,SOCIAL ,CLASSES & ,BUREAUCRACY 9 ,BAKUN9 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,FELIPE ,CORREA 

,TEXT 3 

  
  

0,! /ATE HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! PATRIMONY ( SOME PRIVILEG$ CLASS3 

 A PRIE/LY CLASS1 AN >I/OCRATIC CLASS1 A B\RGEOIS CLASS1 

 A BUREAUCRATIC CLASS 9 ! 5D40  

  

-- ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9.<#a.>  

  

,?IS >TICLE - ALMO/ FULLY EXTRACT$ FROM MY BOOK ,TEORIA ,BAKUN9IANA DO ,E/ADO .<,BAKUN9IAN ,!ORY ( ! ,/ATE.>.<#b.> - AIMS TO REALIZE A BRIEF DISCUSSION ON ! !ORY ( SOCIAL CLASSES & BUREAUCRACY ELABORAT$ BY ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 9 HIS AN>*I/ P]IOD4 

,:AT >E ! CRIT]IA ?AT DEF9E ! SOCIAL CLASSES8 ,:I* >E ! SOCIAL CLASSES8 ,>E !RE DOM9ANT & OPPRESS$ CLASSES8 ,H[ CAN CLASS /RUGGLE BE DEF9$8 ,:AT IS BUREAUCRACY8 ,H[ DOES IT RELATE TO O!R SOCIAL /RATA8 ,!SE >E SOME ( ! QUE/IONS ! TEXT TRIES TO ANSW]4 

,SOCIAL CLASSES & CLASS /RUGGLE 

  

,= ,BAKUN91 SOCIAL CLASSES >E FUNDAM5TAL FEATURES ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & !Y >E CON/ITUT$ FROM SOCIAL PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION4  
  

,9 HUMAN SOCIETY .<444.> ! DIFF]5CES 9 CLASSES IS1 /ILL1 V]Y M>K$1 & ! :OLE WORLD WILL KN[ TO DI/+UI% ! NOBLE >I/OCRACY FROM ! F9ANCIAL >I/OCRACY1 ! UPP] B\RGEOISIE FROM ! PETIT B\RGEOISIE1 & ! LATT] FROM ! PROLET>IATS ( ! FACTORIES & CITIES2 9 ?IS WAY TOO1 ! BIG L&[N] FROM ! F>M] & ! PEASANT :O CULTIVATES !IR L&2 ! F>M] FROM ! SIMPLE PROLET>IAN ( ! C\NTRYSIDE4.<#c.>  
  

,9 ?IS EXC]PT A FEW CONCRETE SOCIAL CLASSES >E1 MORE OR LESS CLE>LY1 DI/+UI%$3 NOBILITY1 L&[N]S1 B\RGEOISIE1 PROLET>IAT 7( ! CITY & ! C\NTRYSIDE7 & PEASANTRY4 ,9 O!R TEXTS1 ! AU?OR PO9TS \T ! EXI/5CE ( YET O!R CONCRETE SOCIAL CLASSES3 0PRIE/LY CLASS10 0BUREAUCRATIC CLASS0 & 0TATT]$ PROLET>IAT40.<#d.> ,?US1 9 ADDITION TO ! CLASSES LI/$ ABOVE1 !RE >E AT LEA/ ?REE O!RS3 ! CL]GY1 BUREAUCRACY & ! M>G9ALIZ$ 9 G5]AL1 OR 0LUMP5PROLET>IAT10 ACCORD+ TO ,M>XIAN T]M9OLOGY4 

