,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ! ,NATIONAL ,/RUGGLES 9 ,TURKEY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 ,OCTOB] #h1 #i1 #a1 #ahif 9 ! ,SA*SIS*E ,>BEIT]-,ZEITUNG1 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PAP] 9 ,DRESD54 
,S\RCE3 ,! ,BALKAN ,SOCIALI/ ,TRADITION 9 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,HI/ORY1 ,VOL4#h NO4#c1 #b#c4 
,TRANSLAT$3 7FROM ! ,G]MAN7 BY ,IAN ,BIR*ALL4 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,$W>D ,CRAW=D_/,BRIAN ,BAGG9S4 
,PRO($3 BY ,MAT!W ,GRANT4 
,COPYLEFT3 ,LUXEMBURG ,9T]NET ,>*IVE 7M>XI/S4ORG7 #b#d4 ,P]MISSION IS GRANT$ TO COPY &_/OR DI/RIBUTE ?IS DOCUM5T UND] ! T]MS ( ! ,G,N,U ,FREE ,DOCUM5TATION ,LIC5SE4 

,I3 ,! ,TURKI% ,SITUATION 

,9 ! P>TY PRESS1 WE ALL TOO (T5 5C\NT] ! ATTEMPT TO REPRES5T ! EV5TS 9 ,TURKEY AS A PURE PRODUCT ( ! PLAY ( DIPLOMATIC 9TRIGUE1 ESPECIALLY ON ! ,RUSSIAN SIDE4.<,A.> ,= A TIME1 Y\ C\LD EV5 COME ACROSS VOICES 9 ! PRESS :I* >GU$ ?AT ! ,TURKI% \TRAGES W]E MA9LY AN 9V5TION1 ?AT ! ,BA%I-,BAZ\KS W]E TRUE ,*RI/IAN P>AGONS1 & ?AT ! REVOLTS ( ! ,>M5IANS W]E ! WORK ( AG5TS PAID ) ,RUSSIAN RUBLES4 

,:AT IS ABOVE ALL /RIK+ AB\T ?IS POSITION IS ?AT IT IS 9 NO WAY FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! B\RGEOIS /&PO9T4 ,9 BO? CASES1 WE HAVE ! R$UCTION ( GREAT SOCIAL PH5OM5A TO V>I\S 'AG5TS'1 ?AT IS1 TO ! DELIB]ATE ACTIONS ( ! DIPLOMATIC (FICES4 ,ON ! P>T ( B\RGEOIS POLITICIANS1 SU* PO9TS ( VIEW >E1 ( C\RSE1 NOT SURPRIS+3 !SE PEOPLE ACTUALLY MAKE HI/ORY 9 ?IS SPH]E1 & H5CE ! ?9NE/ ?READ ( A DIPLOMATIC 9TRIGUE HAS GREAT PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE = ! POSITION !Y TAKE ) REG>D TO %ORT-T]M 9T]E/S4 ,BUT = ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 :I* AT ! PRES5T TIME M]ELY ELUCIDATES EV5TS 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL SPH]E1 & :I* IS ABOVE ALL CONC]N$ TO TRACE BACK ! PH5OM5A ( PUBLIC LIFE TO DEEP]-LY+ MAT]IAL CAUSES1 ! SAME POLICY APPE>S TO BE COMPLETELY FUTILE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 =EIGN POLICY AS 9 DOME/IC POLITICS1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY CAN ADOPT ITS [N POSITION1 :I* 9 BO? SPH]ES MU/ BE DET]M9$ BY ! SAME /&PO9TS1 NAMELY BY ! 9T]NAL SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( ! PH5OM5ON 9 QUE/ION1 & BY \R G5]AL PR9CIPLES4 

,SO H[ DO !SE CONDITIONS /& ) REG>D TO ! NATIONAL /RUGGLES 9 ,TURKEY :I* CONC]N US H]E8 ,UNTIL REC5TLY 9 P>T ( ! PRESS1 ,TURKEY WAS /ILL BE+ PORTRAY$ AS A P>ADISE :]E ! 'DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES HAVE COEXI/$ PEACEFULLY = HUNDR$S ( YE>S'1 'POSSESS$ ! MO/ COMPLETE AUTONOMY'1 & :]E ONLY ! 9T]F]5CE ( ,EUROPEAN DIPLOMACY HAD >TIFICIALLY CREAT$ DISSATISFACTION1 BY P]SUAD+ ! HAPPY PEOPLES ( ,TURKEY ?AT !Y >E OPPRESS$1 & AT ! SAME TIME OB/RUCT+ ! 9NOC5T LAMB ( A ,SULTAN FROM C>RY+ \T HIS 'REPEAT$LY GRANT$ RE=MS'47#a7 

