,P>T #d 
,TRANS=M+ ,SOCIAL ,!ORY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&ROS ,S*ISM5OS 

,AU?OR 3 ,BRIAN ,MORRIS 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAN ,*ODORK(F 

,TEXT 3 

,P,>,T #d3 ,TRANS=M+ ,SOCIAL ,!ORY 

,DO ,WE ,NE$ A ,NEW ,!ORY ( ! ,/ATE8 

,MET9 ,GUV5 

,! /RUGGLE = ! RI<T TO ! CITY IS GR[+ 9 DIFF]5T CONTEXTS ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,= EXAMPLE1 T5S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE REBELL$ TO PROTECT ,GEZI ,P>K 9 ,I/ANBUL 9 #b#a#c1 YET !IR ACTUAL DRIV+ MOTIVATION WAS RESI/+ ! AU?ORIT>IAN GOV]NM5T ?AT IS TRY+ TO CONTROL EV]Y ASPECT ( CITIZ5S' LIVES & TO SUPPRESS EV]Y MOVEM5T ?AT RAISES CONC]NS4 ,!RE=E1 IT IS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY IMPORTANT TO UND]/& H[ ?AT CONTEXT IS *ANG+ 9 A DYNAMIC WORLD ?AT IS TRANSITION+ 9TO A NEW WORLD ORD]4 ,OLD P[]S >E LOS+ !IR GR\ND & NEW P[]S >E RIS+4 ,! NEOLIB]AL POLICIES ( GLOBALIZATION >E ADV]SELY AFFECT+ ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( PEOPLE4 ,BECAUSE ( !SE *ANGES1 AU?ORIT>IAN GOV]NM5TS & RI<T-W+ POPULISM >E BECOM+ MORE COMMON4 

,I WILL TRY TO EXPLORE :AT K9D ( TRANS=MATION P]IOD WE >E GO+ ?R\< FIR/1 !N ,I WILL TRY TO EXPLA9 ! HI/ORICAL DIFF]5CES ( DOM9ATION AMONG ! MA9 CIVILIZATIONS & :Y ,I ?9K WE W\LD UND]/& ! \TCOME ( ! CURR5T TRANS=MATION BETT] IF WE DEVELOP A NEW !ORY ( ! ,/ATE ?AT 9CLUDES ! V>I\S /ATE EVOLUTIONS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,ASIA4 

,! ,CURR5T ,TRANSITION ( ,WORLD ,LEAD]%IP 

,F\RTE5 YE>S AGO ! ,IRAQ W> WAS ON ! AG5DA1 NEOCONS ( ! ,U,S W]E PLANN+ TO TAKE OV] ,IRAQ 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% A FRI5DLY GOV]NM5T & ACCESS *EAP OIL TO /OP ! DECL9E ( ! ,U,S ECONOMY4 ,)9 A FEW YE>S IT BECAME A DEBACLE2 ,IRAQI RESI/ANCE 9CREAS$ ! CO/ ( ! W> TO TRILLIONS ( DOLL>S4 ,IT ALSO CAUS$ ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,U,S HEGEMONY PROJECT4 ,9 #bf NEOCONS LEFT ALL POSITIONS 9 ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,U,S 5T]$ 9TO SO MU* DEBT ?AT IT HASN'T BE5 9 A POSITION TO />T ANO!R W> S9CE4 ,YET ! ACTUAL DECL9E ( ! ,U,S />T$ 9 #a#i#gS1 ) ! LOSS ( ! ,VIETNAM ,W> BE+ AN IMPORTANT TURN+ PO9T4 ,SOME RELIEF WAS PROVID$ BY NEOLIB]ALISM & MONET>Y POLICIES DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#hS1 AS WELL AS NEW ECONOMIC & F9ANCIAL EXPANSION 9 ! #a#i#iS4 ,H[EV]1 !SE POLICIES C\LD NOT PREV5T ! #ba RECESSION4 ,! ,U,S SUCCE$$ 9 ATTRACT+ CAPITAL FL[1 BUT MANUFACTUR+ 9 ! ,U,S WAS TOO CO/LY & PR(IT RATES W]E TOO L[4 ,MO/ 9VE/M5T W5T TO NEW TE*NOLOGIES1 BUT ! EXPECT$ 
RATE ( CONSUMPTION WAS NOT REALIZ$4 ,! RECESSION ( #b#h--#b#i WAS EV5 WORSE1 & ! NEXT RECESSION C\LD BE ! WOR/ ( ALL GIV5 ?AT 9COME & WEAL? IMBALANCES >E AT A HI/ORICAL HI<4 

,IF WE LOOK AT ! DECL9E ( ! ,U,S 9 A HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE ?IS SEEMS 9EVITABLE4 ,GIOVANNI ,>RI<I 7#b#g1 P4#b#c#e7 EXPLA9S F\R SY/EMIC CYCLES ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION3 

,RECURR5T SY/EM-WIDE F9ANCIAL EXPANSIONS APPE>$ TO RETURN1 NEW R\NDS ( 9T]-CAPITALI/ COMPETITION1 9T]/ATE RIVALRIES1 ACCUMULATION BY DISPOSSESSION1 & PRODUCTION ( SPACE ON AN EV]-9CREAS+ SCALE REVOLUTIONIZ$ ! GEOGRAPHY & MODE ( OP]ATION ( WORLD CAPITALISM1 AS WELL AS ITS RELATION%IP ) IMP]IALI/IC PRACTICES4 ,?US1 IF WE FOCUS ON ! 0CONTA9]S ( P[]0 ?AT HAVE H\S$ ! 0HEADQU>T]S0 ( ! LEAD+ CAPITALI/ AG5CIES ( SUCCESSIVE CYCLES ( ACCUMULATION1 WE IMM$IATELY SEE A PROGRESSION FROM A CITY-/ATE & COSMOPOLITAN BUS9ESS DIASPORA 7! ,G5OESE72 TO A PROTO-NATIONAL /ATE 7! ,UNIT$ ,PROV9CES7 & ITS JO9T-/OCK *>T]$ COMPANIES2 TO A MULT9ATIONAL /ATE 7! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM7 & ITS GLOBE-5CIRCL+ TRIBUT>Y EMPIRE2 TO A CONT95T-SIZ$ NATIONAL /ATE 7! ,U,S7 & ITS WORLD-5COMPASS+ SY/EM ( TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS1 MILIT>Y BASES1 & 9/ITUTIONS ( WORLD GOV]NANCE4 

,ONE HUNDR$ YE>S AGO ! WORLD WAS 9 ANO!R TRANSITION P]IOD1 ) ! ,U,K'S GLOBAL LEAD]%IP ( CAPITALISM ON ! DECL9E4 ,9VE/+ 9 ! ,U,K WAS NOT PR(ITABLE2 CAPITAL WAS FL[+ TO ! ,U,S = A HI<] PR(IT4 ,! ,U,S ECONOMY WAS ALREADY ! L>GE/ 9 ! WORLD4 ,! ,U,K ECONOMY HAD BE5 F9ANCIALIZ$ JU/ AS ! ,U,S ECONOMY TODAY HAS BE5 F9ANCIALIZ$4 ,A #c-YE> P]IOD1 9CLUD+ TWO WORLD W>S1 BR\<T ! 5D ( ,U,K LEAD]%IP4 ,= ! ,U,S1 A SIMIL> P]IOD />T$ ) ,IRAQ ,W>4 ,!RE LIKELY WILL NOT BE ANO!R W> S9CE ! ,U,S DOESN'T SEEM TO BE ABLE TO R$UCE ITS =EIGN DEBT & PREP>E = ANO!R W>4 ,ALSO1 O!R OPPORTUNITIES TO />T A W> BETWE5 RIVALS SEEMS V]Y DIFFICULT4 ,H[EV]1 ! P]IOD ( ! ,U,S GLOBAL LEAD]%IP EI!R HAS ALREADY 5D$ OR IT WILL 5D 9 ! NE> FUTURE DEP5D+ ON H[ ?AT LEAD]%IP IS DEF9$4 ,! ,U,S ELITE >E 9 DIS>RAY REG>D+ DECISIONS ON H[ TO SP5D LIMIT$ RES\RCES -- :E!R TO ]ECT A WALL ON ! ,MEXICAN BORD] OR TO DEVELOP MILIT>Y CAPACITY TO MAT* RIVALS ,*9A & ,RUSSIA 7,SONNE & ,H>RIS1 #b#a#h74 

,!RE >E MANY POSSIBILITIES = ! NEXT P]IOD4 ,ONE POSSIBILITY IS A NEW WORLD SY/EM ) /RONG GLOBAL ACTORS 9CLUD+ ,U,S1 ,E,U1 ,*9A & ,9DIA4 ,BUT AMONG !SE P[]S ,*9A MI<T HAVE MU* MORE P[] ?AN O!RS4 ,! ,*9ESE ECONOMY BECAME ! L>GE/ ECONOMY BAS$ ON PUR*AS+ P[] P>ITY 9 #b#a#d4 ,IT IS EXPECT$ TO BE ! L>GE/ 9 NOM9AL PRICES DUR+ NEXT DECADE & ,*9A IS EXPECT$ TO BE NUMB] ONE 9 WEAL? 
DUR+ ! #b#cS :5 ,9DIA'S ECONOMY IS EXPECT$ TO CAT* UP TO ! SIZE ( ! ,U,S ECONOMY 7PWC4COM1 #b#a#g74 

,IF WE WITNESS ANO!R BIG RECESSION DUE TO ! CURR5T F9ANCIAL BUBBLE IT MAY ALSO MEAN ! 5D ( LIB]AL CAPITALISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,=BES1 CURR5TLY F\R ( ! TOP T5 GLOBAL CORPORATIONS >E ,*9ESE /ATE BANKS 7,=BES4COM1 #b#a#h74 ,DUR+ ! MO/ REC5T RECESSION ,*9A & ,9DIA W]E AFFECT$ ! LEA/4 ,EV5 ?\< !Y PROMOTE CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 MANUFACTUR+ & S]VICE SECTORS1 !Y REGULATE & CONTROL !IR F9ANCE SECTOR BY /ATE BANKS4 ,= MORE ?AN A ?\S& YE>S ,*9ESE BUREAUCRACIES HAVE MA9TA9$ A TRADITION ( CONTROLL+ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & PREV5T+ IT IF !Y ?9K IT C\LD BE A ?REAT TO ! ,*9ESE ECONOMY OR /ATE P[]4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ELITES ( ,WE/]N C\NTRIES HAVE />T$ TO REALIZE ?AT !Y DON'T B5EFIT FROM GLOBALIZATION ANYMORE4 ,! ,TRUMP ADM9I/RATION HAS ALREADY />T$ IMPLEM5T+ A REV]SAL ( GLOBALIZATION BY RE/RICT+ IMPORTS & O!R /ATE 9T]V5TIONS4 ,! ,U,S MI<T BE =C$ TO IMPLEM5T MEASURES SU* AS UNIV]SAL BASIC 9COME TO R$UCE SOCIAL T5SIONS AS WELL4 

,! ,H]ITAGE ( ,DOM9ATION 

,9 %ORT !RE IS A HI< PROBABILITY ?AT /ATES WILL PLAY A MORE CRUCIAL ROLE TO MA9TA9 CURR5T DOM9ATION =MS2 /ATES MAY BECOME ! MA9 DRIV+ =CE TO *ANGE ! BALANCE ( DIFF]5T DOM9ATION =MS 9 FAVOR ( !MSELVES4 ,I ?9K ! CONCEPT ( ! H]ITAGE ( DOM9ATION IS USEFUL 9 UND]/&+ RELATION%IPS BETWE5 DIFF]5T DOM9ATION =MS4 ,DUR+ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 REVOLUTION>Y ?9K]S TRI$ TO EXPLA9 SOCIAL RELATION%IPS BAS$ ON CLASS DOM9ATION1 AS CLASS /RUGGLE WAS MA9LY DET]M9+ !SE RELATION%IPS AT ?AT TIME4 ,!N ALL O!R TYPES ( SOCIAL DOM9ATION & ! IDEA ( DOM9ATION OV] NATURE BECAME CRITICAL TO UND]/&+ SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY PROVIDES A /RONG FRAMEWORK ) :I* TO EXPLA9 H[ ! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION & ! LEGACY ( FRE$OM PLAY$ !IR ROLES ?R\<\T HI/ORY & BR\<T HUMANITY 9TO ! CURR5T SOCIAL & ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,H[EV]1 S9CE CAPITALISM & ,WE/]N P[]S W]E SO DOM9ANT 9 DET]M9+ SOCIAL *ANGE DUR+ ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! FOCUS WAS MO/LY ON CAPITALISM1 EV5 ?\< SOCIAL ECOLOGY ADVOCATES ! 5D ( ALL HI]>*IES & ALL TYPES ( DOM9ATION TO CREATE A FREE SOCIETY4 ,WE MAY NE$ TO *ANGE ?AT FOCUS TO ! ,/ATE 9 ! NE> FUTURE IF /ATE DOM9ATION PREVAILS OV] CAPITALISM4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 7#a#i#h#b1 P4 #i#e7 ELABORATES /ATE DOM9ATION3 

,! ,/ATE IS NOT M]ELY A CON/ELLATION ( BUREAUCRATIC & CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT IS ALSO A /ATE ( M9D1 AN 9/ILL$ M5TALITY = ORD]+ REALITY4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! ,/ATE HAS A LONG HI/ORY--NOT ONLY 9/ITUTIONALLY BUT ALSO PSY*OLOGICALLY4 ,AP>T FROM DRAMATIC 9VASIONS 9 :I* 
CONQU]+ PEOPLES EI!R COMPLETELY SUBDUE OR VIRTUALLY ANNIHILATE ! CONQU]$1 ! ,/ATE EVOLVES 9 GRADATIONS1 (T5 COM+ TO RE/ DUR+ ITS OV]ALL HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 SU* HI<LY 9COMPLETE OR HYBRIDIZ$ =MS ?AT ITS B\ND>IES >E ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO FIX 9 /RICTLY POLITICAL T]MS4444,ITS CAPACITY TO RULE BY BRUTE =CE HAS ALWAYS BE5 LIMIT$4 ,! MY? ( A PURELY CO]CIVE1 OMNIPRES5T ,/ATE IS A FICTION ?AT HAS S]V$ ! /ATE MA*9]Y ALL TOO WELL BY CREAT+ A S5SE ( AWE & P[]LESSNESS 9 ! OPPRESS$ ?AT 5DS 9 SOCIAL QUIETISM4 ,)\T A HI< DEGREE ( COOP]ATION FROM EV5 ! MO/ VICTIMIZ$ CLASSES ( SOCIETY SU* AS *ATTEL SLAVES & S]FS1 ITS AU?ORITY W\LD EV5TUALLY DISSIPATE4 ,AWE & APA?Y 9 ! FACE ( ,/ATE P[] >E ! PRODUCTS ( SOCIAL CONDITION+ ?AT R5D]S ?IS V]Y P[] POSSIBLE4 

,! EVOLUTION ( ! ,/ATE1 ,BOOK*9 EXPLA9$1 WILL NOT /OP & ! ,/ATE SEEMS TO 9CREAS+LY MANIPULATE ! ECONOMY :ILE DEVELOP+ TOOLS TO 5HANCE ! COOP]ATION BETWE5 ! ,/ATE & L[] CLASSES ( POPULATION4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 SOCIAL !ORIES HAVE CONC5TRAT$ ON ,EUROPEAN /ATES1 :I* W]E =M$ DUR+ CYCLES ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION ) /RONG ALLEGIANCE TO M]*ANTS & BANK]S4 ,!SE /ATES BECAME CAPITALI/ NATION-/ATES AT ! 5D ( ?OSE /ATE-MAK+ PROCESSES4 ,H[EV]1 /ATES ALL OV] ! WORLD HAVE BE5 =M$ 9 A V>IETY ( WAYS DUR+ DECOLONIZATION 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,ALSO CULTURAL DIFF]5CES HAVE MADE CRUCIAL DIFF]5CES 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,/ATE 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,IF WE COMP>E ! OLDE/ CIVILIZATIONS1 /ATES FIR/ EM]G$ 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA & ,EGYPT MORE ?AN FIVE ?\S& YE>S AGO4 ,!SE TWO CIVILIZATIONS HAD HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL /RUCTURES1 LEAV+ REMNANTS ( BIG TEMPLES & PALACES4 ,H[EV] !RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT SIMIL> BUILD+S W]E CON/RUCT$ DUR+ ,9DUS ,VALLEY CIVILIZATION DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !Y BUILT L>G] CITIES ) BETT] DESIGNS & MORE ADVANC$ WAT] & SEWAGE SY/EMS4 ,>*AEOLOGI/S HAV5'T YET F\ND ANY EVID5CE ( K+S OR MILIT>Y ORGANIZATIONS OR 9DICATIONS ( A HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,9DUS ,VALLEY4 ,SOME ,9DIAN S*OL>S SUGGE/ ?AT IT C\LD HAVE BE5 A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY1 EV5 ?\< !IR WRIT+S HAV5'T BE5 DECIPH]$ 7,MAYANK & ,NI%A1 #b#a#a74 ,IT SEEMS ?AT ! ,/ATE EM]G$ 9 ,9DIA NOT AS A RESULT ( 9T]NAL SOCIAL DYNAMICS1 BUT WAS IMPOS$ BY \TSID]S1 NAMELY ,>YAN 9VAD]S4 ,ALSO1 !RE IS NO CORRELATION BETWE5 ! LEVEL ( CIVILIZATION & ! HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE ( A SOCIETY4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ! NATIVE PEOPLE ( ,9DIA ACCEPT$ ! IMPOS$ 9/ITUTIONS1 BUT ,JA9ISM & ,BUDDHISM--:I* W]E AGA9/ ! ,>YAN'S RELIGION & ! CLASS SY/EM IT BR\<T--C\LD HAVE BE5 9FLU5C$ BY !IR E>LI] CIVILIZATION1 & MAY HAVE BE5 P>T ( !IR CULTURE1 YET SURFAC$ 9 A DIFF]5T =M4 

,! EVOLUTION ( ! ,/ATE 9 ,*9A WAS V]Y DIFF]5T1 TOO4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT /ATES EM]G$ DUR+ ! SECOND MILL5NIUM ,B,C,E--) A GAP ( MORE ?AN ONE ?\S& YE>S BETWE5 ! OLDE/ /ATES1 :I* HAD DIFF]5T 
*>ACT]I/ICS4 ,! FIR/ K+S PRES5T$ !MSELVES AS A ,GOD1 OR REPRES5TATIVE ( ,GOD1 TO LEGITIMIZE !IR RULE4 ,H[EV]1 9 ,*9A ! LEGITIMACY ( ! K+ OR EMP]OR WAS BAS$ ON A M&ATE ( HEAV5 7OR COSMOS74 ,!Y DID NOT NE$ TO BE A NOBLE TO GA9 ?AT M&ATE1 BUT IF !Y IGNOR$ ! WELF>E ( ! MASSES1 OR IF A NATURAL DISA/] CAUS$ WIDESPREAD MIS]Y1 ! PEOPLE MI<T ASSUME ?AT HE HAD LO/ ! M&ATE ( HEAV54 ,9 SU* CASES REBELLION WAS SE5 AS LEGITIMATE4 ,?IS PRESSURE ON EMP]ORS TO BE JU/ L$ TO P]IODS :5 L& WAS DI/RIBUT$ TO PEASANTS EQUALLY 7IT WAS V]Y COMMON DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! ,W>R+ ,/ATES74 ,ALSO1 LOCAL REBELLIONS W]E MONITOR$ & TAK5 S]I\SLY BY RUL]S4 ,! ,*9ESE ,/ATE HAS EVOLV$ ) ITS [N AU?ORIT>IANISM & RATIONALITY OV] MORE ?AN TWO ?\S& YE>S4 

