,SOCIETY ,AGA9/ ! ,/ATE 

#aihi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE ,CLA/RES 

,TEXT 3 

,PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES >E SOCIETIES )\T A ,/ATE4 ,?IS FACTUAL JUDGM5T1 ACCURATE 9 ITSELF1 ACTUALLY HIDES AN OP9ION1 A VALUE JUDGM5T ?AT IMM$IATELY ?R[S D\BT ON ! POSSIBILITY ( CON/ITUT+ POLITICAL AN?ROPOLOGY AS A /RICT SCI5CE4 ,:AT ! /ATEM5T SAYS1 9 FACT1 IS ?AT PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES >E MISS+ SOME?+ -- ! ,/ATE -- ?AT IS ESS5TIAL TO !M1 AS IT IS TO ANY O!R SOCIETY3 \R [N1 = 9/ANCE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ?OSE SOCIETIES >E 9COMPLETE2 !Y >E NOT QUITE TRUE SOCIETIES -- !Y >E NOT CIVILIZ$ -- !IR EXI/5CE CONT9UES TO SUFF] ! PA9FUL EXP]I5CE ( A LACK -- ! LACK ( A ,/ATE -- :I*1 TRY AS !Y MAY1 !Y WILL NEV] MAKE UP4 ,:E!R CLE>LY /AT$ OR NOT1 ?AT IS :AT COMES ?R\< 9 ! EXPLOR]S' *RONICLES & ! WORK ( RESE>*]S ALIKE3 SOCIETY IS 9CONCEIVABLE )\T ! ,/ATE2 ! ,/ATE IS ! DE/9Y ( EV]Y SOCIETY4 ,ONE DETECTS AN E?NOC5TRIC BIAS 9 ?IS APPROA*2 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT IT IS UNCONSCI\S1 & SO ! MORE FIRMLY AN*OR$4 ,ITS IMM$IATE1 SPONTANE\S REF]5CE1 :ILE P]HAPS NOT ! BE/ KN[N1 IS 9 ANY CASE ! MO/ FAMILI>4 ,9 EFFECT1 EA* ONE ( US C>RIES )9 HIMSELF1 9T]NALIZ$ LIKE ! BELIEV]'S FAI?1 ! C]TITUDE ?AT SOCIETY EXI/S = ! ,/ATE4 ,H[1 !N1 CAN ONE CONCEIVE ( ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES IF NOT AS ! REJECTS ( UNIV]SAL HI/ORY1 ANA*RONI/IC RELICS ( A REMOTE /AGE ?AT EV]Y:]E ELSE HAS BE5 TRANSC5D$8 ,H]E ONE RECOGNIZES E?NOC5TRISM'S O!R FACE1 ! COMPLEM5T>Y CONVICTION ?AT HI/ORY IS A ONE-WAY PROGRESSION1 ?AT EV]Y SOCIETY IS CONDEMN$ TO 5T] 9TO ?AT HI/ORY & PASS ?R\< ! /AGES :I* LEAD FROM SAVAG]Y TO CIVILIZATION4 0,ALL CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES W]E ONCE SAVAGES10 WROTE ,RAVNAL4 ,BUT ! ASS]TION ( AN OBVI\S EVOLUTION CANNOT JU/IFY A DOCTR9E :I*1 >BITR>ILY TY+ ! /ATE ( CIVILIZATION TO ! CIVILIZATION ( ! ,/ATE1 DESIGNATES ! LATT] AS ! NECESS>Y 5D RESULT ASSIGN$ TO ALL SOCIETIES4 ,ONE MAY ASK :AT HAS KEPT ! LA/ ( ! PRIMITIVE PEOPLES AS !Y >E4 