,!SE ASS]TIONS >E BAS$ ON EXT5SIVE IGNORANCE ( ! CONDITIONS4 

,UNTIL ! BEG9N+ ( ! PRES5T C5TURY1 ,TURKEY WAS A C\NTRY ) A B>T] ECONOMY1 9 :I* EV]Y NATIONALITY1 EV]Y PROV9CE & EV]Y COMMUNITY LIV$ ITS [N SEP>ATE EXI/5CE1 PATI5TLY BORE ! SUFF]+ TO :I* IT WAS ACCU/OM$1 & =M$ ! TRUE BASIS = AN ORI5TAL DESPOTISM4 ,!SE CONDITIONS1 H[EV] OPPRESSIVE !Y MI<T BE1 W]E NONE!LESS DI/+UI%$ BY GREAT /ABILITY1 & C\LD !RE=E SURVIVE = A LONG TIME )\T PROVOK+ REBELLION ON ! P>T ( ! SUBJUGAT$ PEOPLES4 ,S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! PRES5T C5TURY1 ALL ?IS HAS *ANG$ CONSID]ABLY4 ,%AK5 BY CONFLICT ) ! /RONG1 C5TRALIZ$ /ATES ( ,EUROPE1 BUT ESPECIALLY ?REAT5$ BY ,RUSSIA1 ,TURKEY F\ND ITSELF COMPELL$ TO 9TRODUCE DOME/IC RE=MS1 & ?IS NECESSITY F\ND ITS FIR/ REPRES5TATIVE 9 ! P]SON ( ,MAHMUD ,I,I .<,OTTOMAN ,SULTAN 7#a#h#h-#a#h#c#i7.>4 ,! RE=MS ABOLI%$ ! FEUDAL GOV]NM5T1 & 9 ITS PLACE 9TRODUC$ A C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRACY1 A /&+ >MY & A NEW F9ANCIAL SY/EM4 ,! MOD]N RE=MS1 AS ALWAYS1 9VOLV$ 5ORM\S CO/S1 & TRANSLAT$ 9TO ! LANGUAGE ( ! MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( ! POPULATION1 !Y AM\NT$ TO A COLOSSAL 9CREASE 9 PUBLIC TAXATION4 ,HI< 9DIRECT DUTIES1 COLLECT$ ON EV]Y HEAD ( CATTLE & EV]Y PIECE ( /RAW1 CU/OMS DUTIES1 /AMP DUTIES & TAXES ON SPIRITS1 A GOV]NM5T TI! ) A P]IODICAL ADDITIONAL *>GE EV]Y QU>T]1 & !N A DIRECT 9COME TAX1 :I* CAME TO #c P] C5T 9 ! T[NS & #d P] C5T 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 & ) IT A TAX 9 LIEU ( MILIT>Y S]VICE = ,*RI/IANS1 & F9ALLY MORE COMPULSORY S]VICES -- H5CE=? ?IS WAS H[ ! PEOPLE HAD TO PAY = ! EXP5SES ( ! RE=M$ /ATE4 ,BUT IT IS ONLY ! PECULI> SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T ?AT EXI/S 9 ,TURKEY ?AT GIVES A TRUE IDEA ( ! BURD5S ?AT >E BORNE4 ,9 A /RANGE MIXTURE ( MOD]N & M$IEVAL PR9CIPLES1 IT CONSI/S ( AN IMM5SE NUMB] ( ADM9I/RATIVE AU?ORITIES1 C\RTS & ASSEMBLIES1 :I* >E B\ND TO ! CAPITAL CITY 9 AN EXTREMELY C5TRALIZ$ MANN] 9 !IR CONDUCT2 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ALL PUBLIC POSITIONS >E DE FACTO V5AL1 & >E NOT PAID BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 BUT >E MO/LY F9ANC$ BY REV5UE FROM ! LOCAL POPULATION -- A K9D ( BUREAUCRATIC B5EFICE4 ,?US ! PA%A CAN FLEECE ! PROV9CE TO HIS HE>T'S CONT5T1 SO LONG AS HE S5DS AS L>GE AS POSSIBLE A SUM ( MONEY TO ,I/ANBUL2 ?US ! CADI 7JUDGE7 IS BY VIRTUE ( HIS (FICE F9ANC$ BY EXACTIONS1 S9CE HE MU/ HIMSELF PAY AN ANNUAL TRIBUTE TO ,CON/ANT9OPLE = HIS (FICE4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT1 H[EV]1 IS ! SY/EM ( TAXATION1 :I*1 LY+ 9 ! H&S ( A MULT]IM1 A TAX F>M]1 9 COMP>ISON TO :OM ! 9T5DANT-G5]AL ( ! ,FR5* ANCI5 REIME LOOKS LIKE ! ,GOOD ,SAM>ITAN1 5DS UP ) A TOTAL LACK ( SY/EM & RULES1 & UNLIMIT$ >BITR>9ESS4 ,& F9ALLY1 9 ! H&S ( ! BUREAUCRACY1 ! COMPULSORY S]VICES W]E TURN$ 9TO A MEANS ( UNBRIDL$ EXTORTION & EXPLOITATION ( ! PEOPLE4 

,OBVI\SLY A SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T CON/ITUT$ 9 ?IS WAY IS FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! ,EUROPEAN MODEL4 ,:ILE ) US ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T FLEECES ! PEOPLE & !REBY MA9TA9S ITS (FICIALDOM1 OV] !RE ON ! O!R H& ! (FICIALDOM FLEECES ! PEOPLE (F ITS [N BAT1 & !REBY F9ANCES ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 9 ,TURKEY1 (FICIALDOM APPE>S AS A SPECIAL1 NUM]\S CLASS ( ! POPULATION1 :I* 9 ITS [N P]SON DIRECTLY REPRES5TS AN ECONOMIC FACTOR1 & :OSE EXI/5CE IS F9ANC$ BY ! PR(ESSIONAL PILLAGE ( ! PEOPLE4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 & 9 CONNECTION ) ! RE=MS1 !RE RESULT$ A %IFT 9 ! CONDITIONS ( L& [N]%IP ( ! ,*RI/IAN PEASANTS1 AGA9 /RONGLY TO !IR DISADVANTAGE 9 RELATION TO ! ,TURKI% L&[N]4 ,! LATT]1 G5]ALLY A =M] FEUDAL LORD1 WAS ABLE TO MAKE HIS (FICE H]$IT>Y1 QUITE ON ! ,*RI/IAN MODEL4 ,:5 ,SPAHILUK 7FEUDAL T5URE7 WAS ABOLI%$ BY ! RE=M1 & ! TI!S HI!RTO PAID BY !M TO ! ,SPAHIS W]E R$IRECT$ TO ! PUBLIC EX*EQU]1 HE S\<T TO ASS]T HIMSELF 9 ! *>ACT] ( ! [N] ( L&$ PROP]TY2 AS A RESULT A NEW TAX = ! PEASANTS - GR\ND R5T - GREW UP ALONGSIDE ! OLD TI!S1 A TAX :I* REGUL>LY AM\NT$ TO A ?IRD ( ! NET PROCE$S AFT] D$UCTION ( ! TI!4 ,= ! ,*RI/IAN PEASANT1 !RE (T5 REMA9$ NO SALVATION AMID ALL !SE WONDR\S ?+S O!R ?AN TO TRANSF] A SMALL PIECE ( L& P] OBLATIONEM 7AS A CONDITIONAL GIFT7 TO ! ,MUSLIM ,*UR*1 & !N TO RECEIVE IT BACK AS A LEASEHOLD ON :I* R5T WAS DUE1 BUT :I* WAS AT LEA/ FREE ( TI!S4 ,SO BY ! 5D ( ! #a#h#gS1 MORTMA9 PROP]TY 9 ,TURKEY AM\NT$ TO MORE ?AN HALF ( ALL CULTIVABLE L&$ PROP]TY4 