,! ,AXIAL ,AGE & ,LAT] ,DEVELOPM5TS 

,! ,AXIAL ,AGE IS DEF9$ AS ! P]IOD BETWE5 #h & #b ,B,C,E 9 :I* ! MA9 RELIGIONS & PHILOSOPHIES W]E %AP$ ?R\<\T ,EURASIA4 ,BE=E ?IS P]IOD GREAT EMPIRES COLLAPS$ & SMALL K+DOMS & /ATES BEGAN FI<T+ EA* O!R4 ,AS OPPOS$ TO ! TIMES :5 EMPIRES LA/$ = LONG P]IODS1 !RE WAS UNC]TA9TY & 9SECURITY DUR+ ! ,AXIAL ,AGE4 ,AS A RESULT1 MANY S*OL>S />T$ TO ?9K AB\T ! MEAN+ ( LIFE & H[ TO DEAL ) UNC]TA9TIES4 ,!N V]Y DIFF]5T NEW WAYS ( ?9K+ APPE>$ 7,GRAEB]1 #b#a#a74 ,WE CAN COMP>E !SE DEVELOPM5TS 9 ?REE REGIONS :]E ! OLDE/ CIVILIZATIONS EM]G$4 

,9 ! REGION ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/_/,EUROPE BO? ! FIR/ MONO!I/IC RELIGION & RATIONAL ?9K+ APPE>$ 9 ,AXIAL AGE4 ,GREEK DEMOCRACY EM]G$ BAS$ ON E?ICS DEVELOP$ BY RATIONAL REASON+1 :ILE ,JUDAISM WAS BE+ %AP$ 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,GREEK CIVILIZATION ATTA9$ PEAK A*IEVEM5TS 9 MANY >EAS4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 ?\< ! ,MAC$ONIAN & ,ROMAN EMPIRES LAT] HELP$ SPREAD ,GREEK CULTURE ?R\<\T MO/ ( ,EUROPE & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ! CORE IDEAS ( ,GREEK CIVILIZATION-- DEMOCRACY & E?ICS--DISAPPE>$4 ,9/EAD1 ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE ADOPT$ ,*RI/IANITY AS ITS (FICIAL RELIGION WELL AFT] ! ,AXIAL ,AGE4 ,PHILOSOPHY WAS SUPPRESS$ 9 FAVOR ( MONO!I/IC ?\<T4 ,ROMANS RANSACK$ ,GREEK CITIES TAK+ WRIT+S & SCULPTURES TO ,ROME1 SOMETIMES KILL+ OR 5SLAV+ ,GREEK PHILOSOPH]S & >TI/S4 ,!Y US$ ! 5G9E]+ KN[L$GE ( ,GREEKS & COPI$ !IR >*ITECTURE & ES!TICS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 EMP]OR ,JOVIAN 9 #cfc ,C,E BURN$ ! ,ROYAL ,LIBR>Y ( ,ANTIO* AS WELL AS ! TEMPLE S9CE !RE W]E PAGAN WRIT+S !RE4 ,AT ! 5D !RE WAS NO CONT9UITY 9 ,GREEK IDEALS4 ,?OSE IDEALS1 SU* AS DEMOCRACY & E?ICAL SOCIETY RESURFAC$ AS P>T ( ! H]ITAGE ( FRE$OM AB\T TWO ?\S& YE>S AFT] DIRECT DEMOCRACY WAS DE/ROY$ 9 ,GREECE4 ,EUROPE WAS UND] RELIGI\S DOGMATISM UNTIL ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY :ILE PHILOSOPHY & SCI5CE W]E BE+ DEVELOP$ 9 O!R P>TS ( ,EURASIA4 

,9 ,9DIA BO? ,H9DUISM & ,BUDDHISM APPE>$ DUR+ ! ,AXIAL ,AGE4 ,BASIC CONCEPTS ( ,H9DUISM W]E DEF9$ 9 ! ,UPANI%ADS WRITT5 9 ?IS AGE4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS PHILOSOPHY HAS BE5 ADOPT$ 9 A V>IETY ( DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,EV5TUALLY POLY!I/IC =MS ( ,H9DUISM BECAME DOM9ANT 9 ,9DIA4 ,EV5 ?\< ,BUDDHISM %>ES SOME ( ! CONCEPTS ) ! ,UPANI%ADS1 !RE IS NO WOR%IP+ ( ANY ,GOD 9 ,BUDDHISM4 ,IT TEA*ES ?AT 0MAN CAN GA9 DELIV]ANCE FROM SUFF]+ BY HIS [N EF=TS0 7,ACCESS-TO9SI<T4ORG1 #a#i#i#e74 ,DUR+ ! LATE ,AXIAL ,AGE1 ! ,MAURYA ,DYNA/Y RUL$ ALMO/ ALL ( ! ,9DIAN SUBCONT95T4 ,A%OKA WAS ! GR&SON ( ! F\ND] ( ! ,MAURYA ,DYNA/Y & HE BECAME A ,BUDDHI/ AFT] A BLOODY W> TO CONQUE/ ,KAL+A AB\T #bfc ,B,C,E4 ,?AT W> CONV]T$ HIM TO A /ABLE & PEACEFUL EMP]OR AS A RESULT ( ! SORR[ & REGRET HE FELT4 ,HE BECAME A PATRON ( ,BUDDHISM UNTIL HE DI$ 9 #bcb ,B,C,E4 ,HE LEFT A LEGACY ( PEACEFUL RUL+ 9 H>MONY & DIV]SITY BAS$ ON E?ICS HE WROTE 9 HIS $ICTS4 ,!SE $ICTS 9CLUD$ BANN+ ANIMAL SACRIFICE & ELIM9ATION ( MEAT EAT+ ON MANY HOLIDAYS4 ,BUT ?IS LEGACY DID NOT PROVIDE A WAY ( SELFDEF5CE = PEOPLE 9 ,9DIA1 NOR C\LD IT PREV5T DEVELOPM5T ( ! CA/E SY/EM4 ,! HI/ORY ( ,9DIA HAS BE5 MO/LY ! HI/ORY ( =EIGN 9VASIONS BY NOMADIC NATIONS OR IMP]IALI/S1 :I* W]E CATA/ROPHICALLY WORSE ?AN ! =M]4 

,! ,AXIAL ,AGE 9 ,*9A WAS ! P]IOD ( SMALL K+DOMS OR /ATES4 ,?OSE /ATES W]E CONSOLIDAT$ 9TO SEV5 MA9 /ATES BY #dgf ,B,C,E4 ,!N ! ,W>R+ ,/ATES P]IOD />T$4 ,?IS WAS ALSO A LEGALI/ P]IOD 9 :I* A REALI/IC CONSOLIDATION ( ! WEAL? & P[] ( AUTOCRATS & ! ,/ATE WAS EMPHASIZ$ :ILE IGNOR+ MORALITY & ! GOAL ( AN IDEAL RULE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,CONFUCIUS DEVELOP$ A PHILOSOPHY BAS$ ON SECUL> MORALITY4 ,HIS RATIONALITY WAS MO/LY APPLI$ TO ! CONDUCT ( /ATE RULE BY AN ELITE AS OPPOS$ TO ! ,GREEK RATIONALITY ( RULE BY ! PEOPLE4 ,CONFUCIAN IDEAS PRESUM$ ?AT HUMAN NATURE IS POT5TIALLY GOOD4 ,RITUALS & SELF-CULTIVATION PROVIDE A MEANS TO ATTA9 ?AT POT5TIAL4 ,HE EMPHASIZ$ LEAD+ BY VIRTUE RA!R ?AN 5=C+ BY LAW4 ,CONFUCIANISM BECAME ! PHILOSOPHY ( MO/ DYNA/IES DUR+ ,*9ESE HI/ORY />T+ ) ! ,HAN ,DYNA/Y 7#b#f ,B,C,E--#b#b ,C,E7 AT ! 5D ( ! ,AXIAL ,AGE4 ,/>T+ 9 #acf ,B,C,E ! ,HAN ,DYNA/Y SPONSOR$ ,CONFUCIANISM & 5C\RAG$ NOM9EES = (FICE TO RECEIVE A ,CONFUCIAN-BAS$ $UCATION4 ,DUR+ ! ,HAN ,DYNA/Y ! TOTAL NUMB] ( BUREAUCRATS EMPLOY$ BY C5TRAL & LOCAL GOV]NM5TS WAS E/IMAT$ TO BE MORE ?AN #a#c1 9 #e ,B,C,E 7,KEAY1 #b#i74 

,CONFUCIAN /UDIES W]E HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ BY ,DAOISM & ,BUDDHISM AFT] ! ,HAN ,DYNA/Y4 ,!N DUR+ ! ,SUI 7#e#h#a--#f#a#h7 & ,TANG DYNA/IES 7#f#a#h--#i#g71 ,BUDDHISM BECAME WIDESPREAD & SUPPORT$ BY ! EMP]ORS4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS CRU%$ BETWE5 #hdc & #hdh ,B,C,E :5 ,BUDDHI/ TEMPLES HAD ACCUMULAT$ MO/ ( ! AVAILABLE GOLD1 SILV] & COPP] AS /ATU>Y :ILE ! GOV]NM5T WAS NOT ABLE TO F9D 5\< PRECI\S METALS TO M9T 
CO9S4 ,AT ! 5D1 SUP]/ITI\S & MY/ICAL ELEM5TS ( ,TAOISM & ,BUDDHISM W]E ELIM9AT$ FROM ,CONFUCIAN /UDIES & ! NEW OR?ODOXY EM]G$ 9 ! #a#a? C5TURY AS ,NEO-,CONFUCIANISM4 ,ALSO 9 ! ,TANG DYNA/Y1 ! EXAM9ATION SY/EM SUP]S$$ ! APPR5TICE_/NOM9ATION ALT]NATIVE1 & WAS =MALLY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ BY ! ,SONG EMP]ORS TO RECRUIT (FIC]S 9 ! YE>S #i#f--#a#b#g#i 7,WATSON1 #b#f74 ,! NUMB] ( C&IDATES TAK+ (FIC] EXAMS 9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY REA*$ #d14 

,*9A 9 ! ,TW5TY-,FIR/ ,C5TURY 

,! ,*9ESE /ATE HAS EVOLV$ 9 CONT9UITY OV] ?REE MILL5NIA4 ,ITS HUGE BUREAUCRACY HAS HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE CONTROLL+ ! SPREAD ( RELIGION & CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 & MOBILIZ+ PEOPLE = A V>IETY ( GOALS SU* AS $UCATION1 AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS1 & W>4 ,WE %\LDN'T EXPECT ?AT SU* A /ATE W\LD BECOME A CAPITALI/ /ATE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 SU* A /ATE ) ITS [N TRADITIONS ( PROTECT+ ITS 9T]E/S MAY %APE CAPITALISM 9TO A NEW =M BY US+ ITS [N RATIONALISM4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 7#a#i#h#b1 P4 #a#b#g7 W>N$ US AB\T /ATE P[]3 0,LIKE ! M>KET1 ! ,/ATE KN[S NO LIMITS2 IT CAN EASILY BECOME A SELF-G5]AT+ & SELF-EXP&+ =CE = ITS [N SAKE1 ! 9/ITUTIONAL =M 9 :I* DOM9ATION = ! SAKE ( DOM9ATION ACQUIRES PALPABILITY40 

,*9A HAD A 0C5TURY ( HUMILIATION0 BETWE5 ! MID-N9ETE5? & MID-TW5TIE? C5TURIES1 />T+ ) ! ,OPIUM ,W>S & ! 9VASION BY ,EUROPEAN /ATES1 & !N BY ,JAPAN4 ,N[ ,*9A IS REGA9+ CONFID5CE UND] ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,C,C,P7 RULE1 AS ,JOHN ,OSBURG 7#b#a#c31 P4#h#b#b7 EXPLA9$3 

,9 MANY WAYS1 ! F9ANCIAL CRISIS ( #bh GAVE ! ,*9ESE LEAD]%IP EV5 MORE CONFID5CE 9 ! SUP]IORITY ( !IR =M ( /ATE-MANAG$ AU?ORIT>IAN CAPITALISM TO ! LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 ! MO/ BASIC T]MS1 ! ,C,C,P HOPES TO MA9TA9 ! EMB$D$NESS ( ! M>KET 9 /ATE /RUCTURES ?AT IT CONTROLS 9 ORD] TO 5SURE ?AT ! M>KET IS H>NESS$ TO S]VE POLITICAL GOALS1 SU* AS FO/]+ 9DIG5\S 9NOVATION1 MA9TA9+ SOCIAL /ABILITY1 & PRES]V+ ,C,C,P RULE 7NOT TO M5TION ! UN/AT$ GOAL ( 5RI*+ ELITE FAMILIES74 ,AS ,*9A HAS BECOME LESS RELIANT ON =EIGN 9VE/M5T 9 REC5T YE>S1 IT HAS BE5 ABLE TO MORE ASS]TIVELY PROMOTE & PROTECT ITS [N COMPANIES & 9T]E/S1 MU* TO ! ANNOYANCE ( ! ,GLOBAL ,NOR?4444,DESPITE ! FACT ?AT MANY ,S,E 7/ATE-[N$ 5T]PRISES7 >E PUBLICLY TRAD$ 9 OV]SEAS /OCK M>KETS1 ! ,*9ESE /ATE IS /ILL ! MAJORITY %>EHOLD] 9 !SE COMPANIES1 :I* >E OV]SE5 BY ! ,/ATE-[N$ ,ASSETS ,SUP]VISION & ,ADM9I/RATION ,COMMISSION ( ! ,/ATE ,C\NCIL 7,S,A,S,A,C74 ,!IR ,C,E,OS >E APPO9T$ BY ! ,C,C,P'S ,ORGANIZATION ,DEP>TM5T1 ! SAME BUREAU ?AT APPO9TS ALL O!R ,C,C,P (FICIALS4 ,!Y CONTROL ALL 9DU/RIES DEEM$ ( /RATEGIC & NATIONAL IMPORTANCE3 /EEL1 PETRO*EMICALS1 TRANSPORTATION1 UTILITIES1 & VIRTUALLY ALL BANK+ & F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,APP>5TLY ! ,*9ESE /ATE SEEKS 0DOM9ATION = ! SAKE ( DOM9ATION0 & ALSO REVAN*E = ! C5TURY ( HUMILIATION4 

,! ,/R5G? ( ! ,*9ESE ,/ATE ,MODEL 

,! E>LY TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY WITNESS$ A HI/ORICAL TRANSITION--! FAILURE ( ! WORLD HEGEMONY PROJECT BY ! ,U,S & ! RIS+ P[] ( 0EM]G+ M>KETS40 ,?IS TRANSITION CAN BE 9T]PRET$ 9 MANY O!R WAYS AS WELL3 ! REVIVAL ( ,ASIAN /ATES FROM ! DE/RUCTION ( COLONIZATION 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY2 ! REEM]G5CE ( ,*9A AFT] A C5TURY ( HUMILIATION & TAK+ OV] ITS PREVI\S ROLE AS ! L>GE/ PRODUC] & 9NOVATOR ( ! WORLD2 ! RIS+ OLD SUP]P[] ( ,RUSSIA AFT] ! COLLAPSE ( 0REAL-SOCIALISM0 DUR+ ! #a#i#iS2 OR ALL ( !M AT ! SAME TIME4 ,BUT ONE ASPECT ( ?IS TRANSITION IS CLE>3 HOMOG5IZATION ( ! WORLD BY GLOBALIZATION IS OV]4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 CULTURAL DIFF]5CES >E BECOM+ MORE EFFECTIVE 9 %AP+ ! NEW WORLD ORD]4 ,*9A DOESN'T COMPROMISE :5 IT COMES TO /ATE DOM9ATION ( ! ECONOMY & ,9DIA DIDN'T COMPROMISE ON PROTECT+ SMALL F>M]S DUR+ ! ,BALI & ,DOHA R\NDS ( ,W,T,O DISCUSSIONS1 EV5 ! C\NTRY P]MITS L>GE AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS4 

,ALSO1 = EXAMPLE1 ,BOOK*9 7#a#i#h#b1 P4 #a#c#i7 COMM5T$ ?AT3 0,! LEGACY ( DOM9ATION ?US CULM9ATES 9 ! GR[+ TOGE!R ( ! ,/ATE & SOCIETY--& ) IT1 A DISSOLUTION ( ! FAMILY1 COMMUNITY1 MUTUAL AID1 & SOCIAL COMMITM5T40 ,BUT1 G5]ALLY1 ?IS DOESN'T APPLY TO ,ASIAN SOCIETIES ) !IR GREG>I\S CULTURE4 ,CONFUCIAN AU?ORITY ( P>5TS 9 ! FAMILY IS /ILL COMMON 9 ,*9A & ! ,C,C,P IS US+ ,CONFUCIAN IDEAS TO /R5G!N ITS AU?ORITY4 ,! FACT ?AT #h#h4#d P] C5T ( M>RIAGES 9 ,9DIA >E >RANG$ BY P>5TS %[S H[ FAMILY TIES >E /ILL /RONG !RE4 

,! CAPITALI/ NATION-/ATES ( ,EUROPE EVOLV$ FROM WEAK K+DOMS 9 ! P]IPH]Y :5 ! PRODUCTION C5T]S ( ! WORLD W]E 9 ,ASIA4 ,EUROPE DIDN'T HAVE MU* TO SELL TO ,ASIA 9 EX*ANGE = TEA1 SPICES1 SILK1 PORCELA9 & O!R LUXURIES AT ?AT TIME4 ,!SE /ATES HAD FEW *OICES TO ACCUMULATE P[] O!R ?AN DEVELOP+ MILIT>Y TE*NOLOGIES & EXP&+ !IR OV]SEAS COLONIES1 :I* !Y PLUND]$4 ,9 ! 5D1 AN IRRATIONAL CAPITALISM DOM9AT$ ,EUROPE S9CE !RE WAS NO /RONG ,/ATE ) AN E?ICAL TRADITION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,/ATE HAS EVOLV$ 9 ,*9A = OV] F\R ?\S& YE>S4 ,CONFUCIAN TRADITIONS HAVE PROVID$ ?IS /ATE AN AU?ORIT>IAN RATIONALISM ) A SECUL> E?IC4 ,TODAY ,*9A NOT ONLY PROVIDES A MODEL TO O!R /ATES 9 ! DEVELOP+ WORLD1 BUT ALSO F9ANCES MO/ ( ! PROJECTS 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES4 ,EV5TUALLY ?AT MODEL MAY AFFECT CAPITALISM 9 DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES AS WELL4 ,IT IS H>D TO PR$ICT H[ IT W\LD MANIFE/ ITSELF1 BUT WE CAN SEE SOME TR5DS AS ,PRESID5T ,TRUMP ADVOCATES PROTECTIONI/ POLICIES = ! ,U,S4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! LONG RUN AN AU?ORIT>IAN RATIONALISM MAY BECOME MORE DOM9ANT4 

,A ,NEW ,/ATE ,!ORY = ! ,/RUGGLES TO ,COME 

,NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM DE/ROYS SAFETY NETS 9 SOCIETY1 9CREASES 9EQUALITY & MAKES PEOPLE MORE ATOMIZ$ BY 9CREAS+ COMPETITION = JOBS4 ,ON ! O!R H& IT MAKES ! BALANCE BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE MORE FRAGILE AS IT REL5TLESSLY DE/ROYS NATURE4 ,H[EV]1 ALL !SE IRRATIONAL DEVELOPM5TS MAY EV5TUALLY CAUSE ! COLLAPSE ( MOD]N SOCIETY--! EXI/5CE ( HUMANITY IS S]I\SLY ?REAT5$4 ,AN AU?ORIT>IAN RATIONAL /ATE MAY EASE !SE POLICIES & MAKE CAPITALISM A LESS URG5T EXI/5TIAL ?REAT TO HUMANITY1 PRES5T+ ITSELF AS A SOLUTION TO SU* A ?REAT4 

,! H]ITAGE ( DOM9ATION NE$S TO PROVIDE SOME HOPE TO MAKE PEOPLE'S LIVES BETT]4 ,CURR5TLY NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM CLAIMS ?AT NEW TE*NOLOGIES1 SU* AS DRIV]LESS C>S OR >TIFICIAL 9TELLIG5CE1 WILL MAKE LIFE EASI]4 ,BUT !Y WILL ONLY 9CREASE ! PR(IT ( CORPORATIONS :ILE PEOPLE WILL EXP]I5CE ! SAME DIFFICULTIES4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! WORLD HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE W]E LIFT$ \T ( EXTREME POV]TY AS A RESULT ( ! ,C,C,P'S POLICIES1 & NEW RE=MS >E ON AG5DA 9 ORD] PROVIDE MORE PEOPLE ) SAFETY NETS4 ,DUR+ ! N9ETE5? ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ! ,C,C,P1 ,PRESID5T ,XI ,J9P+ SAID1 0,:AT WE N[ FACE IS ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 UNBALANC$ & 9ADEQUATE DEVELOPM5T & ! PEOPLE'S EV]-GR[+ NE$S = A BETT] LIFE0 7,*9ADAILY4COM4CN1 #b#a#g74 ,?IS DEF9ITION ( ! NEW ]A %[S ?AT ! ,C,C,P WILL FOLL[ MORE RATIONAL POLICIES :ILE /R5G!N+ ITS AU?ORIT>IAN P[]4 

