,SANTE ,CAS]IO 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANONYM\S 

,TEXT 3 

#b#d? ,JUNE #a#h#i#d1 ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC ,SADI ,C>NOT REA*$ ! 5D ( HIS LIFE 9 ,LYON UND] ! BL[S ( A Y\NG ,ITALIAN AN>*I/1 ,SANTE ,CAS]IO4 

,! KILL+ MADE A TREM5D\S IMPACT 9 ,FRANCE AS WELL AS 9 ,ITALY & ALL OV] ,EUROPE4 ,?\< ,UMB]TO ,I & ,CRISPI %[$ !IR EXECRATION & GRIEF1 PEOPLE ATTACK$ A NUMB] ( ,ITALIAN %OPS 9 ,LYONS & 9 O!R ,FR5* T[NS1 & 9 ,P>IS !Y EV5 DEM&$ TO GO TO W> AGA9/ ,ITALY4 ,A %IP ( ,ITALIAN EMIGRANTS ON !IR WAY TO ,AM]ICA WAS COMPELL$ TO AVOID ALL ,FR5* PORTS1 :ILE MANY FUGITIVES T]RIFI$ ( REPRISALS />T$ FLOCK+ 9TO ,TUR94 

,BUT ,CAS]IO'S ATTACK HAD NO NATIONALI/IC 9T5T :ATSOEV]4 

,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT WAS PLANN$ BY ITS AU?OR AS AN ACT ( SOLID>ITY T[>DS HIS ,FR5* COMRADES ,VAILLANT & ,H5RY :O HAD BE5 /RUCK D[N BY ?AT ,/ATE4 

,CAS]IO'S ATTACK %\LD BE RECON/RUCT$ METICUL\SLY AS IT IS QUITE SIGNIFICANT1 & REVEALS SOME 9T]E/+ ASPECTS ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,?IS IS ! /ORY ( ,SANTE ,CAS]IO1 A Y\NG ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ :O REFUS$ TO JO9 ! >MY & KILL O!R EXPLOIT$ LIKE HIMSELF1 & EMIGRAT$ TO ,FRANCE SO AS NOT TO BE >RE/$ AS A DES]T]4 ,!RE HE /ABB$ & KILL$ ,SADI ,C>NOT1 ! ,FR5* PRESID5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 DUR+ A PUBLIC CELEBRATION 9 HONOR ( ! LATT] 9 #a#h#i#d4 

,:Y >E WE REMEMB]+ ,CAS]IO ONE HUNDR$ & SIXTE5 YE>S AFT] HIS DEA?1 :I* HE FAC$ ON ! SCAFFOLD AFT] ! KILL+ ( ! PRESID5T8 ,!RE IS MORE ?AN ONE REASON4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 WE %\LD NEV] =GET ! ACTS ( REBELLION ( ! PA/1 ESPECIALLY AS !Y >E (T5 NEGLECT$ BY (FICIAL HI/ORIANS OR PRES5T$ 9 ! WOR/ POSSIBLE LI<T4 ,SECONDLY1 ! GREAT IMPORTANCE ( ,CAS]IO'S ACTION IS /ILL VALID EV5 IF IT BELONGS TO A QUITE DIFF]5T CONTEXT ?AN \RS3 ,CAS]IO1 TW5TY-YE>S OLD1 ! %Y & DILIG5T WORK] COM+ FROM A LITTLE VILLAGE 9 ! NOR? ( ,ITALY1 /RUCK ! V]Y CORE ( POLITICAL P[]1 ! MO/ PRE/IGI\S SYMBOL ( ,FR5* B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,?IRDLY1 ,CAS]IO'S ACT REPRES5TS AN EXCELL5T EXAMPLE TO ALL AN>*I/S :O >E FI<T+ AGA9/ ! SY/EM 9 ORD] TO DE/ROY IT4 ,WE >E NOT SAY+ ?AT ! KILL+ ( :ATEV] PRESID5T ( ! REPUBLIC IS RECOMM5D$ 7CONSID]1 9 FACT1 ?AT A NEW PRESID5T W\LD BE IMM$IATELY ELECT$71 WE >E JU/ SAY+ ?AT PROPAG&A BY ! DE$ IS (T5 MORE IMPORTANT ?AN A MILLION WORDS4 ,DISCUSSION IS NECESS>Y & WOR?:ILE1 ( C\RSE1 BUT TRANSLAT+ ! LATT] 9TO ACTIONS IS ALSO NECESS>Y4 ,?IS IS TRUE TODAY AS WELL AS IT WAS 9 ,CAS]IO'S TIME4 

,AT ?AT TIME1 WORK+ CLASS LIV+ CONDITIONS W]E ?OR\<LY MIS]ABLE ?R\<\T ,EUROPE1 :ILE ! GREAT POLITICAL P[]S W]E WA/+ HUGE AM\NTS ( MONEY & LIVES 9 COLONIZATION CAMPAIGNS4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( ATTACKS AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/IC & IMP]IALI/IC E/ABLI%M5T BROKE \T ALL OV] ! CONT95T1 BUT IT WAS MA9LY 9 ,FRANCE ?AT AN>*I/S MADE SOME B\RGEOIS BLOOD FL[4 ,FR5* AN>*ISM1 DEVOID ( ! P[]FUL ANTI-MON>*I/ 9C5TIVE ?AT HAD *>ACT]IZ$ ,ITALIAN & ,SPANI% AN>*ISM1 9CLUD$ A S]IES ( ATTACKS AGA9/ B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,FR5* REPUBLIC4 

