,SPA91 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i 
,GRAV$IGG]S ( ! ,REVOLUTION 

#aid 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,=EWORD 

,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN WAS AN AN>*I/ :O WAS PROM95T 9 ! ,F$]ATION ,AN>QUI/A ,IB]ICA 7,F,A,I7 & ! ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO 7,C,N,T7 BE=E & DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 .<#a.> ,HE WAS A WELL-KN[N WRIT] & AN>*I/ !ORI/1 MEMB] ( ! REGIONAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T & ( ! $ITORIAL BO>D ( ! AN>*I/ J\RNAL ,TIEMPOS ,NUEVOS4 ,SANTILLAN WAS ALSO ONE ( ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! POPUL> MILITIAS 9 ,CATALONIA1 & LAT] ONE ( ! AN>*I/S :O P>TICIPAT$ AS A M9I/] 9 ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T4 

,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN >GU$ 9 FAVOR ( URG+ AN>*I/S TO BREAK ) !IR TRADITIONAL /ANCE AGA9/ P>TICIPAT+ 9 /ATE PROCESSES 9 ORD] TO VOTE = ! LEFT-W+ P>TIES 9 ! ,FEBRU>Y #aicf ,SPANI% ,REPUBLICAN ELECTIONS4 ,ALONG ) ! O!RS :O FAVOR$ ?IS TACTIC1 HE >GU$ ?AT ! ELECTION ( LEFTI/ POLITICIANS WAS IMPORTANT TO FI<T = 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ! LIB]ATION ( ?\S&S ( AN>*I/ POLITICAL PRISON]S :O HAD BE5 >RE/$ DUR+ ! SAVAGE REPRESSION FOLL[+ ! ,A/URIAS RIS+ ( ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#c#d4 ,BECAUSE ( ! CONC]T$ EF=TS ( MANY AN>*I/S1 A L>GE NUMB] ( RANK-&-FILE URBAN & RURAL WORK]S 9DE$ DID VOTE = & ELECT A MAJORITY ( LEFTI/ POLITICIANS 9 ! ,FEBRU>Y1 #aicf ELECTIONS4 ,H[EV]1 AS ,V]NON ,RI*>DS TELLS US 9 ,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION .<,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#b.>1 ONCE ! LEFT-W+ POLITICIANS W]E 9 (FICE1 !Y IGNOR$ ! DESIRES ( ! WORK]S1 :O HAD TO ACT 9 !IR [N BEHALF4 ,MO/ ( ! POLITICAL PRISON]S W]E NOT RELEAS$ IMM$IATELY1 & MANY W]E ONLY FRE$ BECAUSE ! PRISONS W]E OP5$ 9 RESPONSE TO MASSIVE POPUL> DEMON/RATIONS1 BE=E ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T AU?ORIZ$ IT4 

,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN LAT] CAME TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! ,FEBRU>Y1 #aicf *ANGE 9 GOV]NM5T :I* HE HAD WORK$ =1 HAD NOT SUB/ANTIALLY DEPRIV$ ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ! *UR* & ! MILIT>Y ( REAL P[]4 ,&1 EV5 ) ! LEFTI/ POLITICIANS 9 (FICE1 ! GOV]NM5T CONT9U$ TO >RE/ AN>*I/S4 ,BY ! TIME ( ! ,JULY1 #aicf REVOLUTION1 ! PRISONS W]E ONCE AGA9 OV]FL[+ ) AN>*I/ PRISON]S4 

,AFT] ! SUCCESSFUL RESI/ANCE TO ! ,FRANCOI/ MILIT>Y REBELLION1 ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN WAS AMONG ?OSE AN>*I/S :O DECID$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! LOCAL1 PROV9CIAL & NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS1 ALONGSIDE POLITICIANS FROM O!R LEFTI/ & LIB]AL REPUBLICAN GR\PS4 ,LAT] HE BECAME CRITICAL ( ! AN>*I/ DECISION TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! GOV]NM5T AFT] ,JULY #ai BECAUSE HE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT 9 DO+ SO !Y HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! RE-CREATION ( ! /ATE 9/ITUTIONS & ! TRANSF] ( 9ITIATIVE FROM ! >M$ POPULACE :O DEFEAT$ ! FASCI/ RIS+ TO C5TRAL BODIES ) EXECUTIVE P[]S4 ,SANTILLAN ASS]T$ ?AT ! AN>*I/ (FICE HOLD]S W]E NO BETT] ?AN ANY O!RS1 & W]E NOT EV5 ABLE TO PROTECT ! ORD9>Y RURAL & URBAN WORK+ PEOPLE AGA9/ !IR ECONOMIC & POLITICAL EXPLOIT]S4 ,HE /RONGLY BELIEV$ ?AT ?IS RE-CREATION ( HI]>*Y HAD HAD AN ADV]SE EFFECT ON ! MORALE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y FI<T]S4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT ! AN>*I/S' P>TICIPATION 9 ! GOV]NM5T HAD S]V$ ONLY TO RE9=CE ! IDEOLOGY ( ! /ATE4 