,9 ! 5D1 A /RUGGLE = FRE$OM AGA9/ SU* A RATIONAL ,/ATE POSES A MU* MORE DIFFICULT *ALL5GE ?AN A /RUGGLE AGA9/ AN IRRATIONAL CAPITALISM4 ,CURR5T /ATE !ORIES ?AT 9CLUDE ONLY DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! REGION ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/_/,EUROPE WILL BE ( LIMIT$ USE = ?IS *ALL5GE4 ,!SE !ORIES ASSUME ?AT /ATES 9 O!R CIVILIZATION C5T]S W\LD EVOLVE 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,BUT ! CURR5T REALITY DOESN'T %[ ANY EVID5CE 9 ?AT DIRECTION4 ,!RE=E1 ,I ?9K A NEW /ATE !ORY ?AT ELABORATES ! DIFF]5CES 9 ! EVOLUTION ( /ATES & ! POSSIBILITIES = ! ROLE ( ! ,/ATE 9 ! NE> FUTURE IS CRUCIAL AS WE PREP>E \RSELVES = NEW /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! K9DS ( HI]>*IES & DOM9ATION WE WILL FACE 9 ! FUTURE4 

,?IS !ORY %\LD HELP ! ,LEFT TO UND]/& & =ESEE H[ AU?ORIT>IAN /ATES HAVE EVOLV$ & >E LIKELY TO EVOLVE & 9FLU5CE O!R /ATES 9 ! FUTURE4 ,SU* A !ORY W\LD BE CRUCIAL = ! ,LEFT TO PREP>E ITSELF = /RUGGLES 9 ! UPCOM+ POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,MOREOV]1 IT W\LD PROVIDE A P]SPECTIVE SU* ?AT CLASS R$UCTIONISM DOES NOT BL9D ! ,LEFT :5 IT IS BECOM+ EV] MORE CRITICAL TO FI<T AGA9/ DOM9ATION BY ! ,/ATE1 SO ?AT WE MI<T ALL LIVE 9 A SOCIETY FREE FROM ALL =MS ( OPPRESSION4 

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,ALEX&ROS ,S*ISM5OS 

,ONE C\LD >GUE ?AT S9CE ! DAWN ( MOD]NITY1 HUMANITY HAS BE5 9 A SITUATION ( CON/ANT CRISIS4 ,TODAY WE F9D \RSELVES AMID A NEXUS ( CRISES3 AN ECONOMIC CRISIS1 A POLITICAL CRISIS1 & AN ECOLOGICAL & AN?ROPOLOGICAL CRISIS :]E BO? ! HUMAN & NATURAL 5VIRONM5TS >E ?REAT5$4 ,! PRIVATIZATION ( PUBLIC TIME & SPACE1 UND] ! FALSE ID5TIFICATION ( PUBLIC ) /ATE1 TRANS=MS SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY & ! PUBLIC >*ITECTURE ( LIFE4 ,WE >E ALSO WITNESS+ A RAPID TRANS=MATION ( NATIONAL POLITICS UND] ! GRID ( TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS ( P[]1 COMB9$ ) A REVIVAL ( NATIONALI/IC RHETORIC AS A MEANS = MANIPULAT+ POPULATIONS4 

,9 ORD] TO CL>IFY ! CURR5T CRISIS--A CRISIS ( SIGNIFICATIONS--IT MAY BE USEFUL TO DELIMIT1 S*EMATICALLY1 SOME >EAS ( ITS MANIFE/ATION4 ,I USE ! T]M 0SIGNIFICATIONS0 9 ! ,CA/ORIADEAN S5SE1 NAMELY1 ! 0PREEM95T ELEM5T 9 & ?R\< :I* ! SOCIAL-HI/ORICAL UNFOLDS0 7,CA/ORIADIS1 #a#i#i#g1 P4 #b#a71 :I* 9CLUDES ! DOM9ANT NORMS1 PURPOSES & ATTITUDES ?AT *>ACT]IZE A SPECIFIC SOCIETY4 ,! PURPOSE ( ?IS >TICLE IS TO CORRELATE C5TRAL ASPECTS ( ! CRISIS ( E/ABLI%$ SIGNIFICATIONS 9 ORD] TO HI<LI<T ! OPPORTUNITIES = SOCIAL EMANCIPATION ?AT EM]GE ?R\< COLLECTIVE =MS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9SPIR$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?AT CREATE A FREE PUBLIC TIME4 ,I USE ! T]M 0PUBLIC TIME0 AS DEF9$ BY ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS1 AS ! 0DIM5SION :]E ! COLLECTIVITY CAN 9SPECT ITS [N PA/ AS ! RESULT ( ITS [N ACTIONS1 & :]E AN 9DET]M9ATE FUTURE OP5S UP AS DOMA9 = ITS [N ACTIVITIES0 7,CA/ORIADIS1 #a#i#i#g1 P4 #b#h#a74 

,MY MA9 PO9T IS ?AT ! CREATION ( A FREE PUBLIC TIME IMPLIES ! CREATION ( A DEMOCRATIC COLLECTIVE 9SPIR$ BY ! PROJECT ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,! FIR/ & SECOND P>TS ( ?IS >TICLE FOCUS ON ! MOD]N SOCIAL PH5OM5A CORRELAT$ TO ! G5]AL CRISIS & ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,9T]NET ,AGE 7,CA/ELLS1 #b#a#b74 ,! ?IRD & F\R? P>TS FOCUS ON NEW SIGNIFICATIONS ?AT SEEM TO 9SPIRE MOD]N SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & ! *ALL5GES ?AT MOD]N DEMOCRATIC ECOLOGICAL COLLECTIVITIES FACE4 ,I USE ! T]M 0SOCIAL ECOLOGY0 AS DEF9$ BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*93 0,SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS BAS$ ON ! CONVICTION ?AT NE>LY ALL ( \R PRES5T ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ORIG9ATE 9 DEEP-SEAT$ SOCIAL PROBLEMS0 7,BOOK*91 #b#f1 P4 #a#i74 ,& ,I USE ! T]M 0DEMOCRACY0 EXCLUSIVELY 9 ! ORIG9AL1 TRUE MEAN+1 ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY :]E SOCIETY IS SELF-GOV]N$ BY ! EQUAL P>TICIPATION ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL TO POLITICAL DECISIONS & FUNCTIONS1 AS OPPOS$ TO A MOD]N REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY OR REPUBLIC1 :]E POLITICAL DECISIONS RE/ 9 ! H&S ( AN OLIG>*Y4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 A TRULY DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL COLLECTIVITY IS A TRULY ECOLOGICAL COLLECTIVITY & VICE V]SA4 

,ASPECTS ( ! ,GLOBAL ,CRISIS ( ,SIGNIFICATIONS 

,! GLOBALIZATION ( P[] & M>KET ME*ANISMS HAS SPREAD ! NET ( BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM ACROSS ! GLOBE & /RET*$ IT TO ITS LIMITS1 BO? 9T]NALLY & EXT]NALLY4 ,9T]NALLY1 BECAUSE CAPITALISM WAIVES ! REQUIREM5T TO PROVIDE A COH]5T MEAN+ = ! POPULATIONS IT DOM9ATES4 ,IT D]EGULATES PROCESSES ?AT >E NECESS>Y = SOCIAL COHESION1 & 5SURES A PSY*ICAL 9T]NALIZATION ( NORMS = ! PURPOSES ( ! SY/EM AMONG ! MAJORITY4 

,EXT]NALLY1 BECAUSE ! CAPITALI/ POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SY/EM1 :I* WAS NEV] ACTUALLY CONTROLL$ OR REGULAT$1 IS UNABLE TO FULFILL BO? ITS G5]AL PURPOSE1 NAMELY ! UNLIMIT$ DOM9ANCE ( RATIONALI/IC CONTROL & CAPITAL GR[?1 & ! SPECIFIC PURPOSES ( ELITES & TRU/S ?AT CON/ITUTE ! P[] NETWORK ( GLOBALIZ$ BUREAUCRATIC CAPITALISM4 ,A FRACTION ( ?IS NETWORK WAS REVEAL$ 9 ! ,PANAMA PAP]S IMBROGLIO 7,OB]MAY] & ,OB]MAI]1 #b#a#f74 

,! SY/EM HAS APPROA*$ ITS NATURAL LIMIT AS AVAILABLE RES\RCES1 BO? 5VIRONM5TAL & HUMAN1 APPE> CLOSE TO EXHAU/ION4 ,BESIDES CAPITALISM'S UNLIMIT$ AMBITION1 !RE IS A DE/RUCTION LIMIT ONTO ! BR9K ( :I* WE WALK BL9DFOLD$--! BR9K ( NATURAL DISA/]1 5VIRONM5TAL DISA/]1 SOCIAL DISA/]1 & EV5 NUCLE> DISA/]4 ,! :OLE RANGE ( NI<TM>ES & DY/OPIAS /& LIKE POT5TIAL REALITIES BE=E US4 

,! CORE VALUES ( ,WE/]N SOCIETIES HAVE BE5 R$UC$ TO ! CAPITALI/ IRRATIONALITY ( ECONOMIC GR[?4 ,=M]LY PROSP]\S CIVILIZATIONS HAVE BE5 SUBDU$ BY IMP]IALISM1 !IR CULTURES DE/ROY$ BY ! ADVANCE ( COLONIZATION & CAPITALIZATION4 ,BO? ! 9N] COLLAPSE ( COMMUNAL & SOCIAL VALUES )9 ,WE/]N SOCIETIES & ! EXT]NAL DE/RUCTION ( O!R COMMUNITIES & CULTURES HAVE RESULT$ 9 A MOD]N SOCIETY ?AT IS 9CAPABLE ( CREAT+ SOCIAL SIGNIFICATIONS ?AT CON/ITUTE A POSITIVE COMMON MEAN+ T[>DS A POSITIVE COMMON FUTURE4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ?IS PROCESS HAS UND]M9$ ! F\NDATIONS ( SOCIAL BELONG+ & ID5TIFICATION1 PRODUC+ A WORLD :]E ! ONLY VALUE AF=D$ ANY K9D ( WOR? IS MONET>Y4 ,MONEY 9 ITSELF IS ONLY A MEASURE ( VALUE &1 9 ?IS S5SE1 IS ACTUALLY VALUELESS4 

,! MO/ REC5T & VISIBLE ASPECT ( ?IS MULTIFACET$ CRISIS ( SIGNIFICATIONS IS ! ECONOMIC CRISIS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! BUR/ ( ! SUBPRIME MORTGAGE BUBBLE 9 #b#h4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS PROCESS ACTUALLY BEGAN 9 ! #a#i#gS DUR+ ! ,O,P,E,C OIL CRISIS1 :I* SAW ! SURR5D] ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN LABOR UNIONS & ! LAUN* ( ,REAGAN & ,?AT*]'S NEOLIB]AL DOCTR9E4 ,! MA9 FEATURE ( ?IS DOCTR9E WAS ! TRIUMPH ( CLOS$ 9T]E/ GR\PS ?AT PROMOT$ A V]SION ( CAPITALISM EV5 MORE PR$ATORY ?AN ! ,NEW ,DEAL OR ! ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC V]SIONS ( PO/W> CAPITALISM--?OSE AT LEA/ HAD PROVID$ SOME DEGREE ( SOCIAL SECURITY MEASURES4 ,/ATE AU?ORITIES SWIFTLY & VOLUNT>ILY ABOLI%$ F9ANCIAL REGULATION TOOLS ?AT =MALLY KEPT MULT9ATIONAL PRIVATE CAPITAL 9 *ECK4 ,SOCIETY ALSO ADOPT$ ! 0,%OCK ,DOCTR9E10 :I* ,FRI$MAN *>ACT]IZ$ AS 
MOD]N CAPITALISM'S CORE TACTIC = ! SUBJUGATION ( SOCIETIES & ! DISMANTLEM5T ( LABOR 79 ,KLE91 #b#g1 P4 #f74 

,! CON/RUCTION ( HUGE MEGACITIES SMO!R$ ! URBAN PUBLIC SPACE UND] A NETWORK ( COMM]CIAL ZONES4 ,! BASIS ( SOCIETAL COHESION1 ! SPIRIT ( COMMUNITY1 WI!R$ AWAY4 ,:5 COMMUNITY BETWE5 PEOPLE VANI%ES1 ! COMMUNAL BOND BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY IS ALSO %ATT]$4 ,! PRIVATIZATION ( URBAN PUBLIC SPACE BEGAN UND] :AT CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS A FALSE CONFLATION ( ! PUBLIC & ! ,/ATE4 ,AS ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 UND]/OOD1 IT WAS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! FAILURE ( COLLECTIVE 9ITIATIVES ?AT HAD 0/AGNAT$ AS MORIBUND RELICS ( AN ]A WA%$ AWAY BY ! SOCIAL REACTION ( ! #a#i#iS1 OR REGRETTABLY1 .<HAD.> BECOME PURELY PRIVATIZ$0 7,BOOK*91 #a#i#i#e74 

,! IMPLEM5TATION ( !SE POLICIES FUNDAM5TALLY ALT]$ ! SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY & ! PUBLIC >*ITECTURE ( ! CITY4 ,MAJOR CITIES BECAME D5SE POPULATION HUBS ) 5]GY DEM&S 9 EXCESS ( ! LEVELS =M]LY REQUIR$ BY 5TIRE C\NTRIES4 ,9N]-CITY L&SCAPES BECAME DIVID$ 9TO ?REE DISCRETE ZONES ) EXPLOITATIVE RELATIONS--H\S+ BLOCKS = ! MAJORITY1 MANSIONS = ! DOM9ANT ELITES1 & <ETTO JUNGLES = M>G9ALIZ$ M9ORITIES4 ,A VA/ NETWORK ( M>KETS DIVIDES & AT ! SAME TIME CONNECTS !SE ISOLAT$ ZONES UND] ! CIRCULATION ( PRODUCTS4 ,AS CITIES EXP&1 ! F\NDATIONS ( COMMUNITY & ! CONDITIONS = DEMOCRACY N>R[1 TRANS=M+ CITIES 9TO HIVES ( PRIVATE CELLS :]E CIRCULATION REPLACES COMMUNITY4 

,! TRANS=MATION ( CITIES 9TO ZON$ >EAS ( PRODUCT CIRCULATION /EMS FROM ! EXPANSIVE CAPITALI/ IMAG9ATION ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,! PH5OM5ON ( MOD]N URBANIZATION IS DI/9CT FROM ! DEVELOPM5T ( CITIES AS 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL 5TITIES--= EXAMPLE1 JU/ AS URBANIZATION HAD OCCURR$ 9 LATE ,M$IEVAL ,ITALY4 ,MOD]N URBANIZATION TRANS=MS URBAN COMMUNITIES 9TO PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION HUBS ) LITTLE CONSID]ATION = PUBLIC HUMAN LIFE & PUBLIC SOCIAL SPACE4 

,ALONGSIDE ! DE/RUCTION ( PUBLIC SOCIAL SPACE & COMMUNITY1 !RE HAS BE5 L>GE-SCALE DE/RUCTION ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( NATURE ?AT BEGAN ) ! DAWN ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM HAS L$ TO ! CURR5T ECOLOGICAL CRISIS :OSE EFFECTS >E EVID5T 9 AN UND5IABLY EMPHATIC WAY4 ,!RE IS NO NE$ TO >GUE H]E = :AT EV]YONE KN[S & WITNESSES 9 ! P]TURBATION ( NATURAL PROCESSES1 EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL PH5OM5A1 & MASS EXT9CTION ( SPECIES4 ,SCI5TI/S REC5TLY ATTRIBUT$ ! T]M ,AN?ROPOC5E 7,C>R+TON1 #b#a#f7 TO ! P]IOD S9CE ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ELEVAT+ MOD]N HUMAN ACTIVITY TO ! LEVEL ( GEOLOGICAL =CES4 

,!SE TWO TYPES ( CRISIS1 ECONOMIC & ECOLOGICAL1 CON/ITUTE A BROAD] CRISIS ( SIGNIFICATIONS ?AT 9CLUDES ! SOCIAL1 CULTURAL & AN?ROPOLOGICAL 7,CA/ORIADIS1 #a#i#h#b74 ,9 ! S5SE ?AT ! MISGUID$ SIGNIFICATION ( UNLIMIT$ GR[? HAS MADE A DES]T ( ! HUMAN 5VIRONM5T ITSELF1 & 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT SEEKS TO DOM9ATE ! TOTALITY ( SOCIETY1 IT HAS ACCEL]AT$ DES]TIFICATION ON BO? ! NATURAL & ! CULTURAL DIM5SION4 ,! SY/EM HAS FAIL$ TO LEGITIMIZE ITS CORE IMPETUS = GR[?1 CREAT+ A HOLL[ MEAN+ ?AT IS R$UCIBLE TO BOTTOM-L9E PR(ITABILITY4 

,9 MY OP9ION1 ! FULL IMPLEM5TATION ( ! GR[? DOCTR9E SEEMS TO BE H9D]$ BY ?REE MA9 FACTORS3 

! EXHAU/ION ( NATURAL RES\RCES2 

! COLLECTIVE RESI/ANCE ( COMMUNITIES & ! PSY*IC RESI/ANCE 
( 9DIVIDUALS :O CREATE NEW1 GLOBAL NETWORKS ( SOCIALITY AT A 
TIME :5 TRADITIONAL 9/ITUTIONS >E BE+ DISMANTL$2 & 

! FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION )9 CAPITALISM ITSELF1 :I* OBJECTIFIES PEOPLE :ILE ITS FUNCTION IS BAS$ PRECISELY ON ! EXPLOITATION ( HUMAN +5UITY4 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! ECONOMIC MOTIVATION ( UNLIMIT$ GR[? & PR(ITABILITY REMA9S ! DOM9ANT IMAG9>Y SIGNIFICATION1 ! T5SION BETWE5 SY/EMIC PURSUITS & ! RAPID SELF-DE/RUCTION BR\<T AB\T BY !IR A*IEVEM5T HAS RESULT$ 9 A FIELD ( CON/ANT REPRODUCTION ( ! CRISIS4 

,CURR5TLY1 ! AB&ONM5T BY ! ,/ATE1 NOT ONLY ( F9ANCIAL REGULATIONS1 BUT ALSO ( SOCIAL S]VICES1 DEPRIVES IT ( ANY SOCIAL ROOT+4 ,AS A RESULT1 :ILE A NATIONALI/IC PROPAG&A /ILL P]VADES ALL MODES ( DISC\RSE FROM 5T]TA9M5T TO POLITICS1 ! REAL /R5G? ( ! ,NATION-,/ATE IS DECL9+4 ,A GLOBALIZ$ ECONOMY TRANSF]S P[] TO 9T]NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS1 :I* HELP ELITES BYPASS NATIONAL CON/RA9TS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! USE ( A NATIONALI/IC RHETORIC KEEPS POPULATIONS UND] CONTROL )9 ?OSE CON/RA9TS4 

,?IS BLURS ! PRECISE BORD]S BETWE5 C\NTRIES1 AS ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 9T]IOR & EXT]IOR LIQUIDATES1 :ILE W> FRONTS MULTIPLY4 ,MOD]N W>F>E & ! RISE ( 0ANTI-T]ROR0 CAMPAIGNS CREATES NEW BORD]S )9 SOCIETIES1 )9 CITIES1 & ACROSS C\NTRIES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !RE >E SIGNS ( A DEEP CORROSION ( REPUBLICAN REPRES5TATIVE POLITICS1 REVEAL+ ! EV]-PRES5T DIVIDE ( 9T]E/S & S5TIM5TS BETWE5 SOCIETY & ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,TRUMPIAN DEGRADATION ( ,U,S POLITICS SIGNIFIES SOME?+ BY SIGNIFY+ NO?+NESS1 ! REPRES5TATIVE VOID4 