,ON ,DECEMB] #i #ahic ,AUGU/ ,VAILLANT ?REW AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE 9TO ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES4 ,AL?\< NO ONE WAS KILL$ HE WAS S5T5C$ TO DEA? ON ,JANU>Y #a #ahid & GUILLOT9$ ON ,FEBRU>Y #e4 ,PRESID5T ,C>NOT REFUS$ TO %[ ANY M]CY1 9 SPITE ( A PETITION 9 FAVOR ( ! CONDEMN$ & A PLEA FROM HIS DAU<T]4 ,VAILLANT W5T TO ! SCAFFOLD %\T+ AN HURRAH = AN>*Y & ANN\NC+ ?AT HIS DEA? W\LD BE AV5G$4 ,SEV5 DAYS LAT]1 ,EMILE ,H5RY1 ANO!R AN>*I/1 LAUN*$ AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE 9TO ! ,CAFE ,T]M9US AT ,G>E ,/ ,LAZ>E1 FREQU5T$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,ONE ( !M DI$ & SEV]AL O!RS W]E 9JUR$4 ,ON ,MAY #ba #ahid ,H5RY ALSO W5T TO ! SCAFFOLD4 ,A NUMB] ( EXPLOSIONS OCCURR$ BETWE5 !SE TWO EPISODES4 ,! ,P>LIAM5T SUGGE/$ ! 9TRODUCTION ( SPECIAL LAWS AGA9/ AN>*I/S1 AS HAD OCCURR$ 9 O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 BUT ! S]IES ( ATTACKS DID NOT /OP4 ,ON ,JUNE #bd #a#h#i#d1 ONE MON? AFT] ,H5RY'S DEA?1 ! PRESID5T ( ! ,FR5* REPUBLIC ,SADI ,C>NOT WAS TO REA* ! 5D ( HIS LIFE 9 ,LYON UND] ,CAS]IO'S BL[S4 

,IT WAS ! REV5GE ( ! OPPRESS$ AGA9/ ! RUL+ CLASS ( EXPLOIT]S1 ! DESIRE TO DE/ROY ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM BAS$ ON 9JU/ICE & CORRUPTION & REPLACE IT ) A NEW SOCIETY )\T S]VANTS OR BOSSES1 POOR OR RI*1 >MIES OR PRISONS4 

,CAS]IO1 A POOR Y\NG WORK]1 WAS ONE ( ! MANY OPPRESS$1 BUT HE WAS ALSO AW>E ?AT ! RUL+ CLASS WAS MADE UP ( CRIM9ALS :OSE H&S W]E COV]$ ) BLOOD1 ! POOR PEOPLE'S BLOOD4 ,HE DECID$ NOT TO REMA9 A PASSIVE SPECTATOR ( ! SUFF]+ 9FLICT$ ON ! PROLET>IANS2 AS SOON AS HE DISCOV]$ AN>*I/ IDEAS HE D$ICAT$ ! REMA9D] ( HIS %ORT LIFE TO SPREAD+ ! IDEAL AMONG PEOPLE & PUTT+ IT 9TO ACTION HIMSELF4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ,CAS]IO IS /ILL AN \T/&+ EXAMPLE TO ANYONE :O CLAIMS TO BE AN>*I/4 

,B>B>A ,/EFANELLI 

,SANTE ,CAS]IO 

#ahid WAS A YE> ( GREAT SOCIAL DISORD] 9 ,FRANCE4 ,FR5* AN>*ISM WAS ACTUALLY DEPRIV$ ( ! P[]FUL ANTI-MON>*I/ 9C5TIVE :I* HAD ON ! CONTR>Y *>ACT]IZ$ ,ITALIAN & ,SPANI% AN>*ISM1 BUT EXPRESS$ ITSELF 9 A S]IES ( ATTACKS AGA9/ ! SY/EM1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & ! 9/ITUTIONS4 

,ON #i? ,DECEMB] #a#h#i#c1 ,AUGU/ ,VAILLANT ?REW AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE FULL ( NAILS 9TO ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 9JUR+ MANY PEOPLE BUT NO ONE WAS KILL$4 ,! ASSAILANT1 A V]Y CONSCI\S REBEL1 BUT NOT A KILL]1 WAS S5T5C$ TO DEA? ON #a? ,JANU>Y #ahid & GUILLOT9$ ON #e? ,FEBRU>Y4 ,PRESID5T ,C>NOT REFUS$ TO %[ ANY M]CY1 9 SPITE ( A PETITION 9 FAVOR ( ! CONDEMN$ & A PLEA FROM HIS DAU<T]4 ,VAILLANT W5T TO ! SCAFFOLD %\T+ A HURRAH = ,AN>*Y & ANN\NC+ ?AT HIS DEA? W\LD BE AV5G$4 ,SEV5 DAYS LAT] ,EMILE ,H5RY1 ANO!R AN>*I/1 ?REW A DEADLY EXPLOSIVE DEVICE1 :I* HE HAD MADE ALONE1 9TO ,CAFE ,T]M9US AT ,G>E ,/4 ,LAZ>E4 ,ONE P]SON DI$ & SEV]AL O!RS W]E 9JUR$4 ,ON #b#a/ ,MAY #ahid ,H5RY ALSO W5T TO ! SCAFFOLD4 

,A NUMB] ( EXPLOSIONS OCCURR$ BETWE5 !SE TWO EPISODES1 NOT ALL W]E ( AN>*I/ ORIG9 BUT ALL T]RIFI$ ! CAPITAL4 ,! ,P>LIAM5T SUGGE/$ ! 9TRODUCTION ( SPECIAL LAWS AGA9/ AN>*I/S1 AS HAD OCCURR$ 9 O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 BUT ! S]IES ( ATTACKS DIDN'T /OP4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y IT WAS AB\T TO /RIKE ! PEAK ( ! POLITICAL PYRAMID3 ON #b#d? ,JUNE #a#h#i#d1 ONE MON? AFT] ,H5RY'S DEA?1 ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC ,SADI ,C>NOT REA*$ ! 5D ( HIS LIFE 9 ,LYON UND] ! BL[S ( A Y\NG ,ITALIAN AN>*I/1 ,SANTE ,CAS]IO4 