,?US ! RE=MS W]E ACCOMPANI$ BY A T]RIBLE DET]IORATION 9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT :AT MADE !M P>TICUL>LY UNBE>ABLE WAS A QUITE MOD]N FEATURE :I* HAD BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 ! SITUATION -- NAMELY1 9SECURITY3 ! IRREGUL> TAX SY/EM1 ! FLUCTUAT+ RELATIONS ( L& [N]%IP1 BUT ABOVE ALL ! MONEY ECONOMY AS A RESULT ( ! TRANS=MATION ( TAX 9 K9D 9TO TAX 9 MONEY & ! DEVELOPM5T ( =EIGN TRADE4 

,! OLD CONDITIONS HAD DET]IORAT$1 & !IR /ABILITY WAS GONE =EV]4 

  

,I,I4 ,! ,DIS9TEGRATION 

,! MOM5T 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,TURKEY DEALT ) 9 \R PREVI\S >TICLE IS1 9 A C]TA9 RESPECT1 REM9ISC5T ( ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT :ILE !RE ! RE=MS AFT] ! ,CRIMEAN ,W>.<,B.> CREAT$ AT ONE & ! SAME TIME ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM & A MAT]IAL F\NDATION = ADM9I/RATIVE & F9ANCIAL 9NOVATIONS & = ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( MILIT>ISM1 9 ,TURKEY AN ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION CORRESPOND+ TO ! MOD]N RE=MS WAS COMPLETELY LACK+4 ,ALL ATTEMPTS TO CREATE A NATIVE 9DU/RY 9 ,TURKEY MISC>RI$4 ,! FEW FACTORIES F\ND$ BY ! GOV]NM5T PRODUC$ GOODS ?AT W]E ( POOR QUALITY & EXP5SIVE4 ,! ABS5CE ( ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y PRECONDITIONS ( B\RGEOIS ORD] -- SECURITY ( P]SONS & PROP]TY1 AT LEA/ =MAL EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW1 A CIVIL LAW SEP>ATE FROM RELIGI\S LAW1 MOD]N MEANS ( COMMUNICATION1 ETC4 - MAKE ! APPE>ANCE ( CAPITALI/ =MS ( PRODUCTION AN ABSOLUTE IMPOSSIBILITY4 ,! TRAD+ POLICY ( ! ,EUROPEAN /ATES T[>DS ,TURKEY OP]ATES 9 ! SAME DIRECTION1 EXPLOIT+ ITS POLITICAL IMPOT5CE TO 5SURE AN UNPROTECT$ M>KET = ITS [N 9DU/RIES4 ,UNTIL N[1 ALONGSIDE TRADE1 USURY HAS BE5 ! ONLY MANIFE/ATION ( DOME/IC CAPITAL4 ,ECONOMICALLY1 !RE=E1 ,TURKEY REMA9$ ) ! MO/ PRIMITIVE PEASANT AGRICULTURE1 9 :I* 9 MANY CASES ! PROP]TY RELATIONS HAD NOT EV5 GOT RID ( !IR SEMI-FEUDAL *>ACT]4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT A MAT]IAL BASE = ! MONEY ECONOMY CON/ITUT$ LIKE ?IS HAD NOT GR[N 9 P>ALLEL ) ! =MS ( GOV]NM5T & F9ANCIAL TAXES ASSOCIAT$ ) IT1 ?AT IT WAS FLATT5$ BY IT1 &1 AS IT C\LD NOT DEVELOP1 IT WAS MOV+ 9TO A PROCESS ( DIS9TEGRATION4 