,! DECL9E ( NATION-/ATE P[] IS 9DICAT$ NOT ONLY BY ! 5=CEM5T ( AU/]ITY BY ORGANIZATIONS LIKE ! ,I,M,F1 ! ,WORLD ,BANK1 & ! ,EUROPEAN ,C5TRAL ,BANK ON C\NTRIES LIKE ,>G5T9A & ,GREECE1.<#c#a.> BUT ALSO BY ! EM]G5CE ( SECESSIONI/ MOVEM5TS ?AT HAVE EM]G$ 9 RESPONSE TO 9T]NATIONAL POLITICS 7E4G4 ,CATALUNA74 ,! LOCAL HAS BECOME 9EXTRICABLY L9K$ ) ! GLOBAL4 ,SOCIETIES >E BO? LOCAL & GLOBAL 9 ! S5SE ?AT EV]Y?+ ?AT HAPP5S LOCALLY IS PROJECT$ GLOBALLY1 & :AT IS 
DISPLAY$ GLOBALLY IS DIFFUS$ LOCALLY4 ,!RE IS NO DETA*$ PLACE S9CE 9=MATION HAS ! ABILITY TO EXCE$ GEOGRAPHICAL B\ND>IES & SPATIAL LIMITATIONS1 :ILE SATELLITES MAP EV]Y CORN] ( ! PLANET4 ,:5 ECOLOGICAL OR SOCIAL DISA/]S >E VIEW$ & FELT >\ND ! WORLD1 A CONSCI\SNESS ( GLOBAL 9T]DEP5D5CY SEEMS TO BE =M$ 9 T]MS ( EI!R COMMON DESPAIR OR COMMON SOLID>ITY4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 W>N$ US ?AT 0UNLESS WE REALIZE ?AT ! PRES5T M>KET SOCIETY1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! BRUTALLY COMPETITIVE IMP]ATIVE ( 0GR[ OR DIE10 IS A ?OR\<LY IMP]SONAL1 SELF-OP]AT+ ME*ANISM1 WE WILL FALSELY T5D TO BLAME O!R PH5OM5A--SU* AS TE*NOLOGY OR POPULATION GR[?--= GR[+ 5VIRONM5TAL DISLOCATIONS0 7,BOOK*91 #b#f1 P4 #b74 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! PROJECT ( ECOLOGY CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! PROJECT ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION2 SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?US IMPLIES A NE$ TO EMPHASIZE SOCIAL EQUALITY & DEMOCRACY4 

,9 CONCLUSION1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( ! GLOBAL CRISIS ( \R TIME >E 9T]L9K$ BY ! MA9 SOCIAL IMAG9>Y IMPETUS ( CAPITALI/ GLOBALIZATION1 :I* IS EXPANSIVE GR[? & TOTAL EXPLOITATION ( HUMAN & NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,! CRISIS IS SELF-G5]AT$ BY ! EXPANSION ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 9W>DS & \TW>DS4 ,AS ?IS EXPANSION REA*ES ! LIMITS ( ! HUMAN & NATURAL 5VIRONM5TS1 ! POLITICAL *>ACT] ( ! PROBLEM CANNOT BE CONCEAL$1 NOR CAN ITS ECOLOGICAL RAMIFICATIONS4 ,! VALUES ( HUMAN LIB]ATION & NATURAL BALANCE REMA9 9T]L9K$ ) ! PR9CIPLES ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY & SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 :I* PROVIDE ! CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ( A DIFF]5T WAY ( SOCIETAL LIFE4 

,! ,PROBLEMS ( ! ,9T]NET ,AGE 

,WE LIVE 9 ! FIR/ P]IOD 9 HI/ORY :5 ! URBAN POPULATION EXCE$S ! RURAL4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! CITY1 AS A POLITICAL & SOCIAL 5TITY & UNITY1 IS BE+ DISMANTL$4 ,IT IS BE+ REBUILT 9TO A SET ( SEGREGAT$ FUNCTIONS1 ) RESPECT TO PUBLIC SPACE & PUBLIC TIME4 ,LIKEWISE1 P]SONAL TIME IS SLIC$ 9TO DI/9CT OCCUPATIONS DEF9$ BY PRODUCTION OR CONSUMPTION4 ,PUBLIC TIME IS ALSO SLIC$ 9TO 0ZONES ( LEISURE0 & 0ZONES ( LABOR10 BO? ( :I* >E EXPLOIT$ = PR(IT4 ,COMMODITIES ( LEISURE >E PRES5T$ AS COMMON VALUES :ILE ! VA/ MAJORITY ( HUMANITY IS EXCLUD$ FROM LEISURE & COMMODITIES4 ,! DIVISION ( WEAL?1 EXPLOITATION ( BO? WORK]S & ! UNEMPLOY$1 & ! GAP BETWE5 PRIVILEG$ ELITES & EXCLUD$ POPULATIONS >E N[ AT ! WIDE/ & DEEPE/ PO9TS 9 HI/ORY4 

,)9 ! CURR5T SOCIOECONOMIC L&SCAPE ! EM]G5CE ( ! 9T]NET HAS BR\<T A NEW FIELD ( PROJECTION & RECON/RUCTION ( PUBLIC & P]SONAL ID5TITIES1 5ABL+ ALMO/ 9F9ITE POSSIBILITIES4 ,! DIGITAL P]SON--FRAGM5T>Y1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME A MULTIPLICITY ( REPRES5TATIONS ( ! NATURAL P]SON--BR+S =? A NEW PROBLEMATIC ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S RELATION TO !MSELVES & TO SOCIETY4 ,IT (F]S A WORLDWIDE SURFACE = ! 
REFLECTION1 PROJECTION1 & RE-CREATION ( P]SONAL PREF]5CES & VIEWS1 9 A COMPLETELY DISEMBODI$ & VIRTUAL MANN]4 

,ON ONE H&1 ! 9T]NET SEEMS TO PROVIDE A M$IUM = EV5 DEEP] P]SONAL FRAGM5TATION & ISOLATION4 ,ONL9E1 ! US] IS AT ! SAME TIME 9VULN]ABLE & VULN]ABLE4 ,9VULN]ABLE AS A DIGITAL SELF MAT]IALLY DETA*$ FROM ITS PHYSICAL EXI/5CE1 VULN]ABLE AS A PHYSICAL_/PSY*ICAL SUBJECTIVITY ) A SOCIAL ID5TITY EMB$D$ 9 ! BROAD] SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,! DIGITAL SELF IS A PAT*WORK ( IMAGES1 PREF]5CES1 COMM5TS1 TR5DS1 & CONTACTS--A CONSCI\S RECON/RUCTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL PROJECT$ ONTO A VIRTUAL GLOBAL PUBLIC PLAT=M4 ,SOCIAL COHESION ( ! P]SONAL IMAGE1 :I* WAS =M]LY DEP5D5T ON ! NATURAL PRES5CE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 DISSOLVES )9 ! DIGITAL MULTIPLICITY ( PSEUDO-P]SONAS4 ,P]SONAL ID5TITY LOSES ITS ORIG9AL F\NDATION1 ! SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S CONSI/5CY AS A S+UL>1 ACTUAL P]SONALITY4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! 9T]NET1 AS A M$IUM = DIRECT & SIMULTANE\S GLOBAL COMMUNICATION1 HAS DEMON/RAT$ MANY LIB]AT+ CAPABILITIES3 DISSEM9AT+ KN[L$GE1 SOCIALIZ+ RESE>*1 COMMUNICAT+ SOCIETIES1 OV]COM+ C5SOR%IP1 & OV]COM+ E?NIC & CULTURAL EXCLUSIONS4 ,AL?\< IT HAS BECOME AN 9/RUM5T ( WIDESPREAD CONTROL1 IT IS ALSO A TOOL = WIDESPREAD SOLID>ITY & ! EM]G5CE ( NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 7,CA/ELLS1 #b#a#b74 ,= ! FIR/ TIME !RE IS A GLOBAL PUBLIC TIME )9 A VIRTUAL SPACE4 

,?IS GLOBAL TEMPORALITY ?AT HAS =M$ 9 & ?R\< ! 9T]NET IS AT ! SAME TIME SYN*RONIC & DIA*RONIC4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS NOT 9 ACCORDANCE TO SOCIAL TIME1 :I* IS ESS5TIALLY LOCAL4 ,DIRECT ACCESSIBILITY FLATT5S ! CRITICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( 9=MATION )9 ITS CONT9U\S FL[1 :]E 9=MATION SETS CAN BE >TICULAT$ 9TO PSEUDO-N>RATIVES1 & :]E ! QUANTITY ( 9=MATION ULTIMATELY CON/ITUTES ! QUALITY ( MEAN+1 H[EV] ABSURD4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL PROP]TIES ( ! ,9T]NET--SPE$ & COND5SATION--EXPRESS PRECISELY ?IS PR9CIPLE ( EXPANSION ?R\< CONTRACTION4 

,)\T A COMMON CRIT]ION ( VALUE OR TRU?1 :I* IS (F]$ 9 ! NON-DIGITAL WORLD--AT LEA/ P>TIALLY--BY ! SOCIAL-HI/ORICAL REALITY & ! REAL LIMITATIONS IMPOS$ BY SOCIETY AS ! 0OBJECTIVE0 WORLD 79 ! S5SE ?AT IT TRANSC5DS SUBJECTIVITY7 OR BY 0NATURE10 ! ONLY CRIT]ION ( VALUE ?AT REMA9S IS POPUL>ITY4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 EV]Y M>G9AL IDEA1 :E!R RADICAL & LIB]AT+ OR REACTION>Y & OBSCURANTI/1 N[ %>ES AN ABILITY ( PROPAGATION PREVI\SLY LIMIT$ TO ! DOM9ANT DISC\RSE4 ,EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL OR GR\P N[ %>ES1 AT LEA/ 9 !ORY1 ! SAME POT5TIAL PUBLIC AUDI5CE--! :OLE ( DIGITAL HUMANITY4 ,)\T A ME*ANISM = PRO( ( VALIDITY1 VALIDITY IS GA9$ & LO/ ?R\< ! FL[ ( 9=MATION ITSELF4 ,NEW ONL9E FUND+ TOOLS1 SU* AS CR[DFUND+1 >E WIDELY VISIBLE TO ! PUBLIC 
& (F] MONEY = PROJECTS ?AT W\LD O!RWISE BE HOPELESS OR EV5 NON-EXI/5T4 ,?IS VISIBLE PUBLIC SURFACE SEEMS UNLIMIT$ 9 RANGE1 BUT IS ACTUALLY LIMIT$ 9 SCOPE AS ! MAJORITY ( ! ,9T]NET LIES )9 UNSE>*ABLE >EAS CALL$ ! 0,DEEP ,WEB10 :I* 9CLUDES ! 0,D>K ,WEB10 :]E BLACK M>KET ECONOMIES FL\RI%4 

,9 SUM1 ! 9T]NET HAS CREAT$ NEW *ALL5GES = DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 BUT ONE %\LD ALWAYS KEEP 9 M9D ?AT A PRECONDITION = DEMOCRACY IS A COMMUNITY ?AT EXI/S 9 RELATION TO ITS NATURAL 5VIRONM5T--ANTI!TICAL TO ! ,9T]NET4 ,! EM]G5CE ( NEW SIGNIFICATIONS ( GLOBAL SOLID>ITY1 LIB]AT$ KN[L$GE & FREE COMMUNITY HAS BE5 AUGM5T$ BY ! ,9T]NET1 BUT 9 FACT NE$S TO TAKE PLACE 9 ACTUAL SOCIAL REALITY4 

,! ,EM]G5CE ( ,NEW ,SIGNIFICATIONS 

,! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY HAS1 ?US F>1 BE5 M>K$ BY F9ANCIAL CRISES1 ! IMPLEM5TATION ( NEOLIB]AL POLICIES ON A SUPRANATIONAL LEVEL1 ! ASC5SION ( 9T]NATIONAL F9ANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS TO A C5TRAL DECISIONMAK+ LEVEL1 ! VIOL5T DISSOLUTION ( LOCAL COMMUNITIES1 & ! FRAGM5TATION ( PUBLIC TIME4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS CORROSION HAS BE5 MET ) SUCCESSIVE REVOLTS1 ! AWAK5+ ( A UNIV]SAL SOLID>ITY & RESI/ANCE1 ! CREATION ( IMAG9>Y COMMUNITIES1 & ! SPREAD+ ( ! CONCEPT ( ! COMMONS4 ,! ANTI-GLOBALISM MOVEM5T1 ! ,OCCUPY ,MOVEM5T1 ! MOVEM5T ( ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE 9 ,ROJAVA1 & ! ,ZAPATI/AS MOVEM5T AS ! FIR/ GR\PS TO USE ! 9T]NET AS A MEANS ( GLOBAL SOLID>ITY1 >E ALL EXAMPLES ( ! DYNAMIC /RUGGLE = AUTONOMY & DEMOCRACY4 ,AL?\< ! \TCOME ( !SE MOVEM5TS & SOCIAL CONFLICTS REMA9S UNC]TA91 ! RISE ( ! 9T]NET HAS MEANT !Y >E N[ P]=M$ = A GLOBAL AUDI5CE ) V>IABLE LEVELS ( 9VOLVEM5T4 ,MEAN:ILE1 :AT IS AT /AKE IS ! FUTURE ITSELF 9 ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE S5SE--! EXI/5CE ( A FUTURE4 

,AGA9/ EV]Y MANIFE/ATION ( A GIV5 CRISIS1 NEW POSSIBILITIES OP51 NEW SIGNIFICATIONS EM]GE1 & ! VALUES ( SOLID>ITY & COMMUNITY >E REVIV$ ON A BROAD] SCALE4 ,!Y EM]GE )9 A RADICAL POLITICAL CONTEXT1 9TO =MS ( SELF-GOV]N$ COMMUNITIES ?AT ASPIRE TO DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 

,:AT IS APP>5T 9 REC5T YE>S IS A MULTIFACET$ RESI/ANCE ( SOCIETIES4 ,A RESI/ANCE =MULAT$ NOT 9 T]MS ( ELECTORAL REPRES5TATION1 BUT 9 T]MS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 )9 COMMUNAL =MS ( LIFE4 ,! REFUTATION ( SOV]EIGN 9/ITUTIONS BECOMES EV5 MORE OBVI\S1 BY ! POSITIVE ACTIVITY ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 BY ! CREATION ( PRIM>Y 9/ITUTIONS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 SOCIAL SOLID>ITY & LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T1 TO SOME EXT5T1 LIKE ! A=EM5TION$ ,ZAPATI/A COMMUNITIES1 ! ,KURDI% HORIZONTAL ASSEMBLIES &1 TEMPOR>ILY1 ! OCCUPI$ FACTORIES 9 ,>G5T9A & ,GREECE 7,V,I,O4,M,E 9 ,!SSALONIKI74 ,! ,V,I,O4,M,E FACTORY WAS OCCUPI$ BY ITS WORK]S 9 #b#a#a1 :O DECID$ NOT ONLY TO SELF-MANAGE !IR WORK+ 
SPACE1 BUT TO TRANS=M IT 9TO A SPACE ( DEMOCRATIC COOP]ATION & POLITICAL DECISION4 ,A COLUMNI/ ( ,! ,GU>DIAN DESCRIB$ ,V,I,O4,M,E ?US3 

,= A />T1 NO ONE IS BOSS4 ,!RE IS NO HI]>*Y1 & EV]YONE IS ON ! SAME WAGE4 ,FACTORIES TRADITIONALLY WORK ACCORD+ TO A PRODUCTION-L9E MODEL1 :]E EA* P]SON DOES ONE- OR TWO-M9UTE TASKS ALL DAY1 EV]Y DAY3 Y\ FIT ! SCRE51 ,I FIX ! PROTECTOR1 %E BOXES UP ! I,PHONE4 ,H]E1 EV]YONE GA!RS AT #gAM = A MUD-BLACK ,GREEK C(FEE & A *AT AB\T :AT NE$S TO BE DONE4 ,ONLY !N >E ! DAY'S TASKS DIVVI$ UP4 ,&1 YES1 !Y EA* TAKE TURNS TO CLEAN ! TOILETS4 7,*AKRABORTTYA1 #b#a#g7 

,WE %\LD ALSO NOTE ?AT ! ,V,I,O4,M,E WORK]S ORGANIZ$ OP5 ASSEMBLIES ) ! LOCAL COMMUNITY1 SOLID>ITY ACTIONS TO IMMIGRANTS & ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5TS4 ,MO/ IMPORTANTLY !Y HAVE CRITICIZ$ NOT ONLY ! /RUCTURE ( LABOR1 BUT ALSO ! PRODUCT ITSELF4 ,V,I,O4,M,E HAVE DECID$ AGA9/ *EMICAL PRODUCTS & N[ PRODUCE ECO-FRI5DLY SOAP & CLEAN+ PRODUCTS4 

,AGA9/ SU* EXAMPLES ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES US+ ME?ODS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 ! CRISIS ( POLITICAL REPRES5TATION & ID5TITY HAS L>GELY MANIFE/$ ITSELF AS A REVIVAL ( NATIONALI/IC RHETORIC4 ,/ILL1 GLOBAL NETWORKS ( SOLID>ITY *ALL5GE ! VALIDITY ( (FICIAL BORD]S1 =M+ NODES ( FREE SOCIAL SPACE & FREE COLLECTIVITIES ?AT *ALL5GE ! JURISDICTION ( ! ,/ATE4 

,FUKUYAMA'S DOCTR9E ( ! 05D ( HI/ORY0 7#a#i#i#b7 IS A SYMPTOM ( ! CRISIS ( ! ASSOCIATION ( PUBLIC TIME ) SUBJECTIVE TEMPORALITY--A CRISIS ( \R RELATION TO ! PA/ & ! FUTURE1 A LOSS ( ! FUTURE & A LEVEL+ ( ! PA/4 ,YET1 SOCIAL /RUGGLES & SOCIAL MOVEM5TS CAN CREATE NEW =MS ( FREE PUBLIC TIME & AN OP5+ TO A COMMON FUTURE4 ,A NEW ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS HAS >IS5--DEMOCRATIC1 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN1 & CONNECT$ TO ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,PRO-5VIRONM5TAL PROTE/S & POLITICAL /RUGGLES1 SU* AS ! ,U,S ANTI-PIPEL9E MOVEM5T 9 ,DAKOTA & ! ANTIGOLD MOVEM5T 9 ,*ALKIDIKI1 ,GREECE1 PROVIDE ! SE$S = A NEW S5SUS COMMUNIS1 A NEW S5SE ( COMMON GOOD & HUMANITY4 

,WE >E ALSO WITNESS+ ! EM]G5CE ( NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 UNRELAT$ TO TRADITIONAL TRADE UNIONS OR P>TIES1 :I* DO NOT SEEK TO IMPLEM5T READYMADE PLANS BUT TO CREATE A NEW OP5 FREE PUBLIC SPACE & TIME4 ,BESIDES ! A=EM5TION$ MOVEM5TS1 SU* URBAN GRASSROOTS NETWORKS >E PRES5T NOT ONLY 9 ,WE/]N C\NTRIES1 BUT 9 MANY O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD1 9CLUD+ ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 ,AFRICA1 ,EA/ ,ASIA1 & ,C5TRAL_/,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 

,!SE >E MOVEM5TS )\T LEAD]S--MOVEM5TS ?AT SEEM FRAGM5T$1 BUT :I* ALL[ = ! CREATION ( FREE NETWORKS & MUTUAL COMPLEM5T>Y /RUCTURES ON MANY FIELDS & PLACES )9 ! BROAD] SOCIAL-HI/ORICAL N>RATIVE1 PRECISELY BECAUSE !Y HAVE A COMMON PROJECT & CREATE A COMMON MEAN+4 ,?AT IS1 SELF-GOV]N+ DIRECT DEMOCRACY )\T AU?ORITATIVE P[]1 )\T P>TY REPRES5TATIVES1 & )\T /ATE (FICIALS4 

,& ?IS 9DICATES A DIFF]5T ANSW] TO BO? ! CRISIS ( POLITICAL REPRES5TATION1 & TO ! ID5TITY CRISIS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL :O F9DS IT DIFFICULT TO ID5TIFY ) NATIONAL /ATE ME*ANISMS4 ,?IS IS NOT BECAUSE PROPAG&A IS 9SUFFICI5T1 OR BECAUSE !RE IS ACCESS TO A WID] WORLD1 BUT BECAUSE !SE ME*ANISMS !MSELVES HAVE BE5 EXPOS$ TO SIGNIFY NO?+ EXCEPT EMPTY AUTOMATIONS DEPRIV$ ( !IR ORIG9AL MEAN+ & !IR OLD VISION4 