,9 REALITY1 ! SAME OLD EVOLUTIONISM REMA9S 9TACT B5EA? ! MOD]N =MULATIONS4 ,MORE SUBTLE :5 C\*$ 9 ! LANGUAGE ( AN?ROPOLOGY 9/EAD ( PHILOSOPHY1 IT IS ON A LEVEL ) O!R CATEGORIES :I* CLAIM TO BE SCI5TIFIC4 ,IT HAS ALREADY BE5 REM>K$ ?AT >*AIC SOCIETIES >E ALMO/ ALWAYS CLASS$ NEGATIVELY1 UND] ! HEAD+ ( LACK3 SOCIETIES )\T A ,/ATE1 SOCIETIES )\T WRIT+1 SOCIETIES )\T HI/ORY4 ,! CLASS+ ( !SE SOCIETIES ON ! ECONOMIC PLANE APPE>S TO BE ( ! SAME ORD]3 SOCIETIES ) A SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY4 ,IF ONE MEANS BY ?IS ?AT PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES >E UNACQUA9T$ ) A M>KET ECONOMY TO :I* SURPLUS PRODUCTS FL[1 /RICTLY SPEAK+ ONE SAYS NO?+4 ,ONE IS CONT5T TO OBS]VE AN ADDITIONAL LACK & CONT9UES TO USE \R [N WORLD AS ! REF]5CE PO9T3 ?OSE SOCIETIES )\T A ,/ATE1 )\T WRIT+1 )\T HI/ORY >E ALSO )\T A M>KET4 ,BUT COMMON S5SE MAY OBJECT -- :AT GOOD IS A M>KET :5 NO SURPLUS EXI/S8 ,N[1 ! NOTION ( A SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY CONCEALS )9 IT ! IMPLICIT ASSUMPTION ?AT IF PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES DO NOT PRODUCE A SURPLUS1 ?IS IS BECAUSE !Y >E 9CAPABLE ( DO+ SO1 5TIRELY ABSORB$ AS !Y >E 9 PRODUC+ ! M9IMUM NECESSITY = SURVIVAL1 = SUBSI/5CE4 ,! TIME-TE/$ & EV] S]VICEABLE IMAGE ( ! DE/ITUTION ( ! ,SAVAGES4 ,&1 TO EXPLA9 ?AT 9ABILITY ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES TO TE> !MSELVES AWAY FROM ! /AGNATION ( LIV+ H& TO M\?1 FROM P]PETUAL ALI5ATION 9 ! SE>* = FOOD1 IT IS SAID !Y >E TE*NICALLY UND]-EQUIPP$1 TE*NOLOGICALLY 9F]IOR4 

