,REVOLUTION & C\NT]REVOLUTION UND] COLONIAL RULE ,& ,N[8 ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,NGO ,VAN ,XUYET ,TEXT 3 ,9TRODUCTION ,VIET-,NAM3 #a#i#b-#a#i#d#e4 ,REVOLUTION ET CONTRE-REVOLUTION S\S LA DOM9ATION COLONIALE IS AN IMPRESSIVE DOCUM5T ( ,VIETNAMESE SOCIAL HI/ORY FROM ! P]IOD ( #a#i#b-#a#i#d#e4 ,IT HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ! MY/IFICATION ( ! 0H]OIC RESI/ANCE0 L$ BY ,HO ,*I ,M9H AGA9/ ! ,AM]ICAN >MY DUR+ ! SIXTIES1 = REASONS ( BO? *RONOLOGY & /YLE4 ,! AUTOBIOGRAPHY ( ,NGO ,VAN1 A ,VIETNAMESE MILITANT 9 ! COMMUNI/ OPPOSITION S9CE #a#i#c#b1 DEALS ) ANO!R ]A3 ! ONE ?AT SPANN$ ! P]IOD BETWE5 ! FIR/ NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS ( ! #a#i#bS UP UNTIL #a#i#d#f1 ) ! DEFEAT ( ! ,DECEMB] 9SURRECTION & ! BEG9N+ ( ANO!R ,?IRTY ,YE>S ,W>4 ,FROM HIS LUCID P]SPECTIVE AS A ,TROTSKYI/ MILITANT1 AS AN EYEWITNESS TO ! EV5TS1 HE SETS =? A DETAIL$ ACC\NT ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS TO IMPROVE !IR LIV+ CONDITIONS UND] ,FR5* RULE1 & ! VICISSITUDES ( A MILITANT COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T ?AT WAS REPRESS$ BY ,/AL9ISM4 ,BY VIRTUE ( ITS ABUNDANCE ( 9=MATION AB\T /RIKES1 OCCUPATIONS1 DEMON/RATIONS1 ORGANIZATIONS1 & PUBLICATIONS1 ,NGO ,VAN'S BOOK HAS BECOME AN 9DISP5SABLE DOCUM5T = ?OSE :O WANT TO UND]/& ! ,VIETNAMESE SOCIAL MOVEM5T ( ?AT TIME1 AS WELL AS A VALUABLE S\RCE = ANYONE :O W\LD SEEK TO WRITE AN UN(FICIAL HI/ORY ( ,HO ,*I ,M9H'S COMMUNI/ P>TY UND] ! DOM9ANCE ( ,/AL91 & = ANYONE :O W\LD ATTEMPT TO WRITE ! HI/ORY ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,9DO*9A4 ,! HI/ORICAL ACC\NT BEG9S 9 ! TW5TIES ) ! FIR/ NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS AMONG ! /UD5T EMIGRATION 9 ,FRANCE AS WELL AS 9 ,VIETNAM1 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE ! BACKGR\ND = ! F\ND+ ( ! ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 #a#i#c1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,NGUY5 ,AI ,QUOC1 :O LAT] TOOK ! NAME ( ,HO ,*I ,M9H1 A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,COM9T]N4 ,! ?IRTIES W]E YE>S ( ECONOMIC CRISIS & SOCIAL UNRE/ FOLL[$ BY SEV]E REPRESSION DIRECT$ AGA9/ WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,IT WAS DUR+ !SE YE>S ?AT ! ,9DO*9ESE SECTION ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION1 :I* SPLIT FROM ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL ) ! 9T5TION ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! F\ND+ ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL1 WAS CON/ITUT$4 ,! VICTORY ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT 9 #aicf S5T %OCK-WAVES ?R\<\T ! COLONIAL EMPIRE4 ,! WIDESPREAD OCCUPATIONS MOVEM5T ( ! ,FR5* WORK]S HAD AN IMPACT ON ! COLONY3 ACTION COMMITTEES W]E =M$ 9 A G5]ALIZ$ WAVE ( WORKPLACE OCCUPATIONS1 UNTIL ! ,BLUM-,M\TET GOV]NM5T ISSU$ A DECREE GRANT+ SOME CONCESSIONS TO ! WORK]S 7PROHIBIT+ ! EMPLOYM5T ( *ILDR5 UND] ! AGE ( #a#b1 SPECIAL TREATM5T = PREGNANT WOM51 A M9IMUM WAGE7 ?AT P>ALYZ$ ! MOVEM5T :I*1 ULTIMATELY1 WAS UNABLE TO SUBV]T ! APP>ATUS ( COLONIAL RULE4 ,! COMMUNI/ P>TY WAS LEGALIZ$1 & IT F\M$ =CES W]E MOBILIZ$ 9 ,FRANCE & ,9DO*9A4 ,! COMMUNI/ P>TY WAS \TLAW$4 ,UND] ! ,JAPANESE OCCUPATION ! COMMUNI/ P>TY ONCE AGA9 US$ ! ANTI-IMP]IALI/ RHETORIC ( #aice AGA9/ ! ,FR5* EMPIRE4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 FAM9E & ! /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL WRACK$ ! CITIES & ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! ,VIET ,M9H WAS =M$ & ,HO ,*I ,M9H E/ABLI%$ RELATIONS ) ! ,AM]ICANS & ,DE ,GAULLE1 & L$ ! ,VIET ,M9H TO P[] 9 #aide AFT] ! VICTORY ( ! ,ALLIES4 ,AN 9SURRECTION TOOK PLACE 9 ,HANOI 9 ,DECEMB] #aidf :I* WAS F9ALLY SUPPRESS$ BY ! ,FR5* >MY4 ,HO ,*I ,M9H !N TOOK ! PA? ( GU]RILLA /RUGGLE3 ?IS WAS ! BEG9N+ ( A NEW ,?IRTY ,YE> ,W> ) ITS SUCCESSION ( HORRORS & MASSACRES4 ,9 ! LA/ *APT] ( HIS BOOK1 ,NGO ,VAN TAKES A LOOK AT PRES5T-DAY ,VIETNAM & ASKS :AT K9D ( VICTORY IT IS ?AT EX*ANG$ ONE SET ( MA/]S = ANO!R3 ! ,VIETNAMESE BUREAUCRACY ?AT RULES ! SO-CALL$ 0,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLIC ( ,VIETNAM10 :I* COMES FROM ! $UCAT$ MIDDLE CLASS1 MA/] ( ! ,P>TY-,/ATE4 ,IT IS ?IS *APT] ?AT WE N[ PRES5T4 ,! ,&REU ,N9 ,F\NDATION #be ,& ,N[8 .<#a.> ,LI/51 Y\ HAVE E>S TO HE> )6 ,?9K1 Y\ HAVE A BRA9 TO ?9K )6 ,BUT Y\ DO NOT BELIEVE6 ,Y\ DO NOT BELIEVE 9 ANY?+6 ,Y\ HAVE NO FAI?6 ,Y\ ONLY HAVE FAI? 9 Y\R [N P[]6 ,]T ,M>UT1 A_/K_/A ,B4 ,TRAV5 ,! VICTORY ( ! 0H]OIC LITTLE PEOPLE0--:AT VICTORY8--WAS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! W> 9 ,9DO*9A TOOK PLACE 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! COLD W> BETWE5 ! ,S9O-,SOVIET & ,AM]ICAN BLOCS4 ,)\T ,RUSSIAN >MS & ,*9ESE AID 9 ! =M ( WEAPONS & ADVIS]S1 ,DI5 ,BI5 ,PHU W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 CONCEIVABLE1 NOR W\LD ! LAT] ,U4,S4 DEFEAT1 9 ! SECOND /AGE ( ! W>1 HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE4 ,AFT] ?IS 0VICTORY10 HAVE ! ,VIETNAMESE BELI$ ,PI]RE ,H]B>T'S W>N+ ?AT 0,9 ?IS /RUGGLE :OSE \TCOME IS SO D\BTFUL1 . !Y W91 ?AT IS1 . !Y EXPEL !IR =EIGN MA/]S1 !Y WILL ELECT O!R MA/]S FROM AMONG !IR [N RANKS1 & EX*ANGE ONE S]VITUDE = ANO!R08.<#b.> ,NO1 !Y HAVE 9/EAD CONFIRM$ HIS W>N+1 & )\T EV5 HAV+ ! *OICE ( ELECT+ !IR NEW MA/]S4 ,AS = ! H]OISM ?AT 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM ( *OICE IS SUPPOS$ TO 9SPIRE1 :AT W\LD IT MEAN TO ! DROVES ( 0LITTLE PEOPLE0 :O W]E L$ TO !IR DEA?S AT ,DI5 ,BI5 ,PHU8 ,ONE ?9KS ( ,ISAAC ,BABEL :5 HE NOT$ 9 HIS DI>Y 9 #a#i#b3 0!SE UN=TUNATES MAKE ONE SAD1 !Y >E NO LONG] M51 !Y >E ONLY COLUMNS40 ,HO ,*I ,M9H'S P>TY DID 9DE$ W9 ! W>1 BUT DID ! ,VIETNAMESE PEOPLE W9 ANY?+ BUT !IR S]VITUDE1 TO USE ! WORD MADE FAM\S BY ,LA ,BOETIE8 ,9 ,9DO*9A1 ! MILITANTS ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL F\IAN REVOLUTION1 AS ! ONLY =CE CAPABLE ( PROVID+ A 0REAL & COMPLETE0 SOLUTION TO ! NATIONAL PROBLEM & TO ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION AS WELL AS = !IR ADVANCE T[>DS SOCIALISM4 ,!Y FELL 9 BATTLE AGA9/ ! COLONIAL RECONQUE/ & ABOVE ALL !Y FELL VICTIM TO ! SY/EMATIC EXT]M9ATION CAMPAIGN ORD]$ BY A ,HO ,*I ,M9H :O1 AS A GOOD DISCIPLE ( ! MA/] ( ! ,KREML91 C\LD NOT TOL]ATE !IR 9TRANSIG5CE ) RESPECT TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 !IR REJECTION ( ANY K9D ( ALLIANCE ) ! B\RGEOISIE & ! L&LORDS1 & !IR 9T]NATIONALISM ?AT WAS OPPOS$ TO ,/AL9I/ NATIONALISM4 ,! PROLET>IAT--NOT V]Y NUM]\S1 & ) H>DLY ANY REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS--WAS 9CAPABLE ( GRASP+ ! RE9S ( ! LIB]ATION MOVEM5T1 & MILLIONS ( PEASANTS BR\TY TO P[]1 PAY+ A HORRIBLE PRICE 