,SPA9 #a#i#c#f1 ! 5D ( AN>*I/ SYNDICALISM8 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANONYM\S 

,TEXT 3 

,WORK]S' & ,PEASANTS' ,COLLECTIVES 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 

,?IS YE> IS ! #f? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 :I* BEGAN 9 ,JULY #aicf :5 ,G5]AL ,FRANCO L$ A FASCI/ C\P TO REPLACE ! LEFT-W+ ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 

,IT WAS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT ?IS HAPP5$ AT A TIME ( 9T5SE CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,SPA94 ,LIMIT$ CONCESSIONS GRANT$ 9 ! FACE ( ! /RUGGLE BY ! LEFT W+ ( ! RUL+ CLASS -- ! ',POPUL> ,FRONT' GOV]NM5T ELECT$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicf -- HAD NOT SUCCE$$ 9 RE/OR+ ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL /ABILITY NE$$ BY CAPITALISM4 ,/RIKES1 DEMON/RATIONS & POLITICAL ASSASS9ATIONS BY ! WORK+ CLASS CONT9U$1 AS DID L& SEIZURES & LOCAL 9SURRECTIONS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! RI<T W+ ( ! RUL+ CLASS RECOGNIZ$ ?AT /RONG->M MEASURES W]E NE$$1 & ACT$ ACCORD+LY4 

,9ITIALLY1 ACROSS ONE HALF ( ,SPA9 ! RI<T-W+ C\P WAS /ALL$ BY >M$ RESI/ANCE FROM PEASANTS & ! WORK+ CLASS1 & ONLY AFT] ?REE YE>S ( CIVIL W> WAS ! FASCI/ VICTORY SECUR$4 ,BUT 9 ONE S5SE ! REVOLT WAS AN IMM$IATE SUCCESS3 ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTS SACRIFIC$ ! /RUGGLE = !IR [N NE$S & DEM&S & UNIT$ ) LIB]AL & RADICAL SUPPORT]S ( CAPITALISM 9 A FI<T TO DEF5D ONE =M ( CAPITALI/ DOM9ATION -- DEMOCRACY -- AGA9/ ANO!R -- FASCISM4 

,H[EV]1 ?AT IS NOT ! ASPECT ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> :I* WE WANT TO LOOK AT H]E4 ,9/EAD1 WE WANT TO FOCUS ON ANO!R IMPORTANT FEATURE3 ! 9FLU5CE ( AN>*I/ IDEAS DUR+ ! /RUGGLE 9 ,SPA94 

,AN>*ISM & ! ,SPANI% ',REVOLUTION' 

,AT ! TIME ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 A POPUL> IDEA AMONG ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTS WAS ?AT EA* FACTORY1 >EA ( L&1 ETC41 %\LD BE [N$ COLLECTIVELY BY ITS WORK]S1 & ?AT !SE 'COLLECTIVES' %\LD BE L9K$ ) EA* O!R ON A 'F$]AL' BASIS -- ?AT IS1 )\T ANY SUP]IOR C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 

,?IS BASIC IDEA HAD BE5 PROPAGAT$ BY AN>*I/S 9 ,SPA9 = MORE ?AN #e YE>S4 ,:5 ! ,CIVIL ,W> BEGAN1 PEASANTS & WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE 9 ?OSE P>TS ( ! C\NTRY :I* HAD NOT IMM$IATELY FALL5 UND] FASCI/ CONTROL SEIZ$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO TURN AN>*I/ IDEAL 9TO REALITY4 

,EV] S9CE !N AN>*I/S HAVE REG>D$ ! ,SPANI% ',REVOLUTION' AS ! F9E/ A*IEVEM5T 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T -- AS ! CLOSE/ CAPITALISM ANY:]E HAS COME TO BE+ COMPLETELY OV]?R[N & REPLAC$ BY A TOTALLY DIFF]5T =M ( SOCIETY4 

',SELF-,MANAG$' ,CAPITALISM 

,! 'REVOLUTION' 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE HAS USUALLY BE5 SE5 AS SUP]IOR TO ! 'REVOLUTION' 9 ! T[NS & CITIES4 ,AN>*I/ HI/ORIAN & EYEWITNESS ( ! COLLECTIVES1 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 DESCRIBES ! 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVES AS SIMPLY ANO!R =M ( CAPITALISM1 MANAG$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES3 