,! DIS9TEGRATION ( ,TURKEY BECAME GL>+LY OBVI\S 9 TWO EXTREMES AT ! SAME TIME4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 A P]MAN5T DEFICIT >OSE 9 ! PEASANT ECONOMY4 ,?IS ACQUIR$ A TANGIBLE EXPRESSION 9 ! USUR]1 :O HAD BECOME AN ORGANIC ELEM5T ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 & 9DICAT$ ! 9T]NAL FE/]+ ( CONDITIONS LIKE AN ABSCESS4 ,?REE P] C5T MON?LY 9T]E/ RATES W]E A P]MAN5T PH5OM5ON 9 ! ,TURKI% VILLAGES1 & ! REGUL> EPILOGUE TO ! SIL5T DRAMA ( ! VILLAGE WAS ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( ! PEASANT1 )\T =MS ( PRODUCTION BE+ AVAILABLE 9 ! C\NTRY :I* W\LD HAVE 5ABL$ HIM TO BE ABSORB$ 9TO A MOD]N WORK+ CLASS1 ) ! RESULT ?AT HE ALL TOO (T5 SANK D[N 9TO ! LUMP5-PROLET>IAT4 ,!SE PH5OM5A >E FUR!R L9K$ TO ! DECL9E ( AGRICULTURE1 DEVA/AT+ FAM9ES & FOOT-&-M\? DISEASE4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 !RE WAS ! DEFICIT 9 ! /ATE TREASURY4 ,S9CE #a#h#e#d1 ,TURKEY HAD TAK5 ! ROAD ( 5DLESS =EIGN LOANS4 ,! USUR]S ( ,LONDON & ,P>IS OP]AT$ 9 ! CAPITAL JU/ AS ! ,>M5IAN & ,GREEK USUR]S OP]AT$ 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,RUL+ BECAME EV] MORE DIFFICULT1 & ?OSE RUL$ BECAME EV] MORE DISSATISFI$4 ,BANKRUPTCY 9 ! CAPITAL & BANKRUPTCY 9 ! VILLAGES2 PALACE REVOLUTIONS 9 ,CON/ANT9OPLE & POPUL> RIS+S 9 ! PROV9CES - !SE W]E ! ULTIMATE RESULTS ( 9T]NAL DECL9E4 ,IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO F9D A WAY \T ( ?IS SITUATION4 ,! REM$Y C\LD ONLY HAVE BE5 A*IEV$ ?R\< A TOTAL TRANS=MATION ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL LIFE1 ?R\< A TRANSITION TO CAPITALI/ =MS ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT !RE DID NOT EXI/ & DO NOT EXI/ EI!R ! BASIS = SU* A TRANS=MATION OR A SOCIAL CLASS :I* C\LD COME =W>D AS ITS REPRES5TATIVE4 ,! 'REPEAT$LY GRANT$ RE=MS' ( ! ,SULTAN C\LD OBVI\SLY NOT OBVIATE ! DIFFICULTIES1 S9CE !Y W]E NECESS>ILY NO MORE ?AN FUR!R JURIDICAL 9NOVATIONS1 :I* LEFT SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE UNDI/URB$1 & (T5 SIMPLY REMA9$ ON PAP]1 S9CE !Y W]E OPPOS$ TO ! DOM9AT+ 9T]E/S ( (FICIALDOM4 

,TURKEY CANNOT REG5]ATE ITSELF AS A :OLE4 ,FROM ! \TSET1 IT CONSI/$ ( SEV]AL DIFF]5T L&S4 ,! /ABILITY ( ! WAY ( LIFE1 ! SELF-CONTA9$ NATURE ( PROV9CES & NATIONALITIES HAD DISAPPE>$4 ,BUT NO MAT]IAL 9T]E/1 NO COMMON DEVELOPM5T HAD BE5 CREAT$ :I* C\LD GIVE !M 9T]NAL UNITY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! PRESSURE & MIS]Y ( JO9TLY BELONG+ TO ! ,TURKI% /ATE BECAME EV] GREAT]4 ,& SO !RE WAS A NATURAL T5D5CY = ! V>I\S NATIONALITIES TO ESCAPE FROM ! :OLE1 & 9/9CTIVELY TO SEEK ! WAY TO HI<] SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 AUTONOM\S EXI/5CE4 ,& ?US ! HI/ORIC S5T5CE WAS PRON\NC$ ON ,TURKEY3 IT WAS FAC+ RU94 

,EV5 IF ALL ! SUBJECTS ( ! ,OTTOMAN GOV]NM5T CAME TO EXP]I5CE ! MIS]Y ( A DECAY+ /ATE ORGANISM1 & ! V>I\S ,MUSLIM PEOPLES - ,DRUZES1 ,NAZ>5ES1 ,KURDS & ,>ABS - ALSO REBELL$ AGA9/ ! ,TURKI% YOKE1 ! SEP>ATI/ T5D5CY ABOVE ALL SPREAD TO ! ,*RI/IAN L&S4 ,H]E ! CONFLICT ( MAT]IAL 9T]E/S (T5 CO9CID$ ) NATIONAL FRONTI]S4 ,! ,*RI/IAN IS D5I$ HIS RI<T1 HIS OA? IS VALUELESS AGA9/ A ,MUSLIM1 HE CANNOT BE> >MS1 & AS A RULE HE CANNOT HOLD ANY PUBLIC (FICE4 ,BUT :AT IS EV5 MORE IMPORTANT1 AS A PEASANT HE (T5 OCCUPIES ! L& ( A ,MUSLIM L&[N]1 & IS SUCK$ DRY BY ,MUSLIM (FICIALS4 ,AT GRASSROOTS LEVEL1 !RE=E1 !RE IS FREQU5TLY A CLASS /RUGGLE - A /RUGGLE ( ! SMALL PEASANTS & T5ANTS ) ! CLASS ( L&[N]S & (FICIALS1 AS = EXAMPLE 9 ,BOSNIA & ,H]ZEGOV9A1 :]E ! CONDITIONS >E /RONGLY REM9ISC5T ( ,IREL&4 ,?US ! OPPOSITION PRODUC$ BY ECONOMIC & LEGAL PRESSURE F\ND H]E A READY-MADE IDEOLOGY 9 ! NATIONAL & RELIGI\S CONFLICTS4 ,! ADMIXTURE ( RELIGI\S ELEM5TS WAS B\ND TO GIVE !M A P>TICUL>LY CRUDE & SAVAGE *>ACT]4 ,& ?US ALL ! ELEM5TS W]E PRES5T TO CREATE A /RUGGLE TO ! DEA? ( ! ,*RI/IAN NATIONS ) ,TURKEY1 ! /RUGGLE ( ,GREEKS1 ,BOSNIAN-,H]ZEGOV9IANS1 ,S]BS & ,BULG>IANS4 ,& N[ ! SEQU5CE HAS REA*$ ! ,>M5IANS4 

