,*APT] #d 
,! ,HOPES ,( ,CIVILIZATION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

,EV]Y AGE HAS HAD ITS HOPES1 HOPES ?AT LOOK TO SOME?+ BEYOND ! LIFE ( ! AGE ITSELF1 HOPES ?AT TRY TO PI]CE 9TO ! FUTURE2 &1 /RANGE TO SAY1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ?OSE HOPES HAVE BE5 /RONG] NOT 9 ! HEYDAY ( ! EPO* :I* HAS GIV5 !M BIR?1 BUT RA!R 9 ITS DECAD5CE & TIMES ( CORRUPTION3  9 SOB] TRU? IT MAY WELL BE ?AT !SE HOPES >E BUT A REFLECTION 9 ?OSE ?AT LIVE HAPPILY & COM=TABLY ( ! VA9 LONG+S ( ?OSE O!RS :O SUFF] ) LITTLE P[] ( EXPRESS+ !IR SUFF]+S 9 AN AUDIBLE VOICE3 :5 ALL GOES WELL ! HAPPY WORLD =GETS !SE PEOPLE & !IR DESIRES1 SURE AS IT IS ?AT !IR WOES >E NOT DANG]\S TO !M ! WEAL?Y3  :]EAS :5 ! WOES & GRIEF ( ! POOR BEG9 TO RISE TO A PO9T BEYOND ! 5DURANCE ( M51 FE> CONSCI\S OR UNCONSCI\S FALLS UPON ! RI*1 & !Y BEG9 TO LOOK AB\T !M TO SEE :AT !RE MAY BE AMONG ! ELEM5TS ( !IR SOCIETY :I* MAY BE US$ AS PALLIATIVES = ! MIS]Y :I*1 LONG EXI/+ & EV] GR[+ GREAT] AMONG ! SLAVES ( ?AT SOCIETY1 IS N[ AT LA/ =C+ ITSELF ON ! ATT5TION ( ! MA/]S4  ,TIMES ( *ANGE1 DISRUPTION1 & REVOLUTION >E NATURALLY TIMES ( HOPE ALSO1 & NOT SELDOM ! HOPES ( SOME?+ BETT] TO COME >E ! FIR/ TOK5S ?AT TELL PEOPLE ?AT REVOLUTION IS AT H&1 ?\< COMMONLY SU* TOK5S >E NO MORE BELIEV$ ?AN ,CASS&RA'S PROPHECIES1 OR >E EV5 TAK5 9 A CONTR>Y S5SE BY ?OSE :O HAVE ANY?+ TO LOSE2 S9CE !Y LOOK UPON !M AS SIGNS ( ! PROSP]ITY ( ! TIMES1 & ! LONG 5DURANCE ( ?AT /ATE ( ?+S :I* IS SO K9D TO !M4  ,LET US !N SEE :AT ! HOPES ( CIVILIZATION >E LIKE TO-DAY3  = 9DE$ ,I PURPOSE SPEAK+ ( \R [N TIMES *IEFLY1 & WILL LEAVE = ! PRES5T ALL M5TION ( ?AT OLD] CIVILIZATION :I* WAS DE/ROY$ BY ! HEAL?Y B>B>ISM \T ( :I* \R PRES5T SOCIETY HAS GR[N4  

,YET A FEW WORDS MAY BE NECESS>Y CONC]N+ ! BIR? ( \R PRES5T EPO* & ! HOPES IT GAVE RISE TO1 & :AT HAS BECOME ( !M3 ?AT WILL NOT TAKE US V]Y F> BACK 9 HI/ORY2 AS TO MY M9D \R MOD]N CIVILIZATION BEG9S ) ! /IRR+ P]IOD AB\T ! TIME ( ! ,RE=MATION 9 ,5GL&1 ! TIME :I* 9 ! !N MORE IMPORTANT C\NTRIES ( ! ,CONT95T IS KN[N AS ! P]IOD ( ! ,R5AISSANCE1 ! SO-CALL$ NEW-BIR? ( >T & LE>N+4  

,& FIR/ REMEMB] ?AT ?IS P]IOD 9CLUDES ! DEA?-?ROES ( FEUDALISM1 ) ALL ! GOOD & EVIL :I* ?AT SY/EM BORE ) IT4 ,= C5TURIES PA/ ITS 5D WAS GETT+ READY BY ! GRADUAL WEAK5+ ( ! BONDS ( ! GREAT HI]>*Y :I* HELD M5 TOGE!R3  ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ?OSE BONDS W]E1 !ORETICALLY AT LEA/1 P]SONAL RI<TS & P]SONAL DUTIES BETWE5 SUP]IOR & 9F]IOR ALL D[N ! SCALE2 EA* MAN WAS BORN1 SO TO SAY1 SUBJECT TO !SE CONDITIONS1 & ! M]E ACCID5TS ( HIS LIFE C\LD NOT FREE HIM FROM !M3 COMM]CE1 9 \R S5SE ( ! WORD1 !RE WAS NONE2 CAPITALI/IC MANUFACTURE1 CAPITALI/IC EX*ANGE WAS UNKN[N3  TO BUY GOODS *EAP ?AT Y\ MI<T SELL !M DE> WAS A LEGAL (F5SE 7=E/ALL+73  TO BUY GOODS 9 ! M>KET 9 ! MORN+ & TO SELL !M 9 ! AFT]NOON 9 ! SAME PLACE WAS NOT ?\<T A USEFUL OCCUPATION & WAS =BIDD5 UND] ! NAME ( REGRAT+2 USURY1 9/EAD ( LEAD+ AS N[ DIRECTLY TO ! HI<E/ (FICES ( ! ,/ATE1 WAS ?\<T WRONG1 & ! PR(IT ( IT MO/LY FELL TO ! *OS5 PEOPLE ( ,GOD3 ! ROBB]Y ( ! WORK]S1 ?\<T NECESS>Y !N AS N[ TO ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,/ATE1 WAS C>RI$ \T QUITE CRUDELY )\T ANY CONCEALM5T OR EXCUSE BY >BITR>Y TAXATION OR OP5 VIOL5CE3  ON ! O!R H&1 LIFE WAS EASY1 & COMMON NECESS>IES PL5TE\S2 ! HOLIDAYS ( ! ,*UR* W]E HOLIDAYS 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( ! WORD1 D[NRI<T PLAY-DAYS1 & !RE W]E N9ETY-SIX OBLIGATORY ONES3  NOR W]E ! PEOPLE TAME & %EEP-LIKE1 BUT AS R\<-H&$ & BOLD A SET ( GOOD FELL[S AS EV] RUBB$ ?R\< LIFE UND] ! SUN4  

,I REMEMB] ?REE PASSAGES1 FROM CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORY OR GOSSIP1 AB\T ! LIFE ( ?OSE TIMES :I* LUCK HAS LEFT US1 & :I* ILLU/RATE CURI\SLY ! *ANGE ?AT HAS TAK5 PLACE 9 ! HABITS ( ,5GLI%M54  ,A LADY WRIT+ FROM ,NORFOLK #d YE>S AGO TO H] HUSB& 9 ,LONDON1 AMID V>I\S COMMISSIONS = TAPE/RIES1 GROC]IES1 & G[NS1 BIDS HIM ALSO NOT TO =GET TO BR+ BACK ) HIM A GOOD SUPPLY ( CROSS-B[S & BOLTS1 S9CE ! W9D[S ( !IR HALL W]E TOO L[ TO BE H&Y = LONG-B[ %OOT+4  ,A ,G]MAN TRAVEL]1 WRIT+ QUITE AT ! 5D ( ! M$IEVAL P]IOD1 SPEAKS ( ! ,5GLI% AS ! LAZIE/ & PR\DE/ PEOPLE & ! BE/ COOKS 9 ,EUROPE4  ,A ,SPANI% AMBASSADOR AB\T ! SAME P]IOD SAYS1 0,!SE ,5GLI% LIVE 9 H\SES BUILT ( /ICKS & MUD7#e71 BUT !RE9 !Y F>E AS PL5TE\SLY AS LORDS40  

,9DE$1 ,I CONFESS ?AT IT IS ) A /RANGE EMOTION ?AT ,I RECALL !SE TIMES & TRY TO REALIZE ! LIFE ( \R =EFA!RS1 M5 :O W]E NAM$ LIKE \RSELVES1 SPOKE NE>LY ! SAME TONGUE1 LIV$ ON ! SAME SPOTS ( E>?1 & !RE)AL W]E AS DIFF]5T FROM US 9 MANN]S1 HABITS1 WAYS ( LIFE & ?\<T1 AS ?\< !Y LIV$ 9 ANO!R PLANET4  ,! V]Y FACE ( ! C\NTRY HAS *ANG$2 NOT M]ELY ,I MEAN 9 ,LONDON & ! GREAT MANUFACTUR+ C5T]S1 BUT ?R\< ! C\NTRY G5]ALLY2 !RE IS NO PIECE ( ,5GLI% GR\ND1 EXCEPT SU* PLACES AS ,SALISBURY ,PLA91 BUT BE>S WITNESS TO ! AMAZ+ *ANGE :I* #d YE>S HAS BR\<T UPON US4  