,! KILL+ MADE A TREM5D\S IMPACT 9 ,FRANCE AS WELL AS 9 ,ITALY & ALL OV] ,EUROPE4 ,?\< ,UMB]TO ,I & ,CRISPI .<#a.> %[$ !IR EXECRATION & GRIEF1 PEOPLE ATTACK$ A NUMB] ( ,ITALIAN %OPS 9 ,LYONS & 9 O!R ,FR5* T[NS1 & 9 ,P>IS !Y EV5 DEM&$ TO GO TO W> AGA9/ ,ITALY4 ,A %IP ( ,ITALIAN EMIGRANTS ON !IR WAY TO ,AM]ICA WAS COMPELL$ TO AVOID ALL ,FR5* PORTS1 :ILE MANY FUGITIVES T]RIFI$ ( REPRISALS />T$ FLOCK+ 9TO ,TUR94 

,BUT ,CAS]IO'S ATTACK HAD NO NATIONALI/IC 9T5T :ATSOEV]4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT WAS PLANN$ BY ITS AU?OR AS AN ACT ( SOLID>ITY T[>DS HIS ,FR5* COMRADES ,VAILLANT & ,H5RY :O HAD BE5 /RUCK D[N BY ?AT ,/ATE4 

,CAS]IO'S ATTACK %\LD BE RECON/RUCT$ METICUL\SLY AS IT IS QUITE SIGNIFICANT1 & REVEALS SOME 9T]E/+ CU/OMS & PSY*OLOGICAL ASPECTS ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T .<#b.>4 

,SANTE ,CAS]IO1 A Y\NG MAN FROM ,LOMB>DY1 WAS BORN ON #h? ,DECEMB] #ahgc 9 ! LITTLE VILLAGE ( ,MOTTA ,VISCONTI1 NE> ,MILAN1 ON ! LEFT BANK ( RIV] ,TIC9O4 ,9 ?AT VILLAGE ! POETESS ,ADA ,NEGRI .<#c.> WAS A TEA*] 9 H] FIR/ EXP]I5CE 9 A PRIM>Y S*OOL 9 ! LATE ,EI<TIES1 BUT ,CAS]IO WAS NOT AMONG H] PUPILS .<#d.>4 ,HIS FAMILY WAS V]Y POOR3 HIS FA!R1 :O DI$ Y\NG1 WAS US$ TO WORK+ AS A BOATMAN 9 ! SUMM] & AS A WOODSMAN 9 ! W9T]4 ,:5 HE WAS T51 ! BOY LEFT HIS FAMILY & MOV$ TO ,MILAN 9 ORD] TO LOOK = WORK4 ,HE BECAME A WORK] AT ',TRE ,M>IE' ,BAK]Y1 :]E HE WAS REMEMB]$ AS A G5TLE BOY & A H>D WORK]4 ,?\< SEMILIT]ATE HE WAS V]Y BRI<T & :5 HE RAN 9TO ! AN>*I/ WORLD & UND]/OOD ! BASIS ( AN>*ISM1 HE BECAME AN>*I/ HIMSELF4 ,HE MADE FRI5DS ) LAWY] ,PIETRO ,GORI1 DIRECTOR ( ! ,MILAN NEWSPAP] ',L'AMICO DEL ,POPOLO' 7,FRI5D ( ! ,PEOPLE71 :I* WAS (T5 SEIZ$ BY ! AU?ORITIES4 ,GORI REMEMB]S HIS Y\NG COMRADE FROM ,MOTTA ,VISCONTI 9 ?IS WAY3 

,ONE MORN+ 9 W9T] ,I SAW HIM NE> ! ,*AMB] ( ,LABOR 9 ,MILAN1 HE WAS H&+ \T PROPAG&A PAMPHLETS & BREAD TO ! UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S4 ,HE HAD B\<T ! PAMPHLETS AS WELL AS ! BREAD ) HIS [N SAV+S4 ,I NEV] SAW HIM EV5 A BIT DRUNK1 :I* WAS QUITE USUAL AMONG POOR PEOPLE1 & HE ALSO SMOK$ V]Y LITTLE4 ,AS CONC]NS JUV5ILE VICES1 HE WAS A PURITAN4 ,ONE NI<T HE SCOLD$ A FEW FRI5DS ( HIS :O W]E COM+ \T FROM A BRO!L3 ',H[ CAN Y\ ABUSE !SE POOR WOM5 BUY+ !IR FLE% & LOVE8'4 ,& AS ONE ( ?OSE GUYS1 AN OPPORTUNI/1 SAID3 ',AT LEA/ WE RELIEV$ A LITTLE ( !IR MIS]Y ) \R MONEY'1 ,CAS]IO W5T 91 GAVE ONE LIRA TO ONE ( ! WOM51 :O LOOK$ AT HIM 9 WOND]1 & W5T AWAY )\T SPEAK+4 ,ONE DAY ,I ASK$ HIM3 ',Y\'RE A NICE Y\NG BOY1 :Y DON'T Y\ MAKE LOVE8'4 ',I US$ TO'1 HE ANSW]$1 'BUT S9CE ,I M>RI$ ! AN>*I/ IDEA ,I'VE /OPP$ GO+ >\ND ) WOM51 & N[ ,I'D LIKE TO F9D A P>TN] = LIFE1 AS ,I W\LD LIKE H] TO BE'4 ,HE R5T$ A FLAT :]E HE US$ TO GIVE HOSPITALITY AT NI<T TO ALL ! HOMELESS COMRADES 9 ,MILAN4 ,IT WAS A REAL CAMP SITE1 :]EAS HE WAS AT WORK 9 ! BAK]Y ALL ! NI<T4.<#e.> 

,GORI'S 9T]E/+ REPORT IS /R5G!N$ BY A TE/IMONY :I* IS ABOVE SUSPICION3 ?AT ( ,FILIPPO ,TURATI .<#f.>4 ,SOON AFT] ! ATTACK AGA9/ ,C>NOT1 ,TURATI WROTE A C\RAGE\S >TICLE 9 ',CRITICA ,SOCIALE' :]E1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 HE DISSOCIAT$ HIMSELF FROM ! G5]AL & CONV5TIONAL FEEL+ ( GRIEF & MADE IT CLE> ?AT ,C>NOT WAS '! MAN :OSE NAME IS /RICTLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! GREATE/ B\RGEOIS & MILIT>I/ REPUBLIC1 ! ALLIANCE BETWE5 ,FRANCE1 ! ,POPE & ! ,CZ>1 ! MASSACRES ( ,F\RMIES & ,PAS DE ,CALAIS1 ETC'4 ,TURATI ALSO TALKS AB\T ! Y\NG ASSAILANT3 