,9 ! FACE ( ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS :I* WE HAVE BRIEFLY SKET*$ \T H]E1 ! CLAIMS ?AT ! RIS+S & NATIONAL /RUGGLES 9 ,TURKEY HAVE BE5 >TIFICIALLY PRODUC$ BY AG5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T SEEM NO MORE S]I\S ?AN ! CLAIMS ( ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT ! :OLE MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T IS ! WORK ( A FEW SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC AGITATORS4 ,ADMITT$LY1 ! DISSOLUTION ( ,TURKEY IS NOT ADVANC+ PURELY BY ITS [N MOM5TUM4 ,ADMITT$LY1 ! T5D] H&S ( ,RUSSIAN ,COSSACKS R5D]$ MIDWIFE'S S]VICES AT ! BIR? ( ,GREECE1 ,S]BIA & ,BULG>IA1 & ! ,RUSSIAN RUBLE IS ! P]MAN5T /AGE-MANAG] ( ! HI/ORIC DRAMA ( ! ,BLACK ,SEA4 ,BUT H]E DIPLOMACY IS DO+ NO MORE ?AN ?R[+ A BURN+ /ICK 9TO 9FLAMMABLE MAT]IAL1 ( :I* M\NTA9S HAVE ACCUMULAT$ DUR+ C5TURIES ( 9JU/ICE & EXPLOITATION4 

,:AT WE HAVE TO DEAL ) H]E IS AN HI/ORICAL PROCESS DEVELOP+ ) ! 9EVITABILITY ( A LAW ( NATURE4 ,! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ! CONT9UATION ( >*AIC ECONOMIC =MS 9 ,TURKEY 9 ! FACE ( ! FISCAL SY/EM & ! MONEY ECONOMY1 & ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ! MONEY ECONOMY DEVELOP+ 9TO CAPITALISM1 ?AT IS ! KEY TO UND]/&+ EV5TS ON ! ,BALKAN ,P59SULA4 ,! BASIS ( ! EXI/5CE ( ,TURKI% DESPOTISM IS BE+ UND]M9$4 ,BUT ! BASIS = ITS DEVELOPM5T 9TO A MOD]N /ATE IS NOT BE+ CREAT$4 ,SO IT MU/ P]I%1 NOT AS A =M ( GOV]NM5T1 BUT AS A /ATE2 NOT ?R\< ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 BUT ?R\< ! /RUGGLE ( NATIONALITIES4 ,& :AT IS BE+ CREAT$ H]E IS NOT A REG5]AT$ ,TURKEY1 BUT A S]IES ( NEW /ATES1 C>V$ \T ( ! C>CASS ( ,TURKEY4 

,?IS IS ! SITUATION4 ,N[ WE HAVE TO DISCUSS :AT POSITION ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY HAS TO TAKE 9 RELATION TO ! ,TURKI% EV5TS4 

  

,I,I,I3 ,! ,PO9T ( ,VIEW ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 

,N[ :AT CAN BE ! POSITION ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY T[>DS ! EV5TS 9 ,TURKEY8 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ALWAYS /&S ON ! SIDE ( ASPIRATIONS = FRE$OM4 ,! ,*RI/IAN NATIONS1 9 ?IS CASE ! ,>M5IANS1 WANT TO LIB]ATE !MSELVES FROM ! YOKE ( ,TURKI% RULE1 & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY MU/ DECL>E ITSELF UNRES]V$LY 9 SUPPORT ( !IR CAUSE4 

,( C\RSE1 9 =EIGN POLITICS - JU/ AS 9 DOME/IC QUE/IONS - WE %\LD NOT SEE ?+S TOO S*EMATICALLY4 ,! NATIONAL /RUGGLE IS NOT ALWAYS ! APPROPRIATE =M = ! /RUGGLE = FRE$OM4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! NATIONAL QUE/ION TAKES A DIFF]5T =M 9 ,POL&1 ,ALSACE-,LORRA9E OR ,BOHEMIA4 ,9 ALL !SE CASES1 WE >E FAC$ ) A DIRECTLY OPPOS+ PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ ASSIMILATION ( ! ANNEX$ L&S TO ! DOM9ANT ONES1 :I* CONDEMNS ! SEP>ATI/ EF=TS TO IMPOT5CE1 & IT IS 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T TO ADVOCATE ! UNITY ( =CES1 & NOT !IR FRAGM5TATION 9 NATIONAL /RUGGLES4 ,BUT 9 ! QUE/ION ( ! REVOLTS 9 ,TURKEY1 ! SITUATION IS DIFF]5T3 ! ,*RI/IAN L&S >E B\ND TO ,TURKEY ONLY BY =CE1 !Y HAVE NO WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T1 !Y >E DECL9+ BY VIRTUE ( A NATURAL SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 OR RA!R DISSOLUTION1 & H5CE ! ASPIRATIONS TO FRE$OM CAN H]E MAKE !MSELVES FELT ONLY 9 A NATIONAL /RUGGLE2 !RE=E \R P>TIZAN%IP CANNOT & MU/ NOT ADMIT ( ANY D\BT4 ,IT IS NOT \R JOB TO DRAW UP PRACTICAL DEM&S = ! ,>M5IANS1 OR TO DET]M9E ! POLITICAL =M :I* %\LD BE ASPIR$ TO H]E2 = ?IS1 ,>M5IA'S [N ASPIRATIONS W\LD HAVE TO BE TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION1 AS WELL AS ITS 9T]NAL CONDITIONS & ! 9T]NATIONAL CONTEXT4 ,= US1 ! QUE/ION 9 ?IS SITUATION IS ABOVE ALL ! G5]AL /&PO9T1 & ?IS REQUIRES US TO /& = ! 9SURG5TS & NOT AGA9/ !M4 

,BUT :AT IS ! SITUATION ) ! PRACTICAL 9T]E/S ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY8 ,DO WE NOT FALL 9TO A CONTRADICTION ) !SE BY TAK+ ! A=EM5TION$ PR9CIPL$ /ANCE8 ,WE ?9K WE CAN PROVE ! EXACT OPPOSITE 9 ?REE PO9TS4 