,NOT SELDOM ,I PLEASE MYSELF ) TRY+ TO REALIZE ! FACE ( M$IEVAL ,5GL&2 ! MANY *ASES & GREAT WOODS1 ! /RET*ES ( COMMON TILLAGE & COMMON PA/URE QUITE UN5CLOS$2 ! R\< HUSB&RY ( ! TILL$ P>TS1 ! UNIMPROV$ BRE$S ( CATTLE1 %EEP1 & SW9E2 ESPECIALLY ! LATT]1 SO LANK & LONG & LA?Y1 LOOK+ SO /RANGE TO US2 ! /R+S ( PACKHORSES ALONG ! BRIDLE- ROADS1 ! SCANT9ESS ( ! :EEL-ROADS1 SC>CE ANY EXCEPT ?OSE LEFT BY ! ,ROMANS1 & ?OSE MADE FROM MONA/]Y TO MONA/]Y3  ! SC>CITY ( BRIDGES1 & PEOPLE US+ F]RIES 9/EAD1 OR =DS :]E !Y C\LD2 ! LITTLE T[NS1 WELL BE*UR*$1 (T5 WALL$2 ! VILLAGES JU/ :]E !Y >E N[ 7EXCEPT = ?OSE ?AT HAVE NO?+ BUT ! *UR* LEFT TO TELL ( !M71 BUT BETT] & MORE POPUL\S2 !IR *UR*ES1 SOME BIG & H&SOME1 SOME SMALL & CURI\S1 BUT ALL CR[D$ ) ALT>S & FURNITURE1 & GAY ) PICTURES & ORNAM5T2 ! MANY RELIGI\S H\SES1 ) !IR GLORI\S >*ITECTURE2 ! BEAUTIFUL MANOR-H\SES1 SOME ( !M CA/LES ONCE1 & SURVIVALS FROM AN E>LI] P]IOD2 SOME NEW & ELEGANT2 SOME \T ( ALL PROPORTION SMALL = ! IMPORTANCE ( !IR LORDS4  ,H[ /RANGE IT W\LD BE TO US IF WE C\LD BE L&$ 9 F\RTE5? C5TURY ,5GL&2 UNLESS WE SAW ! CRE/ ( SOME FAMILI> HILL1 LIKE ?AT :I* YET BE>S UPON IT A SYMBOL ( AN ,5GLI% TRIBE1 & FROM :I*1 LOOK+ D[N ON ! PLA9 :]E ,ALFR$ WAS BORN1 ,I ONCE HAD MANY SU* POND]+S1 WE %\LD NOT KN[ 9TO :AT C\NTRY ( ! WORLD WE W]E COME3  ! NAME IS LEFT1 SC>CE A ?+ ELSE4  

,& :5 ,I ?9K ( ?IS IT QUICK5S MY HOPE ( :AT MAY BE3  EV5 SO IT WILL BE ) US 9 TIME TO COME2 ALL WILL HAVE *ANG$1 & ANO!R PEOPLE WILL BE DWELL+ H]E 9 ,5GL&1 :O1 AL?\< !Y MAY BE ( \R BLOOD & BE> \R NAME1 WILL WOND] H[ WE LIV$ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4  

,WELL1 UND] ALL ?AT RIGIDLY ORD]$ CA/E SOCIETY ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 ) ITS R\< PL5TY1 ITS SAUNT]+ LIFE1 ITS COOL ACCEPTANCE ( RUD5ESS & VIOL5CE1 !RE WAS GO+ ON A KE5 /RUGGLE ( CLASSES :I* C>RI$ ) IT ! HOPE ( PROGRESS ( ?OSE DAYS3  ! S]FS GRADUALLY GETT+ FRE$1 & BECOM+ SOME ( !M ! T[N POPULATION1 ! FIR/ J\RNEYM51 OR 0FREE-LABOR]S10 SO CALL$1 SOME ( !M ! COPYHOLD]S ( AGRICULTURAL L&3  ! CORPORATIONS ( ! T[NS GA!R$ P[]1 ! CRAFT-GILDS GREW 9TO P]FECTION & CORRUPTION1 ! P[] ( ! ,CR[N 9CREAS$1 ATT5D$ ) NASC5T BUREAUCRACY2 9 %ORT1 ! MIDDLE CLASS WAS =M+ UND]NEA? ! \TW>D %[ ( FEUDALISM /ILL 9TACT3  & ALL WAS GETT+ READY = ! BEG9N+ ( ! GREAT COMM]CIAL EPO* 9 :OSE ,L,A,T,T,] DAYS ,I W\LD FA9 HOPE WE >E LIV+4  ,?AT EPO* BEGAN ) ! PORT5T\S *ANGE ( AGRICULTURE :I* MEANT CULTIVAT+ = PR(IT 9/EAD ( = LIVELIHOOD1 & :I* C>RI$ ) IT ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! ,P,E,O,P,L,E FROM ! L&1 ! EXT9CTION ( ! YEOMAN1 & ! RISE ( ! CAPITALI/ F>M]2 & ! GR[? ( ! T[N POPULATION1 :I*1 SWELL$ BY ! DRIFT ( ! L&LESS VAGABONDS & MA/]LESS M51 GREW 9TO A DEF9ITE PROLET>IAT OR CLASS ( FREE-WORKM52 & !IR EXI/5CE MADE ?AT ( ! EMBRYO CAPITALI/-MANUFACTUR] ALSO POSSIBLE2 & ! REIGN ( COMM]CIAL CONTRACT & CA% PAYM5T BEGAN TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ! OLD FEUDAL HI]>*Y1 ) ITS MANY-L9K$ *A9 ( P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,! LATT] HALF ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 ! REIGN ( ,*>LES ,I,I41 SAW ! LA/ BL[ /RUCK AT ?IS FEUDAL SY/EM1 :5 ! L&[N]S' MILIT>Y S]VICE WAS ABOLI%$1 & !Y BECAME SIMPLE [N]S ( PROP]TY ?AT HAD NO DUTIES ATTA*$ TO IT SAVE ! PAYM5T ( A L&-TAX4  

,! HOPES ( ! E>LY P>T ( ! COMM]CIAL P]IOD MAY BE READ 9 ALMO/ EV]Y BOOK ( ! TIME1 EXPRESS$ 9 V>I\S DEGREES ( DULL OR AMUS+ P$ANTRY1 & %[ A NAIF >ROGANCE & CONTEMPT ( ! TIMES JU/ PA/ ?R\< :I* NO?+ BUT ! UTMO/ SIMPLICITY ( IGNORANCE C\LD HAVE ATTA9$ TO4  ,BUT ! TIMES W]E /IRR+1 & GAVE BIR? TO ! MO/ P[]FUL 9DIVIDUALITIES 9 MANY BRAN*ES ( LIT]ATURE1 & ,MORE & ,CAMPANELLA1 AT LEA/ FROM ! MID/ ( ! EXUB]ANT TRIUMPH ( Y\NG COMM]CIALISM1 GAVE TO ! WORLD PROPHETIC HOPES ( TIMES YET TO COME :5 ?AT COMM]CIALISM ITSELF %\LD HAVE GIV5 PLACE TO ! SOCIETY :I* WE HOPE WILL BE ! NEXT TRANS=M ( CIVILIZATION 9TO SOME?+ ELSE2 9TO A NEW SOCIAL LIFE4  

,?IS P]IOD ( E>LY & EXUB]ANT HOPES PASS$ 9TO ! NEXT /AGE ( SOB] REALIZATION ( MANY ( !M1 = COMM]CE GREW & GREW1 & MOLD$ ALL SOCIETY TO ITS NE$S3  ! WORKMAN ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY WORK$ /ILL AS AN 9DIVIDUAL ) LITTLE COOP]ATION1 & SC>CE ANY DIVISION ( LABOR3  BY ! 5D ( ! SEV5TE5? HE HAD BECOME ONLY A P>T ( A GR\P :I* BY ?AT TIME WAS 9 ! H&ICRAFTS ! REAL UNIT ( PRODUCTION2 DIVISION ( LABOR EV5 AT ?AT P]IOD HAD QUITE DE/ROY$ HIS 9DIVIDUALITY1 & ! WORK] WAS BUT P>T ( A MA*9E3  ALL ?R\< ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ?IS SY/EM W5T ON PROGRESS+ T[>DS P]FECTION1 TILL TO MO/ M5 ( ?AT P]IOD1 TO MO/ ( ?OSE :O W]E 9 ANY WAY CAPABLE ( EXPRESS+ !IR ?\<TS1 CIVILIZATION HAD ALREADY REA*$ A HI< /AGE ( P]FECTION1 & WAS C]TA9 TO GO ON FROM BETT] TO BETT]4  

,!SE HOPES W]E NOT ON ! SURFACE ( A V]Y REVOLUTION>Y K9D1 BUT NEV]!LESS ! CLASS /RUGGLE /ILL W5T ON1 & QUITE OP5LY TOO2 = ! REMA9S ( FEUDALITY1 AID$ BY ! M]E MASK & GRIMACE ( ! RELIGION1 :I* WAS ONCE A REAL P>T ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM1 HAMP]$ ! PROGRESS ( COMM]CE SORELY1 & SEEM$ A ?\S&FOLD MORE P[]FUL ?AN IT REALLY WAS2 BECAUSE 9 SPITE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE !RE WAS REALLY A COV]T ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! P[]FUL MIDDLE CLASSES :O W]E ! *ILDR5 ( COMM]CE & !IR OLD MA/]S ! >I/OCRACY2 AN UNCONSCI\S UND]/&+ BETWE5 !M RA!R1 9 ! MID/ ( !IR CONTE/1 ?AT C]TA9 MATT]S W]E TO BE RESPECT$ EV5 BY ! ADVANC$ P>TY3  ! CONTE/ & CIVIL W> BETWE5 ! K+ & ! COMMONS 9 ,5GL& 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY ILLU/RATES ?IS WELL3  ! CAUTION ) :I* PRIVILEGE WAS ATTACK$ 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! /RUGGLE1 ! UNWILL+NESS ( ALL ! LEAD]S SAVE A FEW 5?USIA/S TO C>RY MATT]S TO !IR LOGICAL CONSEQU5CES1 EV5 :5 ! M>* ( EV5TS HAD DEVELOP$ ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 >I/OCRATIC PRIVILEGE & MIDDLE-CLASS FRE$OM ( CONTRACT 7SO CALL$72 F9ALLY1 ! CRY/ALLIZATION ( ! NEW ORD] CONQU]$ BY ! SWORD ( ,NASEBY 9TO A MONGREL CONDITION ( ?+S BETWE5 PRIVILEGE & B\RGEOIS FRE$OM1 ! DEFEAT & GRIEF ( ! PURI/ ,REPUBLICANS1 & ! HORROR AT & SWIFT EXT9CTION ( ! ,LEVEL]S1 ! PIONE]S ( ,SOCIALISM 9 ?AT DAY1 ALL PO9T TO ! FACT ?AT ! 0P>TY ( PROGRESS10 AS WE %\LD CALL IT N[1 WAS DET]M9$ AFT] ALL ?AT PRIVILEGE %\LD NOT BE ABOLI%$ FUR!R ?AN ITS [N /&PO9T4  