,DEMOCRATIC ECOLOGICAL MOVEM5TS R$EF9E PRIVATE & PUBLIC RELATIONS 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y CREATE A FREE PUBLIC SPACE ?AT BELONGS NEI!R TO PRIVATE CAPITAL NOR TO ! ,/ATE4 ,& ?IS IMPLIES A FREE PUBLIC TIME ( SOCIAL 9T]ACTION & POLITICAL DECISION1 LIKE ! ,NUIT DEB\T MOVEM5T--SYMBOLICALLY EXPRESS$ BY ! CREATION ( A PROLONG$ MON? ( ,M>*1 & A SIGNIFICANT EXAMPLE ( ! CORRELATION BETWE5 PUBLIC TIME & POLITICAL ACTION4 

,! ,POLITICAL ,SIGNIFICANCE ( ,PUBLIC ,TIME 

,FOLL[+ MAJOR PROTE/S ON #ca ,M>* #b#a#f1 AGA9/ PROPOS$ LABOR LEGISLATION & ! SUBSEQU5T LOSS ( WORK]S' RI<TS1 ! ,NUIT DEB\T MOVEM5T FLOOD$ ! SQU>ES ( ,FR5* CITIES4 ,! MANIFOLD MANIFE/ATIONS ( ?IS MOVEM5T CAN BE SE5 AS A SYMBOLIC ACT ) DEEP POLITICAL CONNOTATIONS4 ,! PEOPLE :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! MOVEM5T DEFI$ ! (FICIAL CAL5D> BY C\NT+ ! DAYS ( ,M>* BEYOND #c#a1 R5AM+ #a ,APRIL AS #cb ,M>*1 #b ,APRIL AS #cc ,M>*1 & SO ON4 ,?IS NEW 0,M>TIAN0 REVOLUTION>Y CAL5D> E*O$ ! PROCLAMATION ( ,YE> #a1 & ! REPLACEM5T ( ! (FICIAL CAL5D>1 BY ! REVOLUTION>IES ( #a#g#i#b4 ,! R5UNCIATION ( ! (FICIAL CAL5D>1 H[EV] !ATRICAL1 IS A ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION4 ,IT IS A PUBLIC GE/URE ?AT EXPOSES ! DEEP DEP5D5CE ( AU?ORITIES UPON AN E/ABLI%$ SOCIAL TEMPORALITY1 BO? DAILY & HI/ORICAL4 

,BY SYMBOLICALLY D]EGULAT+ ! (FICIAL CAL5D>1 ! MOVEM5T DEF9$ ITSELF AS A HI/ORICAL EV5T & WID5$ ITS TEMPORAL HORIZON ) ! PROCLAMATION ( A DIFF]5T SOCIAL TEMPORALITY4 ,?IS SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION LIB]AT$ PUBLIC SPACE & CREAT$ A COMMON PUBLIC TIME4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS WAS NEV] GO+ TO BE 5\< TO RADICALLY B5D ! E/ABLI%$ DOM9ATION OR D]AIL ! DYNAMICS ( REGUL>ITY1 BUT IT REVEALS A C]TA9 AUTONOMY & SELFCONSCI\SNESS ( ! MOVEM5T AS A CREATOR ( ITS [N FREE PUBLIC TIME4 

,IF ONE LOOKS TO ! PA/1 ONE CAN F9D MANY EXAMPLES ?AT UND]L9E ! CLOSE DEP5D5CE ( POLITICAL TIME ON PUBLIC SPACE4 ,EA* SOCIETY IS /RUCTUR$ 9 ?REE REALMS3 7#a7 ! PRIVATE SPH]E2 7#b7 ! PRIVATE_/PUBLIC 7I4E4 ! SPH]E ( COMMUNICATION & CULTURE72 & 7#c7 ! PURELY PUBLIC SPH]E--! FIELD ( POLITICAL DECISION-MAK+4 ,9 SOCIETIES :]E POLITICAL P[] LIES )9 A /ATE HI]>*Y1 PUBLIC FUNCTIONS1 BO? CULTURAL & POLITICAL1 >E SUBORD9ATE TO /ATE P[] & PRIVATE SPACE--TIME BECOMES CONTRACT$ & ISOLAT$4 

,! DIVISION ( ! DAY 9TO EQUAL H\RS IS NOT NATURAL 7S9CE ! L5G? ( A NATURAL DAY V>IES71 BUT WAS AN A*IEVEM5T ( ! MONA/IC MOVEM5T 
BAS$ ON ! NE$S ( COMMON PRAY] 7DIVISION ( ! DAY 9TO EQUAL #c-H\R P]IODS74 ,IT WAS ALSO ! FIR/ DISCIPL9>Y NORMALITY IMPOS$ ON SOCIAL TEMPORALITY & ! FIR/ ATTEMPT TO MEASURE TIME1 REG>DLESS ( ! SOCIAL ACTIVITIES ( RURAL LIFE 7,L&ES1 #a#i#h#c74 ,! BELL T[] BECAME ! REGULATOR ( PUBLIC TIME1 :ILE PUBLIC SPACE WAS RE/RICT$ TO ECCLESIA/ICAL C\RTY>DS4 

,:5 POLITICAL P[] WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ! CITIES 9 ! LATE ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 AT ! TIME ( ! 9V5TION ( ! ME*ANICAL CLOCK 7>\ND ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY71 ! NEW SYMBOL ( PUBLIC TIME FIR/ APPE>$ ON ! T[]S ( ! RUL]S1 AS P[] LEAN$ T[>DS ! SECUL> SPH]E4 ,! ME*ANICAL CLOCK BRIDG$ ! FEUDAL & PROTO-CAPITALI/ WORLDS4 

,9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION REQUIR$ MORE ACCURATE MEASURES1 :ILE TIME UNITS W]E DIM9I%$ TO PICOSECONDS 7#a-#a#b SECONDS74 ,! DOM9ANCE ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OV] O!R SOCIAL FUNCTIONS1 ! DOM9ANCE ( ! CAPITALI/ IMAG9>Y1 & ! PRIMACY ( PRODUCTION TRANS=M$ SOCIAL LIFE 9 T]MS ( FUNCTIONALITY4 ,CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,/ATE & SOCIETY MEANT CONFLICT OV] PUBLIC TIME & PUBLIC SPACE4 

,! ME*ANICAL WAT*1 :5 IT BECAME A PORTABLE POCKET OR WRI/ WAT* DID NOT MEAN AN 9CONCEIVABLE P]SONALIZATION ( SOCIAL TIME1 BUT ! COLONIZATION ( P]SONAL TIME BY REGULATORY ME*ANISMS ?AT ALREADY ORGANIZ$ PRODUCTIVE PUBLIC TIME4 

,! REC5T NEOLIB]AL ATTACK ON NATURE & SOCIETY M>KS ! CONCESSION ( /ATE-MANAG$ PUBLIC SPACE TO PRIVATE CAPITAL1 GRANT+ ITS FULL PRIVATIZATION4 ,IT ALSO SIGNIFIES ! TRANS=MATION ( PRIVATE TIME 9 T]MS ( PRODUCTIVITY1 S9CE ! EQUATION ( TIME ) MONEY1 A FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 IS ROOT$ 9 ! EQUATION ( ! US] ) ! PRODUCT4 ,! GLOBALIZATION ( 9=MATION & PRODUCT CIRCULATION ORGANIZES ! REGULATION ( PRIVATE TIME ON A GLOBAL LEVEL1 UND] A V>IABLE BUT UNIFI$ TIMETABLE ( F9ANCIAL PROC$URES4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! GLOBAL DIFFUSION ( 9=MATION PRODUCES CRACKS 9 ! DOM9ANT SOCIAL TEMPORALITY & REGUL>ITY1 (F]+ OPPORTUNITIES = ! CREATION ( SOCIAL NETWORKS BEYOND ! DOM9ANT CON/RA9TS4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS POLITICAL TIME BECOMES 0D5SE10 & SEEMS TO EXP& & CONTRACT DEP5D+ ON ! SOCIAL OCCUPATION & RECREATION ( FREE PUBLIC SPACE4 

,BUT ! SOCIAL BACKGR\ND ( MOD]N HUMAN EXI/5CE--! URBAN L&SCAPE ( MEGACITIES--IS A PROBLEM 9 ITSELF4 ,! MOD]N CITY IS NOT AN ANCI5T DEMOCRATIC POLIS1 BUT RA!R1 AS ,>I/OTLE W\LD CLAIM1 ,BABYLON4 ,MOD]N COLLECTIVITIES CREATE1 )9 ! URBAN NETWORK1 NEW & FREE EGALIT>IAN SOCIAL SPACES1 LIKE ,NOSOTROS 9 ,A!NS OR ,MICROPOLIS 9 ,!SSALONIKI4 ,!Y >E SELF-MANAG$ & OP5 TO ANYBODY1 HO/+ A WIDE RANGE ( SOCIAL & SELF-$UCATIONAL ACTIVITIES4 ,!Y UTILIZE A =M ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY AT ! LEVELS ( 9DIVIDUAL P>TICIPATION & COLLECTIVE DECISIONMAK+4 ,NOSOTROS WAS F\ND$ 9 ,A!NS 9 #b#e1 9 ! C5T] ( 
,EX>*EIA1 BY AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN 9ITIATIVE1 :ILE ,MICROPOLIS WAS F\ND$ 9 ,!SSALONIKI 9 #bh AMID ! ,DECEMB] RIOTS4 ,BO? >E BAS$ ON PR9CIPLES ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 EQUALITY1 & ACTUAL CREATIVE P>TICIPATION4 

,S9CE !IR 9CEPTION1 A CON/ELLATION ( FREE SOCIAL PLACES HAVE EM]G$ 9 O!R NEI<BORHOODS & 9 SMALL] ,GREEK T[NS SU* AS ,IOANN9A1 ,L>ISA1 & ,KOMOT9I4 ,!Y =M A NETWORK ( POLITICAL1 SOCIAL & CULTURAL ACTIVITIES )\T ANY EXCLUSIONS OR SEP>ATIONS4 ,SE$S ( NEW DEMOCRATIC =MS ( LIFE1 P]HAPS1 BUT AGA9/ ! DOM9ANT P>ADIGM !Y FACE TREM5D\S PRESSURE & DEP5D UPON REMA9+ OP5 TO ! BROAD] SOCIETY4 ,!Y ALT] ! SOCIAL L&SCAPE ( ! CITY ?R\< !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,!SE >E NOT SELF-REF]5TIAL1 BUT REF] TO SOCIETY1 9T]ACT+ ) & ACT+ ON ! CITY4 ,!Y EMBODY ! PROJECT ( A DEMOCRATIC ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ALBEIT 9 A LIMIT$ BUT 9SPIR+ MANN]1 BO? BY !IR ACTIVITIES & !IR PRES5CE1 :I* DEP5D ON 9DIVIDUALS 9T]ACT+ ) MUTUAL RESPECT = ONE ANO!R4 

,DEMOCRATIC ECOLOGICAL COLLECTIVITIES1 :I* EXPLICITLY COMB9E ! PROJECT ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY ) ! PROJECT ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 MU/ MOVE BEYOND ! COLLEGIAL & CREATE 9/ITUTIONS ( $UCATION & COMMUNICATION M>K$ BY COHESIVE POLITICAL ACTIVITY ACROSS A WID] SOCIAL-HI/ORICAL FIELD4 ,WE MAY1 P]HAPS1 S*EMATICALLY DESIGNATE F\R MOM5TS ( POLITICAL TIME TO AUTONOM\S COLLECTIVITIES4 ,!Y ALL 9VOLVE & PRESUPPOSE A PUBLIC CONFLICT ) E/ABLI%$ AU?ORITIES4 

,! FIR/ MOM5T1 :5 ! COLLECTIVITY FIR/ OP5S UP TO SOCIETY1 9VOLVES ! 9ITIAL CREATION ( A BROAD] SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,! CREATION ( FREE SOCIAL SPACES SEEMS TO BE ! LIMIT ( ?IS MOM5T4 ,IF ?IS LIMIT IS NOT EXCE$$ ?R\< CONNECTION ) BROAD] SOCIETY1 FREE SOCIAL SPACES CAN BECOME SELF-REF]5TIAL &1 SOON] OR LAT]1 COLLAPSE 9T]NALLY4 

,IF ?IS LIMIT IS EXCE$$1 !N WE PROCE$ TO ! NEXT MOM5T1 :I* CAN ONLY OCCUR )9 SOCIETY--?AT IS1 BEYOND ! COLLECTIVE S9CE ! ACTIVITY ( ! COLLECTIVITY EXCE$S ! COLLECTIVITY ITSELF4 ,IT 9VOLVES ! COCREATION ( NETWORKS ( SOLID>ITY1 COMMUNICATION & ACTION ON LOCAL1 REGIONAL & GLOBAL SCALES4 ,IT 9VOLVES ! CREATION ( FREE OP5 PUBLIC SPACES4 ,IT MEANS CREAT+ A LIMIT$ PUBLIC SPACE--TIME = COMMUNICATION & A LIMIT$ PUBLIC SPACE--TIME = POLITICAL DECISIONS4 

,OP5+ A FREE PUBLIC SPACE PRESUPPOSES A BREAK ) /ATE & CAPITALI/ ME*ANISMS4 ,IT IS AN 9ITIAL /EP4 ,! SECOND /EP IS EXPLICIT SELF-DET]M9ATION TO 5ACT 9/ITUTION-BUILD+ ?R\< DIRECT DEMOCRACY & PUBLIC DELIB]ATION1 9 ORD] TO REALIZE AUTONOMY 9 T]MS ( SOCIAL FUNCTIONS & A COMPLETE RUPTURE ) ! ,/ATE4 ,I USE ! WORD 0AUTONOMY0 NOT 9 REF]5CE TO ! ,ITALIAN 0AUTONOMIA ' OR TO ! ,KANTIAN CONCEPT1 BUT AS DEF9$ BY ,CA/ORIADIS3 0! SELF-POSIT+ ( A NORM1 />T+ FROM SOME CONT5T ( EFFECTIVE LIFE & 9 RELATION TO ?IS CONT5T0 7,CA/ORIADIS1 #a#i#i#g1 P4 #d#a74 ,9 ?IS 
S5SE1 SOCIAL AUTONOMY IS DIRECT DEMOCRACY AS IT IS ESS5TIALLY L9K$ TO ! AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & 5ABL+ SOCIETY TO CREATE ITS [N 9/ITUTIONS4 

,WE CAN IMAG9E EXPLICIT SELF-DET]M9ATION IF WE CONSID] A SELFSUFFICI5T LOCAL NETWORK ?AT IS NOT SUBJECT TO /ATE OR CAPITALI/ TAXATION OR OV]SI<T4 ,IT CON/ITUTES A FUNDAM5TAL DIVISION BETWE5 FREE COMMUNITIES & ! ,/ATE4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS NOT YET AN AUTONOM\S SOCIETY UNTIL A COMPLETE PUBLIC SPACE IS E/ABLI%$ ALONG ) A PUBLIC TIME = FREE COMMUNICATION1 YET ) LIMIT$ PUBLIC SPACE--TIME = POLITICAL DECISION-MAK+4 

,9 ORD] = SOCIAL AUTONOMY TO BE REALIZ$1 SOCIETY MU/ HAVE ! P[] TO EXPLICITLY RE-CREATE ITS C5TRAL 9/ITUTIONS1 NAMELY POLITICS1 JU/ICE1 & $UCATION1 9 A DEMOCRATIC & EGALIT>IAN MANN]4 ,! PEOPLE1 AS FREE 9DIVIDUALS1 MU/ BE ABLE TO E/ABLI% LAWS BY MEANS ( OP5 PUBLIC DELIB]ATION & ?R\< ! E/ABLI%M5T ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS W\LD PRESUPPOSE ABOLI%M5T ( ! ,/ATE & SUBORD9ATION ( ! ECONOMY TO DEMOCRATIC POLITICS4 ,BUT IT ALSO PRESUPPOSES ! PSY*ICAL TRANS=MATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO AN AUTONOM\S1 REFLECTIVE & DELIB]ATIVE SUBJECTIVITY4 ,IT PRESUPPOSES A DEMOCRATIC $UCATION ?AT CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9 PRACTICE1 VIA A PRAXIS ( AUTONOMY4 ,IT ALSO MEANS E/ABLI%+ A COMPLETE PUBLIC SPACE & TIME = FREE COMMUNICATION1 & A COMPLETE PUBLIC SPACE & TIME = POLITICAL DECISION & ACTION4 

,BACK 9 #a#i#f#i1 ,ECOLOGY ,ACTION ,EA/--A COLLECTIVE ?AT 9CLUD$ ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9--PUBLI%$ A /ATEM5T ?AT ASS]T$1 0,WE HOPE = A REVOLUTION :I* WILL PRODUCE POLITICALLY 9DEP5D5T COMMUNITIES :OSE B\ND>IES & POPULATIONS WILL BE DEF9$ BY A NEW ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS40 ,IT IS N[ EVID5T ?AT ?IS ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS IS ALSO A POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS ?AT DEM&S A SELF-REFLECT+ DIRECT DEMOCRACY AGA9/ HI]>*Y & ECONOMIC GR[?-- ONE ?AT COMB9ES ECOLOGICAL & SOCIAL /RUGGLES )9 ! PROJECT ( BUILD+ A DEMOCRATIC ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,UND] ! GLOBAL ?REAT ( DISA/]1 ?IS IS ! *ALL5GE FAC+ COMMUNITIES & SOCIETIES TODAY2 = ! FUTURE REMA9S1 AS ALWAYS1 OP5 = SOCIETIES !MSELVES TO DET]M9E4 

,REF]5CES 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #b#f4 ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS4 ,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#i#e4 ,COMM5TS ON ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY ,NETWORK ,GA!R+ & ! ',DEEP ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY0 ( ,JOHN ,CL>K4 .<,ONL9E.> .<,ACCESS$ #be ,M>* #b#a#i.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 

HTTP3_/_/DW>DMAC4PITZ]4$U_/AN>*I/.->*IVES_/BOOK*9_/CL>K4HTML ,C>R+TON1 ,D4 #b#a#f4 ,! ,AN?ROPOC5E EPO*3 ,SCI5TI/S DECL>E DAWN ( HUMAN-9FLU5C$ AGE4 ,! ,GU>DIAN4 #bi ,AUGU/4 

,CA/ELLS1 ,M4 #b#a#b4 ,NETWORKS ( ,RAGE & ,HOPE3 ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,9T]NET ,AGE4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,POLITY ,PRESS4 

,CA/ORIADIS1 ,C4 #a#i#h#b4 ,! ,CRISIS ( ,WE/]N ,SOCIETIES4 ,TELOS1 #e#c1 #a#g-#b#h4 

,CA/ORIADIS1 ,C4 #a#i#i#g4 ,! ,CA/ORIADIS ,READ]4 ,LONDON3 ,BLACKWELL 4 

,*AKRABORTTY1 ,A4 #b#a#g4 ,H[ C\LD WE COPE IF CAPITALISM FAIL$8 ,ASK #bf ,GREEK FACTORY WORK]S4 ,93 ,! ,GU>DIAN4 #ah ,JULY #b#a#g4 .<,ONL9E.> .<,ACCESS$ #be ,M>* #b#a#i.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 

HTTPS3_/_/WWW4!GU>DIAN4COM_/COMM5TISFREE_/#b#a#g_/JUL_/#a#h_/COPE- 

CAPITALISM-FAIL$-FACTORY-WORK]S-GREEK-WORKPLACE-CONTROL 

,ECOLOGY ,ACTION ,EA/ #a#i#f#i4 ,! ,P[] TO ,DE/ROY1 ! ,P[] TO ,CREATE4 .<,ONL9E.>4 

.<,ACCESS$ #be ,M>* #b#a#i.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 

HTTPS3_/_/RIOPR>UA4NOBLOGS4ORG_/FILES_/#b#a#e_/#e_/#a#i#f#i-,P[]-TO-,DE/ROY4PDF 

,FUKUYAMA1 ,F4 #a#i#i#b4 ,! ,5D ( ,HI/ORY & ! ,LA/ ,MAN4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,FREE 
,PRESS4 