,FIR/LY1 ! LIB]ATION ( ! ,*RI/IAN L&S FROM ,TURKEY MEANS PROGRESS 9 9T]NATIONAL POLITICAL LIFE4 ,! EXI/5CE ( AN >TIFICIAL POSITION LIKE ?AT ( TODAY'S ,TURKEY1 :]E SO MANY 9T]E/S ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD CONV]GE1 HAS A CON/RICT+ & RET>D+ EFFECT ON G5]AL POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ,EA/]N ,QUE/ION1 TOGE!R ) ?AT ( ,ALSACE-,LORRA9E1 =CES ! ,EUROPEAN P[]S TO PREF] TO PURSUE A POLICY ( /RATAGEMS & DECEPTION1 TO CONCEAL !IR REAL 9T]E/S UND] DECEPTIVE NAMES1 & TO SEEK TO A*IEVE !M BY SUBT]FUGE4 ,) ! LIB]ATION ( ! ,*RI/IAN NATIONS FROM ,TURKEY1 B\RGEOIS POLITICS WILL BE /RIPP$ ( ONE ( ITS LA/ IDEALI/IC TATT]S -- 'PROTECTION ( ! ,*RI/IANS' -- & WILL BE R$UC$ TO ITS TRUE CONT5T1 NAK$ 9T]E/ 9 PLUND]4 ,?IS IS JU/ AS B5EFICIAL TO \R CAUSE AS ! R$UCTION ( ALL SORTS ( 'LIB]AL' & '5LI<T5$' PROGRAMS ( ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES TO BE+ PURELY & SIMPLY QUE/IONS ( MONEY4 

,SECONDLY1 IT FOLL[S FROM ! E>LI] >TICLES ?AT ! SEP>ATION ( ! ,*RI/IAN L&S FROM ,TURKEY IS A PROGRESSIVE PH5OM5ON1 AN ACT ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 = ?IS SEP>ATION IS ! ONLY WAY 9 :I* ! ,TURKI% L&S CAN A*IEVE HI<] =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,AS LONG AS A L& REMA9S UND] ,TURKI% RULE1 !RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ( MOD]N CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,SEP>AT$ FROM ,TURKEY1 IT ACQUIRES A ,EUROPEAN =M ( /ATE & B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS1 & IS GRADUALLY DRAWN 9TO ! G5]AL /REAM ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,?US ,GREECE & ,ROMANIA HAVE MADE /RIK+ PROGRESS S9CE !IR SEP>ATION FROM ,TURKEY4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ALL ! NEWLY-EM]G+ /ATES >E M9OR /ATES1 BUT NEV]!LESS IT W\LD BE WRONG TO P]CEIVE !IR E/ABLI%M5T AS A PROCESS ( POLITICAL FRAGM5TATION4 ,= ,TURKEY ITSELF IS NOT A GREAT P[] 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,BUT 9 C\NTRIES ) B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T ! GR\ND IS GRADUALLY ALSO BE+ PREP>$ = ! MOD]N WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T - = ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY - AS1 = EXAMPLE1 IS ALREADY ! CASE 9 ,ROMANIA1 & TO SOME EXT5T ALSO 9 ,BULG>IA47#b7 ,!REBY \R HI<E/ 9T]NATIONAL 9T]E/ IS SATISFI$1 NAMELY ?AT AS F> AS POSSIBLE ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T %\LD GET A FOO?OLD 9 ALL C\NTRIES4 

,?IRDLY & LA/LY1 ! PROCESS ( ! DISSOLUTION ( ,TURKEY IS CLOSELY L9K$ TO ! QUE/ION ( ,RUSSIAN RULE 9 ,EUROPE1 & ?IS IS ! HE>T ( ! MATT]4 ,:5 EV5 \R PRESS FROM TIME TO TIME TOOK ! SIDE ( ,TURKEY1 ?IS CLE>LY DID NOT HAPP5 \T ( 9NATE CRUELTY1 OR SOME SPECIAL PREF]5CE = ! P>TISANS ( POLYGAMY4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ! BASIS WAS AN ESS5TIAL OPPOSITION TO ! APPETITES ( ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM1 :I* SEEKS ! ROAD TO WORLD DOM9ION OV] ! CORPSE ( ,TURKEY1 & WANTS TO USE ITS ,*RI/IAN NATIONS AS A MEANS = ITS ADVANCE ON ,CON/ANT9OPLE4 ,BUT 9 \R OP9ION1 ! GOOD WILL WAS APPLI$ 9 QUITE ! WRONG WAY1 & ! MEASURES AGA9/ ,RUSSIA W]E S\<T 9 QUITE ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION FROM :]E !Y REALLY LIE4 