,:AT IS ! REALITY8 ,IF ONE UND]/&S BY TE*NICS ! SET ( PROC$URES M5 ACQUIRE NOT TO 5SURE ! ABSOLUTE MA/]Y ( NATURE 7?AT OBTA9S ONLY = \R WORLD & ITS 9SANE ,C>TESIAN PROJECT1 :OSE ECOLOGICAL CONSEQU5CES >E JU/ BEG9N+ TO BE MEASUR$71 BUT TO 5SURE A MA/]Y ( ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T SUIT$ & RELATIVE TO !IR NE$S1 !N !RE IS NO LONG] ANY REASON :ATEV] TO IMPUTE A TE*NICAL 9F]IORITY TO PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES3 !Y DEMON/RATE AN ABILITY TO SATISFY !IR NE$S :I* IS AT LEA/ EQUAL TO ?AT ( :I* 9DU/RIAL & TE*NOLOGICAL SOCIETY IS SO PR\D4 ,:AT ?IS MEANS IS ?AT EV]Y HUMAN GR\P MANAGES1 P]=CE1 TO EX]CISE ! NECESS>Y M9IMUM ( DOM9ATION OV] ! 5VIRONM5T IT 9HABITS4 ,UP TO ! PRES5T WE KN[ ( NO SOCIETY ?AT HAS OCCUPI$ A NATURAL SPACE IMPOSSIBLE TO MA/]1 EXCEPT = REASONS ( =CE OR VIOL5CE3 EI!R IT DISAPPE>S1 OR IT *ANGES T]RITORIES4 ,! A/ONI%+ ?+ AB\T ! ,ESKIMO1 OR ! ,AU/RALIANS1 IS PRECISELY ! DIV]SITY1 IMAG9ATION1 & F9E QUALITY ( !IR TE*NICAL ACTIVITY1 ! P[] ( 9V5TION & EFFICI5CY EVID5T 9 ! TOOLS US$ BY ?OSE PEOPLES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ONE ONLY HAS TO SP5D A LITTLE TIME 9 AN E?NOGRAPHIC MUSEUM3 ! QUALITY ( WORKMAN%IP DISPLAY$ 9 MANUFACTUR+ ! IMPLEM5TS ( EV]YDAY LIFE MAKES NE>LY EV]Y HUMBLE TOOL 9TO A WORK ( >T4 ,H5CE !RE IS NO HI]>*Y 9 ! TE*NICAL DOMA93 !RE IS NO SUP]IOR OR 9F]IOR TE*NOLOGY4 ,! ONLY MEASURE ( H[ WELL A SOCIETY IS EQUIPP$ 9 TE*NOLOGY IS ITS ABILITY TO MEET ITS NE$S 9 A GIV5 5VIRONM5T4 ,& FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 IT DOES NOT APPE> 9 ! LEA/ ?AT PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES PROVE 9CAPABLE ( PROVID+ !MSELVES ) ! MEANS TO A*IEVE ?AT 5D4 ,( C\RSE1 ! P[] ( TE*NICAL 9NOVATION %[N BY PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES SPREADS OV] A P]IOD ( TIME4 ,NO?+ IS IMM$IATELY GIV52 !RE IS ALWAYS ! PATI5T WORK ( OBS]VATION & RESE>*1 ! LONG SUCCESSION ( TRIALS & ]RORS1 SUCCESSES & FAILURES4 ,PREHI/ORIANS 9=M US ( ! NUMB] ( MILL5IA REQUIR$ BY ! M5 ( ! ,PALEOLI?IC TO REPLACE ! CRUDE BIFACES ( ! BEG9N+ ) ! ADMIRABLE BLADES ( ! ,SOLUTRIAN4 ,FROM ANO!R VIEWPO9T1 ONE NOTES ?AT ! DISCOV]Y ( AGRICULTURE & ! DOME/ICATION ( PLANTS OCCURR$ AT AB\T ! SAME TIME 9 ,AM]ICA & ! ,OLD ,WORLD4 ,ONE IS =C$ TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT ! ,AM]9DIANS >E 9 NO WAY 9F]IOR -- QUITE ! CONTR>Y -- 9 ! >T ( SELECT+ & DIFF]5TIAT+ BETWE5 MANIFOLD V>IETIES ( USEFUL PLANTS4 

,LET US DWELL A MOM5T ON ! DISA/R\S 9T]E/ ?AT 9DUC$ ! ,9DIANS TO WANT METAL IMPLEM5TS4 ,?IS BE>S DIRECTLY ON ! QUE/ION ( ! ECONOMY 9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES1 BUT NOT 9 ! WAY ONE MI<T ?9K4 ,IT IS CONT5D$ ?AT !SE SOCIETIES >E DOOM$ TO A SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY BECAUSE ( !IR TE*NOLOGICAL 9F]IORITY4 ,AS WE HAVE JU/ SE51 ?AT >GUM5T HAS NO BASIS EI!R 9 LOGIC OR 9 FACT4 ,NOT 9 LOGIC1 BECAUSE !RE IS NO AB/RACT /&>D 9 T]MS ( :I* TE*NOLOGICAL 09T5SITIES0 CAN BE MEASUR$3 ! TE*NICAL APP>ATUS ( ONE SOCIETY IS NOT DIRECTLY COMP>ABLE TO ?AT ( ANO!R SOCIETY1 & !RE IS NO JU/IFICATION = CONTRA/+ ! RIFLE ) ! B[4 ,NOR 9 FACT1 SEE+ ?AT >*AEOLOGY1 E?NOGRAPHY1 BOTANY1 ETC4 GIVE US CLE> PRO( ( ! EFFICI5CY & ECONOMY ( P]=MANCE ( ! PRIMITIVE TE*NOLOGIES4 ,H5CE IF PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES >E BAS$ ON A SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY1 IT IS NOT = WANT ( TE*NOLOGICAL KN[-H[4 ,?IS IS 9 FACT ! TRUE QUE/ION3 ,IS ! ECONOMY ( !SE SOCIETIES REALLY A SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY4 ,IF ONE GIVES A MEAN+ TO WORDS1 IF BY SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY ONE IS NOT CONT5T TO UND]/& AN ECONOMY )\T A M>KET & )\T A SURPLUS -- :I* W\LD BE A SIMPLE TRUISM1 ! ASS]TION ( A DIFF]5CE -- !N ONE IS ACTUALLY AFFIRM+ ?AT ?IS TYPE ( ECONOMY P]MITS ! SOCIETY IT SU/A9S TO M]ELY SUBSI/2 ONE IS AFFIRM+ ?AT ?IS SOCIETY CONT9UALLY CALLS UPON ! TOTALITY ( ITS PRODUCTIVE =CES TO SUPPLY ITS MEMB]S ) ! M9IMUM NECESS>Y = SUBSI/5CE4 