,9 DISCUSS+ ! CRIT]IA = ! DEF9ITION ( ! SOCIAL CLASSES1 ,BAKUN9 PO9TS TO ! NOTIONS ( DOM9ATION & PRIVILEGE AS ! PRIM>Y F\NDATION4.<#e.> ,?ANKS TO ! RELEVANCE ( ! ECONOMIC SPH]E 9 ! SOCIAL DYNAMIC1 ECONOMIC PRIVILEGES & DOM9ATION CON/ITUTE KEY CRIT]IA 9 ?IS CONCEPTUALIZATION3 0EXCLUSIVE [N]%IP ( ! L&10 A PRIVILEGE ( ! NOBILITY ( ITS TIME1 & 0MONOPOLY ( CAPITAL & BO? 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL COMPANIES10 PRIVILEGE ( ! B\RGEOISIE ( ITS TIME1 CON/ITUTE ! BASES ( ECONOMIC DOM9ATION BO? ( ! [N]S ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION 9 RELATION TO ! WAGE WORK]S ( ! CITY & C\NTRYSIDE1 AS WELL AS ( ! L&[N]S 9 RELATION TO PEASANT F>M]S OR EV5 SMALLHOLD]S2 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 RI* & POOR1 BAS$ ON ! [N]%IP ( CAPITAL1 ALSO IMPLIES ANO!R IMPORTANT ECONOMIC PRIVILEGE & CONTRIBUTES TO CLASS DOM9ATION4 

,[N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 9CLUD+ ! L&1 ( DI/RIBUTION & ( CAPITAL IMPLIES1 ACCORD+ TO ! AU?OR1 0! EXPLOITATION ( ! SUBJECT$ LABOR1 OR =C$ BY HUNG]1 ( ! POPUL> MASSES0 & ?US 9CREASES SOCIAL 9EQUALITY1 MAK+ ! RI* GET RI*] & ! POOR POOR]4.<#f.> 

,H[EV]1 ! ECONOMIC CRIT]IA >E NOT ! ONLY ONES 9 ?IS CONCEPTUALIZATION4 ,! BUREAUCRACY1 ,BAKUN9 CONT9UES1 CON/ITUTES A 0CLASS ( PRIVILEG$ .<444.> M50 ?AT HAS 0SOLID>ITY ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! /ATE0 &1 BECAUSE ( ?IS1 DEVOTES ITSELF 0BODY & S\L TO ITS PROSP]ITY & EXI/5CE10 BY MEANS ( ! CONTROL ( ! /ATE'S ADM9I/RATION ?AT IT HAS & ALL ?AT ?IS IMPLIES4 ,HE ALSO PO9TS \T 0! >TIFICIAL & =C$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! /UPIDITY ( ! MASSES10 PRIVILEGE ( ! CL]GY ( ITS TIME1 BAS$ ON ! CAPACITY ?AT IT HAS TO PROMOTE A C]TA9 UND]/&+ ( ! WORLD4.<#g.> ,= HIM1 ANO!R CRIT]IA CAPABLE ( /R5G!N+ ?IS VISION ( REALITY IS ! 0DIFF]5CE 9 9/RUCTION & $UCATION10 ?AT CAN SUPPORT CLASS DOM9ATION1 9 :I* 0A MASS ( SLAVES0 IS SUBJUGAT$ BY 0A SMALL NUMB] ( RUL]S40.<#h.> 

,?US1 9 ADDITION TO ECONOMIC CRIT]IA ! AU?OR PO9TS \T O!R CRIT]IA ?AT >E RELEVANT TO HIS DEF9ITION ( SOCIAL CLASSES3 [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( ADM9I/RATION1 CONTROL & CO]CION1 AS WELL AS [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( ! PRODUCTION ( KN[L$GE4 

,9 %ORT1 IT CAN BE SAID ?AT SOCIAL CLASSES >E DEF9$ />T+ ) ! CATEGORY ( DOM9ATION & >E =G$ 9 A TRIADIC RELATION%IP1 COV]+ ECONOMICS1 POLITICS & CULTURE2 !Y PROVIDE1 !RE=E1 A SOCIAL /RATIFICATION :I* DEMON/RATES DIFF]5T PRIVILEGES4 

