,*APT] #a 
,ANCI5T ,SOCIETY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

      ,9 BEG9N+ ?IS S]IES ON ,SOCIALISM1 WE ?9K IT 
      NECESS>Y TO PRELUDE ! MATT] :I* MAY APPE> TO 9T]E/ MORE IMM$IATELY US 
      N[ LIV+1 BY A BRIEF ALLUSION TO ! HI/ORY ( ! PA/4 
     
     

      ,\R ADV]S>IES >E SOMETIMES =W>D TO REM9D US ?AT ! PRES5T SY/EM ) 
      :I* WE >E SO DISCONT5T$1 HAS BE5 MADE BY ! GR[? ( AGES1 & ?AT \R 
      WILLS >E IMPOT5T TO *ANGE IT2 !Y DO NOT SEE ?AT 9 /AT+ ?IS FACT !Y >E 
      CONDEMN+ !IR [N POSITION4 ,\R BUS9ESS IS TO RECOGNIZE ! COM+ *ANGE1 TO 
      CLE> AWAY OB/ACLES TO IT1 TO ACCEPT IT1 & TO BE READY TO ORGANIZE IT 9 DETAIL4 
      ,\R OPPON5TS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 >E TRY+ CONSCI\SLY TO /AY ?AT V]Y EVOLUTION 
      AT ! PO9T :I* IT HAS REA*$ TO-DAY2 !Y >E ATTEMPT+ TO TURN ! TRANSI5T 
      9TO ! ET]NAL2 !RE=E1 = !M HI/ORY HAS NO LESSONS1 :ILE TO US IT GIVES 
      BO? 5C\RAGEM5T & W>N+ :I* WE CANNOT AF=D TO DISREG>D4 ,! HOPES = 
      ! 9DU/RIALISM ( ! FUTURE >E 9VOLV$ 9 ITS /RUGGLES 9 ! PA/2 :I*1 
      9DE$1 S9CE !Y HAVE BUILT UP ! PRES5T SY/EM1 & PLAC$ US AMID ITS 
      /RUGGLE T[>DS *ANGE1 HAVE REALLY =C$ US :E!R WE WILL IT OR NOT1 TO HELP 
      =W>D ?AT *ANGE4 
     
     

      ,! MOD]N CIVILIZ$ ,/ATE HAS BE5 DEVELOP$ BY ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL 
      & SOCIAL 9T]E/S1 :I* HAS TRANS=M$ PRIMITIVE ,SOCIETY 9TO ,CIVILIZATION4 
      ,! CONDITIONS ( M]E SAVAGE LIFE RECOGNIZ$ NO?+ BUT ! SATISFACTION ( ! 
      IMM$IATE NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL2 ?IS CONDITION ( COMPLETE WANT ( COOP]ATION 
      YIELD$ TO PRIMITIVE ,COMMUNISM AS ! P[]S ( MAN GREW1 & HE BEGAN TO P]CEIVE 
      ?AT HE C\LD DO MORE ?AN SATISFY HIS DAILY NE$S = FOOD & %ELT]4 ,BY ?IS 
      TIME HE HAD F\ND ?AT HE C\LD AID NATURE 9 =C+ ! E>? TO PRODUCE 
      LIVELIHOOD = HIM2 ! HILL & =E/ BECAME SOME?+ MORE TO HIM ?AN ! PLACE 
      :]E B]RIES & ROOTS GREW1 & WILD CREATURES LIV$1 ! L& BECAME PA/URE 
      GR\ND TO HIM1 & AT LA/ AMID SOME RACES GR\ND = TILLAGE4 
     
     

      ,BUT ! WEAL? ( MAN /ILL GREW1 & *ANGE CAME AGA9 ) ITS GR[?2 ! L& 
      WAS COMMON 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT WAS NOT ! PROP]TY ( 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT IT WAS NOT 
      COMMON TO ALL COM]S2 PRIMITIVE SOCIETY WAS =M$1 & MAN WAS NO LONG] A MASS ( 
      9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ! GR\PS ( ?IS PRIMITIVE SOCIETY W]E N>R[ & EXCLUSIVE2 
      ! UNIT ( ,SOCIETY WAS ! ,G5S1 A GR\P ( BLOOD-RELATIONS AT PEACE 
      AMONG !MSELVES1 BUT :I* GR\P WAS HO/ILE TO ALL O!R GR\PS2 )9 ! ,G5S 
      WEAL? WAS COMMON TO ALL ITS MEMB]S1 )\T IT WEAL? WAS PRIZE ( W>4 
     