,WE KNEW ,CAS]IO 9 ,MILAN1 :5 HE US$ TO TAKE P>T 9 \R MEET+S & CONTRA/ \R VIEWS ALONG ) SOME O!R AN>*I/S4 ,BUT HE WAS NOT AS 9SOL5T & >ROGANT AS SOME ( HIS COMRADES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y HE WAS G5TLE1 ?\<TFUL & QUIET1 HE WAS KN[N AS AN AFFECTIONATE BOY & A V]Y H>D WORK]4 ,HIS NATURE WAS DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 FEEL+S ( DUTY & SACRIFICE4 ,! FACT ?AT HE HAD BE5 A V]Y RELIGI\S TE5AG] CONFIRMS \R OP9ION3 HE WAS NOT RELIGI\S ANY MORE1 BUT WAS /ILL DEV\T4.<#g.> 

,! MA9 FEATURE ( ,CAS]IO'S P]SONALITY WAS HIS DEVOTION TO ! AN>*I/ IDEAL4 ,HE HAD BE5 CON/ANTLY WORRI$ AB\T DO+ HIS DUTY PROP]LY & ACT+ COH]5TLY ) HIS IDEAS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 AS A LITTLE BOY1 HE HAD F\ND A RESPONSE TO HIS NE$ ( FAI? 9 ! ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E1 SPIRITUALITY & MAYBE EV5 POETRY2 ON ! O!R1 AS AN ADULT1 HE F\ND 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ?AT FAMILY HE MISS$ SO SOON & 9 HIS COMRADES ! PEOPLE TO :OM HE C\LD GIVE HIS GREAT LOVE4 

,! *RONICLES DESCRIBE HIM AS A BLOND1 SLIM BOY ( AV]AGE HEI<T1 ) BLUE EYES & QUITE AN 9TELLIG5T FACE3 'HIS UPP] LIP WAS %AD$ BY SOME BLOND TE5AGE HAIR1 HIS EYES LOOK$ CLEV]1 HIS M\? WAS P9K & FRE%'4 ,HE FIR/ W5T >\ND ) ! AN>*I/ GR\P ( ,PORTA ,ROMANA1 !N HE HIMSELF CREAT$ A GR\P AT ,PORTA ,G5OVA1 :]E !Y HAD A CUBBYHOLE AS A MEET+ PLACE & EV5 A R$ & BLACK FLAG ON :I* WAS WRITT53 ',AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ GR\P A PEE'1 :I* MEANS 'BROKE'.<#h.>4 

,ON #b#f? ,APRIL #ahib HE WAS >RE/$ = ! FIR/ TIME = H&+ \T ! PAMPHLET ,GIORGIO E ,SILVIO1 AN ANTIMILIT>I/ DIALOGUE1 TO ! SOLDI]S ( ,SANTA ,PRASS$E B>RACKS 9 ,MILAN4 ,HE WAS S5T5C$ BUT SOON LET FREE AGA94 ,AT ! AGE ( N9ETE5 HE WAS CALL$ UP TO JO9 ! >MY4 ,HE FL$ TO ,SWITZ]L& TO AVOID BE+ 5LI/$ & WAS CONDEMN$ AS A DES]T]4 ,HE /AY$ 9 ,LUGANO1 :]E HE F\ND A JOB = A FEW WEEKS & ALSO TOOK P>T 9 A /RIKE 7,AUGU/ #a#h#i#c74 ,LAT] HE MOV$ TO ,LAUSANNE1 !N TO ,G5EVA & F9ALLY TO ,LYONS4 ,9 ?AT T[N A /RONG AN>*I/ TRADITION WAS /ILL ALIVE1 SO ,CAS]IO MET SOME O!R COMRADES1 BUT KEPT 9 T\* ) ! ,ITALIAN GR\PS & RECEIV$ V>I\S AN>*I/ PAP]S FROM !RE4 ,FROM ,LYONS HE MOV$ TO ,VI5NA & FROM ,VI5NA TO ,CETTE 7TODAY CALL$ ,SETE71 A SEA-T[N S\? ( ,MONTPELLI] :]E MANY ,ITALIAN WORK]S LIV$4 

,ON ,SATURDAY #b#cRD ,JUNE #ahid ,SANTE ,CAS]IO WORK$ AS USUAL AT ! ,VIALA ,BAK]Y 9 ,CETTE TILL #aAM4 ,FOLL[+ A /UPID QU>REL1 DELIB]ATELY >\S$1 ) HIS BOSS1 ,CAS]IO SUDD5LY GAVE 9 HIS RESIGNATION & PICK$ UP TW5TY FRANCS4 ,ONE H\R & A HALF LAT] HE B\<T A DAGG] = FIVE FRANCS FROM A LOCAL GUN DEAL] :O1 LY+1 TOLD HIM IT WAS AN AU!NTIC PIECE FROM ,TOL$O4 ,AT #aPM HE W5T 9TO ,CAFE DU ,G>DE1 TOOK A LOOK AT ! NEWSPAP] ,9TRANSIGEANT1 & TOLD EV]YBODY ?AT HE WAS GO+ TO ,LYON4 ,! DAY BE=E HE HAD KN[N ?AT ! ,PRESID5T ( ,REPUBLIC W\LD BE 9 ,LYON TO 9AUGURATE ! ,EXPOSITION1 & HE HAD DECID$ TO KILL HIM4 ,LYON WAS F> FROM ,CETTE1 SO ! CU/OM]S ( ! ,CAFE NOT ONLY DIDN'T SUSPECT ! Y\NG ,ITALIAN'S 9T5TIONS1 !Y DIDN'T EV5 BELIEVE HE WAS MOV+ TO ,LYON4 ,AT #cPM ,CAS]IO WAS AT ! /ATION1 TOOK ! TRA9 TO ,MONTBAS9 !N1 AT #dPM1 HE CAU<T ! TRA9 TO ,MONTPELLI] :]E HE >RIV$ AT #d4#d#c4 ,WAIT+ = ! #a#a4#b#cPM TRA9 TO ,AVIGNON1 HE W5T & VISIT$ A FRI5D ( HIS1 ,LABORIE4 ,HE !N CAU<T ! TRA9 TO ,AVIGNON BUT HE /OPP$ AT ,T>ASCONE4 ,FROM !RE HE *ANG$ CLASS 9 ORD] TO TAKE ! ONLY TRA9 TO ,AVIGNON :I* WAS SUPPOS$ TO >RIVE AT #b4#dAM4 ,9 ! FIR/-CLASS COA* ! PASS5G]S LOOK$ ) DEEP MI/RU/ AT ?AT BADLY DRESS$ & AWKW>D /RANG]4 

