,REVIEW3 ,EVOLUTION & ,5VIRONM5T BY ,KROPOTK9 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS WORK1 VOLUME #aa ( ,! ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 IS 9 TWO P>TS4 ,! FIR/ P>T IS ,KROPOTK9'S CLASSIC BOOK 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM40 ,! SECOND P>T IS CONC]N$ ) HIS ?\<TS ON ! LATE/ !ORIES & EXP]IM5TS 9 BIOLOGY & EVOLUTION>Y ?\<T4 ,AS WILL BECOME CLE>1 ! COMB9+ ( !SE TWO V]Y DIFF]5T WORKS IS NOT AS CONTRADICTORY AS IT FIR/ SEEMS4 

0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM0 IS ,KROPOTK9'S ATTEMPT TO PLACE AN>*I/ !ORY 9 ! SCI5TIFIC T5D5CIES ( #a#i? ,C5TURY ?\<T4 ,9 DO+ SO1 HE /RESSES ! IMPORTANCE ( ! 9DUCTIVE-D$UCTIVE ME?OD1 0! ME?OD 444 ( NATURAL SCI5CES10 NAMELY ! ANALYSIS ( EV]YDAY SOCIETY & ! BAS+ ( !ORY ON ! FACTS PRODUC$ BY ?AT ANALYSIS RA!R ?AN CREAT+ A !ORY 9 AB/RACTION & FITT+ ! FACTS 9TO IT4 ,?IS ME?ODOLOGY IS P>TICUL>LY FRUITFUL :5 IT IS US$1 AS ,KROPOTK9 DID1 TO ANALYZE AN>*ISM AS A PRODUCT ( ! CLASS W> 70,AN>*ISM 444 ORIG9AT$ 9 EV]YDAY /RUGGLES10 AS HE PUT IT74 

,9 ?IS WAY1 ,KROPOTK9 /RESSES ?AT AN>*ISM IS NOT A UTOPIAN !ORY BUT RA!R A PRODUCT ( ! NE$S & ASPIRATIONS ( WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE1 AS EXPRESS$ 9 !IR RESI/ANCE TO AU?ORITY1 EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION4 ,9 ,KROPOTK9'S EYES1 ALL AN>*I/ WRIT]S DID WAS TO 0WORK \T A G5]AL EXPRESSION ( .<AN>*ISM'S.> PR9CIPLES1 & ! !ORETICAL & SCI5TIFIC BASIS ( ITS TEA*+S0 D]IV$ FROM ! EXP]I5CES ( WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE 9 /RUGGLE AS WELL AS ANALYZ+ ! EVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES ( SOCIETY 9 G5]AL4 ,?US1 ,KROPOTK9 7LIKE ,BAKUN9 & ,PR\DHON BE=E HIM7 PLAC$ SOCIALI/IC T5D5CIES 9 ! /RUGGLE )9 BUT AGA9/ CAPITALISM1 NAMELY ! G5]ATION ( NEW =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & WAYS ( RELAT+ TO & LIV+ TOGE!R CREAT$ 9 ! RESI/ANCE TO CAPITALI/ & /ATE OPPRESSION4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ,M>XISM PLACES SOCIALI/IC T5D5CIES T[>DS SOCIALISM 9 ! 9CREAS+ C5TRALIZATION ( CAPITAL 7TO QUOTE ,CAPITAL1 VOLUME #a1 ! 0C5TRALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR REA* A PO9T AT :I* !Y BECOME 9COMPATIBLE ) !IR CAPITALI/ 9TEGUM5T4 ,?IS 9TEGUM5T IS BUR/ ASUND]4 ,! KNELL ( CAPITALI/ PRIVATE PROP]TY S\NDS4 ,! EXPROPRIATORS >E EXPROPRIAT$074 ,:ILE CAPITALISM MAY CREATE ITS [N 0GRAV$IGG]S10 IT IS NOT WORK+ CLASS NE$S ?AT SIGNIFY ITS 5D4 ,RA!R IT IS ! OBJECTIVE NE$S ( PRODUCTION1 ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 SOCIALIZ$ PRODUCTION & PRIVATE PROP]TY 7:I* 5DS ) ! ACTUAL SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION74 ,?US ,M>XISM 7P>TICUL>LY 9 ITS ,L59I/ =M7 SEES SOCIALISM AS A RESULT ( T5D5CIES )9 BUT P>T ( CAPITALISM4 ,LITTLE WOND] IT PROV$1 9 PRACTICE1 TO BE LITTLE MORE ?AN ! NATIONALIZATION ( CAPITAL AS CAPITAL 70! NEW =M ( ! ,WAGE ,SY/EM10 9 ,KROPOTK9'S WORDS7 & A NI<TM>E4 ,ONLY A 0PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>Y0 -- I4E4 NON-WORK] -- SU* AS ,L59 C\LD SUGGE/ ! WORLD AS ONE BIG (FICE OR FACTORY AS A POSITIVE VISION6 