     

      ,?IS CONDITION ( W> NECESS>ILY DEVELOP$ LEAD]%IP AMONG M52 SUCCESSFUL 
      W>RIORS GA9$ PR$OM9ANCE OV] ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,G5S1 & S9CE ! 
      9CREAS+ P[]S ( PRODUCTION AF=D$ MORE WEAL? TO BE DISPOS$ ( ABOVE ! 
      M]E NECESSITIES ( EA* MAN1 !SE W>RIOR LEAD]S BEGAN TO GET TO !MSELVES 
      L>G] %>ES ( ! WEAL? ?AN O!RS1 & SO ! PRIMITIVE COMMUNISM ( WEAL? 
      BEGAN TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP4 
     
     

      ,! ,TRIBE N[ TOOK ! PLACE ( ! ,G5S2 ?IS WAS A L>G] & MORE >TIFICIAL 
      GR\P1 9 :I* BLOOD RELATION%IP WAS CONV5TIONALLY ASSUM$4 ,9 IT1 H[EV]1 
      !RE WAS BY NO MEANS M]E 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP1 AL?\<1 AS SAID ABOVE1 ,COMMUNISM 
      HAD BE5 BROK5 9TO2 ! TRIBE AT L>GE DISPOS$ ( ! USE ( ! L& ACCORD+ 
      TO C]TA9 >BITR>Y >RANGEM5TS1 BUT DID NOT ADMIT [N]%IP 9 IT TO 
      9DIVIDUALS4 ,UND] ! TRIBAL SY/EM ALSO SLAV]Y WAS DEVELOP$1 SO ?AT CLASS 
      ,SOCIETY HAD FAIRLY BEGAN 7SIC74 
     
     

      ,! ,TRIBE 9 ITS TURN MELT$ 9TO A L>G] & /ILL MORE >TIFICIAL BODY1 ! 
      ,PEOPLE -- A CONG]IES ( MANY TRIBES1 ! ANCI5T ,GO?IC-,TEUTONIC NAME = :I* -- 
      !O?- IS /ILL PRES]V$ 9 SU* NAMES AS ,!OBALD4 ,?IS WAS ! LA/ 
      DEVELOPM5T ( ,B>B>ISM2 NOR WAS !RE MU* *ANGE 9 ! CONDITIONS ( WEAL? 
      UND] IT FROM ?OSE OBTA9+ AMONG ! ,TRIBE1 AL?\< IT HELD 9 IT SOME?+ 
      MORE ?AN ! M]E G]MS ( FEUDALISM4 
     
     

      ,F9ALLY1 ANCI5T ,B>B>ISM WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO ANCI5T ,CIVILIZATION1 :I*1 AS ! 
      NAME IMPLIES1 TOOK ! =M ( ! LIFE ( ! CITY4 ,) !SE CITIES POLITICAL 
      LIFE BEGAN1 TOGE!R ) ! SY/EMATIZATION ( ! OLD BELIEFS 9TO A REGUL> 
      WOR%IP4 ,! RELIGION ( ,B>B>ISM WAS ! WOR%IP ( ! ANCE/ORS ( ! TRIBE1 
      M+L$ ) FETI*ISM1 :I* WAS ! FIR/ UNIV]SAL RELIGION1 & MAY BE/ BE 
      DESCRIB$ AS A /ATE ( M9D 9 :I* ! UNIV]SE WAS CONCEIV$ ( AS A SY/EM ( 
      ANIMAT$ BE+S TO BE FE>$ & PROPITIAT$ BY MAN4 ,?IS WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO :AT 
      MAY BE CALL$ CITY PATRIOTISM1 :I* SUMM$ UP ! :OLE RELIGION ( ! CITY1 & 
      :I* WAS ! REAL RELIGION ( ! ,GREEKS & ,ROMANS 9 !IR PROGRESSIVE P]IOD1 
      & ( ALL ! !N PROGRESSIVE RACES ( MANK9D1 9CLUD+ ! ,HEBREW4 ,9 !SE CITIES SLAV]Y SPE$ILY DEVELOP$ UNTIL IT 
      EMBRAC$ NE>LY ! :OLE ( 9DU/RIALISM1 ! MA9 BUS9ESS ( ! FREE CITIZ5S 
      BE+ ! AGGR&IZEM5T ( !IR CITY BY W> 7#a74 
      ,= ! CITIES W]E AS HO/ILE TO EA* O!R AS ! TRIBES HAD BE54 
     