,! SEV5TE5? C5TURY 5D$ 9 ! GREAT ,:IG REVOLUTION 9 ,5GL&1 &1 AS ,I SAID1 COMM]CE ?ROVE & GREW 5ORM\SLY1 & ! P[] ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES 9CREAS$ PROPORTIONATELY & ALL ?+S SEEM$ GO+ SMOO?LY ) !M1 TILL AT LA/ 9 ,FRANCE ! CULM9AT+ CORRUPTION ( A SOCIETY1 /ILL NOM9ALLY EXI/+ = ! B5EFIT ( ! PRIVILEG$ >I/OCRACY1 =C$ !IR H&3  ! OLD ORD] ( ?+S1 BACK$ AS IT WAS BY ! P[] ( ! EXECUTIVE1 BY ?AT SEMBLANCE ( OV]:ELM+ PHYSICAL =CE :I* IS ! REAL & ONLY CEM5T ( A SOCIETY F\ND$ ON ! SLAV]Y ( ! MANY--! >I/OCRATIC P[]1 SEEM$ /RONG & ALMO/ 9EXPUGNABLE3  & S9CE ANY /ICK WILL DO TO BEAT A DOG )1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES 9 ,FRANCE W]E =C$ TO TAKE UP ! FIR/ /ICK ?AT LAY READY TO H& IF !Y W]E NOT TO GIVE WAY TO ! >I/OCRATS1 :I* 9DE$ ! :OLE EVOLUTION ( HI/ORY =BADE !M TO DO4  ,!RE=E1 AS 9 ,5GL& 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES ALLI$ !MSELVES TO RELIGI\S & REPUBLICAN1 & EV5 COMMUNI/IC 5?USIA/S1 ) ! 9T5TION1 FIRM ?\< UNEXPRESS$1 TO KEEP !M D[N :5 !Y HAD M\NT$ TO P[] BY !IR MEANS1 SO 9 ,FRANCE !Y HAD TO ALLY !MSELVES ) ! PROLET>IAT2 :I*1 %AMEFULLY OPPRESS$ & DEGRAD$ AS IT HAD BE51 N[ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY BEGAN TO FEEL ITS P[]1 ! P[] ( NUMB]S3  BY MEANS ( ?IS HELP !Y TRIUMPH$ OV] >I/OCRATIC PRIVILEGE1 BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 AL?\< ! PROLET>IAT WAS SPE$ILY R$UC$ AGA9 TO A POSITION NOT MU* BETT] ?AN ?AT IT HAD HELD BE=E ! REVOLUTION1 ! P>T IT PLAY$ !RE9 GAVE A NEW & T]RIBLE *>ACT] TO ?AT REVOLUTION1 & FROM ?AT TIME =W>D ! CLASS /RUGGLE 5T]$ ON TO A NEW PHASE2 ! MIDDLE CLASSES HAD GA9$ A COMPLETE VICTORY1 :I* 9 ,FRANCE C>RI$ ) IT ALL ! \TW>D SIGNS ( VICTORY1 ?\< 9 ,5GL& !Y *OSE TO CONSID] A C]TA9 P>T ( !MSELVES AN >I/OCRACY1 :O HAD 9DE$ LITTLE SIGNS ( >I/OCRACY AB\T !M EI!R = GOOD OR = EVIL1 BE+ 9 V]Y FEW CASES ( LONG DESC5T1 & BE+ 9 !IR MANN]S & IDEAS UNMI/AKABLY B\RGEOIS4  

,SO WAS ACCOMPLI%$ ! SECOND ACT ( ! GREAT CLASS /RUGGLE ) :OSE FIR/ ACT BEGAN ! AGE ( COMM]CE2 AS TO ! HOPES ( ?IS P]IOD ( ! REVOLUTION WE ALL KN[ H[ EXTRAVAGANT !Y W]E2 :AT A COMPLETE REG5]ATION ( ! WORLD WAS EXPECT$ TO RESULT FROM ! ABOLITION ( ! GROSSE/ =M ( PRIVILEGE2 & ,I MU/ SAY ?AT1 BE=E WE MOCK AT ! EXTRAVAGANCE ( ?OSE HOPES1 WE %\LD TRY TO PUT \RSELVES 9 ! PLACE ( ?OSE ?AT HELD !M1 & TRY TO CONCEIVE H[ ! PRIVILEGE ( ! OLD NOBLESSE MU/ HAVE GALL$ ! RESPECTABLE WELL-TO-DO PEOPLE ( ?AT TIME4  ,WELL1 ! REASONABLE P>T ( ?OSE HOPES W]E REALIZ$ BY ! REVOLUTION2 9 O!R WORDS1 IT ACCOMPLI%$ :AT IT REALLY AIM$ AT1 ! FREE+ ( COMM]CE FROM ! FETT]S ( %AM FEUDALITY2 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! DE/RUCTION ( >I/OCRATIC PRIVILEGE4  ,! MORE EXTRAVAGANT P>T ( ! HOPES EXPRESS$ BY ! EI<TE5? C5TURY REVOLUTION W]E VAGUE 5\<1 & T5D$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( SUPPOS+ ?AT ! WORK+ CLASSES W\LD BE B5EFIT$ BY :AT WAS TO ! 9T]E/ ( ! MIDDLE CLASS 9 SOME WAY QUITE UNEXPLA9$--BY A K9D ( MAGIC1 ONE MAY SAY--:I* WELF>E ( ! WORK]S1 AS IT WAS NEV] DIRECTLY AIM$ AT1 BUT ONLY HOP$ = BY ! WAY1 SO ALSO DID NOT COME AB\T BY ANY SU* MAGICAL MEANS1 & ! TRIUMPHANT MIDDLE CLASSES BEGAN GRADUALLY TO F9D !MSELVES LOOK$ UPON NO LONG] AS REBELLI\S S]VANTS1 BUT AS OPPRESSIVE MA/]S4  

,! MIDDLE CLASS HAD FRE$ COMM]CE FROM H] FETT]S ( PRIVILEGE1 & HAD FRE$ ?\<T FROM H] FETT]S ( !OLOGY1 AT LEA/ P>TIALLY2 BUT IT HAD NOT FRE$1 NOR ATTEMPT$ TO FREE1 LABOR FROM ITS FETT]S4  ,! LEAD]S ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 EV5 AMID ! FE>S1 SUSPICIONS & SLAU<T] ( ! ,T]ROR1 UPHELD ! RI<TS ( 0PROP]TY0 SO CALL$1 ?\< A NEW PIONE] OR PROPHET APPE>$ 9 ,FRANCE1 ANALOG\S 9 SOME RESPECTS TO ! ,LEVEL]S ( ,CROMWELL'S TIME1 BUT1 AS MI<T BE EXPECT$1 F> MORE ADVANC$ & REASONABLE ?AN !Y W]E4  ,GRAC*US ,BABEUF & HIS FELL[S W]E TREAT$ AS CRIM9ALS1 & DI$ OR SUFF]$ ! TORTURE ( PRISON = ATTEMPT+ TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE ?OSE WORDS :I* ! ,REPUBLIC /ILL C>RI$ ON ITS BANN]S1 & ,LIB]TY1 ,FRAT]NITY1 & ,EQUALITY W]E 9T]PRET$ 9 A MIDDLE-CLASS1 OR IF Y\ PLEASE A ,JESUITICAL1 S5SE1 AS ! REW>DS ( SUCCESS = ?OSE :O C\LD /RUGGLE 9TO AN EXCLUSIVE CLASS2 & AT LA/ PROP]TY HAD TO BE DEF5D$ BY A MILIT>Y ADV5TUR]1 & ! ,REVOLUTION SEEM$ TO HAVE 5D$ ) ,NAPOLEONISM4  