,KLE91 ,N4 #b#g4 ,! ,%OCK ,DOCTR9E3 ,! ,RISE ( ,DISA/] ,CAPITALISM4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PICADOR4 

,L&ES1 ,D4,S4 #a#i#h#c4 ,REVOLUTION 9 ,TIME4 ,MASSA*USETTS3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,OB]MAY]1 ,B4 & ,OBEMAI]1 ,FR4 #b#a#f4 ,! ,PANAMA ,PAP]S4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,ONEWORLD ,PUBLICATIONS4 

,NOTES3 
,! ,PRES5T IS ,PREGNANT ) A ,NEW ,FUTURE 

,OLLI ,TAMMILEHTO 

,A KEY FOCUS 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAS BE5 ! BR++ AB\T ( PR(\ND SOCIETAL *ANGE4 ,?IS HAS BE5 ?\<T TO MEAN A P]IOD ( GR\NDWORK AFT] :I* !RE W\LD BE A RAPID REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION4 ,SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 ESPECIALLY 9 CITIES1 >E SE5 AS AG5TS ( *ANGE TO A DECISIVELY MORE DEMOCRATIC & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,?IS >TICLE CONTRIBUTES TO AN UND]/&+ ( ! DYNAMICS ( MAJOR SOCIETAL %IFTS & ! ROLE ( MOVEM5TS4 ,IT DEVELOPS A !ORY ( A PREEXI/+ WORLD--A 0%AD[ SOCIETY0--:I* 5ABLES SOCIETAL TRANSITION1 & MAKES A 0SOCIETAL PHASE %IFT0 POSSIBLE4 

,! FIR/ SECTION ( ?IS >TICLE SKET*ES \T WE/]N ?9K+ AB\T GRADUAL V]SUS ABRUPT *ANGE 9 NATURE & SOCIETY4 ,! FOLL[+ SECTION DESCRIBES HI/ORICAL & REC5T 9/ANCES ( ABRUPT SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,! ?IRD SECTION 9TRODUCES ! CONCEPTS ( 0%AD[ SOCIETY0 & 0%AD[ P]SONALITY0 & DEL9EATES H[ !Y HELP TO UND]/& ! DYNAMICS ( SOCIETAL PHASE %IFT4 ,! F\R? SECTION \TL9ES H[ ABRUPT *ANGES HAVE BE5 !ORIZ$ 9 BIOLOGY & ASKS IF ?IS !ORY CAN BE APPLI$ TO SOCIETY & H[ IT RELATES TO ! !ORY BAS$ ON %AD[ SOCIETY4 ,! LA/ SECTION EXAM9ES ! IMPLICATION ( ! SOCIETAL PHASE %IFT P]SPECTIVE = SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & !IR /RATEGIES4 

,GRADUAL V]SUS ,ABRUPT ,*ANGE 9 ,WE/]N ,?\<T 

,! P>ADIGM ( GRADUAL *ANGE HAS BE5 V]Y 9FLU5TIAL 9 WE/]N ?\<T4 ,9 ?IS VIEW1 REAL *ANGE ONLY HAPP5S LITTLE BY LITTLE 7,BR9KMANN1 #a#i#g#d2 ,SCOVILLE1 #b#a#g74 ,TO =CE ABRUPT *ANGE IS DANG]\S4 ,S9CE ,>I/OTLE'S TIME ! PR9CIPLE 0NATURE DOES NOT MAKE JUMPS0 79 ,LAT91 0NATURA NON FACIT SALTM07 HAS BE5 WIDELY ACCEPT$ 9 NATURAL PHILOSOPHY 7,FRANKL91 #a#i#h#f74 

,ALSO 9 SOCIAL & POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY1 & 9 SOCIAL SCI5CES1 GRADUALISM & ITS V>IATION1 RE=MISM1 HAVE BE5 POPUL>4 ,SOCIAL EVOLUTION HAS USUALLY BE5 9T]PRET$ AS OCCURR+ BIT BY BIT1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! NOTION ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 ,REVOLUTIONS >E CONSID]$ TO BE NORMAL 9 TE*NOLOGY1 BUT NOT 9 SOCIETY4 ,TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS >E ?\<T TO COME AB\T BECAUSE ( ! 9N] LOGIC ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>* & M>KET COMPETITION4 ,!Y >E SOME?+ TO :I* SOCIETY & PEOPLE MU/ JU/ ADAPT4 ,H[EV]1 ACCORD+ TO ! CULTURAL LAG HYPO!SIS1 SOCIAL /RUCTURES FOLL[ TE*NICAL *ANGE ONLY GRADUALLY 7SEE E4G4 ,WILT]D9K & ,=M1 #b#i74 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS OCCUR1 !Y >E DOOM$ TO FAIL4 ,S9CE ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! PHRASE 0! REVOLUTION DEV\RS ITS *ILDR50.<#c#b.> HAS BE5 REPEAT$ FREQU5TLY4 

,AFT] ! REVOLTS ( #aifh & AFT] ! PO/MOD]N TURN1 IT HAS BE5 COMMON TO ?9K ?AT EV5 ASPIRATIONS TO A REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE >E 9H]5TLY DANG]\S4 ,!Y CONTA9 A TOTALIZ+ VIEW ON SOCIETY :I*--IF 
! MOVEM5T 9 QUE/ION IS SUCCESSFUL--IS B\ND TO LEAD TO A TOTALIT>IAN /ATE 7SEE E4G4 ,BE/ & ,KELLN]1 #a#i#i#g74 

,YET1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 EV5 NATURE DOES MAKE JUMPS4 ,?IS IS MO/ OBVI\S 9 PHASE %IFTS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ICE TURNS 9TO WAT] AT O,C )\T ANY 9T]M$IATE /AGE4 ,ICE DOES NOT BECOME S(T] & ONLY !N LIQUID4 ,!RE IS A CLE>-CUT JUMP 9 ! CON/ITUTION ( ,H#b4.<#c#c.> 

,LEAPS ALSO TAKE PLACE AT ! MACRO SCALE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A CLE> %ALL[ LAKE CAN ABRUPTLY BECOME TURBID OR MUDDY1 EV5 ?\< ! FL[ ( NUTRI5TS TO ! LAKE HAS BE5 CON/ANT = A LONG TIME 7SEE E4G4 ,S*EFF] ET AL41 #b#a74 ,ALSO1 ! GLOBAL BIO-GEOPHYSICAL SY/EM HAS EXP]I5C$ MANY RAPID %IFTS DUR+ ITS EONS4 ,A GEOLOGICAL P]IOD MAY 5D & A NEW ONE BEG9 V]Y RAPIDLY--EV5 9 JU/ ONE YE> 7SEE E4G4 ,MASSON-,DELMOTTE ET AL41 #b#a#c74 ,HUMAN-9DUC$ CLIMATE *ANGE MAY ALSO LEAP TO A NEW /ATE 9 ! NE> FUTURE 7E4G4 DUE TO ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! SUMM] ICE %EET 9 ! ,>CTIC74 ,SU* JUMPS CAN BE EXPECT$ TO PRODUCE CATA/ROPHIC CONSEQU5CES 7SEE E4G4 ,COLL9S ET AL41 #b#a#c74 ,?US1 GRADUAL *ANGE IS ONLY ONE POSSIBLE PATT]N EXHIBIT$ BY NATURE4 

,ABRUPT ,SOCIAL ,*ANGES 9 ! ,PA/ & ,PRES5T 

,RAPID & EXT5SIVE SOCIAL *ANGES >E ALSO COMMON AS A CONSEQU5CE ( W>S1 COLLAPSES ( /OCK EX*ANGES1 ETC4 ,YET1 SOCIETIES USUALLY REMA9 /RUCTURALLY ! SAME AFT] SU* *ANGES4 ,!RE=E1 Y\ CANNOT SPEAK AB\T A SOCIETAL PHASE %IFT OR A *ANGE 9 ! BASIC FUNCTION+ ( SOCIETY4 ,H[EV]1 9 SOME CASES1 LOCAL OR WID] SOCIETY MAY ABRUPTLY ALT] C\RSE ?R\< A FUNDAM5TAL *ANGE4 

,:5 AN E>?QUAKE1 DE/RUCTIVE FLOOD OR O!R NATURAL DISA/] DE/ROYS ! PHYSICAL 9FRA/RUCTURE ( A LOCALITY1 IT ALSO KNOCKS D[N SOCIAL HI]>*IES & M>KET RELATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 ACCORD+ TO MANY EMPIRICAL /UDIES1 SOCIAL *AOS OR G5]AL PANIC DOES NOT USUALLY 5SUE4 ,ONLY ELITES PANIC BECAUSE !Y LOSE !IR P[] 7,SOLNIT1 #b#i2 ,QU>ANTELLI1 #b#a2 ,CL>KE & ,*ESS1 #b#h74 ,! RE/ ( ! POPULATION IMM$IATELY ORGANIZES ITSELF HORIZONTALLY2 !Y =M GRASSROOTS RESCUE TEAMS & >RANGE FOOD1 %ELT]1 & O!R SUPPORT = SURVIVORS 7,SOLNIT1 #b#i2 ,FRITZ1 #a#i#i#f2 ,/ALL+S & ,QU>ANTELLI1 #a#i#h#e74 ,?US1 NEW EGALIT>IAN SOCIAL /RUCTURES >ISE 9 A MOM5T4 

,FUNDAM5TAL /RUCTURAL *ANGES ALSO HAPP5 DUR+ SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS OR 9SURRECTIONS4 ,9 ! ,F9NI% LANGUAGE 0REVOLUTION0 IS VALLANKUM\S1 :I* LIT]ALLY MEANS ABOLI%+ P[] 79 ! S5SE ( DOM9ATION74 ,?IS GETS CLOSE TO :AT (T5 HAS REALLY HAPP5$ 9 ! FIR/ /AGES ( HI/ORICAL REVOLUTIONS4 ,V>I\S HI]>*IES & MANY K9DS ( DOM9ATION 7P[] OV]7 DISSOLVES4 ,9 !IR PLACE1 C\NCILS1 FACTORY COMMITTEES1 ASSEMBLES & O!R 5TITIES PURSU+ DIRECT DEMOCRACY >E CREAT$4 ,!SE ORGANIZATIONS C]TA9LY HAVE A LOT ( P[] OR CAPABILITY TO GET ?+S DONE CO-OP]ATIVELY1 BUT P[] OV] OR DOM9ATION IS SEV]ELY RE/RICT$4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ?IS /AGE 
USUALLY ONLY LA/S A %ORT TIME1 & OLD DOM9ATION /RUCTURES >E RE/OR$ OR NEW ONES CREAT$ 7,BOOK*91 #a#i#i#f2 ,BOOK*91 #a#i#i#h2 ,=AN1 #b#b74 

,MANY EXAMPLES ( SU* GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATION DUR+ REVOLUTIONS 9CLUDE ! FOLL[+3 

SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#g#i--#a#g#i#c 7,BOOK*91 #a#i#i#f2 ,TNNESSON1 #a#i#h#h72 

FACTORY COMMITTEES1 CITY & DI/RICT C\NCILS1 VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS FL\RI%+ 9 ,RUSSIA FROM ,FEBRU>Y UNTIL ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#g1 MA9TA9$ UNTIL ! ,BOL%EVIKS CONSOLIDAT$ !IR P[] 7,VOL9E1 #a#i#i2 ,BR9TON1 #a#i#g#e2 ,BOOK*91 #b#d72 

! #b1#a C\NCILS E/ABLI%$ 9 #ab DAYS DUR+ ! ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTION ( #aief BE=E ! ,SOVIET 9VASION DE/ROY$ !SE C\NCILS 7,GUTI]REZ1 #b#d2 ,>5DT1 #a#i#e#h2 ,KOSU?1 #b#g72 

%ORAS 7WORK]S' C\NCILS7 DUR+ ,IRANIAN REVOLUTION ( #ai< 7,L&Y1 #a#i#h#a72 

NEI<BORHOOD & WORKPLACE ASSEMBLIES DUR+ & AFT] ! ECONOMIC CRISIS ?AT HIT ,>G5T9A 9 #ba 7,SITR91 #b#a#b2 ,FIF? ,E/ATE1 #b#b72 & 

! NETWORK ( COMMUNES & C\NCILS :I* W]E PUT TOGE!R 9 #b#a#a1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( :I* CURR5TLY CONT9UES 9 ,ROJAVA1 NOR!RN ,SYRIA 7,KNAPP ET AL41 #b#a#f2 ,/RANG]S 9 A ,TANGL$ ,WILD]NESS1 #b#a#e74 

,?US1 AS 9 NATURE1 GRADUAL *ANGE IS ONLY ONE ( ! WAYS ?AT SOCIETY MODIFIES ITSELF4 ,9 C]TA9 SITUATIONS ABRUPT /RUCTURAL *ANGES CAN OCCUR 9 SOCIETIES4 

,%AD[ ,SOCIETY & ,ABRUPT ,*ANGE 

,H[ IS IT POSSIBLE = SOCIETY TO *ANGE ABRUPTLY8 ,ONE EXPLANATION IS ?AT SOCIETY IS NEV] A FULLY 9TEGRAT$ :OLE4 ,9 ANY SOCIETY !RE >E ALWAYS CONFLICTS1 FRACTURES & UND]CURR5TS4 ,!SE >E SO WIDESPREAD ?AT Y\ CAN SPEAK AB\T ! %AD[ SOCIETY ?AT EXI/S SIDE-BY-SIDE ! (FICIAL SOCIETY4.<#c#d.> 

,AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ! %AD[ SOCIETY IS ! %AD[ ECONOMY4 ,IT COMPRISES ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS & S]VICE ?AT >E NOT RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! (FICIAL ECONOMY1 & ?US NOT USUALLY TAK5 9TO ACC\NT :5 CALCULAT+ ,GROSS ,NATIONAL ,PRODUCT 7SEE E4G4 ,B5NHOLDT-,?OMS5 & ,MIES1 #a#i#i#i2 ,GIBSON-,GRAHAM1 #b#f74 ,?IS ECONOMIC FIELD IS REF]R$ TO BY MANY T]MS ) P>TIALLY OV]LAPP+ MEAN+S3 UN(FICIAL1 9=MAL1 SOCIAL1 AUTONOM\S1 PO/-CAPITALI/1 EXPOL>Y1 COMMUNITY1 SOLID>ITY1 SUBSI/5CE1 TRADITIONAL1 UNREGI/]$1 9DIG5\S1 UND]GR\ND1 FAMILY1 BLACK1 GRAY1 LUMP5-B\RGEOIS1 OR ?IRD SECTOR 7,%AN91 #a#i#i#i74 ,EXAMPLES 9CLUDE3 UNPAID S]VICE 
PRODUCTION 9 H\SEHOLDS2 UN(FICIAL EX*ANGES ( GOODS & S]VICES AMONG FRI5DS1 ACQUA9TANCES & NEI<BORS2 & UNPAID PE] SUPPORT 9 SOLV+ V>I\S TE*NICAL PROBLEMS4 ,! %AD[ ECONOMY IS HUGE1 ESPECIALLY 9 POOR C\NTRIES1 BUT EV5 9 WE/]N ,EUROPE IT IS AB\T AS BIG AS ! (FICIAL ECONOMY :5 MEASUR$ 9 WORK+ H\RS 7,/IGLITZ ET AL41 #bi P4 #a#b#g74 

,! %AD[ ECONOMY HAS BE5 CONCEPTUALIZ$ 9 T]MS ( FL[S-- PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION & CONSUMPTION--AS IS COMMON 9 ECONOMIC DISC\RSE4 ,H[EV]1 IT CAN ALSO BE P]CEIV$ 9 T]MS ( RES]VES OR ACCUMULAT$ RES\RCES4 ,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE IT IS EASY TO SEE ?AT BO? ! (FICIAL & %AD[ ECONOMIES >E BAS$ ON RES\RCES ?AT >E NEI!R PAID = NOR 9CLUD$ 9 ECONOMIC CALCULATIONS4 ,P>T ( ?IS COMMON WEAL? IS HUMAN-MADE1 SU* AS \R CULTURAL H]ITAGE4 ,MO/ ( !SE RES]VES >E1 H[EV]1 CREAT$ BY NATURE OV] MILL5NIA & EONS4 ,:5 A RES\RCE IS TAK5 C>E ( BY A LOCAL1 REGIONAL OR GLOBAL COMMUNITY1 WE CAN SPEAK ( A COMMONS4 ,COMMONS PLAY AN ESS5TIAL ROLE 9 ! %AD[ ECONOMY & MANY POPUL> MOVEM5TS HAVE RIS5 TO DEF5D !M AGA9/ 5CROA*M5T BY ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY 7SEE E4G4 ,BOLLI] & ,HELFRI*1 #b#a#b2 ,B]KES1 #a#i#h#i74 

,!SE MOVEM5TS BELONG TO A L>GE BODY ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT ATTEMPT TO CREATE & *ANGE ! RULES UND] :I* !Y LIVE4.<#c#e.> ,!Y >E IMPORTANT POLITICAL ACTORS4 ,YET POLITICAL DISC\RSE USUALLY IGNORES !SE ACTORS & KEEPS SIL5T AB\T !M4 ,ACCORD+LY1 !RE EXI/S A K9D ( %AD[ POLITY ALONGSIDE ! %AD[ ECONOMY4 ,A P>T ( ?IS %AD[ POLITY 9CLUDES !IR 9T]NAL DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES4 ,9 MANY CASES1 !SE PROCESSES TRY TO PREFIGURE DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+ 9 A HOP$-= FUTURE SOCIETY 7,DAY1 #b#e2 ,GRAEB]1 #b#a#c74 ,9 SITUATIONS :]E OP5 MOVEM5TS OR SOCIAL ACTION GR\PS >E TOO H>D OR IMPOSSIBLE TO ORGANIZE1 ! %AD[ POLITY TAKES ! =M ( AN 9VISIBLE RESI/ANCE1 :I* CAN 9CLUDE LOIT]+1 DISOB$I5CE & SABOTAGE4 ,!SE K9D ( ACTIVITIES HAVE BE5 WIDESPREAD 9 PEASANT SOCIETIES & 9 /ATE-SOCIALI/--A4K4A4 /ATE-CAPITALI/IC--C\NTRIES 7,SCOTT1 #a#i#h#e2 ,FILTZ]1 #a#i#i#f2 ,KOP/E91 #a#i#i#f74 

,! %AD[ SOCIETY C>RIES ON ! TRADITIONS ( C\NTLESS MOVEM5TS1 & =M] LESS HI]>*IC & MORE DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES ?AT ATTEMPT$ TO TURN ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,BOOK*9 CALLS ?IS IMPORTANT HI/ORY 0! LEGACY ( FRE$OM10 KN[L$GE ( :I* CAN LESS5 CONTROL ( ! FUTURE.<#c#f.> BY ! P[]S-?AT-BE 7#a#i#h#b74 ,! USE ( ! CONCEPT ( 0DEMOCRATIC CIVILIZATION0 BY ! IMPRISON$ ,KURDI% LEAD]1 ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN1 HAS SIMIL> MEAN+ 7SEE ,OCALAN1 #b#a#f74 

,HUMAN BE+S >E SOCIAL CREATURES &1 AS SU*1 SOCIAL CONDITIONS >E REFLECT$ AT ! 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL4 ,LIKE SOCIETY1 H>DLY ANY HUMAN M9D OR P]SONALITY IS A FULLY 9TEGRAT$ :OLE4 ,9 DIFF]5T SOCIAL CIRCUM/ANCES WE ?9K & REACT DIFF]5TLY & MAKE DIFF]5T VALUE JUDGM5TS4 ,?IS IDEA HAS BE5 COMMON DUR+ REC5T DECADES 9 PO/-/RUCTURAL ?\<T3 9 DIFF]5T DISC\RSES ! SAME P]SON TAKES DIFF]5T SUBJECT POSITIONS 7SEE E4G4 
,F\CAULT1 #a#i#h#b2 ,H5RIQUES ET AL41 #a#i#h#d74 ,ALSO1 IT HAS BE5 WIDESPREAD 9 ,BUDDHI/ PHILOSOPHY 7SEE E4G4 ,KVALY1 #a#i#i#b74 ,YET1 ! IDEA ( ! NORMALITY ( A MILDLY DIVID$ SELF HAS APPE>$ OCCASIONALLY ALSO 9 MA9/REAM WE/]N PHILOSOPHY EV] S9CE ,>I/OTLE4 ,IT APPE>S :5EV] ! PH5OM5A ( SELF-DECEPTION & WEAKNESS ( WILL OR AKRASIA 7,>I/OTLE1 #aibe BK4 ,V,I,I2 ,RORTY1 #a#i#h#h7 >E DISCUSS$4 