,9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E1 ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 9CLUD+ L&1 ( DI/RIBUTION & ( CAPITAL2 9 ! POLITICAL SPH]E1 ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( ADM9I/RATION1 CONTROL & CO]CION2 9 ! CULTURAL SPH]E1 ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( ! PRODUCTION ( KN[L$GE4 ,9 G5]AL T]MS1 ECONOMIC PRIVILEGES IMPLY EXPLOITATION ( LABOR1 POLITICAL PRIVILEGES IMPLY POLITICAL-BUREAUCRATIC DOM9ATION & PHYSICAL CO]CION & CULTURAL PRIVILEGES IMPLY CULTURAL ALI5ATION4 

,TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ANALYZ$ BY ,BAKUN91 ! RUL+ CLASSES - OR 0PRIVILEG$ CLASSES0_/0UPP] CLASSES10 AS HE G5]ALLY CALLS !M - 9CLUD$3 ! NOBILITY_/L&LORDS 7[N]S ( ! L&S71 ! B\RGEOISIE 7[N]S ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ( CAPITAL71 BUREAUCRACY 7[N]S ( ! MEANS ( ADM9I/RATION1 CO]CION & CONTROL7 & CL]GY 7[N]S ( ! MEANS ( KN[L$GE PRODUCTION74 ,! DOM9AT$ CLASSES 5COMPASS$3 PROLET>IAT ( T[N & C\NTRY 7SAL>I$ WORK]S71 PEASANTS 7F>M]S OR SMALLHOLD]S7 & M>G9ALIZ$ 7! UNEMPLOY$1 BEGG>S1 DE/ITUTE1 ILLIT]ATE1 ?IEVES ETC474 ,OBVI\SLY !RE >E FRACTIONS ( CLASSES & 0GRAY >EAS0 ?AT >E PLAC$ BETWE5 !SE L>GE CATEGORIES4 

,! CLASS /RUGGLE MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 ! P>TICUL> SOCIAL RELATIONS BETWE5 DIFF]5T AG5TS ACCORD+ TO !IR POSITION 9 ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE3 WORK]S & BOSSES1 F>M]S & L&[N]S ETC4 ,H[EV]1 ITS MANIFE/ATION ON A L>G] SCALE 9VOLVES ! G5]AL SOCIAL RELATIONS1 %AP$ BY TWO BROAD GR\PS ( DOM9ATORS & DOM9AT$1 :I* EXTRAPOLATE ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE & ALSO 9VOLVE ! 9T]E/S & ! POSITION TAK5 9 ! CONFLICT4 

,FROM A P>TICUL> CONCRETE HI/ORIC-CONJUNCTURAL UNIV]SE1 ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,EUROPE1 ,BAKUN9 E/ABLI%ES A !ORETICAL MODEL - & !RE=E1 MORE AB/RACT & G5]AL -1 :I* PROPOSES TO R$UCE ! SET ( CONCRETE SOCIAL CLASSES ( HIS TIME TO TWO BROAD GR\PS3  
  

,ALL !SE DIFF]5T SOCIAL & POLITICAL EXI/5CES >E TODAY R$UC$ TO TWO MA9 CATEGORIES1 DIRECTLY OPPOS$ ONE TO ! O!R1 & NATURAL 5EMIES ( ONE ANO!R3 ! POLITICAL CLASSES1 COMPRIS$ ( ALL ! PRIVILEG$1 BO? ( L& AS WELL AS CAPITAL1 OR EV5 JU/ ( B\RGEOIS $UCATION1 & ! WORK+ CLASSES DIS9H]IT$ BO? ( CAPITAL & ( L&1 & DEPRIV$ ( ANY $UCATION & ANY 9/RUCTION4.<#i.>  
  

,AL?\< ?IS QUOTE DOES NOT 9CLUDE ALL ! CRIT]IA US$ BY ! AU?OR 9 !IR DEF9ITION ( CLASSES1 IT %[S ?AT ! CONCRETE SOCIAL CLASSES 9 A GIV5 CONTEXT CAN BE R$UC$ TO TWO GR\PS1 :I* >E P]MAN5TLY 9 CONFLICT4 ,!Y >E H]E CALL$ ! 0POLITICAL CLASSES0 & 0WORK+ CLASSES10 BUT !Y C\LD BE NAM$1 MORE APTLY1 ! DOM9ANT CLASSES & ! DOM9AT$ CLASSES1 OPPRESSOR CLASSES & OPPRESS$ CLASSES1 SUP]IOR CLASSES & 9F]IOR CLASSES1 PRIVILEG$ CLASSES & DISPOSSESS$ CLASSES4 