,PREVI\S EXP]I5CE HAS ALREADY %[N ?AT 9 ITS POLICY T[>DS ! ,BALKAN ,P59SULA1 ,RUSSIA USUALLY A*IEV$ ! EXACT OPPOSITE TO :AT IT WAS /RIV+ =4 ,! PEOPLES FRE$ FROM ,TURKI% RULE HAVE REGUL>LY REPAID ,RUSSIA'S B5EVOL5CE ) 'BASE +RATITUDE'1 ?AT IS1 !Y HAVE BLUNTLY REJECT$ AN EX*ANGE ( ! ,RUSSIAN YOKE = ! ,TURKI%4 ,H[EV] UNEXPECT$ ?IS WAS = ! ,RUSSIAN DIPLOMATS1 ?IS CONDUCT ( ! ,BALKAN /ATES WAS V]Y F> FROM SURPRIS+4 ,BETWE5 !M & ,RUSSIA1 !RE IS A NATURAL CONFLICT ( 9T]E/S1 ! SAME CONFLICT AS EXI/S BETWE5 ! LAMB & ! WOLF1 ! HUNT] & HIS PREY4 ,DEP5D5CE ON ,TURKEY IS ! VEIL :I* CONCEALS ?IS CONFLICT ( 9T]E/1 & EV5 ALL[S IT TO APPE> SUP]FICIALLY & TEMPOR>ILY AS A COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/4 ,! MASSES DO NOT 5GAGE 9 COMPLEX & REMOTE REFLECTIONS4 ,S9CE ! NATIONAL RIS+S 9 ,TURKEY >E C]TA9LY MASS MOVEM5TS1 !Y ACCEPT ! FIR/ & BE/ ME?OD ?AT CORRESPONDS TO !IR IMM$IATE 9T]E/S1 EV5 IF ?IS ME?OD IS ! VILE DIPLOMACY ( ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ! *A9S BETWE5 ! ,*RI/IAN L&S & ,TURKEY HAVE BE5 BROK51 ,RUSSIAN DIPLOMACY ALSO %[S ITS TRUE FACE1 AS PURE VIL5ESS1 & ! LIB]AT$ L& IMM$IATELY TURNS 9/9CTIVELY AGA9/ ,RUSSIA4 ,IF ! NATIONS SUBJUGAT$ BY ,TURKEY >E ,RUSSIA'S ALLIES1 ! NATIONS LIB]AT$ FROM ,TURKEY BECOME SO MANY NATURAL 5EMIES ( ,RUSSIA4 ,BULG>IA'S PRES5T POLICY T[>DS ,RUSSIA IS TO A GREAT EXT5T A RESULT ( ITS SEMI-FRE$OM1 A RESULT ( ! *A9 :I* /ILL L9KS IT TO ,TURKEY4 

,BUT EV5 MORE IMPORTANT IS ANO!R RESULT PRODUC$ 9 ?IS PROCESS4 ,! LIB]ATION ( ! ,*RI/IAN L&S FROM ,TURKEY IS BASICALLY TAK5 AS BE+ LIKEWISE A 'LIB]ATION' ( ,TURKEY FROM ITS ,*RI/IAN SUBJECTS4 ,IT IS PRECISELY !SE :I* S]VE AS A MOTIVE = ,EUROPEAN DIPLOMACY TO OP]ATE 9 ,TURKEY1 & :O CONSIGN IT UNCONDITIONALLY TO ! ,RUSSIAN SIDE4 ,MOREOV]1 IT IS !Y :O 9 ! EV5T ( W> MAKE ,TURKEY UNABLE TO RESI/4 ,! ,*RI/IANS DO NOT S]VE 9 ! ,TURKI% >M$ =CES1 BUT >E ALWAYS READY TO RISE UP AGA9/ !M4 ,!RE=E A =EIGN W> = ,TURKEY ALWAYS MEANS A SECOND W> AT HOME1 & !RE=E A DISP]SAL ( ITS MILIT>Y =CES & A P>ALYZES ( ITS MOVEM5TS4 ,FRE$ FROM ?IS ,*RI/IAN TORM5T1 ,TURKEY W\LD UND\BT$LY ADOPT A FRE] POSITION 9 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS1 & ITS /ATE T]RITORY W\LD BE MORE COMM5SURABLE ) ITS DEF5SIVE =CES2 BUT ABOVE ALL IT W\LD BE RID ( ! 5EMY )91 ! NATURAL ALLY ( EV]Y EXT]NAL AGGRESSOR4 ,9 %ORT1 R5UNCIATION ( RULE OV] ! ,*RI/IANS MAKES ! ,OTTOMAN GOV]NM5T MORE CAPABLE ( RESI/ANCE1 ABOVE ALL 9 RELATION TO ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS EXPLA9S :Y ,RUSSIA TODAY IS 9 FAVOR ( ! 9TEGRITY ( ,TURKEY4 ,IT IS N[ 9 ITS 9T]E/ = ,TURKEY TO REMA9 9 POSSESSION ( ! BACILLUS :I* WILL CAUSE ITS DISORGANIZATION - ! ,*RI/IAN NATIONS - & = !SE !RE=E TO REMA9 UND] ! YOKE ( ,TURKEY & DEP5D5T ON ,RUSSIA1 UNTIL A FAVORABLE MOM5T >RIVES = IT TO C>RY \T ITS PLANS ) REG>D TO ,CON/ANT9OPLE4 ,?IS ALSO EXPLA9S :Y WE MU/ BE 9 FAVOR ( ! LIB]ATION ( ! ,*RI/IANS FROM ,TURKEY1 & NOT ( ! 9TEGRITY ( ?AT C\NTRY4 

,9 \R OP9ION1 WE %\LD SEEK ! REM$Y AGA9/ ! ADVANCE ( ,RUSSIAN REACTION 9 ! A=EM5TION$ RESULTS ( ! PROCESS ( ,TURKI% DIS9TEGRATION1 & NOT 9 OBS]VATIONS AB\T ':E!R ,SALISBURY.<,C.> IS ! MAN = ! JOB'1 OR :E!R HE IS ! MAN TO %[ ! DOOR TO ! ,RUSSIANS 'BACK 9 ,TURKEY'4 ,& ?IS ASPECT ( ! QUE/ION IS EXCEPTIONALLY IMPORTANT4 ,RUSSIAN REACTION IS MU* TOO DANG]\S & MU* TOO S]I\S AN 5EMY = US TO ALL[ \RSELVES ! LUXURY ( W>D+ (F ITS LEAD5 WEI<T ) PAP] D>TS1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME IGNOR+ A S]I\S WEAPON :I* CIRCUM/ANCES (F] US TO COMBAT IT )4 ,TODAY ADVOCAT+ ! 9TEGRITY ( ,TURKEY ACTUALLY MEANS PLAY+ 9TO ! H&S ( ,RUSSIAN DIPLOMACY4 