     

      ,! C\RSE ( EV5TS T[>DS FUR!R TRANS=MATION WAS ?AT 9 ! ,EA/ ! CITIES 
      =M$ F$]ATIONS :I* GRADUALLY FELL UND] ! DOM9ATION ( BUREAUCRATIC & 
      ABSOLUTE MON>*IES1 ( :I* ,*9A /ILL REMA9S AS AN EXAMPLE4 ,! ,GREEK & 
      ,LAT9 CITIES C>RI$ ON ! PROGRESS ( HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE1 BUT DID NOT ESCAPE 
      CORRUPTION & TRANS=MATION4 
     
     

      ,AMONG ! ,GREEKS ! 9DIVIDUAL /RUGGLE = PREEM95CE GRADUALLY BROKE D[N 
      ! CITY PATRIOTISM1 & L$ ! WAY T[>DS ! DOM9ATION ( M]E MILIT>Y & 
      POLITICAL 9TRIGUE & CONFUSION1 TILL ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,GREECE WAS F9ALLY 
      TRAMPL$ \T BY ! P[] ( ,ROME1 N[ CORRUPT$ ALSO4 ,= DUR+ ?IS TIME 9 ,ROME 
      ! /RUGGLE ( ! PLEBEIAN ORD] -- OR 9F]IOR TRIBES ( :I* ! CITY WAS 
      COMPOS$ -- ) ! CONS]VATIVE OLIG>*Y -- ?AT IS1 ! ?REE MO/ ANCI5T & 
      CONSEQU5TLY LEAD+ TRIBES -- HAD DEVELOP$ A MIDDLE-CLASS LIV+ ON ! PR(ITS 
      D]IV$ FROM SLAVE LABOR1 :I* BROKE UP ! OLD CITY REPUBLIC & L$ TO ! 
      =MATION ( A COMM]CIAL & TAX-GA!R+ EMPIRE1 F\ND$ ON SLAV]Y1 :OSE 
      SUBJECTS W]E DEVOID ( ALL POLITICAL RI<TS1 & 9 :I* ! TRIUMPH ( 
      9DIVIDUALISM WAS COMPLETE4 ,9DE$1 ?IS SAME /RUGGLE HAD TAK5 PLACE 9 ONE WAY 
      OR ANO!R 9 ! ,GREEK CITIES ALSO4 ,?US WAS ALL PUBLIC SPIRIT EXT+UI%$4 ,! 
      NATURAL GRE$ ( COMM]CIALISM GRADUALLY ATE UP ! WEAL? ( ! EMPIRE3 EV5 
      SLAVE LABOR BECAME UNPR(ITABLE4 ,! L&LORDS W]E RU9$2 ! TAXES C\LD NOT BE 
      PAID2 & MEAN:ILE ! ,ROMAN SOLDI]1 ONCE A CITIZ5 RELIGI\SLY DEVOT$ TO HIS 
      CITY1 BECAME A BRIB$ HIREL+1 TILL AT LA/ NO BRIBE WAS HI< 5\< TO 9DUCE A 
      CIVILIZ$ MAN TO FI<T1 & ! ,ROMAN LEGIONS W]E MANN$ BY ! V]Y B>B>IANS 
      :OSE K9SM5 W]E ATTACK+ ! EMPIRE FROM )\T4 
     
     

      ,?US WAS ANCI5T CIVILIZATION DELIV]$ OV] TO ! ,B>B>IANS1 FRE% FROM !IR 
      TRIBAL COMMUNISM1 & ONCE MORE ! ANTAGONISM ( 9DIVIDUAL & COMMON RI<TS WAS 
      EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ! TWO /REAMS ( ,B>B>IAN & ,ROMAN IDEAS1 FROM ! UNION ( 
      :I* WAS =M$ ! SOCIETY ( ! NEXT GREAT EPO* -- ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 
     
     

      #a ,! ,GREEKS ADD$ TO ?IS ! PRACTICE ( ! 
      HI<] >TS & LIT]ATURE1 NEI!R ( :I* ! ,ROMANS POSSESS$ 9 !IR 
      PROGRESSIVE P]IOD4 BACK 
     

      ,COMMONWEAL1 ,VOLUME #b1 ,NUMB] #a#h1 #ae ,MAY #a#h#h#f1 ,P4#e#c 
     

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#h1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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