,! BASIS ( ?IS R$UCTION IS NOT ! C5TRALITY ( !SE CATEGORIES 9 A GIV5 HI/ORICAL MOM5T NOR ITS P]SPECTIVE = FUTURE EVOLUTION1 BUT ! CLASS 9T]E/S & ! ROLE PLAY$ BY !SE CLASSES 9 ! PROCESS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE MORE G5]ALLY4 ,SU* P]MAN5T CONFLICT F\ND$ ON ! /RUCTURAL POSITION ( ! AG5TS1 BUT POT5TIAT$ BY !IR CONSCI\SNESS & !IR ACTIONS1 CON/ITUTES ! ,BAKUN9IAN CONCEPT ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,! CLASS /RUGGLE IS *>ACT]IZ$1 9 ?IS MORE G5]AL WAY1 BY ! CONTRADICTION ( !SE TWO GR\PS MOTIVAT$ BY DET]M9$ 9T]E/S ?AT1 AL?\< !Y HAVE 9 ! /RUCTURAL POSITION ( ! AG5TS A GREAT] 9FLU5CE ( DET]M9ATION1 !Y >E NOT D]IV$ ME*ANICALLY FROM !M & MAY BE 9FLU5C$ BY O!R FACTORS1 /R5G!N+ OR COOL+ ! PROCESS ( /RUGGLE4 

,BUREAUCRACY AS A SOCIAL CLASS 

  

,ACCORD+ TO ,BAKUN9'S ?\<T1 ! BUREAUCRACY IS A SOCIAL CLASS1 :I* HE CONCEPTUALIZES & EXPLA9S H[ IT >ISES1 /RUCTURES ITSELF & RELATES TO O!R CLASSES4 ,= ! AU?OR1 AS SE51 ! POLITICAL CRIT]IA >E 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! V]Y DEF9ITION ( SOCIAL CLASSES & 9 HIS WAY ( A*IEV+ SOCIAL /RATIFICATION4 

,AS SU/A9$ BY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 = ,BAKUN91 ! POLITICAL DOM9ATION ( ! /ATE IMPLIES A CLASS DOM9ATION1 NOT ONLY ?R\< ! DIRECT RELATION ) ! DOM9ANT CLASSES 9 G5]AL1 BUT BECAUSE IT HAS ! /RUCTURAL CAPACITY ITSELF TO REPRODUCE ANO!R DOM9ANT CLASS3 ! BUREAUCRACY4.<#a.> 

,! BUREAUCRACY IS A SOCIAL CLASS ) A POLITICAL BASE CONSI/+ ( A PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY ?AT HAS [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( ADM9I/RATION1 CONTROL & CO]CION ( ! /ATE4 ,IT IS1 AS %[N BY ,BAKUN91 0A BODY ( POLITICIANS1 PRIVILEG$ 9 FACT1 NOT 9 RI<T1 :I*1 D$ICAT$ EXCLUSIVELY TO ! CONDUCT ( A C\NTRY'S PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 5DS UP =M+ A K9D ( >I/OCRACY OR POLITICAL OLIG>*Y40.<#a#a.> ,!IR PRIVILEGES - [N]%IP ( P[]1 ! MONOPOLY ( POLITICAL DECISION-MAK+ - >E ALWAYS 5JOY$ BY A M9ORITY1 S9CE ! MAJORITY DO NOT FIT 9 ! /ATE2 !Y >E IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( ! BUREAUCRACY & =M ! BASIS ( ! DOM9ATION EX]CIS$ BY IT4 