,9 ,AVIGNON1 ,CAS]IO1 :O HAD BE5 WORK+ ALL ! PREVI\S NI<T1 FELL ASLEEP = AN H\R ON A B5* 9SIDE ! /ATION4 ,!N HE ASK$ = 9=MATION AB\T ! TIME & MONEY NE$$ TO >RIVE AT ,LYON4 ,! TIME WAS 5\<1 LITTLE MORE ?AN F\R H\RS1 BUT ! PRICE ( ! TICKET1 ELEV5 FRANCS & ?IRTY C5TS1 WAS BEYOND HIS MEANS3 HE HAD ONLY TWELVE FRANCS4 ,HAD HE B\<T ! TICKET TO ,LYON HE W\LDN'T HAVE BE5 ABLE TO BUY ANY FOOD4 ,HE !N RESOLV$ TO GO TO ,VI5NE1 N9E FRANCS & EI<TY C5TS1 SO ?AT HE C\LD BUY A PIECE ( BREAD & CALM HIS HUNG]4 ,AT #d4#a#bAM HE LEFT ,AVIGNON & AT #i4#d#eAM HE REA*$ ,VI5NE4 ,H]E HE B\<T ,LE ,LYON ,REPUBLICA91 CUT ! PAGE CONTA9+ ! ,PRESID5T'S DAY PROGRAM & WRAPP$ IT >\ND HIS DAGG]4 ,9 ,VI5NE HE MET A FEW PEOPLE HE HAD KN[N :5 HE HAD BE5 9 ?AT T[N 9 #a#h#i#c1 AMONG :OM WAS A HAIRDRESS] :O CUT HIS HAIR = FREE & ALSO GAVE HIM A GLASS ( W9E4 ,AT #a4#cPM ,CAS]IO LEFT ,VI5NE & WALK$ T[>DS ,LYON1 A J\RNEY ( #b#gKM ON FOOT4 ,IT WAS ,SUNDAY1 A CL\DY1 RA9Y DAY4 ,CAS]IO MET SOME BEGG>S1 G5D>MES1 & F>M WORK]S4 ,ON HIS WAY HE ALSO B\<T A PACKET ( TOBACCO & ASK$ SOMEONE = TWO GLASSES ( COLD WAT]4 ,:5 HE WAS NE> ,LYON1 HE CAME ACROSS A BUS ADORN$ ) TRICOLOR FLAGS FULL ( PEOPLE GO+ TO GREET ! ,PRESID5T4 ,CAS]IO ONLY KNEW ONE SPOT 9 ,LYONS1 ,PLACE DE LA ,GUILLOTI]E1 & W5T !RE 9 ORD] TO ORI5TATE HIMSELF4 ,! /REETS W]E ALL WELL-LIT AS ! ,PRESID5T WAS AT ! ,*AMB] ( ,COMM]CE = A BANQUET4 ,SU* A SC5E1 MADE UP ( ILLUM9ATIONS1 P>TIES1 PROCESSIONS & MUSIC1 GAVE RISE TO ! MO/ HO/ILE FEEL+S 9 ! LONELY ASSAILANT'S M9D4 ,AT A C]TA9 PO9T1 ,CAS]IO1 WALK+ ?R\< ! CR[D1 RAN 9TO A BLOCK$ ROAD3 ! ,PRESID5TIAL PROCESSION W\LD GO RI<T !RE TO GET TO ! ,!AT] = ! GALA %[4 ,CAS]IO WAS ON ! WRONG SIDE ?\<1 AS HE HAD READ ?AT ! ,PRESID5T W\LD GO BY C>RIAGE SITT+ ON ! RI<T SIDE1 :]EAS ,CAS]IO WAS ON ! LEFT SIDE ( ! ROAD4 ,HE F\ND IT DIFFICULT BUT 9 ! 5D HE SLIPP$ BEH9D A WAGON & GOT TO ! O!R SIDE1 :]E HE GA9$ A SECOND R[ PLACE AMONG ! ?RONG4 ,AT #i4#a#ePM ! CR[D />T$ TOSS+ >\ND4 ,FIR/ TWO HORSEM5 ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,GU>D PASS$1 !N IT WAS ! TURN ( SOME O!R REGIM5TS4 ,! ,M>SEILLAISE SUDD5LY BEGAN TO PLAY1 ! ,PRESID5T WAS APPROA*+4 ,BEH9D ! LA/ REGIM5T ! ,PRESID5T'S COA* CAME =W>D ) TWO FUR!R HORSEM5 ON EA* SIDE4 ,! ,PRESID5T1 :O WAS ) ! MAJOR & TWO G5]ALS1 GREET$ ! CR[D4 ,AT ?AT V]Y MOM5T ,CAS]IO SPRANG \T1 BROKE ?R\< ! FIR/ R[1 JUMP$ ON TO ! FOOTBO>D & /ABB$ ,SADI ,C>NOT4 ,MANY PEOPLE ?\<T ?AT A MAN WAS MAK+ A PLEA1 AS !Y ONLY SAW ! PAP] WRAPP+ >\ND ! DAGG] & DIDN'T REALIZE ?AT ! ,PRESID5T HAD FALL5 D[N 9TO HIS COA* & WAS W\ND$ TO DEA?4 ,CAS]IO /ILL HAD TIME TO F9D A WAY \T ?R\< ! CR[D1 BUT 9/EAD HE RAN 9 FRONT ( ! COA* %\T+3 ',LONG LIVE ,AN>*Y6 ,LONG LIVE ! ,REVOLUTION6'4 ,QUICKLY ! HORSEM5 SEIZ$ HIM & PULL$ HIM AWAY FROM ! ANG] ( ! CR[D1 :ILE ! ,PRESID5T'S COA* RAN T[>DS ! ,PALACE ( ,PREFECTURE1 :]E ! ,PRESID5T DI$ NOT LONG AFT] MIDNI<T4 