9 DEA?S & SUFF]+1 SO AS F9ALLY TO BE DRAFT$ & 5SLAV$ BY ! NATIONAL BUREAUCRACY 7QUAN LIEU1 LIT]ALLY 0M&>9ATE071 AS ! LABOR P[] ?AT WAS NECESS>Y = ! PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 444 TO B5EFIT A LAY] ( PR(ITE]S4 ,AS = 0NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE10 ! C\NTRY WAS /ILL DEP5D5T1 TRANS=M$ 9TO A SATELLITE ( ! SO-CALL$ ,SOVIET EMPIRE1 & EMBROIL$ 9 ! CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! TWO GREAT 0COMMUNI/0 ,P>TY-,/ATES = HEGEMONY 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA3 ITS FULL-FL$G$ 0COMMUNI/ >MY10 EQUIPP$ BY ! ,RUSSIANS1 OV]?REW ! 0COMMUNI/0 ,POL ,POT1 :O WAS SUPPORT$ BY ! ,*9ESE1 & OCCUPI$ ,CAMBODIA = T5 YE>S 7#a#i#g#i-#a#i#h#i74 ,! ,VIETNAMESE BUREAUCRACY1 ?IS NEW RUL+ CA/E 7OR CLASS OR OLIG>*Y7 ( ! SO-CALL$ 0,SOCIALI/ ,REPUBLIC ( ,VIETNAM10 HAV+ EM]G$ FROM ! 0$UCAT$ MIDDLE CLASS10 & HAV+ BECOME ! MA/] ( A HI]>*ICAL ,P>TY-,/ATE1 HAS M]ELY REPLAC$ ! B\RGEOISIE & ! L&LORDS AS EXPLOIT]S ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! PEASANTRY4 ,! WORK+ CLASS IS /ILL NUM]ICALLY WEAK1 & ! NEW M&>9ATE EX]CISES ITS DICTATOR%IP OV] PRODUC]S :O DO NOT HAVE ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 OR ANY TIME = REFLECTION1 OR ANY POSSIBILITY = MAK+ DECISIONS1 OR SELF-EXPRESSION1 OR ! RIY-POLICE APP>ATUS1 & ITS 0NOM5KLATURA BAS$ ON S9ECURES & C>E]ISM40.<#c.> ,BEG9N+ 9 ,M>* #a#i#e#f1 AFT] ,KHRU%*EV'S REPORT ON ! CRIMES ( ,/AL91 A FEW POETS & WRIT]S MADE !MSELVES HE>D & %ATT]$ ! APP>5T CONS5SUS4 ,9 !IR PUBLICATIONS !Y ATTACK$ ! 0%OP =EM5 ( ! >TS & LETT]S10 !Y 9SI/5TLY DEM&$ DEMOCRATIC FRE$OMS1 !Y D5\NC$ ! POLICY ( SOCIAL CONTROL EMBODI$ 9 ! HO KHAU SY/EM ( DI/RICT REGI/RIES ?AT SUBJECT$ RESID5TS TO CON/ANT SURVEILLANCE1 !Y CRITICIZ$ ! ABUSES1 ! UNJU/ SEIZURES & >BITR>Y NATURE ( ! AGR>IAN RE=M PROGRAM ?AT WAS !N BE+ IMPLEM5T$ & :I* WAS JU/ BEG9N+ TO BE S]I\SLY *ALL5G$ BY A S]IES ( EXPLOSIVE REACTIONS4444 ,P]CEIV+ ?AT IT WAS BE+ HELD UP TO PUBLIC RIDICULE1 ! P[] /RUCTURE SNUFF$ \T ! OP5+ ( ! ,HUNDR$ ,FL[]S ( SPR+ & AUTUMN3 ON ,DECEMB] #a#e1 #a#i#e#f1 ,HO ,*I ,M9H SIGN$ ! DECREE ?AT PROHIBIT$ ANY K9D ( OPPOSITION PUBLICATION UND] ! P5ALTY ( IMPRISONM5T1 ) A MAXIMUM S5T5CE ( =C$ LABOR = LIFE4.<#d.> ,9 ,NOVEMB]1 A S]I\S PEASANT REVOLT %OOK ! BUREAUCRATIC ORD] 9 ,NBITR>Y AGR>IAN RE=M PROGRAM3 #a#e1 9NOC5T PEOPLE W]E EXECUT$1 ACCORD+ TO A REPORT COMPIL$ BY ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR 9 #a#i#e#f1 :I* WAS DISCOV]$ 9 #aifa 9 ! ,HANOI >*IVES2 ?AT IS1 AN AV]AGE ( FIVE EXECUTIONS = EV]Y ONE ( ! #c1#a#d VILLAGE DI/RICTS AFFECT$ BY ! RE=M4 ,! E/IMATE ( ! TOTAL NUMB] ( PEOPLE :O W]E %OT IS >\ND #e14 ,! NUMB] ( PEASANTS IMPRISON$ OR DEPORT$ IS C]TA9LY F> 9 EXCESS ( ! LATT] FIGURE4.<#e.> ,9 #a#i#g#e1 AFT] ! UNIFICATION ( ! C\NTRY1 ! AGR>IAN RE=M W\LD BE JU/ AS DISAPPO9T+ 9 ,CO*9 ,*9A4 ,DEMON/RATIONS LIKE ?OSE C>RI$ \T BY ! PEASANTS ( ! ,MEKONG ,DELTA & ! ,PLA9 ( ,RE$S TE/IFY TO ! 