,ACCORD+LY1 WE CAN SPEAK AB\T A %AD[ P]SONALITY ?AT MANIFE/S ITSELF :5 PEOPLE ACT 9 A %AD[ SOCIETY4 ,WE CAN 9CLUDE ) IT MANY TRAITS ?AT >E REPRESS$ 9 PRES5T SOCIAL CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,!Y EXI/ ONLY AS DESIRES & DREAMS1 (T5 ONLY ON A SUBCONSCI\S LEVEL4.<#c#g.> ,?IS SPH]E ( ! UNFULFILL$ & SUBLIM9AL CON/ITUTES A HIDD5 POT5TIALITY 9 ANY HUMAN BE+4 

,WE CAN N[ PUT =W>D AN EXPLANATION = RAPID & PR(\ND SOCIETAL *ANGE3 ,9 NATURAL OR HUMAN-CAUS$ DISA/]S & REVOLUTIONS ALL ! FUNCTIONS ( ! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY WEAK5 OR /OP WORK+ ALTOGE!R4 ,?IS SIDE ( SOCIETY MOVES TO ! BACKGR\ND4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! REPRESS$1 UND]-US$ OR UND]E/IMAT$ FUNCTIONS ( %AD[ SOCIETY BECOME ESS5TIAL4 ,! O!R SIDE ( SOCIETY GETS /RONG] & MOVES TO ! =E4 ,! ROLES ( !SE SOCIAL SPH]ES >E SWAPP$4 ,! SAME HAPP5S ON AN 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL3 ! %AD[ P]SONALITY COMES TO ! =E & ! =M] NORMAL P]SONALITY MU/ GO BY ! WAYSIDE4 

,YET IF ! NEW SITUATION /ABILIZES IT IS CONCEIVABLE ?AT 9 ! NEW %AD[ SOCIETY QUALITATIVE *ANGES WILL OCCUR4 ,IT NO LONG] ONLY REPRES5TS ! =M] DOM9ANT SOCIETY BUT1 9 P>T ( IT1 DEVELOPS SE$S & SE$L+S ( NEW SOCIAL =MS READY TO COME TO ! =E 9 ! NEXT SOCIETAL PHASE %IFT4 ,! PROCESS ( SOCIAL *ANGE MAY HAVE A DIALECTICAL *>ACT]1 AS MANY ?9K]S HAVE PROPOS$ 7SEE E4G4 ,M>X1 #a#i#i#f2 ,BOOK*91 #a#i#i2 ,BHASK>1 #a#i#i#c74 

,9 A S5SE1 ! !ORY ( %AD[ SOCIETY IS A G5]ALIZATION OR EXT5SION ( ! !ORY ( DUAL P[] 9 SOCIAL ECOLOGY 7,BOOK*91 #b2 ,BIEHL1 #a#i#i#h1 PP4 #a#b#c--#a#b#d74 ,DUAL P[] !ORY DEALS ) ! BE/ CASE SC5>IO1 :]E SOCIAL MOVEM5TS HAVE BE5 ABLE TO ORGANIZE A /RONG C\NT]-P[] BAS$ ON A CONF$]ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES BE=E ANY SOCIETAL PHASE %IFT4 ,?IS HAS NOT PROV$ ! CASE 9 MO/ HI/ORICAL REVOLUTIONS--MO/ ORGANIZATION OCCURS DUR+ & AFT] ! %IFT4 ,! !ORY ( A %AD[ SOCIETY TRIES TO EXPLA9 :Y ! %IFT WAS1 & WILL BE1 POSSIBLE 9 !SE BAD CASES4 

,REGIME ,%IFT ,!ORY 9 ,BIOLOGY & ITS ,RELEVANCE TO ,SOCIETY 

,WE C\LD SIMPLY LEAVE \R PURSUIT ( UND]/&+ ABRUPT SOCIAL *ANGE AT ?IS4 ,H[EV]1 IT W\LD BE GOOD TO DEVELOP A MORE NUANC$ PICTURE ( SOCIETAL PHASE %IFT1 ESPECIALLY ( ! SOCIAL DYNAMICS DUR+ P]IODS ( APPROA*+ RAPID *ANGE4 ,!RE=E1 IT MI<T BE USEFUL TO LOOK AT H[ RAPID /RUCTURAL *ANGES >E UND]/OOD 9 BIOLOGY1 & ATTEMPT TO APPLY ?OSE IDEAS TO SOCIETY4 

,9 ECOLOGY1 REGIME %IFT !ORY HAS BE5 POPUL> DUR+ REC5T DECADES4 ,IT DEVELOP$ FROM COMPLEXITY !ORY1 :I* ORIG9AT$ 9 MA!MATICS AS A DESCRIPTION ( NON-L9E> SY/EMS4 ,COMPLEXITY RESE>* TRIES TO UND]/& H[ COMPLEX SY/EMS EXHIBIT SIMPLE1 SY/EM-WIDE BEHAVIOR4 

,A REGIME IS A C]TA9 BEHAVIOR PATT]N OR AN OSCILLATION RANGE ( AN ECOSY/EM4 ,REGIME %IFT !ORY TRIES TO UND]/&1 ON ! ONE H&1 H[ A C]TA9 REGIME IS MA9TA9$ OR :Y NORMALLY ! V>IABILITY ( ! SY/EM IS )9 C]TA9 B\NDS &1 ON ! O!R H&1 H[ A RAPID %IFT TO ANO!R REGIME IS POSSIBLE 7,S*EFF] & ,C>P5T]1 #b#c2 ,/OCKHOLM ,RESILI5CE ,C5T]1 #b#a#e7 

,! KEY IS ! EXI/5CE ( NEGATIVE & POSITIVE FE$BACK ME*ANISMS OR LOOPS4 ,!SE EXI/ :]E ! 0\TPUT0 ( ! SY/EM HAS AN EFFECT ON ITS 09PUT40 ,NEGATIVE FE$BACKS MA9TA9 A SY/EM 9 ITS PRES5T REGIME4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :5 AN 9FLUX ( NUTRI5TS 9CREASES ! AM\NT ( TURBIDITY CAUS+ ALGAE 9 A LAKE1 ! NUMB] ( DAPHNIA 7SMALL PLANKTON ANIMALS7 ?AT EAT !M ALSO 9CREASES & ! CLE>-WAT]$ REGIME IS MA9TA9$4 

,POSITIVE FE$BACKS1 9/EAD1 TRY TO MOVE ! SY/EM TO A DIFF]5T REGIME4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A SMALL 9CREASE 9 TURBIDITY KILLS SOME BIG WAT] PLANTS ?AT PROTECT DAPHNIA4 ,FI% !N CAT* DAPHNIA MORE EASILY1 ALL[+ ALGAE TO GR[4 ,! FOLL[+ TURBIDITY 9CREASE KILLS MORE PLANTS1 :I* MEANS ?AT MORE DAPHNIA GET CAU<T--CAUS+ MORE TURBIDITY1 & SO ON 7,S*EFF] & VAN ,NES1 #b#g2 ,JEPPS51 #a#i#i#h74 

,9 NORMAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 NEGATIVE FE$BACK LOOPS DOM9ATE & ! REGIME IS PRES]V$4 ,YET1 9 SITUATIONS :]E ! SY/EM REA*ES A TIPP+ PO9T1 NEGATIVE FE$BACKS MAY WEAK5 &_/OR POSITIVE FE$BACKS MAY BECOME SO /RONG ?AT ! SY/EM RAPIDLY MOVES TO ANO!R REGIME4 

,C\LD ?IS MODEL BE APPLI$ TO SOCIETY8 ,:AT W]E ! FE$BACKS ?AT MA9TA9 ! PRES5T ORD] OR TRY TO *ANGE IT8 ,WE C\LD CATEGORIZE AS NEGATIVE FE$BACKS ALL PROCESSES ?AT GA9 /R5G? :5 SOCIAL ORD] IS 5DANG]$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :5 A SOCIAL *ANGE MOVEM5T GR[S1 !RE >E ATTEMPTS TO UND]M9E ITS 9FLU5CE BY TWO OPPOSITE PROCESSES4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 A P>T ( ! MOVEM5T IS M>G9ALIZ$ BY LABEL+ IT VIOL5T & EXTREMI/1 SOME?+ FROM :I* ORD9>Y PEOPLE %\LD KEEP AT A DI/ANCE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ANO!R P>T ( ! MOVEM5T IS 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! P[]S-?AT-BE4 ,IT !N SEEMS ?AT ! MOVEM5T PROP] IS NO LONG] NE$$ BECAUSE IT HAS GA9$ REPRES5TATION 9 ! P[] /RUCTURES 7,MA?IES51 #a#i#h#b2 ,NEOCOSMOS1 #b#a#h74 

,POSITIVE FE$BACKS1 ON ! O!R H&1 C\LD BE CONCEPTUALIZ$ AS PROCESSES ?AT POT5TIALLY GET /RONG] :5 ! PRES5T ORD] IS *ALL5G$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A SOCIAL MOVEM5T MAY 5C\RAGE NEW PEOPLE TO JO9 A MOVEM5T OR =M NEW ONES4 ,A /RONG] & MORE V]SATILE MOVEM5T SC5E MAY 5C\RAGE /ILL MORE PEOPLE TO JO91 & SO ON4 ,! SAME APPLIES TO MANY O!R ?+S ?AT HAPP5 9 ! %AD[ SOCIETY4 ,= 9/ANCE1 EXP]I5CES 9 
! %AD[ ECONOMY MAY PROVOKE ?\<TS AB\T ALT]NATIVES1 DELEGITIMIZ+ ! PREVAIL+ ORD]1 & /IMULAT+ O!R ACTIVITIES 9 ! %AD[ SOCIETY1 & SO ON4 

,ONE C\LD FUR!R ADAPT ! LANGUAGE & EVID5CE ( REGIME %IFT & COMPLEXITY !ORY1 BUT ! SCOPE ( ?IS ESSAY IS LIMIT$4 ,COMPLEXITY !ORY =MS P>T ( SY/EMS !ORY1 TO :I* ,BOOK*9 & MANY O!R ?9K]S MA9TA9$ AN AV]SION BECAUSE ( ITS ME*ANI/IC APPROA* 7,BOOK*91 #aii P4 #a#d#i74 ,SU* AN AV]SION IS JU/IFI$ 9 REG>D TO MU* ( SY/EM DISC\RSE4 ,H[EV]1 COMPLEXITY RESE>* GOES BEYOND ME*ANI/IC MODELS & TRIES TO UND]/& 5TITIES ) MEMORY1 HI/ORY1 EVOLUTION & 0REVOLUTIONS0 7,]N/1 #b#i2 ,RAMAL+AM1 #bac P4 #a#d#b74 ,9 FACT1 IT HAS MU* COMMON ) DIALECTICAL ?9K+ 7,]N/1 #b#i74 

,NEV]!LESS1 COMPLEXITY !ORY USES MANY ( ! SAME CONCEPTS AS ! RE/ ( ! SY/EMS APPROA*1 SU* AS FE$BACK LOOPS4 ,?IS IS A SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM IF IT RESULTS 9 =GETT+ ! UNIQU5ESS ( LIFE & HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,ONE SOLUTION IS TO TAKE SOME RELEVANT IDEAS FROM REGIME %IFT !ORY BUT RE=MULATE !M4 ,= EXAMPLE 0POSITIVE FE$BACK LOOP0 C\LD BE CALL$ 0SELF-RE9=C+ SOCIAL PROCESS0 & 0NEGATIVE FE$BACK0 C\LD BE CALL$ 0SELF-ATT5UAT+ SOCIAL PROCESS40 

,SOCIETAL ,PHASE ,%IFT & ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS 

,SO1 :AT IS ! RELEVANCE ( ALL ( ?IS8 ,IF ?IS !ORY ( %AD[ SOCIETY HELPS TO ADEQUATELY EXPLA9 ABRUPT SOCIAL *ANGES1 :AT >E ! CONSEQU5CES8 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 ?IS VIEW CAN PROVIDE HOPE 9 \R SEEM+LY HOPELESS SITUATION4 ,CLIMATE *ANGE1 BIODIV]SITY LOSS1 & O!R DANG]\S TR5DS WILL LEAD TO A GLOBAL CATA/ROPHE IF !Y >E NOT /OPP$ SOON 7SEE E4G4 ,/EFF5 ET AL41 #b#a#e74 ,IT IS EASY TO SEE ?AT ! REASONS = 9ACTION >E ! /RUCTURES ( \R SOCIETY4 ,YET1 SOCIAL *ANGE IS USUALLY ?\<T TO BE V]Y SL[4 ,?IS CONTRADICTION CREATES HOPELESSNESS4 ,!RE=E1 SEE+ ?AT1 9 PR9CIPLE AT LEA/1 SOCIETY CAN *ANGE V]Y RAPIDLY BR+S HOPE4 

,H[EV]1 )9 ?IS *A9 ( ?\<TS LURKS A DANG]4 ,IT CAN CREATE A COMPLAC5T ATTITUDE4 ,\R ANALYSIS %[S ?AT REVOLUTION HAPP5S ANYWAY4 ,WE DON'T HAVE TO DO ANY?+--JU/ WAIT & RELAX4 ,?IS W\LD BE A WRONG CONCLUSION3 ! C\NT] CURR5TS OR POSITIVE FE$BACK LOOPS UPON :I* SOCIETAL PHASE %IFTS OR REVOLUTIONS >E BAS$ >E PRECISELY \R ACTIVITIES4 ,IF WE >E NOT ACTIVE1 C\NT] CURR5TS WILL BE TOO WEAK & !RE WON'T BE ANY REVOLUTION OR1 IF IT />TS1 IT WILL FAIL QUICKLY4 

,AL?\< ?IS ANALYSIS DOES NOT WEAK5 ! IMPORTANCE ( MOVEM5TS & ALT]NATIVE PROJECTS1 IT PROVIDES ANO!R P]SPECTIVE = !M4 ,MAK+ A SY/EMIC *ANGE 9 SOCIETY IS NOT BUILD+ A NEW SOCIETY ONE BLOCK AT A TIME4 ,MOVEM5TS & PROJECTS CANNOT DO IT BECAUSE NO ONE KN[S :I* ( !IR A*IEVEM5TS WILL REMA91 & UND] PRES5T CIRCUM/ANCES IT IS PROBABLE 
?AT MANY ( !M WILL FALT]4 ,9/EAD1 A REASON :Y !SE ACTIVITIES >E IMPORTANT IS ?AT !Y DEF5D ! EXI/+ %AD[ SOCIETY & PREFIGURE :AT SOCIETY %\LD & C\LD BE AFT] A PHASE %IFT4 ,ANO!R REASON IS ?AT !Y ADVANCE & WORK \T PROCESSES--:I* CAN BE CALL$ POSITIVE FE$BACKS-- ?AT1 :5 A SUITABLE SITUATION >ISES1 %IFT SOCIETY TO ANO!R PHASE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y CAN CONTRIBUTE TO A REVOLUTION4 

,SO F>1 9 SOCIETAL PHASE %IFTS1 ! 0GRASSROOTS REGIME0 HAS LA/$ ONLY A %ORT P]IOD ( TIME4 ,!RE >E MANY REASONS = ! RE/ORATION ( ! HI]>*ICAL ORD]4 ,\TSIDE PRESSURE OR EV5 W> HAS 5=C$ !IR RETURN4 ,BUT (T5 9SIDE =CES PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ,L591 ,TROTSKY & ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY W]E 9/RUM5TAL 9 SUFFOCAT+ ! GRASSROOTS DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS ?AT SPRANG UP ALL OV] ! C\NTRY 9 #aiag 7,BOOK*91 #b#d2 ,BR9TON1 #a#i#g#e74 

,= MANY IT IS DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE ?AT ! GRASSROOTS DEMOCRATIC REGIME IS ! REAL ?+ UPON :I* A FUTURE SOCIETY C\LD BE BUILT4 ,!Y ?9K ?AT ?IS IS JU/ A P>TY AFT] :I* ! P>TY TAKES OV] & SURPASSES ! 09EFFICI5T0 GRASSROOTS /RUCTURES4 ,9DE$1 REAL DEMOCRACY IS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! PRES5T GOV]NANCE ) ITS HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES4 

,H[EV]1 = MO/ PEOPLE IT IS NOT SO /RANGE BECAUSE1 9 ITS EMBRYONIC =M1 IT HAS BE5 WIDELY EX]CIS$ 9 ! %AD[ SOCIETY4 ,KEEP+ 9 M9D ! UTT] DE/RUCTION & MIS]Y CAUS$ BY ! EXI/+ ORD] & ! BLEAK OR NON-EXI/5T FUTURE IT IS PROMIS+ US1 ONE MAY WOND] IF WE >E UND] A SPELL ( SOME SORT :5 WE REG>D ! PR$OM9ANT =M ( SOCIETY AS NORMAL4 ,P]HAPS ! FEEL+ ?AT ?IS IS NORMAL & !RE >E NO ALT]NATIVES IS AN EFFECT ( ! DI/ORT$ MIRROR ?AT ! PREVAIL+ SOCIETY & ITS CULTURAL MA*9]Y KEEPS 9 FRONT ( US4 ,%AD[ SOCIETY & ITS BLOSSOM+ 9 CRISIS SITUATIONS MAY %[ US A MORE ADEQUATE IMAGE ( :AT WE >E1 & :AT FUTURE SOCIETY C\LD BE4 

,REF]5CES 

,>5DT1 ,H4 #a#i#e#h4 ,TOTALIT>IAN ,IMP]IALISM3 ,REFLECTIONS ON ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,J ,POLIT4 #b7#a71 PP4#e-#d#c4 

,>I/OTLE #a#i#b#e4 ,! ,NICOMA*EAN ,E?ICS ( ,>I/OTLE4 ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,BAUMEI/]1 ,B4 & ,NEGATOR1 ,Z4 #b#e4 ,SITUATIONI/IS*E ,REVOLUTIONS!ORIE1 ,E9E ,ANEIGNUNG1 ,VOL44 ,I3 ,5*IRIDION4 ,/UTTG>T3 ,S*METT]L+ ,V]LAG4 ,B5NHOLDT-,?OMS51 ,V & ,MIES1 ,M4 #a#i#i#i4 ,! ,SUBSI/5CE ,P]SPECTIVE1 ,BEYOND ! ,GLOBALIZ$ ,ECONOMY4 ,LONDON3 ,Z$ ,BOOKS4 

,B]KES1 ,F4 $4 #a#i#h#i4 ,COMMON ,PROP]TY ,RES\RCES1 ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNITY-,BAS$ ,SU/A9ABLE ,DEVELOPM5T4 ,LONDON3 ,BELHAV54 

,BE/1 ,S4 & ,KELLN]1 ,D4 #a#i#i#g4 ,! ,PO/MOD]N ,TURN4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,GUIL=D ,PRESS4 

,BHASK>1 ,R4 #a#i#i#c4 ,DIALECTIC1 ,! ,PULSE ( ,FRE$OM4 ,LONDON3 ,V]SO4 

,BIEHL1 ,J4 #a#i#i#h4 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY1 ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 

,BOLLI]1 ,D4 & ,HELFRI*1 ,S4 $S4 #b#a#b4 ,! ,WEAL? ( ! ,COMMONS3 ,A ,WORLD ,BEYOND ,M>KET & ,/ATE4 ,AMH]/1 ,MASSA*USETTS3 ,LEVEL]S ,PRESS4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#h#b4 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 ,! ,EM]G5CE & ,DISSOLUTION ( ,HI]>*Y4 ,PALO ,ALTO3 ,*E%IRE4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#i4 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY1 ,ESSAYS ON ,DIALECTICAL ,NATURALISM4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#i#f4 ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION3 ,POPUL> ,MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,]A1 ,VOLUME #a4 ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #a#i#i#h4 ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION3 ,POPUL> ,MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,]A1 ,VOLUME #b4 ,LONDON3 ,CASSELL4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #b#d4 ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION3 ,POPUL> ,MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,]A1 ,VOLUME #c4 ,LONDON3 ,CONT9UUM4 