,?IS VISION ( AN>*ISM AS A PRODUCT ( WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLE & ! ORGANIZATIONS CREAT$ BY ?AT /RUGGLE CAN BE SE5 FROM ,KROPOTK9'S COMM5TS ?AT 0! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS R5EW$ EA* TIME IT RECEIV$ AN IMPRESSION FROM SOME GREAT PRACTICAL LESSON3 IT D]IV$ ITS ORIG9 FROM ! TEA*+S ( LIFE ITSELF40 ,HE PO9T$ TO ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T -- 0! IDEA ( 9DEP5D5T ,COMMUNES = ! T]RITORIAL ORGANIZATION1 & ( F$]ATIONS ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS = ! ORGANIZATION ( M5 .<& WOM5.> 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR DIFF]5T FUNCTIONS1 GAVE A CONCRETE CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY REG5]AT$ BY SOCIAL REVOLUTION40 ,?US1 = ,KROPOTK91 ! PRES5T & ! FUTURE >E L9K$ BY ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM 7& ! /ATE7 & ! ORGANIZATIONS & SOLID>ITY CREAT$ BY ?AT /RUGGLE RA!R ?AN ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! C5TRALIZATION_/ACCUMULATION PROCESS PO9T$ TO BY ,M>X EXI/S PRECISELY TO SUPPORT & 9CREASE ! P[] ( CAPITALI/S OV] !IR WORK]S 79 ORD] TO EXTRACT MORE PR(ITS FROM !M VIA TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION7 & SOCIETY AS A :OLE 7TO GA9 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE BY ! 9CREAS$ M>KET P[] ASSOCIAT$ ) BIG BUS9ESS74 ,CAPITALISM SEEKS C5TRALIZATION 9 ORD] TO EMP[] & 5RI* ! FEW4 ,:Y %\LD ?IS DEVELOPM5T BE CONSID]$ AS ! BASIS = SOCIALISM8 ,SURELY1 BY DEF9ITION1 IT IS OPPOSITE ( SOCIALISM8 

,UNSURPRIS+LY1 RA!R ?AN SEE+ ! FREE SOCIETY AS ONE BIG (FICE1 ,KROPOTK9 SAW IT AS A FREE F$]ATION ( SELF-MANAG+ COMMUNES 9 :I* 0ASSOCIATIONS ( M5 & WOM5 444 WORK ON ! L&1 9 ! FACTORIES1 9 ! M9ES1 & SO ON1 .<& >E.> !MSELVES ! MANAG]S ( PRODUCTION40 ,RA!R ?AN BASE SOCIETY ON ! MODEL ( ! 7CAPITALI/7 WORKPLACE1 ,KROPOTK9 5VISION$ ! TRANS=MATION ( ?AT WORKPLACE BY ! VALUES ( ?OSE RESI/+ CAPITALI/ DOM9ATION AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION & BAS$ ! FUTURE SOCIETY ON ! SELF-MANAG$ /RUCTURES CREAT$ BY ?AT /RUGGLE4 

,AGA9 & AGA9 ,KROPOTK9 L9KS AN>*I/ IDEAS TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 TO ! EV]YDAY /RUGGLE ( ! OPPRESS$ TO FREE !MSELVES4 ,SU* A P]SPECTIVE IS AS ESS5TIAL N[ AS IT WAS !N & IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM0 %\LD BE READ BY ALL AN>*I/S4 ,IT GIVES AN ESS5TIAL BASE FROM :I* TO DEVELOP & BUILD AN>*I/ !ORY 9 ! FUTURE4 