,?IS SEQU5CE ( EV5TS1 :I* HAS BE5 RECON/RUCT$ H]E FOLL[+ ! DETAIL$ & TRU?FUL V]SION GIV5 BY ,CAS]IO HIMSELF DUR+ ! 9VE/IGATION & TRIAL1 PROVES ?REE FACTS3 #a7 ! ASSAILANT ACT$ BY HIMSELF1 9 ! SIMPLE/ & MO/ ELEM5T>Y WAY1 )\T ANY HELP FROM ANYONE & )\T TALK+ TO ANYONE AB\T HIS PLAN2 #b7 NOT MORE ?AN F\R H\RS HAD ELAPS$ FROM ! MOM5T ! ASSAILANT HAD DECID$ TO ACT & ! MOM5T 9 :I* HE ACTUALLY ACT$2 !SE TWO FACTS & ,CAS]IO'S DEEP LONG-LA/+ DET]M9ATION & REM>KABLE PHYSIQUE & PSY*IC /R5G?1 MADE IT POSSIBLE = HIM TO PUT HIS PLAN 9TO ACTION QUITE EASILY1 AS NO PREV5TIVE MEASURE ( SUP]VISION C\LD HAVE /OPP$ ! ACTION UND] ?OSE CONDITIONS4 ,CAS]IO'S ATTACK WAS SIMPLY AN 9DIVIDUAL ACTION MADE BY ONE S+LE MAN AIM+ TO /RIKE ONE S+LE VICTIM4 ,DUR+ ! TRIAL ! PROSECUTOR TRI$ TO USE A NOT V]Y RELIABLE WITNESS 9 ORD] TO SUPPORT ! HYPO!SIS ( A CONSPIRACY4 ,BUT ,CAS]IO'S LONG WALK FROM ,VI5NE TO ,LYONS DUE TO HIS LACK ( MONEY1 UND]TAK5 ) ! RISK ( MISS+ ?AT TRAGIC MEET+1 IS ! PRO( ?AT NO PROJECT HAD BE5 PLANN$ 9 ADVANCE BY ! ACCUS$1 NOR1 AS A LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE1 BY HIS SUPPOS$ ACCOMPLICES4 ,:AT ,CAS]IO HAD PLANN$ BE=E WAS ! ACCEPTANCE ( HIS DEA?3 ?AT WAS HIS GREAT /R5G?1 HE HAD !RE=E FULFILL$ HIMSELF ) HIS ACT4 ,DUR+ ! 9QUIRY HE WAS CALM & TALK$ QUIETLY ) ! 9VE/IGAT+ JUDGE4 ,ONE DAY HE SAID TO HIM3 ',H[ IS IT ?AT SU* AN 9TELLIG5T MAN AS Y\ DOESN'T UND]/& ?AT ! PRES5T SOCIETY NE$S TO BE *ANG$ BY ! MEANS ( AN>*Y8 ,ME1 A POOR BAK]1 UND]/OOD ?AT1 :Y DON'T Y\8' 

,DUR+ ! TRIAL HE WAS CALM1 DIGNIFI$ & EV5 WITTY4 ,H]E >E A FEW ( HIS REM>KS3 

,JUDGE3 ,ACCUS$1 CONSID]+ Y\R *ILDHOOD1 NOBODY C\LD HAVE =ESE5 Y\R HORRIBLE MURD]4 ,Y\ W]E A DILIG5T & HONE/ WORK]4 ,BUT Y\ W]E ALSO IMPETU\S1 GLOOMY & TOO RES]V$4 

,CAS]IO3 ,SIR1 ,I'M NOT RESPONSIBLE = BE+ LIKE ?IS4 

,JUDGE3 ,Y\ W]E ONCE AN ALT> BOY1 W]5'T Y\8 ,& Y\ ALSO US$ TO APPE> 9 RELIGI\S PROCESSIONS AS Y\NG ,SA9T ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/1 W]5'T Y\8 

,CAS]IO3 ,LITTLE BOYS DON'T KN[ :AT !Y >E DO+1 !Y (T5 DO SILLY ?+S4 

,JUDGE3 ,ISN'T IT TRUE ?AT 9 #ahib Y\ W]E >RE/$ = MAK+ SOME AN>*I/ PROPAG&A AMONG ! SOLDI]S8 

,CAS]IO3 ,YES ,SIR4 

,JUDGE3 ,9 #ahib Y\ DES]T$ & REPUDIAT$ Y\R HOMEL& AS WELL AS Y\R FAMILY4 

,CAS]IO3 ,! :OLE WORLD IS MY HOMEL&4 

,JUDGE3 ,HAVE Y\ MET ) SOME WELL-KN[N AN>*I/S 9 ,MILAN8 

,CAS]IO3 ,%\LD ,I HAVE DONE ,I W\LDN'T SAY4 

,JUDGE3 ,! POLICE KN[ ?AT1 EV5 ?\< Y\ DON'T SAY IT4 

,CAS]IO3 ,! POLICE DO !IR WORK1 ,I DO M9E4 

,JUDGE3 ,! PROSECUTOR /ATES Y\ SAW AN AN>*I/ HAIRDRESS]4 

,CAS]IO3 ,I C\LDN'T GO TO A BAK]'S TO HAVE MY HAIR CUT4 

,JUDGE3 ,Y\'RE ,ITALIAN1 ! ATTACK WAS ON #b#d? ,JUNE1 DIDN'T ?AT DAY MEAN ANY?+ TO Y\8 

,CAS]IO3 ,IT'S ,SA9T ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/ DAY1 A HOLIDAY 9 MY VILLAGE4 