,BOOK*91 ,M4 #b4 ,?\<TS ON ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM4 ,LEFT ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES4 .<,ONL9E.>4 #d#a4 .<,ACCESS$ #ac ,M>* #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/SOCIAL-ECOLOGY4ORG_/WP_/#a#i#i#i_/#h_/?\<TS-ON-LIB]T>IAN-MUNICIPALISM_/ 

,BR9KMANN1 ,H4 #a#i#g#d4 ,GRADUALISM4 ,93 ,RITT]1 ,J4 $4 ,HI/ORIS*ES ,WORT]BU* D] ,PHILOSOPHIE1 ,B& #c4 ,BASEL3 ,S*WABE @& ,CO4 

,BR9TON1 ,M4 #a#i#g#e4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS @& ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL #aiag TO #a#i#b#a1 ,! ,/ATE & ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION4 ,DETROIT3 ,BLACK @& ,R$4 

,CL>KE1 ,L4 & ,*ESS1 ,C4 #b#h4 ,ELITES & ,PANIC3 ,MORE TO ,FE> ?AN ,FE> ,ITSELF4 ,SOCIAL ,=CES4 .<,ONL9E.>4 #h#g7#b71 PP4#i#i#c-#a#a#d4 .<,ACCESS$ #be ,M>* #b#a#i.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/SF4OX=DJ\RNALS4ORG_/CONT5T_/#h#g_/#b_/#i#i#c4AB/RACT ,COLL9S1 ,M41 ,KNUTTI1 ,R41 ,>BLA/]1 ,J41 ,DUFRESNE1 ,J4 ,L41 ,FI*EFET1 ,T41 ,FRI$L+/E91 ,P41 ,GAO1 ,X41 ,GUT[SKI1 ,W,J41 ,JOHNS1 ,T41 ,KR9N]1 ,G41 ,%ONGWE1 ,M41 ,TEBALDI1 ,C41 ,WEAV]1 ,A,J4 & ,WEHN]1 ,M4 #b#a#c4 ,LONG-T]M ,CLIMATE ,*ANGE3 ,PROJECTIONS1 ,COMMITM5TS & ,IRREV]SIBILITY4 ,93 ,/OCK]1 ,T4 ,F4 ,Q91 ,D4 ,PLATTN]1 ,G4-,K4 ET AL4 $S4 ,CLIMATE ,*ANGE #b#a#c3 ,! ,PHYSICAL ,SCI5CE ,BASIS4 ,CONTRIBUTION ( ,WORK+ ,GR\P ,I TO ! ,FIF? ,ASSESSM5T ,REPORT ( ! ,9T]GOV]NM5TAL ,PANEL ON ,CLIMATE ,*ANGE .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #be ,M>* #b#a#i.>4 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 PP4#a#b#i-#a#a#c#f4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 WWW4CLIMATE*ANGE#b#a#c4ORG 

,COMPLEX ,SY/EMS ,GR\P #b#a#e4 ,AMORPH\S MAT]IALS4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #a ,OCTOB] #b#a#g.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 

HTTP3_/_/WEB4PHYSICS4UCSB4$U_/@9COMPLEX_/RESE>*_/AMORPH\S4HTML ,DAY1 ,R4,J4,F4 #b#e4 ,GRAMSCI IS ,DEAD1 ,AN>*I/ ,CURR5TS 9 ! ,NEWE/ ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS4 ,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS4 

,DE ,ANGELIS1 ,M4 #b#g4 ,! ,BEG9N+ ( ,HI/ORY1 ,VALUE ,/RUGGLES & ,GLOBAL ,CAPITAL4 ,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS4 

,]N/1 ,G4 #b#i4 ,KOMPLEXITAT1 ',*AOS!ORIE' UND DIE ,L9KE4 ,/UTTG>T3 ,S*METT]L+ ,V]LAG4 

,FIF? ,E/ATE #b#b4 ,QUE SE VAYAN TODOS6 -- ,\T ) !M ALL63 ,>G5T9A'S ,POPUL> ,REBELLION4 ,FIF? ,E/ATE4 .<,ONL9E.>4 #c#e#i4 .<,ACCESS$ #a ,OCTOB] #b#a#g.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/!AN>*I/LIBR>Y4ORG_/LIBR>Y_/V>I\S-AU?ORS-QUE-SE-VAYAN-TODOS-\T-)-!M-ALL->G5T9A-S-POPUL>-REBELLION ,FILTZ]1 ,D4 #a#i#i#f4 ,LABOR ,DISCIPL9E1 ! ,USE ( ,WORK ,TIME1 & ! ,DECL9E ( ! ,SOVIET ,SY/EM1 #a#i#b#h--#a#i#i#a4 ,9T]NATIONAL ,LABOR & ,WORK+-,CLASS ,HI/ORY4 .<,ONL9E.>4 #e1 PP4#i-#b#h4 .<,ACCESS$ #a ,OCTOB] #b#a#g.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/LIBCOM4ORG_/HI/ORY_/LABOR-DISCIPL9E-DECL9E-SOVIET-SY/EM-DON-FILTZ] 

,=AN1 ,J4 $4 #b#b4 ,! ,FUTURE ( ,REVOLUTIONS1 ,RE?9K+ ,RADICAL ,*ANGE 9 ! ,AGE ( ,GLOBALIZATION4 ,LONDON3 ,Z$4 

,F\CAULT1 ,M4 #a#i#h#b4 ,! ,SUBJECT & ,P[]4 ,93 ,DREYFUS ,H4,L4 & ,RAB9[1 

,P4 $S4 ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT3 ,BEYOND ,/RUCTURALISM & ,H]M5EUTICS4 ,*IGACO3 ,! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*IGACO ,PRESS1 PP4#b#h-#b#b#h4 

,FRANKL91 ,J4 #a#i#h#f4 ,>I/OTLE ON ,SPECIES ,V>IATION4 ,PHILOSOPHY4 .<,ONL9E.>4 

#f#a7#b#c#f71 PP4#b#d#e-#b#e#b4 .<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTPS3_/_/WWW4CAMBRIDGE4ORG_/CORE_/J\RNALS_/PHILOSOPHY_/>TICLE_/>I/OTLE-ON-SPECIES-V>IATION_/,B#d#e#f,B#g#a#d#f#i#c,B,F#e#h,D#f,E,A#c#b#i,C#b,F,D,A,D ,FRITZ1 ,C4,E4 #a#i#i#f4 ,DISA/]S & ,M5TAL ,HEAL?3 ,!RAPEUTIC PR9CIPLES DRAWN FROM DISA/] /UDIES4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#g.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/UDSPACE4UDEL4$U_/BIT/REAM_/H&LE_/#a#i#g#a#f_/#a#c#b#e_/,H,CP]C5T#b#a4P DF 

,GIBSON-,GRAHAM1 ,J4,K4 #b#f4 ,A ,PO/CAPITALI/ ,POLITICS4 ,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS4 

,GRAEB]1 ,D4 #b#a#c4 ,! ,DEMOCRACY ,PROJECT1 ,A ,HI/ORY1 A ,CRISIS1 A ,MOVEM5T4 ,LONDON3 ,P5GU9 ,BOOKS4 

,GUTI]REZ1 ,J,J4,G4 #b#d4 ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION & ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS4 ,93 ,/4 

,JAMES ,5CYCLOP$IA ( ,LABOR ,HI/ORY ,WORLDWIDE1 ,VOL4 #a4 ,DETROIT3 ,/4 ,JAMES ,PRESS1 PP4#d#d-#d#d#c4 

,H5RIQUES1 ,J41 ,HOLLWAY1 ,W1 ,URW91 ,C41 ,V5N1 ,C4 & ,WALK]D9E1 ,V #a#i#h#d4 

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,HEYWOOD1 ,A4 #b#a#c4 ,POLITICS4 ,BAS+/OKE1 ,HAMP%IRE3 ,PALGRAVE ,MACMILLAN4 ,JEPPS51 ,E4 #a#i#i#h4 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,%ALL[ ,LAKES1 ,TROPHIC ,9T]ACTION 9 ! ,PELAGIAL4 .<,ONL9E.>4 ,SILKEBORG3 ,NATIONAL ,5VIRONM5TAL ,RESE>* ,9/ITUTE4 .<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#g.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 
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,KNAPP1 ,M41 ,FLA*1 ,A4 & ,AYBOGA1 ,E4 $S4 #b#a#f4 ,REVOLUTION 9 ,ROJAVA1 ,DEMOCRATIC ,AUTONOMY & ,WOM5'S ,LIB]ATION 9 ,SYRIAN ,KURDI/AN4 ,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS4 

,KOP/E91 ,J4 #a#i#i#f4 ,*IPP+ ,AWAY AT ! ,/ATE3 ,WORK]S' ,RESI/ANCE & ! ,DEMISE ( ,EA/ ,G]MANY4 ,WORLD,POLIT4 .<,ONL9E.>4 #d#h7#c71 PP4#c#i#a-#d#b#c4 
.<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 
HTTP3_/_/LIBCOM4ORG_/HI/ORY_/WORK]S-RESI/ANCE-DEMISE-EA/-G]MANY-JEFFREY-KOP/E94 

,KOSU?1 ,D4 #b#g4 ,REVOLUTION 9 A 0WORK]S' /ATE40 ,9T ,SOCIAL ,REV4 .<,ONL9E.>4 7#e#a74 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/ISREVIEW4ORG_/ISSUES_/#e#a_/HUNG>Y#a#i#e#f4%TML ,KVALY1 ,S4 #a#i#i#b4 ,COMPLEXITY & TIME--,BREAK+ ! PYRAMID'S REIGN ,9 
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,L&Y1 ,S4 #a#i#h#a4 ,IRAN3 ,REVOLUTION1 ,W> & ,C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,SOCIALI/ ,VOICE4 .<,ONL9E.>4 7#a#d74 .<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#g.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTPS3_/_/WWW4M>XI/S4ORG_/HI/ORY_/ETOL_/NEWSPAPE_/SOCIALI/VOICE_/IRAN#a#a4HT ML4 

,M>X1 ,K4 #a#i#i#f4 ,CAPITAL1 ,VOLUME ,ONE1 ,! ,PROCESS ( ,PRODUCTION ( ,CAPITAL4 .<,ONL9E.>4 ,M>X_/,5GELS ,9T]NET ,>*IVE4 .<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 
HTTPS3_/_/M>XI/S4CATBULL4COM_/>*IVE_/M>X_/WORKS_/CW_/VOLUME#c#e_/9DEX4HTM 

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,NEOCOSMOS1 ,M4 #b#a#h4 ,?9K+ FRE$OM3 ,A*IEV+ ! IMPOSSIBLE COLLECTIVELY1 ,9T]VIEW ) ,MI*AEL ,NEOCOSMOS4 ,93 ,BUXTON1 ,N4 & ,EADE1 ,D4 $S4 ,/ATE ( ,P[]1 #bah $ITION4 .<,ONL9E.>4 ,AM/]DAM3 ,TRANSNATIONAL ,9/ITUTE1 PP4#c#c-#d#h4 .<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTPS3_/_/WWW4TNI4ORG_/FILES_/PUBLICATION-D[NLOADS_/TNI-/ATE(P[]#b#a#h-WEBV]SION4PDF 

,OCALAN1 ,A4 #b#a#f4 ,DEMOCRATIC ,NATION .<,ONL9E.>4 ,COLOGNE3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,9ITIATIVE ,$ITION4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4OCALAN-BOOKS4COM_/D[NLOADS_/5-BRO*URE-DEMOCRATIC-NATION.-#b#a#g4PDF 

,ORWELL1 ,G4 #a#i#e#e4 ,N9ETE5 EI<TY-F\R3 A NOVEL,REPR4 ,LONDON3 ,SECK] @& ,W>BURG1 DU ,PAN1 ,J4,M4 #a#g#i#c4 ,CONSID]ATIONS SUR LA NATURE DE LA REVOLUTION DE ,FRANCE4 .<,ONL9E.>4 ,LONDON3 ,EMM4 ,FLON4 .<,ACCESS$ #e ,OCTOB] #b#a#g.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTPS3_/_/IA#f#a#b#d4US4>*IVE4ORG_/#a#c_/ITEMS_/BUB.-GB.-Y,I,A#h,A,A,A,AC,A,A,J_/BUB.- GB.-Y,I,A#h,A,A,A,AC,A,A,J4PDF 

,QU>ANTELLI1 ,E4,L4 #b#a4 ,PANIC1 ,SOCIOLOGY (4 ,9T]NATIONAL ,5CYCLOP$IA ( ! ,SOCIAL @& ,BEHAVIORAL ,SCI5CES4 .<,ONL9E.>4 ,P]GAMON1 ,OX=D1 PP4#a#a#b-#a#a#b#c4 .<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 
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,RAMAL+AM1 ,B4 #b#a#c4 ,AID ON ! ,$GE ( ,*AOS3 ,RE?9K+ 9T]NATIONAL COOP]ATION 9 A COMPLEX WORLD4 ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,RORTY1 ,A4,O4 #a#i#h#h4 ,SELF-DECEPTION1 AKRASIA & IRRATIONALITY4 ,93 ,J4 ,EL/]1 $4 ,! ,MULTIPLE ,SELF4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,S*EFF]1 ,M41 ,C>P5T]1 ,S41 ,FOLEY1 ,J4,A41 ,FOLKE1 ,C4 & ,WALK]1 ,B4 #b#a4 ,CATA/ROPHIC %IFTS 9 ECOSY/EMS4 ,NATURE4 .<,ONL9E.>4 #d#a#c7#f#h#e#f71 PP4#e#i#a-#e#i#f4 .<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/DX4DOI4ORG_/#a4#a#c#h_/#c#e#i#h 

,S*EFF]1 ,M4 & ,C>P5T]1 ,S4,R4 #b#c4 ,CATA/ROPHIC REGIME %IFTS 9 ECOSY/EMS3 L9K+ !ORY TO OBS]VATION4 ,TR5DS 9 ,ECOLOGY @& ,EVOLUTION4 .<,ONL9E.>4 #a#h7#a#b71 PP4#f#d#h-#f#e#f4 .<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 

HTTP3_/_/WWW4SCI5C$IRECT4COM_/SCI5CE_/>TICLE_/PII_/,S#a#f#i#e#c#d#g#c#b#g#h#g ,S*EFF]1 ,M4 & VAN ,NES1 ,E4,H4 #b#g4 ,%ALL[ LAKES !ORY REVISIT$3 V>I\S ALT]NATIVE REGIMES DRIV5 BY CLIMATE1 NUTRI5TS1 DEP? & LAKE SIZE4 ,93 ,%ALL[ ,LAKES 9 A ,*ANG+ ,WORLD1 ,DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,HYDROBIOLOGY1 ,VOL4 #a#i#f4 .<,ONL9E.>4 ,DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,HYDROBIOLOGY4 ,SPR+] ,NE!RL&S1 PP4#d#e#e-#d#f#f4 .<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/DX4DOI4ORG_/#a4#a#g_/#i#g#h-#a-#d#b-#f#c#i#i-#b.-#d#a ,SCOTT1 ,J4,C4 #a#i#h#e4 ,WEAPONS ( ! ,WEAK1 ,EV]YDAY ,=MS ( ,PEASANT ,RESI/ANCE4 ,NEW ,HAV53 ,YALE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,SCOVILLE1 ,H4 #b#a#g4 ,GRADUALISM VS4 ,PUNCTUAT$ ,EQUILIBRIUM4 ,?\<T,CO4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #f ,M>* #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTPS3_/_/WWW4?\<TCO4COM_/GRADUALISM-VS-PUNCTUAT$-EQUILIBRIUM-#a#b#b#d#h#a#a 

,%AN91 ,T4 #a#i#i#i4 ,EKSPOLJ>NYE /RUKTURY I NE=MALJNAJA EKONOMIKA SOVREM5NOJ ,ROSSIJA4 ,93 ,NE=MALJNAJA EKONOMIKA1 ,ROSSIJA I MIR4 ,MOSC[3 ,LOGOS1 PP4#a#a-#c#b4 

,SITR91 ,M4,A4 #b#a#b4 ,EV]YDAY ,REVOLUTIONS1 ,HORI.0ONTALISM & ,AUTONOMY 9 ,>G5T9A4 ,LONDON3 ,Z$4 

,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL #a#i#f#c4 ,IDEOLOGIES1 ,CLASSES1 & ! ,DOM9ATION ( ,NATURE4 ,9T]NATIONALE ,SITUATIONI/E4 .<,ONL9E.>4 7#h74 .<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/LIBCOM4ORG_/LIBR>Y_/9T]NATIONALE-SITUATIONI/E-#h->TICLE-#f 

,SOLNIT1 ,R4 #b#i4 ,A ,P>ADISE ,BUILT 9 ,HELL3 ,! ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,COMMUNITIES ,?AT ,>ISE 9 ,DISA/]4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,VIK+4 

,/ALL+S1 ,R4,A4 & ,QU>ANTELLI1 ,E4,L4 #a#i#h#e4 ,EM]G5T ,CITIZ5 ,GR\PS & ,EM]G5CY ,MANAGEM5T4 ,PUBLIC ,ADM ,REV4 .<,ONL9E.>4#d#e7,SPECIAL71 PP4#i#c-#a4 .<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 
HTTP3_/_/SE>*4EBSCOHO/4COM_/LOG94ASPX8DIRECT"7TRUE@&DB"7EHH@&,A,N"7#a#a#i#i 
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,/IGLITZ1 ,J4,E41 ,S51 ,A4 & ,FIT\SSI1 ,J4 ,P4 #b#i4 ,REPORT BY ! ,COMMISSION ON ! ,MEASUREM5T ( ,ECONOMIC ,P]=MANCE & ,SOCIAL ,PROGRESS4 .<,ONL9E.>4 ,P>IS3 ,COMMISSION ON ! ,MEASUREM5T ( ,ECONOMIC ,P]=MANCE & ,SOCIAL ,PROGRESS4 .<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4/IGLITZ-S5-FIT\SSI4FR_/DOCUM5TS_/RAPPORT.-ANGLAIS4PDF ,/OCKHOLM ,RESILI5CE ,C5T] #b#a#e4 ,REGIME %IFTS4 .<,ONL9E.>4 .<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 
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,/RANG]S 9 A ,TANGL$ ,WILD]NESS #b#a#e4 ,A ,SMALL ,KEY ,CAN ,OP5 A ,L>GE ,DOOR3 
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,TAMMILEHTO1 ,O4 #b#a4 ,MAJOR ,9T5TIONAL ,SOCIAL ,*ANGE AS A ,POLITICAL ,P]SPECTIVE4 ,93 ,M>T91 ,G4 ,H\/ON1 ,D41 ,MC,L>51 ,P4 & ,SUORANTA1 ,J4 $S4 

,! ,HAVOC ( ,CAPITALISM3 ,PUBLICS1 ,P$AGOGIES & ,5VIRONM5TAL ,CRISIS4 ,ROTT]DAM2 ,BO/ON3 ,S5SE ,PUBLI%]S1 PP4#a#i#e-#b#f4 

,TAMMILEHTO1 ,O4 #b#a#b4 ,ON ! ,PROSPECT ( ,PREV5T+ ,GLOBAL ,CLIMATE ,CATA/ROPHE DUE TO ,RAPID ,SOCIAL ,*ANGE4 ,CAPITALISM ,NATURE ,SOCIALISM4 
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,TNNESSON1 ,K4 #a#i#h#h4 ,LA DEMOCRATIE DIRECTE S\S LA ,REVOLUTION FRANGAISE--LA CAS DES DI/RICTS ET SECTIONS DE ,P>IS4 ,93 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! ,CREATION ( ,MOD]N ,POLITICAL ,CULTURE1 ,VOL44 #b1 ,! ,POLITICAL ,CULTURE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,OX=D3 ,P]GAMON1 PP4#b#i#e-#c#h4 

,VOL9E #a#i#i4 ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION4 .<,ONL9E.>4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS4 .<,ACCESS$ #bb ,SEPTEMB] #b#a#h.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4DITEXT4COM_/VOL9E_/UNKN[N4HTML4 

,WILT]D9K1 ,N4 & ,=M1 ,W #b#i4 ,SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,93 ,BRITANNICA ,ACADEMIC4 .<,ONL9E.>4 ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA1 ,*ICAGO4 .<,ACCESS$ #c ,OCTOB] #b#a#g.>4 ,AVAILABLE FROM3 HTTP3_/_/ACADEMIC4EB4COM_/ 

,NOTES 

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