0,WORK]S 9 EA* UND]TAK+ TOOK OV] ! FACTORY1 ! WORKS1 OR ! WORK%OP1 ! MA*9ES1 RAW MAT]IALS1 & TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! CONT9UATION ( ! MONEY SY/EM & NORMAL CAPITALI/ COMM]CIAL RELATIONS1 ORGANIZ$ PRODUCTION ON !IR [N ACC\NT1 SELL+ = !IR [N B5EFIT ! PRODUCE ( !IR LABOR40 

,WE W\LD ADD ?AT 9 MANY CASES ! WORK]S DIDN'T ACTUALLY TAKE OV] PRODUCTION2 !Y SIMPLY WORK$ UND] ! DIRECTION ( '!IR [N' UNION BUREAUCRATS ) ! OLD BOSSES RETA9$ AS ADVIS]S4 

,! REACTION>Y CONSEQU5CES ( ! WORK+ CLASS TAK+ SIDES 9 ! FI<T BETWE5 DEMOCRACY & FASCISM1 9/EAD ( PURSU+ ! /RUGGLE = !IR [N NE$S1 WAS P>TICUL>LY EVID5T 9 ! WAY ! 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVES OP]AT$4 ,= ! SAKE ( ! 'W> EF=T' WORK]S FREQU5TLY *OSE TO 9T5SIFY !IR [N EXPLOITATION -- USUALLY ) ! 5C\RAGEM5T ( !IR AN>*I/ LEAD]S4 

,9 #a#i#c#g1 = EXAMPLE1 ! AN>*I/ ,GOV]NM5T ,M9I/] 9 *>GE ( ! ECONOMY 9 ,CATALONIA COMPLA9$ ?AT ! 0/ATE ( T5SION & OV]-EXCITEM5T0 PRODUC$ BY ! \TBREAK ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> HAD 0R$UC$ TO A DANG]\S DEGREE ! CAPACITY & PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 9CREAS+ ! CO/S ( PRODUCTION SO MU* ?AT IF ?IS IS NOT CORRECT$ RAPIDLY & 5]GETICALLY WE WILL BE FAC+ A DEAD-5D /REET4 ,= !SE REASONS WE MU/ READJU/ ! E/ABLI%$ WORK NORMS & 9CREASE ! L5G? ( ! WORK+ DAY40 

,H[EV]1 AL?\< SOME AN>*I/S >E PREP>$ TO CRITICIZE ! ',GOV]NM5T ,AN>*I/S' & ! 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVES1 ALL AN>*I/S >E UNANIM\S ?AT ! RURAL COLLECTIVES SUCCE$$ 9 A*IEV+ 'G5U9E SOCIALIZATION'1 OR1 AS IT WAS POPUL>LY T]M$1 'LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM'4 

,ORGANIZ+ ! ,RURAL ,COLLECTIVES 

,:AT TYPICALLY HAPP5$ 9 ! PEASANT VILLAGES WAS ?IS4 ,ONCE ! FASCI/ REBELLION HAD BE5 QUELL$ LOCALLY1 ! 9HABITANTS ( ! VILLAGE GOT TOGE!R 9 A BIG MEET+4 ,AN>*I/ MILITANTS TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE 9 PROPOS+ :AT TO DO4 ,EV]YONE WAS 9VIT$ TO POOL !IR L&1 LIVE/OCK & TOOLS 9 ! COLLECTIVE3 0,! CONCEPT 'Y\RS & M9E' WILL NO LONG] EXI/444,EV]Y?+ WILL BELONG TO EV]YONE40 ,PROP]TY BELONG+ TO FASCI/ L&LORDS & ! ,*UR* WAS ALSO EXPROPRIAT$ = ! COLLECTIVE'S USE4 ,A COMMITTEE WAS ELECT$ TO SUP]VISE ! RUNN+ ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,WORK WAS P>CEL$ \T AMONG GR\PS ( #a OR #ae PEOPLE1 & CO-ORD9AT$ BY MEET+S ( DELEGATES NOM9AT$ BY EA* GR\P4 

,FREE ,ACCESS 

,A FEW COLLECTIVES DI/RIBUT$ !IR PRODUCE ON ! COMMUNI/ BASIS ( FREE ACCESS -- 'TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S'4 ,A RESID5T ( ,MAGDAL5A DE ,PULPIS EXPLA9$ ! SY/EM 9 HIS VILLAGE3 