,ALSO ( 9T]E/ IS ! WAY ,KROPOTK9 L9KS REVOLUTIONS 9 SCI5CE ) SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & TRANS=MATIONS4 ,?IS IS IMPORTANT1 = AS ANY /UD5T OR PUPIL RELEASES $UCATION DOES NOT EXI/ 9 A VACUUM4 ,:AT IS TAU<T 9 S*OOLS1 COLLEGES & UNIV]SITIES WILL BE 9FLU5C$ BY SOCIAL /RUGGLES GO+ ON \TSIDE4 ,IF SOCIAL /RUGGLE IS L[1 RADICAL IDEAS 79 ALL >EAS ( SCI5CE1 NOT ONLY 9 ! SOCIAL SCI5CES SU* AS POLITICS1 ECONOMICS & HI/ORY7 WILL F9D IT DIFFICULT TO BE EXPRESS$4 ,9DE$1 !Y MAY BE SAFELY IGNOR$ AS NO ONE 9 AU?ORITY WILL FEEL ! NE$ TO REFUTE !M OR EV5 M5TION !M4 ,H[EV]1 :5 SOCIAL /RUGGLE HEATS UP1 NEW IDEAS APPE> & ?IS 5T]S ALL ASPECTS ( SOCIETY1 9CLUD+ $UCATION & SCI5CE4 ,PEOPLE >E TO ?9K NEW IDEAS & REBEL AGA9/ ! AU?ORITY ( :AT PASSES = SCI5CE AS WELL AS AGA9/ ! AU?ORITY ( ! /ATE OR ! BOSS4 

,?US1 AS WELL AS L9K+ AN>*ISM TO ! DAILY /RUGGLES ( ! OPPRESS$1 HE L9KS ?IS /RUGGLE TO ! EVOLUTION ( IDEAS1 ( SCI5CE4 ,?IS IS TO BE EXPECT$ AS ! IDEAL1 AS ,BAKUN9 >GU$1 IS ! FL[] :OSE ROOT LIES 9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE4 ,! V]Y PROCESS ( /RUGGLE1 ! *ANG+ ( ?OSE MAT]IAL CONDITIONS1 WILL NECESS>ILY F9D EXPRESSION 9 ! WORLD ( SCI5CE & ?\<T4 ,& IT IS ?IS *ALL5GE TO EXI/+ SCI5TIFIC AU?ORITY :I* IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! BOOK4 

,?IS SECOND HALF IS 5TITL$ 0,?\<TS ON ,EVOLUTION0 & CONTA9S >TICLES ON EVOLUTION PREVI\SLY UNPUBLI%$ 9 BOOK =M4 ,! >TICLES1 DAT+ FROM #aia TO #a#i#a#e1 IS A DISCUSSION ON ! EFFECTS ( ! 5VIRONM5T ON PLANET & ANIMAL EVOLUTION & ITS RELATION%IP TO PREVI\S !ORIES ON EVOLUTION 7P>TICUL>LY ?OSE ( ,D>W9 -- AS 9 ,MUTUAL ,AID ,KROPOTK9 L9KS HIS IDEAS TO ASPECTS ( ,D>W9'S ?\<TS IGNOR$ BY HIS SELF-PROCLAIM$ FOLL[]S74 ,AS WELL AS BE+ AN 9T]E/+ SUBJECT 9 ITSELF1 ! >TICLES >E ( 9T]E/ TO AN>*I/S AS !Y SUGGE/ ?AT IF ANIMALS & PLANTS *ANGE QUICKLY TO *ANG+ 5VIRONM5TS1 ! SAME APPLIES TO HUMANS4 ,?US DIFF]5T SOCIAL 5VIRONM5TS W\LD PROVOKE DIFF]5T RESPONSES 9 ! SAME SPECIES 7& EV5 ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL74 ,IT IS !SE RAPID ADAPTATIONS TO ! 5VIRONM5T :I* ,KROPOTK9 DISCUSSES1 ALONG ) !IR 9FLU5CE ON LONG-T]M EVOLUTION>Y *ANGE 7NOTABLY BY PU%+ EVOLUTION 9 C]TA9 DIRECTIONS DUE TO ! *ANGES IT PROVOKES 9 MEMB]S ( A GIV5 SPECIES74 ,! RESE>* ,KROPOTK9 DISCUSSES IMPLIES ?AT RA!R ?AN !RE BE+ A FIX$ & DEF9ITE 0HUMAN NATURE0 PEOPLE 7LIKE O!R ANIMALS7 CAN ADAPT & EVOLVE QUICKLY TO DIFF]5T 5VIRONM5T CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,?US AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY IS NOT AGA9/ 0HUMAN NATURE0 SIMPLY BECAUSE HUMAN NATURE WILL *ANGE 9 RESPONSE TO NEW /IMULI 7! 0DIRECT ACTION ( ! 5VIRONM5T074 