,]NE ,B]?I] ADDS1 TAK+ ,BAKUN9'S ANALYSIS ( ! ,G]MAN BUREAUCRACY AS A BASIS3  
  

,! BUREAUCRACY IS 9 FIR/ PLACE AN EMANATION ( ! /ATE1 ITS SOCIAL BASE1 ! LAY] ?AT SU/A9S ! ILLUSION ( ! RATIONALITY & NECESSITY ( ! /ATE4 ,IT IS :AT MAKES ! /ATE A REALITY1 AN EFFECTIVE P[] ?AT GIVES IT CONT5T4 ,! BUREAUCRACY EMBODIES ! IDEA ( ! /ATE AT ! SAME TIME AS IT IS ITS APP>ATUS4 .<444.> ,! BUREAUCRACY 5DS UP BE+ CONFUS$ ) ! /ATE1 ) ITS CASCAD+ HI]>*IES CON/ITUT+ :AT ,BAKUN9 CALL$ ! 0PRIE/LY BODY ( ! /ATE40.<#a#b.>  
  

,AS ! MOD]N /ATE EM]GES & IS /R5G!N$1 IT CON=MS TO ! BUREAUCRACY ?AT1 EV5 ?\< COM+ FROM DIFF]5T CLASSES1 GIVES MEAN+ & CONT5T TO ! /ATE ITSELF1 & 5DS UP DEF5D+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! /ATE ITSELF1 E/ABLI%+ ITS [N 9T]E/S AS A SEP>ATE CLASS1 JU/IFI$ BY ! NE$ = RATIONAL MANAGEM5T ( POLICY4 ,[N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( ADM9I/RATION1 CONTROL & CO]CION ( ! /ATE1 BEYOND ! POLITICAL B5EFITS RELATIVE TO P[]1 ALSO IMPLY ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES = ! MEMB]S ( ! BUREAUCRACY1 :I* CAN BE MORE OR LESS TEMPOR>Y1 CON/ITUT$ ?R\< H]$IT>Y MEANS1 EXCLUSIVE RECRUITM5T FROM C]TA9 SOCIAL /RATA OR 0DEMOCRATICALLY0 ELECT$ FROM AMONG ! POPULATION4 

,B]?I] CONT9UES1 HI<LI<T+ ?AT 0! BUREAUCRACY MAY T5D TO BE AUTONOM\S FROM ! /ATE1 JU/ AS ! /ATE T5DS TO BECOME AUTONOM\S 9 RELATION TO SOCIETY40.<#a#c.> ,?IS T5D5CY TO AUTONOMIZATION ( ! BUREAUCRACY IS ALWAYS =G$ 9 A P]MAN5T T5SION ) ! DYNAMICS ( RELATIONS BETWE5 /ATE & CIVIL SOCIETY 9 G5]AL1 & BETWE5 ! /ATE & SOCIAL CLASSES 9 P>TICUL>4 ,FROM A /RUCTURAL P]SPECTIVE1 !RE IS A CON/ANT T5SION1 MORE LAT5T OR MANIFE/1 BETWE5 ! CLASS ORIG9 ( ! MEMB]S ( ! BUREAUCRACY & ! BUREAUCRATIC CLASS ITSELF4 ,!IR 9T]E/S1 AL?\< !Y DO NOT ORIG9ATE ME*ANICALLY FROM !IR /RUCTURAL POSITION1 >E C]TA9LY 9FLU5C$ BY IT &1 9 ! PROCESS1 ! T5SION BETWE5 CLASS ORIG9 & BUREAUCRACY %[S ITSELF TO BE RELEVANT4 ,9DEP5D5T ( ?IS CONFLICT1 ! BUREAUCRATIC CLASS T5DS TO DEVELOP ITS [N 9T]E/S1 EV5 ?\< SEEK+ TO RECONCILE !M ) O!RS4 