0,EV]YONE WORKS & EV]YONE HAS ! RI<T TO :AT HE NE$S FREE ( *>GE4 ,HE SIMPLY GOES TO ! /ORE :]E PROVISIONS & ALL O!R NECESSITIES >E SUPPLI$4 ,EV]Y?+ IS DI/RIBUT$ FREELY ) ONLY A NOTATION ( :AT HE TOOK40 

,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 !IR LIVES PEOPLE C\LD HELP !MSELVES TO :ATEV] !Y NE$$4 ,& ?AT'S EXACTLY :AT !Y DID4 ,FREE ACCESS WAS NOT ABUS$ BY 'GRE$' OR 'GLUTTONY'4 ,ANO!R ( ! COLLECTIVES' EYEWITNESSES1 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y1 DESCRIBES ! SITUATION 9 ,MUNIESA3 

0,! BAK]Y WAS OP54 ,ANYONE CAN COME = :ATEV] BREAD HE WANTS4 ',>E !RE NOT ABUSES ( ?IS8' ',NO1' ANSW]S ! OLD MAN :O GIVES \T ! BREAD4 ',EV]YONE TAKES AS MU* AS !Y ACTUALLY NE$4' ,W9E IS ALSO DI/RIBUT$ FREELY1 NOT RATION$4 ',DOESN'T ANYONE GET DRUNK8' ',UNTIL N[ !RE HAS NOT BE5 A S+LE CASE ( DRUNK5NESS'40 

7,?IS WAS ALSO P>TLY A REFLECTION ( AN AN>*I/ PURITANISM :I* 9 O!R PLACES L$ !M TO BAN TOBACCO & EV5 C(FEE74 

,! ,WAGES ,SY/EM 

,H[EV]1 DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS ON A COMMUNI/ BASIS 7I4E4 FREE ACCESS7 WAS NOT ! NORM4 ,9 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( COLLECTIVES ! LEVEL ( CONSUMPTION WAS NOT GOV]N$ BY PEOPLE'S FREELY-*OS5 NE$S & DESIRES1 BUT1 JU/ AS IT IS UND] CAPITALISM1 BY ! AM\NT ( MONEY PEOPLE HAD 9 !IR POCKETS4 ,ONLY GOODS 9 ABUNDANT SUPPLY C\LD BE TAK5 FREELY4 ,EV]Y?+ ELSE HAD TO BE B\<T FROM WAGES PAID BY ! COLLECTIVE TO ITS MEMB]S4 

,! ,FAMILY ,WAGE & ! ,OPPRESSION ( ,WOM5 

,! 'FAMILY WAGE' -- :I* OPPRESSES WOM5 BY MAK+ !M ECONOMICALLY DEP5D5T ON ! MALE HEAD ( ! H\SEHOLD -- WAS ADOPT$ BY ALMO/ ALL ! COLLECTIVES4 ,EA* MALE COLLECTIVI/ RECEIV$ SO MU* 9 WAGES P] DAY = HIMSELF1 PLUS A SMALL] AM\NT = HIS WIFE & EA* *ILD4 ,= WOM5 9 FACT1 ! ,SPANI% ',REVOLUTION' C\LD H>DLY HAVE BE5 LESS REVOLUTION>Y4 

,IT DID NOT *ALL5GE ! FAMILY AS AN ECONOMIC UNIT ( SOCIETY1 NOR ! SEXUAL DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 M5 & WOM54 0,IT IS ELEV5 O'CLOCK 9 ! MORN+4 ,! GONG S\NDS4 ,MASS8 ,IT IS TO REM9D ! WOM5 TO PREP>E ! MIDDAY MEAL40 ,WOM5 ALSO REMA9$ REG>D$ AS 9F]IOR SOCIAL BE+S1 FR[N$ ON1 = EXAMPLE1 IF !Y JO9$ ! M5 9 ! LOCAL CAFE = A DR9K AFT] WORK4 