,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,REVOLUTION WAS NOT DEAD1 NOR WAS IT POSSIBLE TO SAY ?US F> & NO FUR!R TO ! RIS+ TIDE4  ,COMM]CE1 :I* HAD CREAT$ ! PROP]TYLESS PROLET>IAT ?R\<\T CIVILIZATION HAD /ILL ANO!R P>T TO PLAY1 :I* IS NOT YET PLAY$ \T2 %E HAD & HAS TO TEA* ! WORK]S TO KN[ :AT !Y >E2 TO $UCATE !M1 TO CONSOLIDATE !M1 & NOT ONLY TO GIVE !M ASPIRATIONS = !IR ADVANCEM5T AS A CLASS1 BUT TO MAKE MEANS = !M TO REALIZE ?OSE ASPIRATIONS4  ,ALL ?IS %E DID1 NOR LOIT]$ 9 H] WORK EI!R2 FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! HI/ORY ( CIVILIZATION IS REALLY ! HI/ORY ( ! LA/ ( ! CLASS-/RUGGLES :I* WAS 9AUGURAT$ BY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION2 & ,5GL&1 :O ALL ?R\< ! TIMES ( ! ,REVOLUTION & ! ,CAES>ISM :I* FOLL[$ IT APPE>$ TO BE ! /EADY FOE ( ,REVOLUTION1 WAS REALLY AS /EADILY FUR!R+ IT2 H] NATURAL CONDITIONS1 H] /ORE ( COAL & M9]ALS1 H] TEMP]ATE CLIMATE1 EXT5SIVE SEA-BO>D & MANY H>BORS1 & LA/LY H] POSITION AS ! \TPO/ ( ,EUROPE LOOK+ 9TO ,AM]ICA ACROSS ! OCEAN1 DOOM$ H] TO BE = A TIME AT LEA/ ! MI/RESS ( ! COMM]CE ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 & ITS AG5T ) B>B>\S & SEMI-B>B>\S C\NTRIES4  ,! NECESSITIES ( ?IS DE/9Y DROVE H] 9TO ! IMPLACABLE W> ) ,FRANCE1 A W> :I*1 NOM9ALLY WAG$ ON BEHALF ( MON>*ICAL PR9CIPLES1 WAS REALLY1 ?\< D\BTLESS UNCONSCI\SLY1 C>RI$ ON = ! POSSESSION ( ! =EIGN & COLONIAL M>KETS4  ,%E CAME \T VICTORI\S FROM ?AT W>1 & FULLY PREP>$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION :I* HAD BE5 GO+ ON ! :ILE1 & :I* ,I N[ ASK Y\ TO NOTE4  

,I HAVE SAID ?AT ! EI<TE5? C5TURY P]FECT$ ! SY/EM ( LABOR :I* TOOK ! PLACE ( ! M$IEVAL SY/EM1 UND] :I* A WORKMAN 9DIVIDUALLY C>RI$ HIS PIECE ( WORK ALL ?R\< ITS V>I\S /AGES FROM ! FIR/ TO ! LA/4  

,?IS NEW SY/EM1 ! FIR/ *ANGE 9 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION S9CE ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 IS KN[N AS ! SY/EM ( DIVISION ( LABOR1 :]E91 AS ,I SAID1 ! UNIT ( LABOR IS A GR\P1 NOT A MAN2 ! 9DIVIDUAL WORKMAN 9 ?IS SY/EM IS KEPT LIFE-LONG AT ! P]=MANCE ( SOME TASK QUITE PETTY 9 ITSELF1 & :I* HE SOON MA/]S1 & HAV+ MA/]$ IT HAS NO?+ MORE TO DO BUT TO GO ON 9CREAS+ HIS SPE$ ( H& UND] ! SPUR ( COMPETITION ) HIS FELL[S1 UNTIL HE HAS BECOME ! P]FECT MA*9E :I* IT IS HIS ULTIMATE DUTY TO BECOME1 S9CE )\T ATTA9+ TO ?AT 5D HE MU/ DIE OR BECOME A PAUP]4 ,Y\ CAN WELL IMAG9E H[ ?IS GLORI\S 9V5TION ( DIVISION ( LABOR1 ?IS COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( 9DIVIDUALITY 9 ! WORKMAN1 & HIS APP>5T HOPELESS 5SLAVEM5T TO HIS PR(IT-GR9D+ MA/]1 /IMULAT$ ! HOPES ( CIVILIZATION2 PROBABLY MORE HYMNS HAVE BE5 SUNG 9 PRAISE ( DIVISION ( LABOR1 MORE S]MONS PREA*$ AB\T IT1 ?AN HAVE DONE HOMAGE TO ! PRECEPT1 0DO UNTO O!RS AS YE W\LD !Y %\LD DO UNTO Y\40  

,TO DROP ALL IRONY1 SURELY ?IS WAS ONE ( ?OSE /AGES ( CIVILIZATION AT :I* ONE MI<T WELL SAY ?AT1 IF IT WAS TO /OP !RE1 IT WAS A PITY ?AT IT HAD EV] GOT SO F>4  ,I HAVE HAD TO /UDY BOOKS & ME?ODS ( WORK ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY A GOOD DEAL1 ,FR5* *IEFLY2 & ,I MU/ SAY ?AT ! IMPRESSION MADE ON ME BY ?AT /UDY IS ?AT ! EI<TE5? C5TURY >TISAN MU/ HAVE BE5 A T]RIBLE PRODUCT ( CIVILIZATION1 & QUITE 9 A CONDITION TO GIVE RISE TO ,H,O,P,E,S--( ! TOR*1 ! PIKE1 & ! GUILLOT9E4  

,H[EV]1 CIVILIZATION WAS NOT GO+ TO /OP !RE2 HAV+ TURN$ ! MAN 9TO A MA*9E1 ! NEXT /AGE = COMM]CE TO AIM AT WAS TO CONTRIVE MA*9ES :I* W\LD WIDELY DISP5SE ) HUMAN LABOR2 NOR WAS ?IS AIM ALTOGE!R DISAPPO9T$4  

,N[1 AT FIR/ SI<T IT W\LD SEEM ?AT HAV+ GOT ! WORKMAN 9TO SU* A PLI<T AS HE WAS1 AS ! SLAVE ( DIVISION ( LABOR1 ?IS NEW 9V5TION ( MA*9ES :I* %\LD FREE HIM FROM A P>T ( HIS LABOR AT LEA/1 C\LD BE NO?+ TO HIM BUT AN UNMIX$ BLESS+4  ,D\BTLESS IT WILL PROVE TO HAVE BE5 SO 9 ! 5D1 :5 C]TA9 9/ITUTIONS HAVE BE5 SWEPT AWAY :I* MO/ PEOPLE N[ LOOK ON AS ET]NAL2 BUT A LONGI% TIME HAS PASS$ DUR+ :I* ! WORKMAN'S HOPES ( CIVILIZATION HAVE BE5 DISAPPO9T$1 = ?OSE :O 9V5T$ ! MA*9ES1 OR RA!R :O PR(IT$ BY !IR 9V5TION1 DID NOT AIM AT ! SAV+ ( LABOR 9 ! S5SE ( R$UC+ ! LABOR :I* EA* MAN HAD TO DO1 BUT1 FIR/ TAK+ IT = GRANT$ ?AT EV]Y WORKMAN W\LD HAVE TO WORK AS LONG AS HE C\LD /& UP TO IT1 AIM$1 UND] ?OSE CONDITIONS ( LABOR1 AT PRODUC+ ! UTMO/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( GOODS :I* !Y C\LD SELL AT A PR(IT4  

,NE$ ,I DWELL ON ! FACT ?AT1 UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! 9V5TION ( ! MA*9ES HAS B5EFIT$ ! WORKMAN BUT LITTLE EV5 TO ?IS DAY8  

,NAY1 AT FIR/ !Y MADE HIS POSITION WORSE ?AN IT HAD BE53  =1 BE+ ?RU/ ON ! WORLD V]Y SUDD5LY1 !Y DI/9CTLY BR\<T AB\T AN 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 *ANG+ EV]Y?+ SUDD5LY & COMPLETELY2 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTIV5ESS WAS 9CREAS$ PRODIGI\SLY1 BUT SO F> FROM ! WORK]S REAP+ ! B5EFIT ( ?IS1 !Y W]E ?R[N \T ( WORK 9 5ORM\S NUMB]S1 :ILE ?OSE :O W]E /ILL EMPLOY$ W]E R$UC$ FROM ! POSITION ( SKILL$ >TISANS TO ?AT ( UNSKILL$ LABOR]S3  ! AIMS ( !IR MA/]S BE+1 AS ,I SAID1 TO MAKE A PR(IT1 !Y DID NOT TR\BLE !MSELVES AB\T ?IS AS A CLASS1 BUT TOOK IT = GRANT$ ?AT IT WAS SOME?+ ?AT C\LDN'T BE HELP$ & DIDN'T HURT ,!,M2 NOR DID !Y ?9K ( (F]+ TO ! WORK]S ?AT COMP5SATION = H>ASS$ 9T]E/S :I* !Y HAVE S9CE MADE A PO9T ( CLAIM+ SO L\DLY = !MSELVES4  

,?IS WAS ! /ATE ( ?+S :I* FOLL[$ ON ! CONCLUSION ( ,EUROPEAN PEACE1 & EV5 ?AT PEACE ITSELF RA!R MADE MATT]S WORSE ?AN BETT]1 BY ! SUDD5 CESSATION ( ALL W> 9DU/RIES1 & ! ?R[+ ON TO ! M>KET MANY ?\S&S ( SOLDI]S & SAILORS3  9 %ORT1 AT NO P]IOD ( ,5GLI% HI/ORY WAS ! CONDITION ( ! WORK]S WORSE ?AN 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4  

,!RE SEEM DUR+ ?IS P]IOD TO HAVE BE5 TWO CURR5TS ( HOPE ?AT HAD REF]5CE TO ! WORK+ CLASSES3  ! FIR/ AFFECT$ ! MA/]S1 ! SECOND ! M54  