9JU/ICE ( ! REIGN+ OPPRESSION4 ,A BRUTAL PROGRAM ( COLLECTIVIZATION DECIMAT$ ! %>ECROPP]S & 9 MANY PLACES PEASANTS1 9/EAD ( BUFFALOS1 W]E H>NESS$ TO C>TS4 ,! BRUTAL EXPROPRIATION ( ! M]*ANTS & 9DU/RIALI/S & ! NEW REGULATIONS ON FI%+ PROVOK$ ECONOMIC *AOS & L$ TO ! EXODUS ( MORE ?AN A MILLION PEOPLE1 9CLUD+ NUM]\S FI%]M5 FROM ,CA ,MAU & ITS VIC9ITY4 ,SOCIAL DISSATISFACTION WAS SO GREAT ?AT 9T]NAL CRITICISM ( ! ,P>TY WAS MADE PUBLIC4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,LE ,MONDE ,DIPLOMATIQUE 7,APRIL #a#i#h#i71 ,TRAN ,VAN ,GIAU WROTE1 9 ,TUOI ,TRE 70,NEW ,]A071 ON ,OCTOB] #b#g1 #a#i#h#h1 9 ,SAIGON3 0,:Y HAVE WE1 REVOLUTION>IES & RESI/ANCE FIATUS ( OLD ,9DO*9A4 ,H[ CAN ! PEASANTS ALL[ SU* A ,/ATE TO EXI/8 ,I AM MORE ?AN #g YE>S OLD1 & ,I HAVE NEV] 9 MY LIFE SE5 PEASANTS AS IMPOV]I%$ AS !Y >E N[3 !Y HAVE NO?+ TO EAT AFT] ! 5D ( ! H>VE/4 ,! REASON = ?IS IS ?AT !Y ALL[ ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( A ,/ATE ?AT IS AS OV]SIZE AS IT IS 9EFFECTIVE40 ,9 #a#i#h#i1 ,LE ,QUANG ,DAO1 A MEMB] ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>TY & ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 DECL>$3 0,! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY HAS REPLAC$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE AS A :OLE 4442 ! RESULT IS A TOTALIT>IAN REGIME BAS$ ON PRIVILEGE 4441 A REGIME ( SOCIAL 9JU/ICE ?AT IS DRIV+ ! PEOPLE TO REVOLT40.<#f.> ,?US1 ! SO-CALL$ SOCIALI/ ,P>TY-,/ATE1 ! P>TY ( ! NEW PR(ITE]S1 HAS BECOME ! APP>ATUS ( RULE OV] & SUBJECTION ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! PEASANTRY4 ,! EXPLOIT$ WILL ONLY BE ABLE TO FREE !MSELVES BY ATTACK+ ?IS OMNIPRES5T BUREAUCRACY & BY DE/ROY+ ?IS ,/ATE4 ,A ,/ATE NEV] DISAPPE>S ON ITS [N1 IT DOES NOT GRATUIT\SLY DISSOLVE ITS >MY1 POLICE1 JAILS1 LAWS & 9/ITUTIONS4 ,N[ AS BE=E1 IT IS 9EXORABLY ! P]FECT 9/RUM5T = ! RULE ( ONE CLASS OV] ANO!R4 0,! EXI/5CE ( ! /ATE IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! EXI/5CE ( SLAV]Y0 7,K>L ,M>X1 0,CRITICAL ,NOTES ON ! ,>TICLE3 ',! ,K+ ( ,PRUSSIA & ,SOCIAL ,RE=M4 ,BY A ,PRUSSIAN'10 ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,VORW>TS61 ,NO4#f#c1 ,AUGU/ #g #a#h#d#d74 ,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#i#a1 ,BAO ,N9H'S ,NOI ,BUON ,*I5 ,TRANH 70,! ,HORROR ( ,W>07.<#g.> WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,HANOI2 IT REC\NTS ! T]RIBLE ORDEAL HE EXP]I5C$ BETWE5 #aiei & #aige 9 ! #b#g? ,BRIGADE1 UNTIL ! CONQUE/ ( ,SAIGON1 :5 NO MORE ?AN T5 M5 SURVIV$ \T ( ITS ORIG9AL COMPLEM5T ( FIVE HUNDR$4 0,! SURVIVORS W5T ON LIV+ BUT !IR >D5T HOPE 444 WAS UN=TUNATELY NOT REALIZ$4444 ,LOOK >\ND1 & ALL Y\ WILL SEE IS ! ORD9>Y1 CO>SE & VIOL5T LIFE ( ! PO/W> YE>S4444 ,AS IF ! MASKS WORN DUR+ ! LA/ YE>S ( ! W> HAD FALL5 & PEOPLE %[$ !IR TRUE1 HIDE\S FACES4 ,SO MU* BLOOD SPILL$--= :AT80 ,:ILE ! N>RATOR DOES NOT CONDEMN ! W>1 )\T :I* 0!RE W\LD BE NO PEACE10 HE DOES NOT CONDEMN ! DES]TION ( HIS FRI5D EI!R1 ! ANTI-H]O :O EXPLA9$ HIS DECISION BE=E AB&ON+ ! /RUGGLE3 0,I AM NOT AFRAID ( DY+ BUT TO KILL CONT9UALLY AS ,I AM N[ DO+1 IS TO DE/ROY :AT IS HUMAN 9 US4444 ,DO Y\ REMEMB] ! BATTLE ( ,PLAY ,CAN 9 #a#i#g#b8 ,DO Y\ REMEMB] ! SPECTACLE ( ! CORPSES ?AT COV]$ ! BATTLEFIELD8 ,WE W]E SPLA%+ >\ND 9 BLOOD4444 ,SO MANY PIGS TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! W> :ILE ! PEASANTS HAVE TO UND]GO ! HE>TBREAK+ EXP]I5CE ( LEAV+ !IR ELD]S BEH9D ) ! SKY AS !IR RO( & ! E>? AS !IR B$ 444 = ME1 NONE ( ?IS MAKES ANY S5SE4444 ,KILL+3 ,I HAVE DONE TOO MU* ( ?AT4444 ,%AME8 ,I SEE NO?