,!RE IS A /UBBORN PREJUDICE 9 ?AT NOTION1 ONE :I* ODDLY 5\< GOES H& 9 H& ) ! CONTRADICTORY & NO LESS COMMON IDEA ?AT ! ,SAVAGE IS LAZY4 ,:ILE1 9 \R CULTURE'S VULG> LANGUAGE1 !RE IS ! SAY+ 0TO WORK LIKE A NIGG]10 !RE IS A SIMIL> EXPRESSION 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 :]E ONE SAYS 0LAZY LIKE AN ,9DIAN40 ,N[1 ONE CANNOT HAVE IT BO? WAYS3 EI!R MAN 9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES 7,AM]ICAN & O!RS7 LIVES 9 A SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY & SP5DS MO/ ( HIS TIME 9 ! SE>* = FOOD2 OR ELSE HE DOES NOT LIVE 9 A SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY & CAN ALL[ HIMSELF PROLONG$ H\RS ( LEISURE1 SMOK+ 9 HIS HAMMOCK4 ,?AT IS :AT MADE AN UNAMBIGU\SLY UNFAVORABLE IMPRESSION ON ! FIR/ ,EUROPEAN OBS]V]S ( ! ,9DIANS ( ,BRAZIL 4 ,GREAT WAS !IR DISAPPROVAL 9 SEE+ ?AT ?OSE /RAPP+ M5 GL[+ ) HEAL? PREF]R$ TO DECK !MSELVES \T LIKE WOM5 ) PA9T & FEA!RS 9/EAD ( P]SPIR+ AWAY 9 !IR G>D5S4 ,OBVI\SLY1 !SE PEOPLE W]E DELIB]ATELY IGNORANT ( ! FACT ?AT ONE MU/ E>N HIS DAILY BREAD BY ! SWEAT ( HIS BR[4 ,IT W\LDN'T DO1 & IT DIDN'T LA/3 ! ,9DIANS W]E SOON PUT TO WORK1 & !Y DI$ ( IT4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 TWO AXIOMS SEEM TO HAVE GUID$ ! ADVANCE ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION FROM ! \TSET3 ! FIR/ MA9TA9S ?AT TRUE SOCIETIES UNFOLD 9 ! PROTECTIVE %AD[ (T HE ,/ATE2 ! SECOND /ATES A CATEGORICAL IMP]ATIVE3 MAN MU/ WORK4 