,! ,PROLIF]ATION ( ,MONEY 

,! EQUAL FAMILY WAGE WAS G5]ALLY NOT PAID 9 ! NATIONAL CURR5CY1 :I* MO/ COLLECTIVES DISC>D$ = 9T]NAL USE4 ,9 ITS PLACE ! COLLECTIVES SUB/ITUT$ O!R MEANS ( EX*ANGE1 ISSU+ !IR [N LOCAL CURR5CY 9 ! =M ( V\*]S1 TOK5S1 RATION+ BOOKLETS1 C]TIFICATES1 C\PONS1 ETC4 ,F> FROM BE+ ABOLI%$1 AS MONEY W\LD BE 9 A COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION1 DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ',REVOLUTION' MONEY PROLIF]AT$ AS NEV] BE=E6 

,BUT ! CREATION ( LIT]ALLY HUNDR$S ( DIFF]5T LOCAL CURR5CIES SOON CAUS$ PROBLEMS4 ,FEW COLLECTIVES W]E SELF-SUFFICI5T1 BUT TRADE AMONG ! COLLECTIVES WAS HAMP]$ BY ! LACK ( A UNIV]SALLY ACCEPTABLE CURR5CY4 ,9 #aicg ! ,>AGON ,F$]ATION ( ,PEASANT ,COLLECTIVES HAD TO RE9TRODUCE A /&>D CURR5CY 9 ! =M ( A UNI=M RATION+ BOOKLET = ALL ! ,>AGON ,COLLECTIVES4 ,IT ALSO E/ABLI%$ ITS [N BANK -- RUN BY ! ,BANK ,WORK]S' ,UNION ( C\RSE6 

,! ,EX*ANGE ( ,GOODS 

,NOT ALL ! TRANSACTIONS BETWE5 COLLECTIVES W]E EFFECT$ BY MONEY4 ,C5TRAL W>EH\SES W]E SET UP :]E COLLECTIVES EX*ANG$ !IR SURPLUS PRODUCE AMONG !MSELVES = ! GOODS !Y LACK$4 ,UND] ?IS SY/EM 'H>D CA%' WAS FREQU5TLY ABS5T4 ,H[EV]1 ! RELATIVE PROPORTIONS 9 :I* GOODS W]E B>T]$ WAS /ILL DET]M9$ BY MONET>Y VALUES4 ,= EXAMPLE H[ MANY SACKS ( FL\R A COLLECTIVE C\LD OBTA9 9 EX*ANGE = A TON ( POTATOES WAS WORK$ \T BY CALCULAT+ ! VALUE ( BO? 9 MONET>Y T]MS4 ,JU/ AS UND] CAPITALISM1 PRICES W]E 0BAS$ ON ! CO/ ( RAW MAT]IALS1 ! WORK 9VOLV$1 G5]AL EXP5SES & ! RES\RCES ( ! COLLECTIVI/S04 

,?IS WAS NOT A COMMUNI/ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION = USE & DI/RIBUTION ACCORD+ TO NE$1 BUT A CAPITALI/ SY/EM ( RIVAL 5T]PRISES TRAD+ !IR PRODUCTS ACCORD+ TO !IR EX*ANGE VALUE4 ,NO MATT] H[ DESP]ATELY !Y NE$$ !M1 COLLECTIVES C\LDN'T OBTA9 ! GOODS !Y REQUIR$ UNTIL !Y HAD PRODUC$ 5\< TO EX*ANGE = !M1 S9CE !Y W]E NOT ALL[$ TO )DRAW A SUM ( GOODS WOR? MORE ?AN ?OSE !Y HAD DEPOSIT$4 ,?IS FREQU5TLY L$ TO GREAT H>D%IP AMONG ! LESS WEAL?Y COLLECTIVES4 

,M>KET ,COMPETITION 

,AS WELL AS TRAD+ AMONG !MSELVES1 COLLECTIVES ALSO HAD TO F9D M>KETS = !IR GOODS 9 COMPETITION ) NON-COLLECTIVIZ$ 5T]PRISES4 ,A COMMON CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS SY/EM HAS ALWAYS BE5 ?AT GOODS :I* CANNOT BE SOLD PR(ITABLY 5D UP BE+ /OCKPIL$ OR DE/ROY$1 :ILE ELSE:]E PEOPLE HAVE TO DO )\T ?OSE GOODS BECAUSE !Y DON'T HAVE ! MEANS TO BUY !M4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( ! ,SPANI% COLLECTIVES' CAPITALI/ MODE ( OP]ATION CON=M$ TO ?IS PATT]N2 = EXAMPLE3 