,9 ,5GL&1 &1 9 :AT ,I AM SAY+ ( ?IS P]IOD1 ,I AM *IEFLY ?9K+ ( ,5GL&1 ! HOPES ( ! RI*] CLASSES RAN HI<2 & NO WOND]2 = ,5GL& HAD BY ?IS TIME BECOME ! MI/RESS ( ! M>KETS ( ! WORLD1 & ALSO1 AS ! PEOPLE ( ?AT P]IOD W]E NEV] WE>Y ( BOA/+1 ! WORK%OP ( ! WORLD3  ! 9CREASE 9 ! RI*ES ( ! C\NTRY WAS 5ORM\S1 EV5 AT ! E>LY P]IOD ,I AM ?9K+ ( N[--PRIOR TO '#d#h1 ,I MEAN--?\< IT 9CREAS$ MU* MORE SPE$ILY 9 TIMES ?AT WE HAVE ALL SE53  BUT P>T ( ! JUBILANT HOPES ( ?IS NEWLY RI* MAN CONC]N$ HIS S]VANTS1 ! 9/RUM5TS ( HIS =TUNE3  IT WAS HOP$ ?AT ! POPULATION 9 G5]AL W\LD GR[ WIS]1 BETT] $UCAT$1 ?RIFTI]1 MORE 9DU/RI\S1 MORE COM=TABLE2 = :I* HOPE !RE WAS SURELY SOME F\NDATION1 S9CE MAN'S MA/]Y OV] ! =CES ( ,NATURE WAS GR[+ YE>LY T[>DS COMPLETION2 BUT Y\ SEE !SE B5EVOL5T G5TLEM5 SUPPOS$ ?AT !SE HOPES W\LD BE REALIZ$ P]HAPS BY SOME UNEXPLA9$ MAGIC AS A=ESAID1 OR P]HAPS BY ! WORK+-CLASSES1 ,A,T ,!,I,R ,[,N ,E,X,P,5,S,E1 BY ! EX]CISE ( VIRTUES SUPPOS$ TO BE SPECIALLY SUIT$ TO !IR CONDITION1 & CALL$1 BY !IR MA/]S1 0?RIFT0 & 09DU/RY40 ,= ?IS LATT] SUPPOSITION !RE WAS NO F\NDATION3  9DE$1 ! POOR WRET*ES :O W]E ?R[N \T ( WORK BY ! TRIUMPHANT M>* ( COMM]CE HAD P]=CE WORN ?RIFT ?READB>E1 & C\LD H>DLY BETT] !IR EXPLOITS 9 ,?,A,T DIRECTION2 :ILE AS TO ?OSE :O WORK$ 9 ! FACTORIES1 OR :O =M$ ! FR+E ( LABOR ELSE:]E1 9DU/RY WAS NO NEW GOSPEL TO !M1 S9CE !Y ALREADY WORK$ AS LONG AS !Y C\LD WORK )\T DY+ AT ! LOOM1 ! SP9DLE1 OR ! /I?Y4 ,!Y = !IR P>T HAD !IR HOPES1 VAGUE 5\< AS TO !IR ULTIMATE AIM1 BUT EXPRESS$ 9 ! PASS+ DAY BY A V]Y OBVI\S T5D5CY TO REVOLT3  ?IS T5D5CY TOOK V>I\S =MS1 :I* ,I CANNOT DWELL ON H]E1 BUT SETTL$ D[N AT LA/ 9TO ,*>TISM3  AB\T :I* ,I MU/ SPEAK A FEW WORDS3  BUT FIR/ ,I MU/ M5TION1 ,I CAN SC>CE DO MORE1 ! HONOR$ NAME ( ,ROB]T ,[51 AS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! NOBL] HOPES ( HIS DAY1 JU/ AS ,MORE WAS ( HIS1 & ! LIFT] ( ! TOR* ( ,SOCIALISM AMID ! D>K DAYS ( ! CONFUSION CONSEQU5T ON ! RECKLESS GRE$ ( ! E>LY P]IOD ( ! GREAT FACTORY 9DU/RIES4  

,?AT ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* MAN LIV$ C\LD AFFECT HIS LIFE & HIS DE$S 9F9ITELY1 ?AT NOT SELFI% GRE$ & CEASELESS CONT5TION1 BUT BRO!RHOOD & COOP]ATION W]E ! BASES ( TRUE SOCIETY1 WAS ! GOSPEL :I* HE PREA*$ & ALSO PRACTIC$ ) A S+LE-HE>T$NESS1 DEVOTION1 & F]VOR ( HOPE :I* HAVE NEV] BE5 SURPASS$3  HE WAS ! EMBODI$ HOPE ( ! DAYS :5 ! ADVANCE ( KN[L$GE & ! SUFF]+S ( ! PEOPLE ?RU/ REVOLUTION>Y HOPE UPON ?OSE ?9K]S :O W]E NOT 9 SOME =M OR O!R 9 ! PAY ( ! SORDID MA/]S ( SOCIETY4  

,AS TO ! ,*>TI/ AGITATION1 !RE IS ?IS TO BE SAID ( IT1 ?AT IT WAS ?OR\<LY A WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 & IT WAS CAUS$ BY ! SIMPLE/ & MO/ P[]FUL ( ALL CAUSES--HUNG]4  ,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT IT WAS /RONGE/1 ESPECIALLY 9 ITS E>LI] DAYS1 9 ! ,NOR!RN & ,MIDL& MANUFACTUR+ DI/RICTS--?AT IS1 9 ! PLACES :I* FELT ! DI/RESS CAUS$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION MO/ SORELY & DIRECTLY2 IT SPRANG UP ) P>TICUL> VIGOR 9 ! YE>S IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! GREAT ,RE=M ,BILL2 & IT HAS BE5 REM>K$ ?AT DISAPPO9TM5T ( ! HOPES :I* ?AT MEASURE HAD *]I%$ HAD SOME?+ TO DO ) ITS BITT]NESS4  ,AS IT W5T ON1 OBVI\S CAUSES = FAILURE W]E DEVELOP$ 9 IT2 SELF-SEEK+ LEAD]%IP2 FUTILE DISCUSSION ( ! MEANS ( MAK+ ! *ANGE1 BE=E ORGANIZATION ( ! P>TY WAS P]FECT$2 BL9D FE> ( ULTIMATE CONSEQU5CES ON ! P>T ( SOME1 BL9D DISREG>D TO IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CES ON ! P>T ( O!RS2 !SE W]E ! SURFACE REASONS = ITS FAILURE3  BUT IT W\LD HAVE TRIUMPH$ OV] ALL !SE & ACCOMPLI%$ REVOLUTION 9 ,5GL&1 IF IT HAD NOT BE5 = CAUSES DEEP] & MORE VITAL ?AN !SE4  ,*>TISM DIFF]$ FROM M]E ,RADICALISM 9 BE+ A CLASS MOVEM5T2 BUT ITS AIM WAS AFT] ALL POLITICAL RA!R ?AN SOCIAL4 ,! ,SOCIALISM ( ,ROB]T ,[5 FELL %ORT ( ITS OBJECT BECAUSE IT DID NOT UND]/& ?AT1 AS LONG AS !RE IS A PRIVILEG$ CLASS 9 POSSESSION ( ! EXECUTIVE P[]1 !Y WILL TAKE GOOD C>E ?AT !IR ECONOMICAL POSITION1 :I* 5ABLES !M TO LIVE ON ! UNPAID LABOR ( ! PEOPLE1 IS NOT TAMP]$ )3  ! HOPES ( ! ,*>TI/S W]E DISAPPO9T$ BECAUSE !Y DID NOT UND]/& ?AT TRUE POLITICAL FRE$OM IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PEOPLE :O >E ECONOMICALLY 5SLAV$3  !RE IS NO FIR/ & SECOND 9 !SE MATT]S1 ! TWO MU/ GO H& 9 H& TOGE!R3  WE CANNOT LIVE AS WE WILL1 & AS WE %\LD1 AS LONG AS WE ALL[ PEOPLE TO ,G,O,V,],N US :OSE 9T]E/ IT IS ?AT WE %\LD LIVE AS ,!,Y WILL1 & BY NO MEANS AS WE %\LD2 NEI!R IS IT ANY USE CLAIM+ ! RI<T TO MANAGE \R [N BUS9ESS UNLESS WE >E PREP>$ TO HAVE SOME BUS9ESS ( \R [N3  !SE TWO AIMS UNIT$ MEAN ! FUR!R+ ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE TILL ALL CLASSES >E ABOLI%$--! DIVORCE ( ONE FROM ! O!R IS FATAL TO ANY HOPE ( SOCIAL ADVANCEM5T4  

,*>TISM !RE=E1 ?\< A G5U9E POPUL> MOVEM5T1 WAS 9COMPLETE 9 ITS AIMS & KN[L$GE2 ! TIME WAS NOT YET COME & IT C\LD NOT TRIUMPH OP5LY2 BUT IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO SAY ?AT IT FAIL$ UTT]LY3  AT LEA/ IT KEPT ALIVE ! HOLY FLAME ( DISCONT5T2 IT MADE IT POSSIBLE = US TO ATTA9 TO ! POLITICAL GOAL ( DEMOCRACY1 & !REBY TO ADVANCE ! CAUSE ( ! PEOPLE BY ! GA9 ( A /AGE FROM :5CE C\LD BE SE5 ! FRE% GA9 TO BE AIM$ AT4  

,I HAVE SAID ?AT ! TIME = REVOLUTION HAD NOT !N COME3  ! GREAT WAVE ( COMM]CIAL SUCCESS W5T ON SWELL+1 & ?\< ! CAPITALI/S W\LD IF !Y HAD D>$ HAVE 5GROSS$ ! :OLE ( ! ADVANTAGES !REBY GA9$ AT ! EXP5SE ( !IR WAGE SLAVES1 ! ,*>TI/ REVOLT W>N$ !M ?AT IT WAS NOT SAFE TO ATTEMPT IT4  ,!Y W]E ,=,C,$ TO TRY TO ALLAY DISCONT5T BY PALLIATIVE MEASURES4  ,!Y HAD TO ALL[ ,FACTORY ,ACTS TO BE PASS$ REGULAT+ ! H\RS & CONDITIONS ( LABOR ( WOM5 & *ILDR51 & CONSEQU5TLY ( M5 ALSO 9 SOME ( ! MORE IMPORTANT & CONSOLIDAT$ 9DU/RIES2 !Y W]E ,=,C,$ TO REPEAL ! F]OCI\S LAWS AGA9/ COMB9ATION AMONG ! WORKM52 SO ?AT ! ,TRADES ,UNIONS WON = !MSELVES A LEGAL POSITION & BECAME A P[] 9 ! LABOR QUE/ION1 & W]E ABLE BY MEANS ( /RIKES & ?REATS ( /RIKES TO REGULATE ! WAGES GRANT$ TO ! WORK]S1 & TO RAISE ! /&>D ( LIVELIHOOD = A C]TA9 P>T ( ! SKILL$ WORKM5 & ! LABOR]S ASSOCIAT$ ) !M3 ?\< ! MA9 P>T ( ! UNSKILL$1 9CLUD+ ! AGRICULTURAL WORKM51 W]E NO BETT] (F ?AN BE=E4  