,JUDGE3 ,IT IS ! DAY ( ! BATTLE ( ,SOLF]9O1 :5 ,ITALIAN & ,FR5* BLOOD FL[$ TOGE!R = ! FRE$OM ( ,ITALY4 

,CAS]IO3 ,I DON'T ACCEPT CIVIL W>4 

,JUDGE3 ,Y\ HAD NO RI<T TO KILL ! ,PRESID5T1 !RE'S A NATURAL LAW :I* PREV5TS FROM KILL+6 

,CAS]IO3 ,BUT HEADS ( GOV]NM5T >E US$ TO KILL+4444 

,JUDGE3 ,Y\ SAID ?AT HAD Y\ BE5 9 ,ITALY Y\'D HAVE HIT ! ,K+ & ! ,POPE1 DIDN'T Y\8 

,CAS]IO3 ,OH NO1 !Y NEV] GO \T TOGE!R4 

,ONLY R>ELY DID ,CAS]IO GET UPSET1 NAMELY :5 ! DEF5SE TRI$ TO %[ ?AT ,CAS]IO'S FAMILY WAS M5TALLY D]ANG$4 ,HE WAS V]Y S5SITIVE AB\T ?AT4 ,HE ALSO WROTE A RES5TFUL LETT] TO ,PODREID]1 HIS ,MILAN LAWY]1 AGA9/ SU* A L9E ( DEF5SE ?AT AIM$ TO PLAY D[N ! POLITICAL IMPORTANCE ( HIS ACT4 ,PODREID] GAVE UP ,CAS]IO'S DEF5SE AS A RESULT ( ?AT LETT] .<#i.>4 ,ANO!R REASON = ,CAS]IO'S RES5TM5T >OSE :5 ,MR ,DUBREIL1 HIS ASSIGN$ LAWY]1 M5TION$ ! 'BAD 9FLU5CE' ?AT ,GORI HAD ON ,CAS]IO 9 ORD] TO MITIGATE ! ACCUS$'S PUNI%M5T4 ,ON ?AT OCCASION ,CAS]IO SUDD5LY 9T]RUPT$ HIS LAWY] & %\T$3 ',I DON'T WANT Y\ TO 9SULT MY IDEAS6'4 ,CAS]IO'S ANG] ALSO >\S$ :5 !Y PUT =W>D ! HYPO!SIS ( A DRAW3 ',WE'RE NOT SOLDI]S1 NO NE$ TO PICK A NUMB]6 ,AN>*I/S >E NOT SUBORD9ATE TO ANYONE6'4 ,CAS]IO WAS !N MOV$ TO TE>S :5 ,MR ,DUBREIL TALK$ AB\T HIS MO!R & HIS POOR FAMILY4 ,DUR+ ! 9QUIRY HE HAD SAID3 ',I LOVE MY MO!R BUT CAN'T HELP MOV+ AWAY FROM ! PREJUDICE ( FAMILY4 ,A GREAT] & MORE IMPORTANT FAMILY IS HUMANITY ITSELF'4 ,BUT ,CAS]IO'S FEEL+S T[>DS HIS MO!R1 BRO!RS & NEPHEWS W]E FULL ( AFFECTION & HIS LA/ ?\<T WAS = !M1 AS IS PROV$ BY ! LETT]S HE WROTE FROM ! PRISON .<#a.>4 

,DUR+ ! TRIAL1 ,CAS]IO ANSW]$ V>I\S QUE/IONS US+ HIS MEMORIAL ?AT WAS READ AT ! 5D ( ! TRIAL4 ,! MEMORIAL CONTA9S ! ESS5TIAL REASONS = HIS ACT3 IT IS EVID5CE ( HIS BELIEFS1 JU/ AS ,VAILLANT & ,H5RY'S DECL>ATIONS W]E TO BECOME AN>*I/ PROPAG&A TEXTS AFT] !IR DEA?4 ,CAS]IO C>$ A LOT AB\T HIS MEMOIR :I* HE WROTE 9 HIS ,ITALIAN ,LOMELL9A .<#a#a.> :ILE HE WAS 9 PRISON4 ,:5 FA!R ,ALESS&RO ,GRASSI1 ! PRIE/ ( ,MOTTA ,VISCONTI & ONLY P]SON ( ?AT VILLAGE :O W5T TO ,LYON = ,CAS]IO'S TRIAL1 VISIT$ HIM 9 PRISON1 ,CAS]IO READ HIS MEMOIR TO HIM .<#a#b.>4 ,! POOR PRIE/ TORE HIS HAIR \T1 P]HAPS BECAUSE ( ! /YLE ( ,CAS]IO'S TEXT1 P]HAPS = ITS CONT5T1 & SAID TO HIM3 ',TE> UP !SE PAGES ( Y\RS1 ,I'M WRIT+ D[N A FEW L9ES = Y\ :I* WILL MAKE A GOOD IMPRESSION ON ! JURY'4 ,BUT ,CAS]IO WAS ABSOLUTELY ADAMANT1 & REFUS$4 