0,! W>EH\SES [N$ BY ! ,S,I,C,E,P 7,SYNDICATE ( ! ,FOOTWE> ,9DU/RY 9 ,ELDA & ,PETREL7 9 ,ELDA1 ,VAL5CIA & ,B>CELONA1 AS WELL AS ! FACTORY W>EH\SES1 W]E FULL ( UNSOLD GOODS1 VALU$ AT SOME #a MILLION PESETAS40 

,SU* SPECTACLES W\LD BE ]ADICAT$ = EV] 9 A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 :]E GOODS W\LD NOT BE PRODUC$ TO BE SOLD = PR(IT VIA ! M>KET1 BUT TO DIRECTLY SATISFY PEOPLE'S NE$S4 

,! ,5D ( ! ,COLLECTIVES 

,! ,SPANI% COLLECTIVES W]E EV5TUALLY DE/ROY$ BY 9-FI<T+ AMONG ! ANTI-FASCI/S & BY ! FASCI/ VICTORY ITSELF4 ,ONE CAN ONLY SPECULATE AB\T H[ !Y MI<T HAVE DEVELOP$ HAD !Y SURVIV$ ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,\R GUESS IS ?AT !IR BASICALLY CAPITALI/ NATURE W\LD HAVE BECOME EV5 MORE OBVI\S4 

,9 ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY M>KET COMPETITION =CES EV]Y 5T]PRISE TO TRY TO PRODUCE ITS GOODS AS *EAPLY AS POSSIBLE SO AS TO UND]CUT ITS RIVALS4 ,! ,SPANI% COLLECTIVES1 TRAD+ ) EA* O!R & COMPET+ ) NON-COLLECTIVIZ$ 5T]PRISES1 W\LD 9EVITABLY HAVE BE5 SUBJECT TO ! SAME PRESSURES4 

,ONE ( ! WAYS 9 :I* CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES TRY TO CUT CO/S IS BY 9CREAS+ ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK=CE1 = EXAMPLE BY CUTT+ WAGES1 OR 9CREAS+ ! 9T5SITY ( WORK1 OR L5G!N+ WORK+ H\RS4 

,:]E ?IS HAPP5S 9 5T]PRISES [N$ & RUN BY AN 9DIVIDUAL BOSS OR ! /ATE1 WORK]S CAN ID5TIFY !IR 5EMY & FI<T AGA9/ !IR EXPLOITATION4 ,?IS IS F> LESS LIKELY TO HAPP5 :]E ! 5TIRE WORK=CE ITSELF IS ! COLLECTIVE [N] & MANAG] ( ! 5T]PRISE1 AS WAS ! CASE ) ! ,SPANI% COLLECTIVES4 ,! WORK=CE HAS A VE/$ 9T]E/ 9 ! PR(ITABILITY ( ! CAPITAL :I* IT COLLECTIVELY [NS2 IT ID5TIFIES ) & WILL+LY ORGANIZES ITS [N EXPLOITATION4 ,IT HAS TO1 9 FACT1 TO KEEP ITSELF 9 BUS9ESS4 

,! ,5D ( ,AN>*ISM 

,MANY PRES5T-DAY AN>*I/S /ILL /& = ! TYPE ( SELF-MANAG$ CAPITALISM E/ABLI%$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS1 WE OPPOSE !M AS RESOLUTELY AS WE OPPOSE SUPPORT]S ( ANY O!R PRO-CAPITALI/ IDEOLOGY4 

,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE'S NE$S1 SELF-MANAG$ CAPITALISM IS A DEAD-5D1 JU/ AS REACTION>Y AS PRIVATE OR /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,! COMMUNI/ SOCIETY WE >E FI<T+ = CAN ONLY BE E/ABLI%$ BY ! COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( ,A,L,L PROP]TY1 MONEY1 WAGES & M>KETS -- :ATEV] !IR =M4 

,! 9=MATION & QUOTES 9 ?IS >TICLE COME FROM ,! ,AN>*I/ ,COLLECTIVES BY ,SAM ,DOLG(F1 ,COLLECTIVES ,9 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION BY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION BY ,/ANLEY ,PAYNE1 & ,) ,! ,PEASANTS ,( ,>AGON BY ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,SPA9 #a#i#c#f1 ! 5D ( AN>*I/ SYNDICALISM8 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,SPA9 #a#i#c#f1 ! 5D ( AN>*I/ SYNDICALISM8 -- ,UPDAT$4 

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