,! ,9DIANS DEVOT$ RELATIVELY LITTLE TIME TO :AT IS CALL$ WORK4 ,& EV5 SO1 !Y DID NOT DIE ( HUNG]4 ,! *RONICLES ( ! P]IOD >E UNANIM\S 9 DESCRIB+ ! F9E APPE>ANCE ( ! ADULTS1 ! GOOD HEAL? ( ! MANY *ILDR51 ! ABUNDANCE & V>IETY ( ?+S TO EAT4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY 9 EFFECT AMONG ! ,9DIAN TRIBES DID NOT BY ANY MEANS IMPLY AN ANXI\S1 FULL-TIME SE>* = FOOD4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT A SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY IS COMPATIBLE ) A SUB/ANTIAL LIMITATION ( ! TIME GIV5 TO PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES4 ,TAKE ! CASE ( ! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN TRIBES :O PRACTIC$ AGRICULTURE1 ! ,TUPI-,GU>ANI1 = EXAMPLE1 :OSE IDL5ESS WAS SU* A S\RCE ( IRRITATION TO ! ,FR5* & ! ,PORTUGUESE4 ,! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ?OSE ,9DIANS WAS PRIM>ILY BAS$ ON AGRICULTURE1 SECOND>ILY ON HUNT+1 FI%+1 & GA!R+4 ,! SAME G>D5 PLOT WAS US$ = FROM F\R TO SIX CONSECUTIVE YE>S1 AFT] :I* IT WAS AB&ON$1 [+ EI!R TO ! DEPLETION ( ! SOIL1 OR1 MORE LIKELY1 TO AN 9VASION ( ! CULTIVAT$ SPACE BY A P>ASITIC VEGETATION ?AT WAS DIFFICULT TO ELIM9ATE4 ,! BIGGE/ P>T ( ! WORK1 P]=M$ BY ! M51 CONSI/$ ( CLE>+ ! NECESS>Y >EA BY ! SLA% & BURN TE*NIQUE1 US+ /ONE AXES4 ,?IS JOB1 ACCOMPLI%$ AT ! 5D ( ! RA9Y SEASON1 W\LD KEEP ! M5 BUSY = A MON? OR TWO4 ,NE>LY ALL ! RE/ ( ! AGRICULTURAL PROCESS -- PLANT+1 WE$+1 H>VE/+ -- WAS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! WOM51 9 KEEP+ ) ! SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,?IS HAPPY CONCLUSION FOLL[S3 ! M5 7I4E41 ONE-HALF ! POPULATION 7 WORK$ AB\T TWO MON?S EV]Y F\R YE>S6 ,AS = ! RE/ ( ! TIME1 !Y RES]V$ IT = OCCUPATIONS EXP]I5C$ NOT AS PA9 BUT AS PLEASURE3 HUNT+ & FI%+2 5T]TA9M5TS & DR9K+ SESSIONS2 & F9ALLY = SATISFY+ !IR PASSIONATE LIK+ = W>F>E4 

,N[1 !SE QUALITATIVE & IMPRESSIONI/IC PIECES ( 9=MATION F9D A /RIK+ CONFIRMATION 9 REC5T RESE>* -- SOME ( IT /ILL 9 PROGRESS -- ( A RIGOR\SLY CONCLUSIVE NATURE1 S9CE IT 9VOLVES MEASUR+ ! TIME SP5T WORK+ 9 SOCIETIES ) A SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY4 ,! FIGURES OBTA9$1 :E!R !Y CONC]N NOMAD HUNT]S ( ! ,KALAH>I ,DES]T1 OR ,AM]9DIAN S$5T>Y AGRICULTURI/S1 REVEAL A MEAN APPORTIONM5T ( LESS ?AN F\R H\RS DAILY = ORD9>Y WORK TIME4 ,LIZOT1 :O HAS BE5 LIV+ = SEV]AL YE>S AMONG ! ,YANOMAMI ,9DIANS ( ! ,V5EZUELAN ,AMAZON REGION1 HAS *RONOMETRICALLY E/ABLI%$ ?AT ! AV]AGE L5G? ( TIME SP5T WORK+ EA* DAY BY ADULTS1 9CLUD+ ALL ACTIVITIES1 B>ELY EXCE$S ?REE H\RS4 ,AL?\< ,I DID NOT C>RY \T SIMIL> MEASUREM5TS AMONG ! ,GUAYAKI1 :O >E NOMAD HUNT]S ( ! ,P>AGUAYAN =E/1 ,I CAN AFFIRM ?AT ?OSE ,9DIANS1 WOM5 & M51 SP5T AT LEA/ HALF ! DAY 9 ALMO/ TOTAL IDL5ESS S9CE HUNT+ & COLLECT+ TOOK PLACE 7BUT NOT EV]Y DAY7 BETWE5 SIX & ELEV5 O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+1 OR !REAB\TS4 ,IT IS PROBABLE ?AT SIMIL> /UDIES CONDUCT$ AMONG ! REMA9+ PRIMITIVE PEOPLES W\LD PRODUCE ANALOG\S RESULTS1 TAK+ ECOLOGICAL DIFF]5CES 9TO ACC\NT4 