,?IS FITS NICELY 9TO ,KROPOTK9'S IDEAS ON ! NATURE ( AN>*ISM AS A PRODUCT ( /RUGGLE4 ,IF1 AS HE >GU$1 AN>*I/ IDEAS & AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY EVOLVE FROM ! V]Y PROCESS ( SOCIAL /RUGGLE !N !RE IS NO?+ UTOPIAN 9 AN>*ISM4 ,PEOPLE1 BY RESI/+ P[]1 CREATE NEW =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & MODIFY !IR 5VIRONM5T4 ,?IS NEW 5VIRONM5T 5C\RAGES ADAPTATIONS ( ?OSE :O EXP]I5CE IT1 ?US A PROCESS ( ACCUMULATE *ANGES OCCURS 9 A SPECIFIC DIRECTION PROVOK$ BY ! DIRECT ACTION ( ! 7*ANG+7 5VIRONM5T ON 9DIVIDUALS4 ,KROPOTK9 DOCUM5TS & DISCUSSES EXP]IM5TS & RESE>* BY SCI5TI/S ( HIS DAY ON ! RELATIVELY FA/ *ANGES PLANTS & ANIMALS UND]GO 9 *ANG+ 5VIRONM5TS4 ,:Y %\LD WE EXPECT HUMANS TO BE DIFF]5T8 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,KROPOTK9 WAS US+ ! LATE/ F9D+S ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>* & ANALYSIS TO1 FIR/LY1 *ALL5GE ! BASES ( !N EXI/+ SCI5TIFIC AU?ORITY 7A SCI5CE USUALLY US$ TO JU/IFY ! /ATUS QUO7 &1 SECONDLY1 TO 9DICATE ?AT A FREE SOCIETY WAS NOT AGA9/ 0HUMAN NATURE0 AS ?AT 0NATURE0 WAS 9FLU5C$ & *ANG$ BY ! 0DIRECT ACTION0 ( ! 5VIRONM5T4 

,?US ! TWO SECTIONS ( ?IS WORK COMPLEM5T EA* O!R REM>KABLY WELL4 ,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM >GU+ ?AT AN>*ISM COMES FROM DAILY /RUGGLES & ?AT ?IS /RUGGLE *ANGES SOCIETY & ,?\<TS ON ,EVOLUTION >GU+ ?AT ! *ANG+ SOCIETY W\LD HAVE A DIRECT ACTION ON ?OSE )9 IT1 5C\RAG+ & 5HANC+ ! LIB]ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL BEGAN BY !IR [N DIRECT ACTION4 