,?US WAS DAMP$ D[N ! FLAME ( A DISCONT5T VAGUE 9 ITS AIMS1 & PASSIONATELY CRY+ \T = :AT1 IF GRANT$1 IT C\LD NOT HAVE US$3 TW5TY YE>S AGO ANY ONE H9T+ AT ! POSSIBILITY ( S]I\S CLASS DISCONT5T 9 ?IS C\NTRY W\LD HAVE BE5 LOOK$ UPON AS A MADMAN2 9 FACT1 ! WELL-TO-DO & CULTIVAT$ W]E QUITE UNCONSCI\S 7AS MANY /ILL >E7 ?AT !RE WAS ANY CLASS DI/9CTION 9 ?IS C\NTRY O!R ?AN :AT WAS MADE BY ! RAGS & CA/ CLO!S ( FEUDALISM1 :I* 9 A P]FUNCTORY MANN] !Y /ILL ATTACK$4  

,!RE WAS NO SIGN ( REVOLUTION>Y FEEL+ 9 ,5GL& TW5TY YE>S AGO3  ! MIDDLE CLASS W]E SO RI* ?AT !Y HAD NO NE$ TO HOPE = ANY?+--BUT A HEAV5 :I* !Y DID NOT BELIEVE 93  ! WELL-TO-DO WORK+ M5 DID NOT HOPE1 S9CE !Y W]E NOT P9*$ & HAD NO MEANS ( LE>N+ !IR DEGRAD$ POSITION3  & LA/LY1 ! DRUDGES ( ! PROLET>IAT HAD SU* HOPE AS *>ITY1 ! HOSPITAL1 ! WORKH\SE1 & K9D DEA? AT LA/ C\LD (F] !M4  

,9 ?IS /OCK-JOBB]S' HEAV5 LET US LEAVE \R DE> C\NTRYM5 = A LITTLE1 :ILE ,I SAY A FEW WORDS AB\T ! AFFAIRS ( ! PEOPLE ON ! CONT95T ( ,EUROPE4  ,?+S W]E NOT QUITE SO SMOO? = ! FLEEC] !RE3  ,SOCIALI/ ?9K]S & WRIT]S HAD >IS5 AB\T ! SAME TIME AS ,ROB]T ,[52 ,/4 ,SIMON1 ,PR\DHON1 ,F\RI] & HIS FOLL[]S KEPT UP ! TRADITIONS ( HOPE 9 ! MID/ ( A B\RGEOIS WORLD4  ,AMONG !SE ,F\RI] IS ! ONE ?AT CALLS = MO/ ATT5TION3  S9CE HIS DOCTR9E ( ! NECESSITY & POSSIBILITY ( MAK+ LABOR ATTRACTIVE IS ONE :I* ,SOCIALISM CAN BY NO MEANS DO )\T4  ,FRANCE ALSO KEPT UP ! REVOLUTION>Y & 9SURRECTION>Y TRADITION1 ! RESULT ( SOME?+ LIKE HOPE /ILL F]M5T+ AMONG ! PROLET>IAT3  %E FELL AT LA/ 9TO ! CLUT*ES ( A SECOND ,CAES>ISM DEVELOP$ BY ! BASE/ SET ( %>P]S1 SW9DL]S1 & H>LOTS ?AT EV] 9SULT$ A C\NTRY1 & ( :OM \R [N HAPPY B\RGEOIS AT HOME MADE H]OES & H]O9ES3  ! HIDE\S OP5 CORRUPTION ( ,P>ISIAN SOCIETY1 TO :I*1 ,I REPEAT1 \R RESPECTABLE CLASSES ACCORD$ HE>TFELT SYMPA?Y1 WAS F9ALLY SWEPT AWAY BY ! HORRORS ( A RACE W>3  ! DEFEATS & DISGRACES ( ?IS W> DEVELOP$1 ON ! ONE H&1 AN 9CREASE 9 ! WOOD5 IMPLACABILITY & BAS5ESS ( ! ,FR5* B\RGEOIS1 BUT ON ! O!R MADE WAY = REVOLUTION>Y HOPE TO SPR+ AGA91 FROM :I* RESULT$ ! ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% SOCIETY ON ! BASIS ( ! FRE$OM ( LABOR1 :I* WE CALL ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS ( #a#h#g#a4  ,:ATEV] MI/AKES OR IMPRUD5CES W]E MADE 9 ?IS ATTEMPT1 & ALL W>S BLOSSOM ?ICK ) SU* MI/AKES1 ,I WILL LEAVE ! REACTION>Y 5EMIES ( ! PEOPLE'S CAUSE TO PUT =W>D3  ! IMM$IATE & OBVI\S RESULT WAS ! SLAU<T] ( ?\S&S ( BRAVE & HONE/ REVOLUTIONI/S AT ! H&S ( ! RESPECTABLE CLASSES1 ! LOSS 9 FACT ( AN >MY = ! POPUL> CAUSE3  BUT WE MAY BE SURE ?AT ! RESULTS ( ! ,COMMUNE WILL NOT /OP !RE3  TO ALL ,SOCIALI/S ?AT H]OIC ATTEMPT WILL GIVE HOPE & >DOR 9 ! CAUSE AS LONG AS IT IS TO BE WON2 WE FEEL AS ?\< ! ,P>IS WORKMAN HAD /RIV5 TO BR+ ! DAY-DAWN = US1 & HAD LIFT$ US ! SUN'S RIM OV] ! HORIZON1 NEV] TO SET 9 UTT] D>KNESS AGA93  ( SU* ATTEMPTS ONE MU/ SAY1 ?AT ?\< ?OSE :O P]I%$ 9 !M MI<T HAVE BE5 PUT 9 A BETT] PLACE 9 ! BATTLE1 YET AFT] ALL BRAVE M5 NEV] DIE = NO?+1 :5 !Y DIE = PR9CIPLE4  

,LET US %IFT FROM ,FRANCE TO ,G]MANY BE=E WE GET BACK TO ,5GL& AGA91 & CONCLUDE ) A FEW WORDS AB\T \R HOPES AT ! PRES5T DAY4  ,TO ,G]MANY WE [E ! S*OOL ( ECONOMI/S1 AT :OSE HEAD /&S ! NAME ( ,K>L ,M>X1 :O HAVE MADE MOD]N ,SOCIALISM :AT IT IS3  ! E>LI] ,SOCIALI/ WRIT]S & PREA*]S BAS$ !IR HOPES ON MAN BE+ TAU<T TO SEE ! DESIRABL5ESS ( COOP]ATION TAK+ ! PLACE ( COMPETITION1 & ADOPT+ ! *ANGE VOLUNT>ILY & CONSCI\SLY1 & !Y TRU/$ TO S*EMES MORE OR LESS >TIFICIAL BE+ TRI$ & ACCEPT$1 AL?\< SU* S*EMES W]E NECESS>ILY CON/RUCT$ \T ( ! MAT]IALS :I* CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY (F]$3 BUT ! NEW S*OOL1 />T+ ) AN HI/ORICAL VIEW ( :AT HAD BE51 & SEE+ ?AT A LAW ( EVOLUTION SWAY$ ALL EV5TS 9 IT1 WAS ABLE TO PO9T \T TO US ?AT ! EVOLUTION WAS /ILL GO+ ON1 & ?AT1 :E!R ,SOCIALISM BE DESIRABLE OR NOT1 IT IS AT LEA/ 9EVITABLE4  ,H]E !N WAS AT LA/ A HOPE ( A DIFF]5T K9D TO ANY ?AT HAD GONE BE=E IT2 & ! ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN WORKM5 W]E NOT SL[ TO LE>N ! LESSON F\ND$ ON ?IS !ORY2 FROM BE+ ONE ( ! MO/ BACKW>D C\NTRIES 9 ,EUROPE 9 ! MOVEM5T1 BE=E ,LASSALLE />T$ HIS ,G]MAN WORKMAN'S P>TY 9 #a#h#f#c1 ,G]MANY SOON BECAME ! LEAD] 9 IT3  ,BISM>CK'S REPRESSIVE LAW HAS ONLY ACT$ ON OP9ION !RE1 AS ! ROLL] DOES TO ! GR[+ GRASS--MADE IT FIRM] & /RONG]2 & :ATEV] VICISSITUDES MAY BE ! FATE ( ! P>TY AS A P>TY1 !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ,SOCIALI/IC OP9ION IS FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ !RE1 & ?AT :5 ! TIME IS RIPE = IT ?AT OP9ION WILL EXPRESS ITSELF 9 ACTION4  

