+ DONE 9 ! PRISONS & HALT+ /ATIONS4 ,EV]Y YE> HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S W]E BR\<T TO ! HI<E/ PIT* ( DEPRAVITY1 & :5 COMPLETELY DEPRAV$ !Y W]E SET FREE TO C>RY ! DEPRAVITY !Y HAD CAU<T 9 PRISON AMONG ! PEOPLE4 ,9 ! PRISONS ( ,TAM51 ,EKAT]9BURG1 ,TOMSK & AT ! HALT+ /ATIONS ,NEKHLUD(F SAW H[ SUCCESSFULLY ! OBJECT SOCIETY SEEM$ TO HAVE SET ITSELF WAS ATTA9$4 

,ORD9>Y1 SIMPLE M5 ) A CONCEPTION ( ! DEM&S ( ! SOCIAL & ,*RI/IAN ,RUSSIAN PEASANT MORALITY LO/ ?IS CONCEPTION1 & F\ND A NEW ONE1 F\ND$ *IEFLY ON ! IDEA ?AT ANY \TRAGE OR VIOL5CE WAS JU/IFIABLE IF IT SEEM$ PR(ITABLE4 ,AFT] LIV+ 9 A PRISON ?OSE PEOPLE BECAME CONSCI\S ) ! :OLE ( !IR BE+ ?AT1 JUDG+ BY :AT WAS HAPP5+ TO !MSELVES1 ALL ! MORAL LAWS1 ! RESPECT & ! SYMPA?Y = O!RS :I* *UR* & ! MORAL TEA*]S PREA*1 WAS REALLY SET ASIDE1 & ?AT1 !RE=E1 !Y1 TOO1 NE$ NOT KEEP ! LAWS4 ,NEKHLUD(F NOTIC$ ! EFFECTS ( PRISON LIFE ON ALL ! CONVICTS HE KNEW--ON ,F$OR(F1 ON ,MAK>1 & EV5 ON ,T>AS1 :O1 AFT] TWO MON?S AMONG ! CONVICTS1 /RUCK ,NEKHLUD(F BY ! WANT ( MORALITY 9 HIS >GUM5TS4 ,NEKHLUD(F F\ND \T DUR+ HIS J\RNEY H[ TRAMPS1 ESCAP+ 9TO ! M>%ES1 P]SUADE A COMRADE TO ESCAPE ) !M1 & !N KILL HIM & FE$ ON HIS FLE%4 7,HE SAW A LIV+ MAN :O WAS ACCUS$ ( ?IS & ACKN[L$G$ ! FACT47 ,& ! MO/ T]RIBLE P>T WAS ?AT ?IS WAS NOT A SOLIT>Y1 BUT A RECURR+ CASE4 

,ONLY BY A SPECIAL CULTIVATION ( VICE1 SU* AS WAS P]PETRAT$ 9 !SE E/ABLI%M5TS1 C\LD A ,RUSSIAN BE BR\<T TO ! /ATE ( ?IS TRAMP1 :O EXCELL$ ,NIETZS*E'S NEWE/ TEA*+1 & HELD ?AT EV]Y?+ WAS POSSIBLE & NO?+ =BIDD51 & :O SPREAD ?IS TEA*+ FIR/ AMONG ! CONVICTS & !N AMONG ! PEOPLE 9 G5]AL4 

,! ONLY EXPLANATION ( ALL ?AT WAS BE+ DONE WAS ! WI% TO PUT A /OP TO CRIME BY FE>1 BY CORRECTION1 BY LAWFUL V5GEANCE AS IT WAS WRITT5 9 ! BOOKS4 ,BUT 9 REALITY NO?+ 9 ! LEA/ RESEMBL+ ANY ( !SE RESULTS CAME TO PASS4 ,9/EAD ( VICE BE+ PUT A /OP TO1 IT ONLY SPREAD FUR!R2 9/EAD ( BE+ FRI<T5$1 ! CRIM9ALS W]E 5C\RAG$ 7MANY A TRAMP RETURN$ TO PRISON ( HIS [N FREE WILL74 ,9/EAD ( BE+ CORRECT$1 EV]Y K9D ( VICE WAS SY/EMATICALLY 9/ILL$1 :ILE ! DESIRE = V5GEANCE DID NOT WEAK5 BY ! MEASURES ( ! GOV]NM5T1 BUT WAS BR$ 9 ! PEOPLE :O HAD NONE ( IT4 