,ONE QUE/ION DOES REMA91 H[EV]4 ,IF ANIMALS & PLANTS ADAPT TO *ANG+ 5VIRONM5TS !N IT IMPLIES ?AT HUMANS WILL ADAPT TO HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY4 ,IF ?IS IS ! CASE1 !N ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT CAN ONLY OCCUR FROM EXT]NAL 9FLU5CES1 NOT FROM ANY NE$ = LIB]TY1 EQUALITY OR SOLID>ITY4 ,IT ALSO IMPLIES ?AT ALI5ATION CANNOT EXI/1 AS !RE IS NO?+ TO BE ALI5AT$ FROM 7NO HUMAN CORE1 AS PEOPLE ADAPT74 ,?IS CAN BE 9F]R$ FROM ,KROPOTK9'S COMM5TS ?AT 0,AN>*ISM IS A CONCEPTION ( ! ,UNIV]SE BAS$ ON ! ME*ANICAL 9T]PRETATION ( PH5OM5A40 ,?IS VISION IS LACK+ 9 ?AT IT IGNORES ! FACT ?AT FRE$OM IS AN ESS5TIAL NE$ = PEOPLE1 A NE$ :I* HAS NEV] BE5 EXT+UI%$ NO MATT] H[ T]RIBLE ! 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* !Y LIVE4 ,?US :ILE PEOPLE DO ADAPT TO !IR 5VIRONM5T1 !Y ALSO TRY & *ANGE ?AT 5VIRONM5T TO BETT] SATISFY !IR NE$S1 NE$S :I* EXI/ 9 SPITE ( !IR 5VIRONM5T4 ,H5CE ,KROPOTK9'S VISION MU/ BE 9=M$ BY ,MALATE/A1 :O >GU$ AGA9/ ,KROPOTK9'S FATALISM & ME*ANI/IC T5D5CIES & REM9D$ US ?AT AN>*Y 0IS A HUMAN ASPIRATION0 & 0CAN BE A*IEV$ ?R\< ! EX]CISE ( ! HUMAN WILL40 ,?IS SUBJECTIVE ELEM5T 9 ! /RUGGLE = FRE$OM IS ESS5TIAL & ONE ,KROPOTK9 9DICATES WELL 9 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM0 :5 HE WRITES ?AT 0,AN>*Y REPRES5TS 444 ! CREATIVE CON/RUCTIVE =CE ( ! MASSES1 :O ELABORAT$ COMMON-LAW 9/ITUTIONS 9 ORD] TO DEF5D !MSELVES AGA9/ A DOM9E]+ M9ORITY40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 AN>*ISM COMES FROM ! RESI/ANCE ( ?OSE :O DO NOT ADAPT TO HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY & ACT TO *ANGE IT TO ONE MORE FITT+ !IR NE$S & DESIRES4 ,KROPOTK9 WAS OBVI\SLY AW>E ( ?IS BUT1 UN=TUNATELY1 DID NOT SEE H[ IT CONTRADICT$ HIS ME*ANI/IC PHILOSOPHY4 

,?IS M9OR PO9T ASIDE1 !SE WORKS >E ( USE TO AN>*I/S TODAY4 ,READ+ !M REMA9S ONE ( ! IMPORTANCE & PRACTICALLY ( AN>*ISM4 ,RA!R ?AN BE+ AN IMPRACTICAL UTOPIA1 ,KROPOTK9 L9KS AN>*I/ IDEAS & IDEALS ) BO? ! DAILY /RUGGLES ( WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE AS WELL AS SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES & ME?ODS4 ,?US HE APPLIES SCI5TIFIC ME?ODOLOGY TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE 7I4E4 ! ANALYSIS ( ! FACTS ( ?AT /RUGGLE & !N DRAW+ CONCLUSIONS FROM ?OSE FACTS7 9 ORD] TO BASE AN>*ISM 9 ?AT /RUGGLE & %[ ?AT AN>*ISM WAS A !ORETICAL EXPRESSION ( IT4 ,RA!R ?AN PRODUCE A 0SCI5TIFIC AN>*ISM0 -- A 0SCI5CE0 ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE -- ,KROPOTK9 APPLIES ! TE*NIQUES ( SCI5CE TO ?AT /RUGGLE 9 ORD] TO GR\ND AN>*ISM 9 ! /RUGGLE ( ! OPPRESS$ & TO %[ IT WAS A PRODUCT ( \R [N SELF-ACTIVITY4 ,?IS ME?ODOLOGY IS ONE AN>*I/S %\LD CONT9UE TO APPLY :ILE IGNOR+ ! ME*ANI/IC COMM5TS ( ,KROPOTK94 ,= ?IS REASON1 9 SPITE ITS FLAWS1 ?IS BOOK 7ESPECIALLY 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM07 IS ESS5TIAL READ+ = ANYONE 9T]E/+ 9 BO? ANALYZ+ & *ANG+ ! WORLD4 

,EVOLUTION & ,5VIRONM5T 

,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS 

,I,S,B,N #a-#h#i#e#d#c#a-#d#d-#a 

,G,B,P#a#a4#i#i 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a#a1 #bba 3 ,REVIEW3 ,EVOLUTION & ,5VIRONM5T BY ,KROPOTK9 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,REVIEW3 ,EVOLUTION & ,5VIRONM5T BY ,KROPOTK9 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/