,?US WE F9D \RSELVES AT A F> REMOVE FROM ! WRET*$NESS ?AT SURR\NDS ! IDEA ( SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY4 ,NOT ONLY IS MAN 9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES NOT B\ND TO ! ANIMAL EXI/5CE ?AT W\LD D]IVE FROM A CONT9UAL SE>* = ! MEANS ( SURVIVAL1 BUT ?IS RESULT IS EV5 B\<T AT ! PRICE ( A REM>KABLY %ORT P]IOD ( ACTIVITY4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES HAVE AT !IR DISPOSAL1 IF !Y SO DESIRE1 ALL ! TIME NECESS>Y TO 9CREASE ! PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL GOODS4 ,COMMON S5SE ASKS !N3 :Y W\LD ! M5 LIV+ 9 ?OSE SOCIETIES WANT TO WORK & PRODUCE MORE1 GIV5 ?AT ?REE OR F\R H\RS ( PEACEFUL ACTIVITY SUFFICE TO MEET ! NE$S ( ! GR\P8 ,:AT GOOD W\LD IT DO !M8 ,:AT PURPOSE W\LD BE S]V$ BY ! SURPLUS ?US ACCUMULAT$8 ,:AT W\LD IT BE US$ =8 ,M5 WORK MORE ?AN !IR NE$S REQUIRE ONLY :5 =C$ TO4 ,& IT IS JU/ ?AT K9D ( =CE :I* IS ABS5T FROM ! PRIMITIVE WORLD2 ! ABS5CE ( ?AT EXT]NAL =CE EV5 DEF9ES ! NATURE ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETY4 ,! T]M1 SUBSI/5CE ECONOMY1 IS ACCEPTABLE = DESCRIB+ ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( ?OSE SOCIETIES1 PROVID$ IT IS TAK5 TO MEAN NOT ! NECESSITY ?AT D]IVES FROM A LACK1 AN 9CAPACITY 9H]5T 9 ?AT TYPE ( SOCIETY & ITS TE*NOLOGY2 BUT ! CONTR>Y3 ! REFUSAL ( A USELESS EXCESS1 ! DET]M9ATION TO MAKE PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY AGREE ) ! SATISFACTION ( NE$S4 ,& NO?+ MORE4 ,MOREOV]1 A CLOS] LOOK AT ?+S WILL %[ !RE IS ACTUALLY ! PRODUCTION ( A SURPLUS 9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES3 ! QUANTITY ( CULTIVAT$ PLANTS PRODUC$ 7MANIOC1 MAIZE1 TOBACCO1 & SO ON7 ALWAYS EXCE$S :AT IS NECESS>Y = ! GR\P'S CONSUMPTION1 IT BE+ UND]/OOD ?AT ?IS PRODUCTION OV] & ABOVE IS 9CLUD$ 9 ! USUAL TIME SP5T WORK+4 ,?AT SURPLUS1 OBTA9$ )\T SURPLUS LABOR1 IS CONSUM$1 CONSUMMAT$1 = POLITICAL PURPOSES PROP]LY SO CALL$1 ON FE/IVE OCCASIONS1 :5 9VITATIONS >E EXT5D$1 DUR+ VISITS BY \TSID]S1 & SO =?4 

,! ADVANTAGE ( A METAL AX OV] A /ONE AX IS TOO OBVI\S TO REQUIRE MU* DISCUSSION3 ONE CAN DO P]HAPS T5 TIMES AS MU* WORK ) ! FIR/ 9 ! SAME AM\NT ( TIME AS ) ! SECOND2 OR ELSE1 COMPLETE ! SAME AM\NT ( WORK 9 ONE-T5? ! TIME4 ,& :5 ! ,9DIANS DISCOV]$ ! PRODUCTIVE SUP]IORITY ( ! :ITE M5'S AXES1 !Y WANT$ !M NOT 9 ORD] TO PRODUCE MORE 9 ! SAME AM\NT ( TIME1 BUT TO PRODUCE AS MU* 9 A P]IOD ( TIME T5 TIMES %ORT]4 ,EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE OCCURR$ =1 ) ! METAL AXES1 ! VIOL5CE1 ! =CE1 ! P[] :I* ! CIVILIZ$ NEWCOM]S BR\<T TO BE> ON ! ,SAVAGES CREAT$ HAVOC 9 ! PRIMITIVE ,9DIAN WORLD4 

,PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES >E1 AS ,LIZOT WRITES ) REG>D TO ! ,YANOMAMI1 SOCIETIES *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! REJECTION ( WORK3 0,! ,YANOMAMI'S CONTEMPT = WORK & !IR DIS9T]E/ 9 TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS P] SE >E BEYOND QUE/ION40 ,! FIR/ LEISURE SOCIETIES1 ! FIR/ AFFLU5T SOCIETIES1 ACCORD+ TO ,M4 ,SAHL9'S APT & PLAYFUL EXPRESSION4 

,IF ! PROJECT ( E/ABLI%+ AN ECONOMIC AN?ROPOLOGY ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES AS AN 9DEP5D5T DISCIPL9E IS TO HAVE ANY MEAN+1 ! LATT] CANNOT D]IVE M]ELY FROM A SCRUT9Y ( ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ?OSE SOCIETIES3 ONE W\LD REMA9 )9 ! CONF9ES ( AN E?NOLOGY ( DESCRIPTION1 ! DESCRIPTION ( A NON-AUTONOM\S DIM5SION ( PRIMITIVE SOCIAL LIFE4 ,RA!R1 IT IS :5 ?AT DIM5SION ( ! 0TOTAL SOCIAL FACT0 IS CON/ITUT$ AS AN AUTONOM\S SPH]E ?AT ! NOTION ( AN ECONOMIC AN?ROPOLOGY APPE>S JU/IFI$3 :5 ! REFUSAL ( WORK DISAPPE>S1 :5 ! TA/E = ACCUMULATION REPLACES ! S5SE ( LEISURE2 9 A WORD1 :5 ! EXT]NAL =CE M5TION$ ABOVE MAKES ITS APPE>ANCE 9 ! SOCIAL BODY4 ,?AT =CE )\T :I* ! ,SAVAGES W\LD NEV] SURR5D] !IR LEISURE1 ?AT =CE :I* DE/ROYS SOCIETY 9S(> AS IT IS PRIMITIVE SOCIETY1 IS ! P[] TO COMPEL2 IT IS ! P[] ( CO]CION2 IT IS POLITICAL P[]4 ,BUT ECONOMIC AN?ROPOLOGY IS 9VALIDAT$ 9 ANY CASE2 9 A S5SE1 IT LOSES ITS OBJECT AT ! V]Y MOM5T IT ?9KS IT HAS GRASP$ IT3 ! ECONOMY BECOMES A POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,= MAN 9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES1 ! ACTIVITY ( PRODUCTION IS MEASUR$ PRECISELY1 DELIMIT$ BY ! NE$S TO BE SATISFI$1 IT BE+ UND]/OOD :AT IS ESS5TIALLY 9VOLV$ IS 5]GY NE$S3 PRODUCTION IS RE/RICT$ TO REPL5I%+ ! /OCK ( 5]GY EXP5D$4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS LIFE AS NATURE ?AT -- EXCEPT+ ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS SOCIALLY CONSUM$ ON FE/IVE OCCASIONS -- E/ABLI%ES & DET]M9ES ! QUANTITY ( TIME DEVOT$ TO REPRODUCTION4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ONCE ITS NE$S >E FULLY SATISFI$ NO?+ C\LD 9DUCE PRIMITIVE SOCIETY TO PRODUCE MORE1 ?AT IS1 TO ALI5ATE ITS TIME BY WORK+ = NO GOOD REASON :5 ?AT TIME IS AVAILABLE = IDL5ESS1 PLAY1 W>F>E1 OR FE/IVITIES4 ,:AT >E ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ?IS RELATION%IP BETWE5 PRIMITIVE MAN & ! ACTIVITY ( PRODUCTION CAN *ANGE8 ,UND] :AT CONDITIONS CAN ?AT ACTIVITY BE ASSIGN$ A GOAL O!R ?AN ! SATISFACTION ( 5]GY NE$S8 ,?IS AM\NTS TO RAIS+ ! QUE/ION ( ! ORIG9 ( WORK AS ALI5AT$ LABOR4 