,N[1 9 ALL ,I HAVE BE5 SAY+1 ,I HAVE BE5 WANT+ Y\ TO TRACE ! FACT ?AT1 EV] S9CE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( COMM]CIALISM ON ! RU9S ( FEUDALITY1 !RE HAS BE5 GR[+ A /EADY FEEL+ ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S ?AT !Y >E A CLASS DEALT ) AS A CLASS1 & 9 LIKE MANN] TO DEAL ) O!RS2 & ?AT AS ?IS CLASS FEEL+ HAS GR[N1 SO ALSO HAS GR[N ) IT A CONSCI\SNESS ( ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 !IR CLASS & ! CLASS :I* EMPLOYS IT1 AS ! PHRASE GOES2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 :I* LIVES BY MEANS ( ITS LABOR4  

,N[ IT IS JU/ ?IS GR[+ CONSCI\SNESS ( ! FACT ?AT AS LONG AS !RE EXI/S 9 SOCIETY A PROP]TI$ CLASS LIV+ ON ! LABOR ( A PROP]TYLESS ONE1 !RE ,M,U,/ BE A /RUGGLE ALWAYS GO+ ON BETWE5 ?OSE TWO CLASSES--IT IS JU/ ! DAWN+ KN[L$GE ( ?IS FACT :I* %\LD %[ US :AT CIVILIZATION CAN HOPE =--NAMELY1 TRANS=MATION 9TO TRUE SOCIETY1 9 :I* !RE WILL NO LONG] BE CLASSES ) !IR NECESS>Y /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE & SUP]IORITY3 = ! ANTAGONISM ( CLASSES :I* BEGAN 9 ALL SIMPLICITY BETWE5 ! MA/] & ! *ATTEL SLAVE ( ANCI5T SOCIETY1 & WAS CONT9U$ BETWE5 ! FEUDAL LORD & ! S]F ( M$IEVAL SOCIETY1 HAS GRADUALLY BECOME ! CONT5TION BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOP$ FROM ! WORKMAN ( ! LA/-NAM$ P]IOD1 & ! WAGE-E>N]3  9 ! =M] /RUGGLE ! RISE ( ! >TISAN & VILL5AGE T5ANT CREAT$ A NEW CLASS1 ! MIDDLE CLASS1 :ILE ! PLACE ( ! OLD S]F WAS FILL$ BY ! PROP]TYLESS LABOR]1 ) :OM ! MIDDLE CLASS1 :I* HAS ABSORB$ ! >I/OCRACY1 IS N[ FACE TO FACE3  ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! CLASSES !RE=E IS ONCE AGA9 A SIMPLE ONE1 AS 9 ! DAYS ( ! CLASSICAL PEOPLES2 BUT S9CE !RE IS NO LONG] ANY /RONG RACE LEFT \T ( CIVILIZATION1 AS 9 ! TIME ( ! DISRUPTION ( ,ROME1 ! :OLE /RUGGLE 9 ALL ITS SIMPLICITY BETWE5 ?OSE :O HAVE & ?OSE :O LACK IS ,),9 CIVILIZATION4  

,MOREOV]1 ! CAPITALI/ OR MOD]N SLAVE-[N] HAS BE5 =C$ BY HIS V]Y SUCCESS1 AS WE HAVE SE51 TO ORGANIZE HIS SLAVES1 ! WAGE- E>N]S1 9TO A COOP]ATION = PRODUCTION SO WELL >RANG$ ?AT IT REQUIRES LITTLE BUT HIS [N ELIM9ATION TO MAKE IT A F\NDATION = COMMUNAL LIFE3  9 ! TEE? ALSO ( ! EXP]I5CE ( PA/ AGES1 HE HAS BE5 COMPELL$ TO ALL[ A MODICUM ( $UCATION TO ! PROP]TYLESS1 & HAS NOT EV5 BE5 ABLE TO DEPRIVE !M :OLLY ( POLITICAL RI<TS2 HIS [N ADVANCE 9 WEAL? & P[] HAS BR$ = HIM ! V]Y 5EMY :O IS DOOM$ TO MAKE AN 5D ( HIM4  

,BUT WILL !RE BE ANY NEW CLASS TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ! PRES5T PROLET>IAT :5 ?AT HAS TRIUMPH$1 AS IT MU/ DO1 OV] ! PRES5T PRIVILEG$ CLASS8  ,WE CANNOT =ESEE ! FUTURE1 BUT WE MAY FAIRLY HOPE NOT3  AT LEA/ WE CANNOT SEE ANY SIGNS ( SU* A NEW CLASS =M+4  ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SEE H[ DE/RUCTION ( PRIVILEGE CAN /OP %ORT ( ABSOLUTE EQUALITY ( CONDITION2 PURE ,COMMUNISM IS ! LOGICAL D$UCTION FROM ! IMP]FECT =M ( ! NEW SOCIETY1 :I* IS G5]ALLY DIFF]5TIAT$ FROM IT AS ,SOCIALISM4  

,MEANTIME1 IT IS ?IS SIMPLICITY & DIRECTNESS ( ! GR[+ CONTE/ :I* ABOVE ALL ?+S PRES5TS ITSELF AS A T]ROR TO ! CONS]VATIVE 9/9CT ( ! PRES5T DAY4  ,MANY AMONG ! MIDDLE CLASS :O >E S9C]ELY GRIEV$ & %OCK$ AT ! CONDITION ( ! PROLET>IAT :I* CIVILIZATION HAS CREAT$1 & EV5 AL>M$ BY ! FRI<TFUL 9EQUALITIES :I* IT FO/]S1 DO NEV]!LESS %UDD] BACK FROM ! IDEA ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 & /RIVE TO %UT !IR EYES TO ! FACT ?AT IT IS GO+ ON4  ,!Y TRY TO ?9K ?AT PEACE IS NOT ONLY POSSIBLE1 BUT NATURAL1 BETWE5 ! TWO CLASSES1 ! V]Y ESS5CE ( :OSE EXI/5CE IS ?AT EA* CAN ONLY ?RIVE BY :AT IT MANAGES TO =CE ! O!R TO YIELD TO IT4  ,!Y PROPOSE TO !MSELVES ! IMPOSSIBLE PROBLEM ( RAIS+ ! 9F]IOR OR EXPLOIT$ CLASSES 9TO A POSITION 9 :I* !Y WILL CEASE TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! SUP]IOR CLASSES1 :ILE ! LATT] WILL NOT CEASE TO EXPLOIT !M4  ,?IS ABSURD POSITION DRIVES !M 9TO ! CONCOCTION ( S*EMES = BETT]+ ! CONDITION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES AT !IR [N EXP5SE1 SOME ( !M FUTILE1 SOME M]ELY FANTA/IC2 OR !Y MAY BE DIVID$ AGA9 9TO ?OSE :I* PO9T \T ! ADVANTAGES & PLEASURES ( 9VOLUNT>Y ASCETICISM1 & REACTION>Y PLANS = IMPORT+ ! CONDITIONS ( ! PRODUCTION & LIFE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 7:OLLY MISUND]/OOD BY !M1 BY ! WAY7 9TO ! PRES5T SY/EM ( ! CAPITALI/ F>M]1 ! GREAT 9DU/RIES1 & ! UNIV]SAL WORLD- M>KET4  ,SOME SEE A SOLUTION ( ! SOCIAL PROBLEM 9 %AM CO- OP]ATION1 :I* IS M]ELY AN IMPROV$ =M ( JO9T-/OCK]Y3 O!RS PREA* ?RIFT TO 7PREC>I\S7 9COMES ( EI<TE5 %ILL+S A WEEK1 & 9DU/RY TO M5 KILL+ !MSELVES BY 9*ES 9 WORK+ OV]TIME1 OR TO M5 :OM ! LABOR-M>KET HAS REJECT$ AS NOT WANT$3  O!RS BEG ! PROLET>IANS NOT TO BRE$ SO FA/2 AN 9JUNCTION ! COMPLIANCE ) :I* MI<T BE AT FIR/ ( ADVANTAGE TO ! PROLET>IANS !MSELVES 9 !IR PRES5T CONDITION1 BUT W\LD C]TA9LY UNDO ! CAPITALI/S1 IF IT W]E C>RI$ TO ANY L5G?S1 & W\LD LEAD ?R\< RU9 & MIS]Y TO ! VIOL5T \TBREAK ( ! V]Y REVOLUTION :I* !SE TIMID PEOPLE >E SO ANXI\S TO =EGO4  

,!N !RE >E O!RS :O1 LOOK+ BACK ON ! PA/1 & P]CEIV+ ?AT ! WORKM5 ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES LIV$ 9 MORE COM=T & SELF- RESPECT ?AN \RS DO1 EV5 ?\< !Y W]E SUBJECT$ TO ! CLASS RULE ( M5 :O W]E LOOK$ ON AS ANO!R ORD] ( BE+S ?AN !Y1 ?9K ?AT IF ?OSE CONDITIONS ( LIFE C\LD BE REPRODUC$ UND] \R BETT] POLITICAL CONDITIONS ! QUE/ION W\LD BE SOLV$ = A TIME AT LEA/4  ,!IR S*EMES MAY BE SUMM$ UP 9 ATTEMPTS1 MORE OR LESS PREPO/]\SLY FUTILE1 TO GRAFT A CLASS ( 9DEP5D5T PEASANTS ON \R SY/EM ( WAGES & CAPITAL4  ,!Y DO NOT UND]/& ?AT ?IS SY/EM ( 9DEP5D5T WORKM51 PRODUC+ ALMO/ 5TIRELY = ! CONSUMPTION ( !MSELVES & !IR NEI<BORS1 & EXPLOIT$ BY ! UPP] CLASSES BY OBVI\S TAXES ON !IR LABOR1 :I* WAS NOT O!RWISE ORGANIZ$ OR 9T]F]$ ) BY ! EXPLOIT]S1 WAS :AT 9 PA/ TIMES TOOK ! PLACE ( \R SY/EM1 9 :I* ! WORK]S SELL !IR LABOR 9 ! COMPETITIVE M>KET TO MA/]S :O HAVE 9 !IR H&S ! :OLE ORGANIZATION ( ! M>KETS1 & ?AT !SE TWO SY/EMS >E MUTUALLY DE/RUCTIVE4  