+ GLORI\S 9 SP5D+ Y\R :OLE LIFE FITY1 :ILE ON A MISSION TO ,P>IS1 BROKE ) ,HANOI'S PREVI\S SIL5CE ON ! ISSUE & PROVID$ TE/IMONY CONC]N+ ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CRISIS 9 HIS C\NTRY3 0,! CURR5T SITUATION ( ! C\NTRY IS ( GREAT CONC]N TO EV]YONE 9 ,VIETNAM4444 ,BUREAUCRATISM1 IRRESPONSIBILITY1 EGOISM1 CORRUPTION & FRAUD HAVE SPREAD UND] ! 9SOL5T REIGN ( PRIVILEGES & PR]OGATIVES4.<#h.> ,:AT IS /ILL DEEPLY & FIRMLY ROOT$ 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,VIETNAM1 IS ,/AL9I/ & ,MAOI/ T5D5CIES ?AT >E SIMULTANE\SLY FEUDAL & PEASANT-BAS$1 IDEALI/IC1 PAT]NALI/IC & AU?ORIT>IAN1 EXTREMELY CONS]VATIVE & CORRUPT1 COMPLETELY ALI5 TO DEMOCRATIC IDEAS0.<#i.> 7,:AT DEMOCRATIC IDEAS874 ,RUSSIAN AID 7PETROLEUM1 /EEL1 F]TILIZ]S1 COTTON1 ETC47 CAME TO AN 5D1 ,*9ESE AID IS ONLY CONC$$ 9 EX*ANGE = SUBMISSION2 ! BUREAUCRACY1 BACK$ 9TO A CORN]1 ISSUES APPEALS TO =EIGN CAPITAL & ! ,PLANN+ ,COMMITTEE 5GAGES 9 DEBATES ON ! 0M>KET ECONOMY40 ,REG>DLESS ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT MU/ BE ADDRESS$1 WE N[ KN[ ?AT :AT !Y CALL$ 0COMMUNISM0 WAS NOT COMMUNISM1 9 ,VIETNAM & 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 9 ,*9A & 9 ! SATELLITE C\NTRIES1 IT WAS NO?+ BUT A HAS CONCEAL$ ) ITS FALLACIES ! *A9S ( A NEW S]VITUDE4 ,MORE ?AN #b1#e YE>S AGO1 ! PHILOSOPH] ,LAO-,TZU1 9 ! ,TAO ,TE ,*+ 70,BOOK ( ,*ANGE & ,VIRTUE071 HAD ALREADY D5\NC$ ! DEBASEM5T ( LANGUAGE 9 ,*9A3 0,! WORDS ?AT >E US$ TODAY DO NOT EXPRESS :AT IS REAL 7,M+ KE M+ FEI *ANG M+740.<#a#a.> ,& ,CONFUCIUS1 9 HIS ,DIALOGUES1 RECOMM5D$ TO HIS DISCIPLES ?AT !Y %\LD 0RECTIFY NAMES0 7ZH5G M+71.<#a#b.> & BANI% MY/IFY+ T]MS4 ,TODAY'S POLITICAL LANGUAGE IS RI* 9 SU* T]MS4 ,:AT AB]RATION L$ TO ! USE ( ! EXPRESSION 0NATIONAL COMMUNISM0 BY C]TA9 HI/ORIANS TO DESCRIBE ! REGIME ?AT WAS UNJU/LY & JOYLESSLY BUILT BY ,HO ,*I ,M9H8 ,NO:]E 9 ! WORLD HAS ! ,M>XIAN 0UTOPIA0 PROPITI\S = ! DEVELOPM5T ( EA* P]SON & OP5 TO A RATIONAL WORLD SOCIETY1 )\T CLASSES1 )\T CAPITALISM1 & !RE=E )\T EXPLOITATION OR NATIONAL ANTAGONISMS1 F\ND ! ROAD TO ITS REALIZATION4 ,/AL9I/1 TOTALIT>IAN NATIONALISM1 ) ITS OPPRESSION1 ITS CALUMNY & ITS MURD]S1 HAS M]ELY DI/ORT$ ! IMAGE2 IT CAN HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) 0AN ASSOCIATION 9 :I* ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( EA* IS ! CONDITION = ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( ALL10 A UNION ( FREE M5 :O WORK ) ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION HELD 9 COMMON & ALLOCATE1 ON ! BASIS ( A CONC]T$ PLAN1 !IR NUM]\S 9DIVIDUAL =CES AS A S+LE =CE ( SOCIAL LABOR4444 0,! TOTAL PRODUCT ( \R COMMUNITY IS A SOCIAL PRODUCT4 ,ONE PORTION S]VES AS FRE% MEANS ( PRODUCTION & REMA9S SOCIAL4 ,BUT ANO!R PORTION IS CONSUM$ BY ! MEMB]S AS MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,A DI/RIBUTION ( ?IS PORTION AMONG !M IS CONSEQU5TLY NECESS>Y4 ,! MODE ( ?IS DI/RIBUTION WILL V>Y ) ! PRODUCTIVE ORGANIZATION ( ! COMMUNITY1 & ! DEGREE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ATTA9$ BY ! PRODUC]S4 ,WE WILL ASSUME1 BUT M]ELY = ! SAKE ( A P>ALLEL ) ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES1 ?AT ! %>E ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL PRODUC] 9 ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE IS DET]M9$ BY HIS LABOR TIME4 ,LABOR TIME W\LD1 9 ?AT CASE1 PLAY A D\BLE P>T4 ,ITS APPORTIONM5T 9 ACCORDANCE ) A DEF9ITE SOCIAL PLAN MA9TA9S ! PROP] PROPORTION BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T K9DS ( WORK TO BE DONE & ! V>I\S WANTS ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT ALSO S]VES AS A MEASURE ( ! PORTION ( ! COMMON LABOR BORNE BY EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 & ( HIS %>E 9 ! P>T ( ! TOTAL PRODUCT DE/9$ = 9DIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION4 ,! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL PRODUC]S1 ) REG>D BO? TO !IR LABOR & TO ITS PRODUCTS1 >E 9 ?IS CASE P]FECTLY SIMPLE & 9TELLIGIBLE1 & ?AT ) REG>D NOT ONLY TO PRODUCTION BUT ALSO TO DI/RIBUTION40.<#a#c.> ,! ,B]L9 ,WALL HAS FALL51 ! SO-CALL$ ,UNION ( ,SOCIALI/ ,SOVIET ,REPUBLICS HAS EXPLOD$2 ! SECOND DEA? ( ,M>X HAS BE5 PROCLAIM$ BY ! MAJORITY ( ! 9TELLECTUALS4 ,BUT ! TURN TO SO-CALL$ LIB]AL CAPITALISM1 ?AT IS1 TO ! 0GLACIAL WAT]S ( EGOI/ CALCULATION0--IS IT CONSI/5T ) ! ASPIRATION ( ! OPPRESS$ = SOCIAL EMANCIPATION1 9 ASSOCIATIONS 9 :I* 0! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( EA* IS ! CONDITION = ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( ALL08 ,AS = ,HO ,*I ,M9H1 :O CLAIM$ TO BE A FOLL[] ( ,M>X & ,L591 HE WAS NOT1 BUT FOLL[$1 UND] ! ORD]S ( ! ,MOSC[ BUREAUCRACY1 ! POLITICAL L9E LAID D[N BY HIS MA/] ,/AL91 RI ,9 HIS ,LA/ ,WILL & ,TE/AM5T1 ! 0,OLD ,FA!R ( ! ,NATION10 :O DI$ ON ,SEPTEMB] #b1 #a#i#f#i1 RECOMM5D$ ?AT NO BIG FUN]AL %\LD BE >RANG$ TO COMMEMORATE HIS PASS+3 0,I REQUE/ ?AT MY BODY %\LD BE BURN$1 ?AT IS1 CREMAT$ 7HOA TANG74444 ,MY A%ES >E TO BE DIVID$ 9TO ?REE P>TS3 ONE P>T = ! NOR?1 ONE P>T = ! C5T]1 & ONE P>T = ! S\?4 ,MY COMPATRIOTS FROM EA* ZONE WILL *OOSE A HILL :]E ! URN IS TO BE BURI$4 ,= MY TOMB1 !RE IS TO BE NEI!R GRAVE/ONE NOR BRONZE /ATUE1 BUT ONLY A SIMPLE H\SE1 SPACI\S & %ADY1 SO ?AT MY VISITORS CAN RE/ !RE4 ,IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO DEVISE A PLAN = PLANT+ TREES ON & 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! HILL4 ,EA* ( MY VISITORS CAN PLANT A TREE AS A MEMORIAL4444 ,MA9T5ANCE ( EA* SITE WILL BE 5TRU/$ TO ELD]LY P]SONS40.<#a#e.> ,TO MA9TA9 ! WOR%IP ( HIS REMA9S1 OLD PEOPLE >E ASSIGN$ ! TASK ( TAK+ C>E ( !SE HILLS = ! %ORT TIME ( LIFE ?AT IS LEFT TO !M6 ,AFT] ! DEA? ( ,HO ,*I ,M9H1 ! ,HANOI BUREAUCRATS HAD HIS CORPSE EMBALM$4 ,?US1 HIS P]SONALITY CULT WAS P]PETUAT$ BY ! V5]ATION ( HIS MUMMY ON DISPLAY 9 A MAUSOLEUM4 ,9 HIS TIME1 ,/AL9 DEVIS$ ! SAME S*EME = ,L59'S REMA9S 7WE CAN ONLY IMAG9E ! S>CASM ?AT ,L59 W\LD HAVE EXPRESS$ ) REG>D TO SU* AN IDEA72 TODAY1 9 ,MOSC[1 !Y >E PUTT+ AN 5D TO ?IS FETI%ISM3 :AT WILL HAPP5 9 ! FUTURE ) ! ,EMBALM$ ,ONE ( ,HANOI8 ,SOME DAY 0! WORLD 7( ! EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$71 CONSCI\S ( ITS SUFF]+ WILL SWEEP AWAY ! T5 ?\S& 9IQUITIES10 AS !SE TWO V]SES ( ,PHAN ,VAN ,HUM SAY3 ,*UNG NAO ?I5 HA HAI M9H KHO1 ,MUON SU LOI ?OI TUC KHAC ?ANH4 ,?IS IS \R HOPE & \R CONVICTION4 ,A *ANGE WILL TAKE PLACE :5 ! NEW \TCA/S ( ! E>? EMBRACE AS !IR [N1 ONCE AGA91 ! SONG ( !IR PR$ECESSORS FROM SIXTY YE>S AGO3 0,!RE IS NO SUPREME SAVIOR1 ,NO GOD OR CES> OR TRIBUNE1 ,PRODUC]S1 WE WILL SAVE \RSELVES4 ,WE WILL DECREE \R COMMON SALVATION44440 0,& NO ONE WILL BE DEEM$ TO BE ABOVE ANYONE ELSE0 7DOC NGANG NAO BIET TR5 DAU CO AI1 ,KIM ,VAN ,KIEU71 HAV+ COME TO UND]/& ?AT3 0,ALL ?IS HAVOC1 ?IS MIS=TUNE1 ?IS RU91 DESC5DS UPON Y\ NOT FROM ALI5 FOES1 BUT FROM ! ONE 5EMY :OM Y\ Y\RSELVES R5D] AS P[]FUL AS HE IS1 = :OM Y\ GO BRAVELY TO W>1 = :OSE GREATNESS Y\ DO NOT REFUSE TO (F] Y\R [N BODIES UNTO DEA?4 ,HE :O ?US DOM9E]S OV] Y\ HAS ONLY TWO EYES1 ONLY TWO H&S1 ONLY ONE BODY1 NO MORE ?AN IS POSSESS$ BY ! LEA/ MAN AMONG ! 