,DUR+ ! TRIAL AN 9T]PRET] READ HIS DECL>ATION :OSE PUBLICATION WAS =BIDD5 BY ! ,C\RT FOLL[+ A BILL PASS$ 9 ,FRANCE A FEW DAYS BE=E4 ,9 ,ITALY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,CAS]IO'S DECL>ATION WAS PUBLI%$ AS ONE ( ! J\RNALI/S AT ! TRIAL1 ! CORRESPOND5T ( ! ,MILAN NEWSPAP] ',LA ,S]A'1 WAS ABLE TO WRITE IT D[N 9 %OR?&4 ,CAS]IO'S TEXT CAN'T BE COMP>$ ) ,VAILLANT & ,H5RY'S REVOLUTION>Y ELOQU5CE1 BUT IT REVEALS HIS MATURE JUDGM5T & HIS ABILITY TO EXPRESS IT 9 A SIMPLE & CLE> WAY4 ,FIR/ ( ALL HE TALKS AB\T HIS [N EXP]I5CE & ! SUFF]+ HE %>$ ) O!R PROLET>IANS3 HUNG]1 UNEMPLOYM5T1 =C$ EMIGRATION1 PELLAGRA1 L[ SAL>IES1 MEAG] & BAD FOOD1 LONG WORK+ H\RS4 ,ON ! O!R H& HE SAW 'BIG %OPS FULL ( CLO!S & WOOL5 FABRIC AS WELL AS /OREH\SES FULL ( :EAT & CORN' & !N 'PL5TY ( PEOPLE :O DIDN'T NE$ TO WORK & PRODUCE BECAUSE !Y LIV$ ?ANKS TO ! H>D WORK ( POOR PEOPLE :ILE !Y HAD HUGE LUXURY H\SES ) MANY ROOMS1 TW5TY OR ?IRTY HORSES1 MANY S]VANTS & ANY ( ! PLEASURES ( LIFE44444'4 ,! COMP>ISON BETWE5 ! TWO CATEGORIES MADE ,CAS]IO AW>E ?AT SOCIETY WAS NOT FAIR AT ALL1 ?AT'S :Y HE GOT RID ( ALL ! IDOLS & BELIEFS HE HAD GR[N UP )4 ',I US$ TO BELIEVE 9 ,GOD1 BUT :5 ,I SAW SU* 9EQUALITY AMONG HUMAN BE+S1 ,I REALIZ$ ?AT IT WAS NOT ,GOD :O CREAT$ M51 ON ! CONTR>Y M5 HAVE CREAT$ ,GOD 9 ORD] TO KEEP PEOPLE IGNORANT & MAKE !M RESPECT PRIVATE PROP]TY'4 ,AS CONC]NS ! HOMEL& ,CAS]IO1 :O WAS COMPELL$ TO LEAVE FIR/ ,MOTTA ,VISCONTI 9 ORD] TO F9D A JOB & !N ,ITALY 9 ORD] TO ESCAPE CONSCRIPTION1 CAME TO BELIEVE ?AT '!RE'S NO HOMEL& = US POOR WORK]S4 ,\R HOMEL& IS ! :OLE WORLD4' ,9 HIS F9AL YE>S :AT /RUCK HIM MO/ WAS ,VAILLANT & ,H5RY'S CONDEMNATION1 :AT DISGU/$ HIM MO/ W]E ! ,FRANCE-,RUSSIA ALLIANCE GREAT CELEBRATIONS 9 ,P>IS1 ,M>SEILLES & ,TOLONE4 ,CAS]IO DIDN'T SAVE ANYONE AMONG ! RUL+ CLASS1 NEI!R K+S1 PRESID5TS ( ! REPUBLIC1 G5]ALS1 M9I/]S1 DEPUTIES OR TRADE UNION LEAD]S4 ,& HE 5D$3 ',MEMB]S ( ! JURY1 Y\ >E REPRES5TATIVES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY2 Y\ WANT MY HEAD8 ,WELL1 TAKE IT1 BUT DON'T ?9K Y\ CAN /OP ! AN>*I/ IDEA'4 

,! TRIAL LA/$ JU/ ONE DAY1 #cRD ,AUGU/ #a#h#i#d1 & ,CAS]IO WAS 9DIFF]5T TO ! DEA? S5T5CE4 ,HE WAS READY = ?AT & REFUS$ TO SIGN AN APPEAL TO ! ,C\RT1 EV5 AL?\< HE C\LD HAVE DONE AS AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! TRIAL ! JUDGE HAD PRON\NC$ AN 9ADMISSIBLE SPEE* AIM$ AT 9FLU5C+ ! JURY'S F9AL DECISION4 ,HE ALSO REFUS$ TO SIGN ANY PETITION = M]CY & F9ALLY HE REFUS$ ANY RELIGI\S CONSOLATION TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT HE CLAIM$ HE WAS A ,JEW 9 ORD] TO AVOID ! PRIE/'S 9SI/5CE4 

,H]E >E ! FIR/ L9ES ( ! POPUL> SONG :I* MADE ?AT DAY FAM\S3 

,ON #a#f? ,AUGU/ 

,AT DAYBREAK 

,! EXECUTION] PREP>$ 

,! HORRIBLE GUILLOT9E 

,! EXECUTION WAS C>RI$ \T BY ,DEIBL]1 ! EXECUTION]1 :O HAD COME TO ,LYONS = ?AT PURPOSE1 EXACTLY AT #d4#c#eAM1 JU/ BE=E DAWN4 ,AB\T ?REE ?\S& PEOPLE WITNESS$ IT3 WORK]S GO+ TO OR COM+ FROM WORK1 LOV]S ( NI<T LIFE1 DRUNK M51 CURI\S P]SONS4 ,CAS]IO FAC$ ! SCAFFOLD ) GREAT DIGNITY BUT :5 HE WAS NEXT TO ! GUILLOT9E HE JUMP$ ) FE>1 TOOK A /EP BACKW>DS & CRI$ 9 HIS DIALECT3 ',A VO]I NO' 7,I DON'T WANT71 AT LEA/ SO !Y SAID4 ,BUT HE SOON RECOV]$ & ACCEPT$ DEA?4 

,AS SOON AS ! EXECUTION WAS OV]1 A LITTLE APPLAUSE CAME FROM ! CR[D :I* HAD BE5 SIL5T UNTIL !N4 

,FRANCE %[$ 

,H] JOY 

,%\T+ HURRAH = ! EXECUTION] 

,:O CUT (F HIS HEAD4 

,AT ?AT V]Y MOM5T A PRISON] 9 ,/ ,PAUL ,PRISON %\T$3 ',HURRAH = ,AN>*Y1 DAMN ,DEIBL]'4 

,! PRISON]1 A POOR ?IEF1 WAS SOON ID5TIFI$ & PUT 9 *A9S4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,SANTE ,CAS]IO -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,SANTE ,CAS]IO -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/