,TO IMAG9E DI/ANT POLITICAL CONJECTURES 9 DETAIL IS A FANTASY4 ,BUT IT IS F> FROM IMPOSSIBLE ?AT ! RESI/ANCE ( LIB]AT$ ,TURKEY & ! LIB]AT$ ,BALKAN L&S C\LD FRU/RATE ! ,RUSSIAN ADVANCE = SO LONG ?AT ,RUSSIAN ABSOLUTISM W\LD NOT LIVE TO SEE ! F9AL SOLUTION ( ! ,CON/ANT9OPLE QUE/ION & W\LD HAVE TO DIE1 TO ! B5EFIT ( ! PEOPLES1 )\T BE+ ABLE TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! SETTLEM5T ( ?IS QUE/ION ( UNIV]SAL CONC]N4 

,?US \R PRACTICAL 9T]E/S COMPLETELY CO9CIDE ) ! PR9CIPL$ /&PO9T1 & H5CE WE RECOMM5D ?AT ! FOLL[+ PROPOSITIONS BE ADOPT$ = ! PRES5T /ANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY ON ! ,EA/]N ,QUE/ION4 

,WE MU/ ACCEPT ! PROCESS ( ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ,TURKEY AS A P]MAN5T FACT1 & NOT GET IT 9TO \R HEADS ?AT IT C\LD OR %\LD BE /OPP$4 

,WE %\LD GIVE \R FULLE/ SYMPA?Y TO ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,*RI/IAN NATIONS = AUTONOMY4 

,WE %\LD WELCOME !SE ASPIRATIONS ABOVE ALL AS A MEANS ( FI<T+ AGA9/ ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA1 & EMPHATICALLY ADVOCATE !IR 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,RUSSIA1 AS WELL AS FROM ,TURKEY4 

,IT IS NO ACCID5T ?AT 9 ! QUE/IONS DEALT ) H]E1 PRACTICAL CONSID]ATIONS HAVE L$ TO ! SAME CONCLUSIONS AS \R G5]AL PR9CIPLES4 ,= ! AIMS & PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY D]IVE FROM REAL SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 & >E BAS$ ON IT2 !RE=E 9 HI/ORICAL PROCESSES IT MU/ TO A GREAT EXT5T APPE> ?AT EV5TS >E F9ALLY BR++ GRI/ TO ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC MILL1 & ?AT WE CAN LOOK AFT] \R IMM$IATE 9T]E/S 9 ! BE/ WAY BY MA9TA9+ A POSITION ( PR9CIPLE4 ,A DEEP] LOOK AT EV5TS1 !RE=E1 ALWAYS MAKES IT SUP]FLU\S = US TO MAKE SOME DIPLOMATS 9TO ! CAUSES ( GREAT POPUL> MOVEM5TS & TO SEEK ! MEANS ( COMBAT+ !SE DIPLOMATS 9 O!R DIPLOMATS4 ,?AT IS JU/ C(FEE-H\SE POLITICS4 

7#a7 ,AT PRES5T1 ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS BE+ SAID ?AT ! ,SULTAN IS TO BLAME = EV]Y?+4 ,?US ! 'VICTIM' BECOMES ! SCAPEGOAT4 ,FROM ! FOLL[+ >GUM5TS1 READ]S WILL BE CONV9C$ ?AT ?IS HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ! P]SON1 BUT ) ! CONDITIONS4 .<,$ITORIAL NOTE 9 ,SA*SIS*E ,>BEIT]-,ZEITUNG.> 

7#b7 ,! ,>M5IAN SOCIALI/S >E !RE=E 9 \R OP9ION ON ! WRONG TRACK :5 !Y - AS 9 ,DIE ,NEUE ,ZEIT1 ,VOLUME #a#d1 NO4#d#b - ?9K !Y HAVE TO JU/IFY !IR SEP>ATI/ ASPIRATIONS ) AN O/5SIBLE CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 ,>M5IA4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 SEP>ATION FROM ,TURKEY IS H]E ONLY ! PRECONDITION = ! G]M9ATION ( CAPITALISM4 ,& ( C\RSE CAPITALISM ITSELF IS A PRECONDITION ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,9 \R OP9ION1 !RE=E1 ! ,>M5IAN COMRADES MU/ - TO P>APHRASE ,LASSALLE - = ! TIME BE+ CONC]N !MSELVES ) A PRECONDITION = ! PRECONDITION ( SOCIALISM - A K9D ( PRECONDITION SQU>$4 .<,LUXEMBURG'S NOTE.> 

.<,A.> ,9 ! #a#h#iS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,>M5IA1 ,CRETE & ,MAC$ONIA1 REVOLTS CON/ANTLY FL>$ UP AGA9/ =EIGN RULE BY ,TURKEY2 !SE W]E BRUTALLY CRU%$4 

.<,B.> ,! DEFEAT ( ,RUSSIA 9 ! ,CRIMEAN ,W> 7#a#h#e#c-#e#f7 HAD SO EXAC]BAT$ ! DOME/IC POLITICAL SITUATION ?AT ! RUL+ CLASS BETWE5 #ahfa & #ahg HAD TO 9TRODUCE A S]IES ( POLITICAL RE=MS1 :I* C]TA9LY W]E 9COMPLETE & CONTAM9AT$ ) FEUDAL HANGOV]S1 BUT :I* NONE!LESS 5C\RAG$ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT RE=MS CONC]N$ ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM 9 #a#h#f#a1 ! =MATION ( RURAL & URBAN ORGANS ( SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 #a#h#f#d1 *ANGES 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( POPUL> $UCATION 9 #ahfc & *ANGES 9 JU/ICE 9 #a#h#f#d1 AS WELL AS 9 ! C5SOR%IP 9 #a#h#f#e4 

.<,C.> ,ROB]T ,CECIL1 ,?IRD ,M>QUESS ( ,SALISBURY 7#a#h#c-#a#i#c71 WAS ?REE TIMES ,BRITI% ,PRIME ,M9I/] & F\R TIMES ,=EIGN ,SECRET>Y BETWE5 #ah< & #a#i#b4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY & ! ,NATIONAL ,/RUGGLES 9 ,TURKEY -- ,UPDAT$4 

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