9F9ITE NUMB]S DWELL+ 9 Y\R CITIES2 HE HAS 9DE$ NO?+ MORE ?AN ! P[] ?AT Y\ CONF] UPON HIM TO DE/ROY Y\4 ,:]E HAS HE ACQUIR$ 5\< EYES TO SPY UPON Y\1 IF Y\ DO NOT PROVIDE !M Y\RSELVES8 ,H[ CAN HE HAVE SO MANY >MS TO BEAT Y\ )1 IF HE DOES NOT BORR[ !M FROM Y\8 ,! FEET ?AT TRAMPLE D[N Y\R CITIES1 :]E DOES HE GET !M IF !Y >E NOT Y\R [N8 ,H[ DOES HE HAVE ANY P[] OV] Y\ EXCEPT ?R\< Y\8 ,H[ W\LD HE D>E ASSAIL Y\ IF HE HAD NO COOP]ATION FROM Y\8 ,:AT C\LD HE DO TO Y\ IF Y\ Y\RSELVES DID NOT CONNIVE ) ! ?IEF :O PLUND]S Y\1 IF Y\ W]E NOT ACCOMPLICES ( ! MURD]] :O KILLS Y\1 IF Y\ W]E NOT TRAITORS TO Y\RSELVES80 7,LA ,BOETIE74.<#a#f.> .<#a.> ,! F9AL *APT] ( ,NGO ,VAN'S ,REVOLUTION ET CONTRE-REVOLUTION S\S LA DOM9ATION COLONIALE4 ,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,SPANI% 9 ! MAGAZ9E1 ,E,T,C,E,T,],A1 :I* P]MITS ! REPRODUCTION ( ITS >TICLES4 .<#b.> ,PI]RE ,H]B>T1 ,LIGNE DE =CE1 ,P>IS1 #a#i#e#h1 0,FOLIO0 P4 #b#f4 .<#c.> ,G4 ,B\D>EL1 ,LA ,BUREAUCRATIE AU ,VIET-NAM1 ,P>IS1 #a#i#h#c1 P4 #c#b4 ,CONC]N+ ! ,HUNDR$ ,FL[]S CAMPAIGN & AGR>IAN RE=M1 SEE1 BY ! SAME AU?OR3 ,C5T ,FLEURS ECLOSE DANS LA NUIT DU ,VIET-NAM 7#a#i#e#d-#a#i#e#f71 ,P>IS1 #a#i#i#a1 P4 #i ET SEQ4 .<#d.> ,! WAVE ( DISS5T BROKE \T 9 ! SPR+ ( #aief ) ! PUBLICATION 9 ! AN?OLOGY 5TITL$ ,GIAI ,PHAM 70,BEAUTIFUL ,WORKS0 OR 0,WORKS ( ,SPR+07 ( ! POEM1 0,MI/] ,CLAY ,J>10 BY ,LE ,DAT3 0,! FATE ( ?OSE :O LIVE TO BE A HUNDR$ YE>S OLD1 ,IS PRECISELY ?AT ( A CLAY J>4 ,! LONG] !Y LIVE1 ! MORE !Y DECAY1 ,! LONG] !Y LIVE1 ! SMALL] !Y BECOME40 ,!SE F\R V]SES1 :I* E>N$ ,LE ,DAT YE>S ( RE$UCATION BY WAY ( LABOR 9 ! /EEL MILLS AT ,?AI ,NGUY51 REF] TO ! 0OLD FA!R ( ! NATION0 7A TITLE ?AT ,HO ,*I ,M9H HAD CO9$ = HIMSELF71 & RIDICUL$ ! PR(ESSIONAL ALT> BOY ,TO ,HUU1 ! ,/ATE-SANCTION$ DOY5 ( ,VIETNAMESE >TS & LETT]S & ! AU?OR ( ?IS MA/]FUL WORK3 0,LONG LIVE ,HO ,*I ,M9H1 ,! LIIAT6 ,LONG LIVE ,/AL91 ,! GREAT ET]NAL TREE ?AT H>BORS PEACE 9 HIS %ADE6 ,KILL1 KILL AGA91 LET Y\R H&S HAVE NO RE/ = EV5 A M9UTE2 ,SO ! PADDIES & FIELDS WILL PRODUCE RICE 9 ABUNDANCE1 ,SO TAXES CAN BE PROMPTLY COLLECT$4 ,SO ! ,P>TY WILL 5DURE1 WE CON/ANTLY M>* ) ! SAME C\RAGE1 ,WE ADORE ,PRESID5T ,MAO1 WE WOR%IP AT ! ET]NAL %R9E ( ,SIT-TA-L9E 7SIC7 .<,/AL9.>40 ,! AN?OLOGY ,GIAI ,PHAM W\LD BE SUPPRESS$1 & AT ?AT TIME ANO!R Y\NG POET1 ,TRAN ,DAN1 :O HAD ALSO LO/ RESPECT = ! FA!R ( ! C\NTRY1 WAS IMPRISON$ &1 :ILE 9 JAIL1 ATTEMPT$ TO COMMIT SUICIDE BY CUTT+ HIS [N ?ROAT4 ,9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#e#f1 ! DISSID5T MOVEM5T OP5LY CONFRONT$ ! P[] /RUCTURE4 ,! J\RNAL1 ,NHAN ,VAN 70,HUMANISM07 WAS FIR/ DI/RIBUT$ ON ,SEPTEMB] #b1 & W\LD BE SUPPRESS$ ON ,DECEMB] #a#a1 AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( ITS SIX? ISSUE4 ,O!R P]IODICALS1 SU* AS ,DAT ,MOI 70,NEW ,L&S071 ,TRAM ,HOA 70,A ,HUNDR$ ,FL[]S07 & ,NOI ,?AT 70,/RAIT+ 9 #a#i#e#h1 SUBJECT$ TO 0IDEOLOGICAL RECTIFICATION0 !RAPIES 7*9H HUAN71 =C$ TO SUBMIT WRITT5 SELF-CRITICISM 7KIEM ?AO71 AN ACT ( SELF-ACCUSATION ?AT W\LD BE EXT5D$ TO PUBLIC CONFESSION3 SOME W]E DEPORT$ TO LABOR CAMPS 9 ! H>% REGIONS ( ,VIET ,BAC 7NOR!RN ,VIETNAM7 OR TO ! AGRICULTURAL ZONES ON ! ,LAOTIAN FRONTI]1 O!RS W]E S5T TO COOP]ATIVES TO 0BE RE$UCAT$ BY WAY ( LABOR0 7HOC TAP LAO DONG74 ,9QUISITORIAL ME?ODS--COPI$ FROM ! ,*9ESE--US$ TO EXTORT CONFESSIONS DUR+ ! CAMPAIGN = 0IDEOLOGICAL RECTIFICATION0 DROVE SOME ( ! DETA9EES TO SUICIDE3 9 ! NEWSPAP]1 ,CUU ,QUOC 70,NATIONAL ,HEAL?071 WE >E TOLD ( ONE Y\NG MAN :O W5T TO ! =E/ TO HANG HIMSELF1 & ANO!R :O TOOK A RAZOR TO HIS [N ?ROAT2 ! LATT]1 EV5 AFT] HIS DEA?1 W\LD BE EXPELL$ FROM ! P>TY 7SEE ,TO ,HOAI1 CIT$ ON P4 #a#a#c74 ,EV5 ! PHILOSOPH]1 ,TRAN ,DUC ,?AO1 UPON RETURN+ TO ,VIETNAM 7AFT] HAV+ BE5 A CONTRIBUTOR TO ,TEMPS ,MOD]NES1 ! ,S>TRIAN J\RNAL71 :]E HE TAUM1 TO TAKE C>E ( CATTLE4 ,! LAWY]1 ,PHAN ,KOI1 #gc YE>S OLD1 & ! WRIT]1 ,TRUONG ,TUU1 A ,TROTSKYI/ SYMPA?IZ]1 REFUS$ TO P]=M !IR SELF-CRITICISM4 ,?ANKS TO !IR GREAT PRE/IGE !Y W]E SP>$ SP5D+ TIME 9 PRISON4 ,! FIR/ WAS S5T TO ,*IEM ,HOA 7,TUY5 ,QUANG71 ! SECOND WAS DISMISS$ FROM ! UNIV]SITY :]E HE TAUY #aif 9 A WIT* TRIAL3 ,NGUY5 ,HUU ,DANG 7=M] ,VICE-,M9I/] ( ,PROPAG&A UND] ,HO ,*I ,M9H7 & ,LUU ,?AI ,Y5 7,?UI ,AN1 A FEMALE AU?OR71 9 PRISON S9CE #aieh = REFUS+ TO CONFESS1 W]E EA* S5T5C$ TO FIFTE5 YE>S 9 PRISON2 ,TRAN ,?IEU ,BAO 7,M9H ,DUC71 ! PR9T] ( ! J\RNAL ,NHAN ,VAN1 WAS S5T5C$ TO T5 YE>S1 ,PHAN ,TAI & ,NGUY5 ,*I TO FIVE & SIX YE>S1 RESPECTIVELY1 = 0ESPIONAGE40 ,HOANG VAN ,*I1 ,TRAM HOA DUA NO TR5 DAT ,BAC 70,A ,HUNDR$ ,FL[]S ,OP5 AT ! ,SAME ,TIME 9 ! ,NOR?071 ,SAIGON1 #a#i#e#i4 ,BON ,NHAN ,VAN-,GIAI PHAM TRUOC TOA AN DU LUAN 70,! ,HUMANISM-,BEAUTIFUL ,WORKS ,GANG ,FACES ! ,C\RT ( ,PUBLIC ,OP9ION071 ,HANOI1 #a#i#e#i4 ,HOANG NGOC ,?ANH1 ,TIEU ?UYET MI5 ,BAC 70,! ,WRIT]S ( ! ,NOR?074 .<#e.> ,LE ,*AU1 ,LE ,VIET-NAM ,SOCIALI/E1 ,P>IS1 #a#i#f#f1 PP4 #a#b#b-#a#e#f4 .<#f.> ,DAI ,DOAN ,KET1 ,DECEMB] #h1 #a#i#h#i4 .<#g.> ,BAO ,N9H'S BOOK WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION 9 #aiid UND] ! TITLE1 ,! ,SORR[ ( ,W>1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,PHAN ,?ANH ,HAO .<,AM]ICAN TRANSLATOR'S NOTE.>4 .<#h.> ,VIETNAMESE ,*RONICLES1 ,OCTOB]-,NOVEMB] #a#i#i#a4 .<#i.> ,?ANH ,T91 ,HOA ,XUY5 ,TUYET1 ,IRV9E1 ,CALI=NIA1 #a#i#i#a1 P4 #a#f#b4 .<#a.> ,MAXIMILI5 ,RUBEL1 0,REALLY ,NON-EXI/5T ,SOCIALISM10 ,LE ,MONDE1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#g1 #a#i#h#f4 .<#a#a.> ,LIT]ALLY3 ! NAME ?AT EXPRESSES ! REAL IS NOT ! ONE ?AT IS COMMONLY US$4 .<,TWO ,5GLI% TRANSLATIONS ( ?IS OP5+ PASSAGE ( ! ,TAO ,TE ,*+1 NOTORI\SLY PROBLEMATIC = TRANSLATORS1 >E3 ',NAMES ?AT CAN BE NAM$ >E NOT *ANGELESS NAMES' OR ',! NAME ?AT CAN BE NAM$ IS NOT ! ET]NAL NAME'--,AM]ICAN TRANSLATOR'S SUPPLEM5TAL NOTE4.> .<#a#b.> ,SEE3 ,L\5 ,YU1 ,! ,DIALOGUES ( ,CONFUCIUS1 ,VOL4 ,X,I,I1 #c4 .<#a#c.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 ,VOLUME ,ONE1 ,P>T ,I3 ,COMMODITIES & ,MONEY1 ,*APT] ,ONE3 ,COMMODITIES4 .<#a#d.> ,TRAN ,DAN ,?I51 ,NHUNG MAU *UY5 VE DOI HOAT DONG CUA ,HO *U TI*1 ,HANOI1 #a#i#f#i4 .<#a#e.> ,VIETNAMESE ,*RONICLES1 NOS4 #f-#g1 ,P>IS1 #a#i#h#i4 .<#a#f.> ,ETI5NE DE ,LA ,BOETIE1 ,DISC\RSE ON ,VOLUNT>Y ,S]VITUDE4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #h1 #bba 3 ,REVOLUTION & C\NT]REVOLUTION UND] COLONIAL RULE -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,REVOLUTION & C\NT]REVOLUTION UND] COLONIAL RULE -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/