,9 ! HI/ORICAL ANALYSIS ?AT HE P]=MS ( ! /ATE1 ,BAKUN9 PO9TS \T ?AT IT IS E/ABLI%$ AS AN 9/RUM5T ( CLASS DOM9ATION & AS A RESULT ( CLASS CONFLICT4 ,9 ?IS PROCESS1 IT =MS A DET]M9$ MODUS OP]&I ?AT IMPLIES G5]ALIZ$ DOM9ATION & ) :I* ! BUREAUCRACY IS DIRECTLY L9K$4.<#a#d.> 

,:5 PEOPLE BEG9 TO ADM9I/] ! /ATE1 0! 9FLEXIBLE LOGIC ( ITS CONDITION & O!R IMP]ATIVE REASONS DICTAT$ BY C]TA9 CONSID]ATIONS ( HI]>*ICAL ORD] & POLITICAL 9T]E/S OV]LAP10 S9CE 0! DEM&S ( A C]TA9 SITUATION >E ALWAYS /RONG] ?AN FEEL+S1 ULT]IOR MOTIVES & GOOD 9T5TIONS40 ,OV] TIME1 ! /ATE /RUCTURE IS /R5G!N$ & BECOMES ABLE TO GIVE CONT9UITY TO RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION S9CE !Y >E ABLE1 TO A L>GE EXT5T1 TO %APE ! 9T]E/S ( !IR MEMB]S & CON=M !M 9 A DI/9CT SOCIAL CLASS4 ,! /RUCTURE ( ! /ATE WAS CREAT$ TO 5SURE CLASS DOM9ATION & ?US REMA9S1 9DEP5D5T ( ! WILL ( ! MEMB]S ( ! BUREAUCRACY1 REG>DLESS ( !IR CLASS ORIG94 0,ONCE 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ?IS CLASS .<BUREAUCRATIC CLASS.>10 !SE AG5TS 0BECOME1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 5EMIES ( ! PEOPLE40.<#a#e.> ,EV5 IF !Y DON'T WANT TO1 ! AG5TS ( ! BUREAUCRACY >E CONDEMN$ TO PROMOT+ DOM9ATION S9CE !Y EMBODY AN ESS5TIALLY DOM9AT+ /RUCTURE4 

,! BUREAUCRACY HAS A RELATIVELY AUTONOM\S EXI/5CE 9 RELATION TO ! O!R DOM9AT+ CLASSES4 ,! DEF5SE ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! DOM9ANT CLASSES BE+ ! /ATE'S REASON = BE+1 AS ,JEAN-,CRI/OPHE ,ANGAUT PO9TS \T1 ! OP]ATION ( ! BUREAUCRACY CAN OCCUR 9 DIFF]5T WAYS1 9 ITS RELATION%IP ) ! O!R DOM9AT+ CLASSES3  
  

,FIR/LY1 ! /ATE DEF5DS ! 9T]E/S ( ONE ( ! ?REE SOCIALLY DOM9ANT CLASSES 7L&$ NOBILITY1 B\RGEOISIE OR CL]GY7 EXCLUD+ ?OSE FROM ! RE/ ( SOCIETY3 DEP5D+ ON ! CASE1 ! /ATE WILL TAKE ! =M ( A FEUDAL MON>*Y1 A C5SIT>Y CON/ITUTIONAL REGIME OR A !OCRACY4 ,9 ! SECOND CASE1 :I* SEEMS ! MO/ COMMON1 OR EV5 ! MO/ DECISIVE = ! =MATION ( ! /ATE1 ! ?REE RUL+ CLASSES F9D !MSELVES UNIT$ AGA9/ ! PEOPLE !Y EXPLOIT4 ,)\T IT BE+ POSSIBLE TO KN[ :E!R !RE IS A L9K ) ?IS PR$OM9ANT *>ACT]I/IC ( ! UNION ( ! PRIVILEG$ AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT$1 ,BAKUN9 SAYS1 !N1 ?AT TO ! TRIPLE SOCIAL EXPLOITATION IS ADD$ AN EXPLOITATION BY ! /ATE ITSELF1 AN EXPLOITATION ?AT IT QUALIFIES POLITICALLY & ?AT CAN1 AT C]TA9 TIMES1 COME 9TO CONTRADICTION ) ! ?REE O!R =MS ( EXPLOITATION 7FEUDAL1 CAPITALI/ & RELIGI\S71 ! PO9T ( ! /ATE1 V]Y ACCID5TALLY1 TAKES UP ! DEF5SE ( ! EXPLOIT$4 ,BUT1 AGA91 IT IS ! UNION ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! DOM9ANT ?AT SEEMS TO PREVAIL1 SU* ?AT ! SPECIFIC CLASS ?AT HAS GIV5 RISE TO ! /ATI/ PH5OM5ON DOES NOT DELAY 9 UNIT+ ) ! O!R ?REE TO 5SURE SOCIAL EXPLOITATION4.<#a#f.>  
  