,O!RS AGA9 BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( />T+ FROM \R PRES5T WORKH\SE SY/EM1 = ! RAIS+ ( ! L[E/ P>T ( ! WORK+ POPULATION 9TO A BETT] CONDITION1 BUT DO NOT TR\BLE !MSELVES AS TO ! POSITION ( ! WORK]S :O >E FAIRLY ABOVE ! CONDITION ( PAUP]ISM1 OR CONSID] :AT P>T !Y WILL PLAY 9 ! CONTE/ = A BETT] LIVELIHOOD4  ,&1 LA/LY1 QUITE A L>GE NUMB] ( WELL- 9T5TION$ P]SONS BELONG+ TO ! RI*] CLASSES BELIEVE1 ?AT 9 A SOCIETY ?AT COMPELS COMPETITION = LIVELIHOOD1 & HOLDS \T TO ! WORK]S AS A /IMULUS TO EX]TION ! HOPE ( !IR RIS+ 9TO A MONOPOLI/ CLASS ( NON-PRODUC]S1 IT IS YET POSSIBLE TO 0MORALIZE0 CAPITAL 7TO USE A SLANG PHRASE ( ! ,POSITIVI/S73  ?AT IS TO SAY1 ?AT A S5TIM5T IMPORT$ FROM A RELIGION :I* LOOKS UPON ANO!R WORLD AS ! TRUE SPH]E ( ACTION = MANK9D1 WILL OV]RIDE ! NECESSITIES ( \R DAILY LIFE 9 ?IS WORLD4  ,?IS CURI\S HOPE IS F\ND$ ON ! FEEL+ ?AT A S5TIM5T ANTAGONI/IC TO ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( COMM]CIALISM EXI/S & IS GA9+ GR\ND1 & ?AT ?IS S5TIM5T IS AN 9DEP5D5T GR[? ( ! E?ICS ( ! PRES5T EPO*4  ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ADMITT+ ITS EXI/5CE1 AS ,I ?9K WE MU/ DO1 IT IS ! BIR? ( ! S5SE ( 9SECURITY :I* IS ! %AD[ CA/ BE=E BY ! APPROA*+ DISSOLUTION ( MOD]N SOCIETY F\ND$ ON WAGE-SLAV]Y4  

,! GREAT] P>T ( !SE S*EMES AIM1 ?\< SELDOM ) ! CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR PROMOT]S1 AT ! CREATION ( A NEW MIDDLE- CLASS \T ( ! WAGE-E>N+ CLASS1 & AT !IR EXP5SE1 JU/ AS ! PRES5T MIDDLE-CLASS WAS DEVELOP$ \T ( ! S]F-POPULATION ( ! E>LY ,MIDDLE ,AGES4  ,IT MAY BE POSSIBLE ?AT SU* A ,F,U,R,!,R DEVELOPM5T ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS LIES BE=E US1 BUT IT WILL NOT BE BR\<T AB\T BY ANY SU* >TIFICIAL MEANS AS ! ABOVEM5TION$ S*EMES4  ,IF IT COMES AT ALL1 IT MU/ BE PRODUC$ BY EV5TS1 :I* AT PRES5T WE CANNOT =ESEE1 ACT+ ON \R COMM]CIAL SY/EM1 & REVIVIFY+ = A LITTLE TIME1 MAYBE1 ?AT ,CAPITALI/ ,SOCIETY :I* N[ SEEMS SICK5+ T[>DS ITS 5D4  

,= :AT IS VISIBLE BE=E US 9 !SE DAYS IS ! COMPETITIVE COMM]CIAL SY/EM KILL+ ITSELF BY ITS [N =CE3  PR(ITS LESS5+1 BUS9ESSES GR[+ BIGG] & BIGG]1 ! SMALL EMPLOY] ( LABOR ?RU/ \T ( HIS FUNCTION1 & ! AGGREGATION ( CAPITAL 9CREAS+ ! NUMB]S ( ! L[] MIDDLE-CLASS FROM ABOVE RA!R ?AN FROM BEL[1 BY DRIV+ ! SMALL] MANUFACTUR] 9TO ! POSITION ( A M]E S]VANT TO ! BIGG]4  ,! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR ALSO 9CREAS+ \T ( ALL PROPORTION TO ! CAPACITY ( ! CAPITALI/S TO MANAGE ! M>KET OR DEAL ) ! LABOR SUPPLY3 LACK ( EMPLOYM5T !RE=E BECOM+ *RONIC1 & DISCONT5T !RE)AL4  

,ALL ?IS ON ! ONE H&4  ,ON ! O!R1 ! WORKM5 CLAIM+ EV]Y:]E POLITICAL EQUALITY1 :I* CANNOT LONG BE D5I$2 & $UCATION SPREAD+1 SO ?AT :AT BETWE5 ! IMPROVEM5T 9 ! $UCATION ( ! WORK+-CLASS & ! CONT9U$ AMAZ+ FATUITY ( ?AT ( ! UPP] CLASSES1 !RE IS A DI/9CT T5D5CY TO EQUALIZATION H]E2 &1 AS ,I HAVE H9T$ ABOVE1 ALL HI/ORY %[S US :AT A DANG] TO SOCIETY MAY BE A CLASS AT ONCE $UCAT$ & SOCIALLY DEGRAD$3  ?\<1 9DE$1 NO HI/ORY HAS YET %[N US--:AT IS SWIFTLY ADVANC+ UPON US--A CLASS :I*1 ?\< IT %ALL HAVE ATTA9$ KN[L$GE1 %ALL LACK UTT]LY ! REF9EM5T & SELF- RESPECT :I* COME FROM ! UNION ( KN[L$GE ) LEISURE & EASE ( LIFE4  ,! GR[? ( SU* A CLASS MAY WELL MAKE ! 0CULTUR$0 PEOPLE ( TO-DAY TREMBLE4  

,:ATEV]1 !RE=E1 ( UN=ESE5 & UNCONCEIV$-( MAY LIE 9 ! WOMB ( ! FUTURE1 !RE IS NO?+ VISIBLE BE=E US BUT A DECAY+ SY/EM1 ) NO \TLOOK BUT EV]-9CREAS+ 5TANGLEM5T & BL9DNESS1 & A NEW SY/EM1 ,SOCIALISM1 ! HOPE ( :I* IS EV] GR[+ CLE>] 9 M5'S M9DS--A SY/EM :I* NOT ONLY SEES H[ LABOR CAN BE FRE$ FROM ITS PRES5T FETT]S1 & ORGANIZ$ UNWA/EFULLY1 SO AS TO PRODUCE ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( WEAL? = ! COMMUNITY & = EV]Y MEMB] ( IT1 BUT :I* BE>S ) IT ITS [N E?ICS & RELIGION & ES!TICS3  ?AT IS ! HOPE & PROMISE ( A NEW & HI<] LIFE 9 ALL WAYS4  ,SO ?AT EV5 IF ?OSE UN=ESE5 ECONOMICAL EV5TS ABOVE SPOK5 ( W]E TO HAPP51 & PUT (F = A :ILE ! 5D ( \R ,CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ! LATT] W\LD DRAG ITSELF ALONG AS AN ANOMALY CURS$ BY ALL1 A M]E CLOG ON ! ASPIRATIONS ( HUMANITY4  

,IT IS NOT LIKELY ?AT IT WILL COME TO ?AT3  9 ALL PROBABILITY ! LOGICAL \TCOME ( ! LATT] DAYS ( ,CAPITALISM WILL GO /EP BY /EP ) ITS ACTUAL HI/ORY3  :ILE ALL M51 EV5 ITS DECL>$ 5EMIES1 WILL BE WORK+ TO BR+ ,SOCIALISM AB\T1 ! AIMS ( ?OSE :O HAVE LE>N$ TO BELIEVE 9 ! C]TA9TY & B5EFIC5CE ( ITS ADV5T WILL BECOME CLE>]1 !IR ME?ODS = REALIZ+ IT CLE>] ALSO1 & AT LA/ READY TO H&4  ,!N WILL COME ?AT OP5 ACKN[L$GM5T = ! NECESSITY ( ! *ANGE 7AN ACKN[L$GM5T COM+ FROM ! 9TELLIG5CE ( CIVILIZATION7 :I* IS COMMONLY CALL$ ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS NO USE PROPHESY+ AS TO ! EV5TS :I* WILL ACCOMPANY ?AT REVOLUTION1 BUT TO A REASONABLE MAN IT SEEMS UNLIKELY TO ! LA/ DEGREE1 OR WE WILL SAY IMPOSSIBLE1 ?AT A MORAL S5TIM5T WILL 9DUCE ! PROPRIET>Y CLASSES--?OSE :O LIVE BY ,[,N,+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION :I* ! UNPRIVILEG$ CLASSES MU/ NE$S ,U,S,E--TO YIELD UP ?IS PRIVILEGE UNCOMPELL$2 ALL ONE CAN HOPE IS ?AT !Y WILL SEE ! IMPLICIT ?REAT ( COMPULSION 9 ! EV5TS ( ! DAY1 & SO YIELD ) A GOOD GRACE TO ! T]RIBLE NECESSITY ( =M+ P>T ( A WORLD 9 :I* ALL1 9CLUD+ !MSELVES1 WILL WORK HONE/LY & LIVE EASILY4  

,FOOTNOTES3 

#e4 
,I SUPPOSE HE WAS SPEAK+ ( ! FRAME H\SES ( ,K5T4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/