0,!N :Y IS IT DONE80 ,NEKHLUD(F ASK$ HIMSELF1 BUT C\LD F9D NO ANSW]4 ,& :AT SEEM$ MO/ SURPRIS+ WAS ?AT ALL ?IS WAS NOT BE+ DONE ACCID5TALLY1 NOT BY MI/AKE1 NOT ONCE1 BUT ?AT IT HAD CONT9U$ = C5TURIES1 ) ?IS DIFF]5CE ONLY1 ?AT AT FIR/ ! PEOPLE'S NO/RILS US$ TO BE TORN & !IR E>S CUT (F2 !N !Y W]E BR&$1 & N[ !Y W]E MANACL$ & TRANSPORT$ BY /EAM 9/EAD ( ON ! OLD C>TS4 ,! >GUM5TS BR\<T =W>D BY ?OSE 9 GOV]NM5T S]VICE1 :O SAID ?AT ! ?+S :I* >\S$ HIS 9DIGNATION W]E SIMPLY DUE TO ! IMP]FECT >RANGEM5TS ( ! PLACES ( CONF9EM5T1 & ?AT !Y C\LD ALL BE PUT TO RI<TS IF PRISONS ( A MOD]N TYPE W]E BUILT1 DID NOT SATISFY ,NEKHLUD(F1 BECAUSE HE KNEW ?AT :AT REVOLT$ HIM WAS NOT ! CONSEQU5CE ( A BETT] OR WORSE >RANGEM5T ( ! PRISONS4 ,HE HAD READ ( MODEL PRISONS ) ELECTRIC BELLS1 ( EXECUTIONS BY ELECTRICITY1 RECOMM5D$ BY ,T>D2 BUT ?IS REF9$ K9D ( VIOL5CE REVOLT$ HIM EV5 MORE4 

,BUT :AT REVOLT$ ,NEKHLUD(F MO/ WAS ?AT !RE W]E M5 9 ! LAW C\RTS & 9 ! M9I/RY :O RECEIV$ L>GE SAL>IES1 TAK5 FROM ! PEOPLE1 = REF]R+ TO BOOKS WRITT5 BY M5 LIKE !MSELVES & ) LIKE MOTIVES1 & SORT+ ACTIONS ?AT VIOLAT$ LAWS MADE BY !MSELVES ACCORD+ TO DIFF]5T /ATUTES2 &1 9 OB$I5CE TO !SE /ATUTES1 S5D+ ?OSE GUILTY ( SU* ACTIONS TO PLACES :]E !Y W]E COMPLETELY AT ! M]CY ( CRUEL1 H>D5$ 9SPECTORS1 JAIL]S1 CONVOY SOLDI]S1 :]E MILLIONS ( !M P]I%$ BODY & S\L4 

,N[ ?AT HE HAD A CLOS] KN[L$GE ( PRISONS1 ,NEKHLUD(F F\ND \T ?AT ALL ?OSE VICES :I* DEVELOP$ AMONG ! PRISON]S--DRUNK5NESS1 GAMBL+1 CRUELTY1 & ALL !SE T]RIBLE CRIMES1 EV5 CANNIBALISM--W]E NOT CASUAL1 OR DUE TO DEG5]ATION OR TO ! EXI/5CE ( MON/ROSITIES ( ! CRIM9AL TYPE1 AS SCI5CE1 GO+ H& 9 H& ) ! GOV]NM5T1 EXPLA9$ IT1 BUT AN UNAVOIDABLE CONSEQU5CE ( ! 9COMPREH5SIBLE DELUSION ?AT M5 MAY PUNI% ONE ANO!R4 ,NEKHLUD(F SAW ?AT CANNIBALISM DID NOT COMM5CE 9 ! M>%ES1 BUT 9 ! M9I/RY4 ,HE SAW ?AT HIS BRO!R-9-LAW1 = EXAMPLE1 &1 9 FACT1 ALL ! LAWY]S & (FICIALS1 FROM ! U%] TO ! M9I/]1 DO NOT C>E 9 ! LEA/ = JU/ICE OR ! GOOD ( ! PEOPLE AB\T :OM !Y SPOKE1 BUT ONLY = ! RUBLES !Y W]E PAID = DO+ ! ?+S ?AT W]E ! S\RCE :5CE ALL ?IS DEGRADATION & SUFF]+ FL[$4 ,?IS WAS QUITE EVID5T4 

0,CAN IT BE1 !N1 ?AT ALL ?IS IS DONE SIMPLY ?R\< MISAPPREH5SION8 ,C\LD IT NOT BE MANAG$ ?AT ALL !SE (FICIALS %\LD HAVE !IR SAL>IES SECUR$ TO !M1 & A PREMIUM PAID !M1 BESIDES1 SO ?AT !Y %\LD LEAVE (F1 DO+ ALL ?AT !Y W]E DO+ N[80 ,NEKHLUD(F ?\<T1 & 9 SPITE ( ! FLEAS1 ?AT SEEM$ TO SPR+ UP R\ND HIM LIKE WAT] FROM A F\NTA9 :5EV] HE MOV$1 HE FELL FA/ ASLEEP4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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