,SEEK+ TO G5]ALIZE ! HI/ORIC CASES EVALUAT$ BY ,BAKUN9 9 HIS TIME & E/ABLI%+ A CONCEPTUAL /&>DIZATION 9 RELATION TO :AT WAS DISCUSS$1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT1 = HIM1 ! BUREAUCRACY CAN RELATE TO ! O!R DOM9AT+ CLASSES 9 TWO WAYS4 ,ONE1 LESS FREQU5T1 :5 IT SIMPLY DEF5DS ! 9T]E/S ( ONE ( !M1 AS 9 ! CASES POS$ &1 ALSO1 9 ! CASE ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,ANO!R1 MORE FREQU5T1 :5 ! BUREAUCRACY IS ADD$ TO !M TO E/ABLI% A CONC]T$ DOM9ATION OV] ! OPPRESS$ CLASSES 9 G5]AL & ?AT HAS NOT ONLY AN ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL1 BUT SOCIAL BASIS1 9VOLV+ ALL ! TYPES ( PREVI\SLY DISCUSS$ DOM9ATION4 

,ANO!R RELEVANT ASPECT IS ?AT ! AU?OR RECOGNIZES ?AT1 9 ITS DYNAMICS1 IT SOMETIMES OCCURS ?AT ! /ATE DEF5DS ! 9T]E/S ( ! DISPOSSESS$ 9 RELATION TO ! PRIVILEG$3 !RE >E P]IODS 9 :I* 0! GOV]NM5T BECOMES EV5 MORE HO/ILE TO ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES ?AN TO ! PEOPLE40 ,ITS 0SURVIVAL 9/9CT0 5DS UP =C+ IT1 9 SOME CASES1 TO CONTRADICT ! LOGIC ( CLASS DOM9ATION2 EV5 ?\<1 0!SE P]IODS DO NOT LA/ LONG1 S9CE ! GOV]NM5T1 :ATEV] IT IS1 CANNOT LIVE )\T CLASSES & !SE )\T ! GOV]NM5T40.<#a#g.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,ANGAUT'S EXPLANATION1 ?IS OCCURS 9 SOME CIRCUM/ANCES :5 ! BUREAUCRACY1 CAUS+ ! /ATE TO M$IATE CLASS CONFLICTS1 UND]M9ES ! 9T]E/S ( ! O!R DOM9AT+ CLASSES 9 ! NAME ( ! LONG-T]M GU>ANTEE ( ! CONT9UITY ( CLASS DOM9ATION4 ,?IS IS NOT E/ABLI%$ BY AN 9T]E/ ( ! /ATE 9 DEF5D+ ! DOM9AT$ CLASSES1 BUT BY ! NE$ TO 5SURE ! FUNCTION+ ( ! SY/EM4.<#a#h.> ,= ?IS REASON1 9 DET]M9$ SITUATIONS ! /ATE ACTS AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! DOM9ANT CLASSES1 BE IT AGA9/ ALL ( !SE CLASSES1 ONE ( !M OR SOME ( ITS MEMB]S 9 P>TICUL>4 

,B,I,B,L,I,O,G,R,A,P,H,Y 

  
  

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