,9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETY -- AN ESS5TIALLY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY -- M5 CONTROL !IR ACTIVITY1 CONTROL ! CIRCULATION ( ! PRODUCTS ( ?AT ACTIVITY3 !Y ACT ONLY ON !IR [N BEHALF1 EV5 ?\< ! LAW ( EX*ANGE M$IATES ! DIRECT RELATION ( MAN TO HIS PRODUCT4 ,EV]Y?+ IS ?R[N 9TO CONFUSION1 !RE=E1 :5 ! ACTIVITY ( PRODUCTION IS DIV]T$ FROM ITS 9ITIAL GOAL1 :51 9/EAD ( PRODUC+ ONLY = HIMSELF1 PRIMITIVE MAN ALSO PRODUCES = O!RS1 )\T EX*ANGE & )\T RECIPROCITY4 ,?AT IS ! PO9T AT :I* IT BECOMES POSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( LABOR3 :5 ! EGALIT>IAN RULE ( EX*ANGE CEASES TO CON/ITUTE ! 0CIVIL CODE0 ( ! SOCIETY1 :5 ! ACTIVITY ( PRODUCTION IS AIM$ AT SATISFY+ ! NE$S ( O!RS1 :5 ! ORD] ( EX*ANGE GIVES WAY TO ! T]ROR ( DEBT4 ,IT IS !RE1 9 FACT1 ?AT ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,AMAZONIAN ,SAVAGE & ! ,9DIAN ( ! ,9CA EMPIRE IS TO BE PLAC$4 ,ALL ?+S CONSID]$1 ! FIR/ PRODUCES 9 ORD] TO LIVE1 :]EAS ! SECOND WORKS 9 ADDITION SO ?AT O!RS CAN LIVE1 ?OSE :O DO NOT WORK1 ! MA/]S :O TELL HIM3 Y\ MU/ PAY :AT Y\ [E US1 Y\ MU/ P]PETUALLY REPAY Y\R DEBT TO US4 

,:51 9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETY1 ! ECONOMIC DYNAMIC L5DS ITSELF TO DEF9ITION AS A DI/9CT & AUTONOM\S DOMA91 :5 ! ACTIVITY ( PRODUCTION BECOMES ALI5AT$1 ACC\NTABLE LABOR1 #aEVI$ BY M5 :O WILL 5JOY ! FRUITS ( ?AT LABOR1 :AT HAS COME TO PASS IS ?AT SOCIETY HAS BE5 DIVID$ 9TO RUL]S & RUL$1 MA/]S & SUBJECTS -- IT HAS CEAS$ TO EXORCIZE ! ?+ ?AT WILL BE ITS RU93 P[] & ! RESPECT = P[]4 ,SOCIETY'S MAJOR DIVISION1 ! DIVISION ?AT IS ! BASIS = ALL ! O!RS1 9CLUD+ NO D\BT ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 IS ! NEW V]TICAL ORD]+ ( ?+S BETWE5 A BASE & A SUMMIT2 IT IS ! GREAT POLITICAL CLEAVAGE BETWE5 ?OSE :O HOLD ! =CE1 BE IT MILIT>Y OR RELIGI\S1 & ?OSE SUBJECT TO ?AT =CE4 ,! POLITICAL RELATION ( P[] PREC$ES & F\NDS ! ECONOMIC RELATION ( EXPLOITATION4 ,ALI5ATION IS POLITICAL BE=E IT IS ECONOMIC2 P[] PREC$ES LABOR2 ! ECONOMIC D]IVES FROM ! POLITICAL2 ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,/ATE DET]M9ES ! ADV5T ( CLASSES4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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