,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION WAS ALSO UND]M9$ BY ! POLICIES ( ! WE/]N DEMOCRATIC1 ,SOVIET & ,ITALIAN ,FASCI/ & ,G]MAN ,NAZI GOV]NM5TS4 ,V]NON ,RI*>DS NOTES ?AT BETWE5 #aicd & #ai* ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS ANXI\S TO GA9 ! SUPPORT ( ! ,WE/]N /ATES1 & WAS !RE=E CONC]N$ TO PROVE TO !M ?AT IT HAD CEAS$ TO BE 0REVOLUTION>Y0 & W\LD NO LONG] SUPPORT REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS1 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 ONLY SUPPORT$ ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T'S FI<T AGA9/ FASCISM RELUCTANTLY & MOD]ATELY4 ,9 ORD] TO RE9=CE ! POSITION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ALLI$ ITSELF ) GR\PS G5]ALLY OPPOS$ TO ALL =MS ( REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 ,IT OPPOS$ EXPROPRIATION ( ! L&$ E/ATES & ! FACTORIES BY ?OSE :O WORK$ 9 !M1 & IT WAS HO/ILE TO ! POPUL> MILITIAS4 

,SOON AFT] ,JULY #a#i?1 HUNDR$S ( AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ ANTI-FASCI/ EXILES FROM ,ITALY & ,G]MANY1 & ANTI-,/AL9I/ REVOLUTION>IES FROM ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD1 CAME TO ,SPA9 TO HELP FI<T ! ,FRANCOI/S4 ,!Y F\<T ALONGSIDE ( ! ,SPANI% RESI/]S LONG BE=E ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES W]E ORGANIZ$ & >RIV$ 9 ,SPA9 AT ! 5D ( #a#i#c#f4 

,H[EV]1 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION CLE>LY DIRECT$ ! ASSI/ANCE IT GAVE TO ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC T[>D ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES & ! LOYAL REGUL> ,SPANI% >MY4 ,IT MADE SURE ?AT >MS1 EQUIPM5T1 & O!R ASSI/ANCE W]E )HELD FROM ! MILITIAS & REGIONS DOM9AT$ BY AN>*I/S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT S5T SECRET POLICE AG5TS TO ,SPA9 TO KIDNAP1 IMPRISON & MURD] KN[N OPPON5TS ( ,/AL9ISM1 ESPECIALLY1 AS ,RI*>DS NOTES1 EX-,COMMUNI/S :O 0KNEW TOO MU*40 ,! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T ALSO AIM$ TO DE/ROY ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 :I* HAD PROV$ SU* A =MIDABLE B>RI] TO ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'S ATTEMPTS AT POLITICAL HEGEMONY4 ,!SE GOALS W]E F> FROM SECRET1 & W]E EV5 PUBLI%$ 9 V>I\S ,C,P PAP]S ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ON ,DECEMB] #a#f1 #a#i#c#f1 ! ,SOVIET P>TY PAP] ,PRAVDA PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE :I* PROCLAIM$1 0,AS = ,CATALONIA1 ! PURG+ ( ! ,TROTSKYI/S & ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S HAS BEGUN 2 IT WILL BE CONDUCT$ ) ! SAME 5]GY ) :I* IT WAS CONDUCT$ 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R40 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY SUPPORT$ ! RE-CON/ITUTION ( A REGUL> POLICE =CE1 POLITICAL POLICE1 & A REGUL> >MY TO REPLACE ! MILITIAS4 

,:Y ,WE ,LO/ ! ,W> 

,! =MATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES & !IR ADMISSION 9TO ,SPA9 W]E CLAIM$ TO BE NECESS>Y TO C\NT]BALANCE ! MILIT>Y =CES & AID S5T BY ! ,ITALIAN ,FASCI/S & ,G]MAN ,NAZIS4 ,! MA9 DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO K9DS ( MILIT>Y ASSI/ANCE WAS ?AT ! ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN AID WAS 9T5D$ TO GA9 MILIT>Y TRIUMPH = ! ,FRANCOI/S1 & WAS1 ?R\< ITS QUANTITY & QUALITY1 A DECISIVE FACTOR 9 ?IS TRIUMPH4 ,= ! ,REPUBLICANS1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES W]E NOT EFFECTIVE EXCEPT AS AN 9/RUM5T ( DOM9ATION = ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,= ! ,REPUBLIC1 ! FAM\S ,BRIGADES W]E1 UN9T5TIONALLY1 A FACTOR 9 ! DEFEAT1 S9CE !Y DID ! ANTI-POPUL> WORK ( ! ,RUSSIANS & ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T BEHOLD5 TO !M -- TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! POPUL> 9SURG5CY4 

,!RE WAS ONE REALITY ?AT WE ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>IES C\LD NOT IGNORE 3 WE W]E C\NT+ ON ! ACTIVE SUPPORT ( MANY WORK]S & REBELS FROM ALL C\NTRIES :O WANT$ TO COME & FI<T ALONGSIDE US1 = \R CAUSE1 :I* WAS ! UNIV]SAL CAUSE ( FRE$OM AGA9/ TYRANNY4 ,WE C\LD NOT D5Y !IR DESIRE TO FI<T & DIE ) US4 ,MANY ,ITALIANS1 ,G]MANS1 ,FR5* & PEOPLE FROM O!R C\NTRIES F\<T ALONGSIDE US ON ! ,>AGON FRONT FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+4 

,BUT ?IS K9D ( SUPPORT WAS ONE ?+1 & ! POLITICAL 9T5TIONS ( ?OSE :O CREAT$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES1 ) RECRUITS FROM V>I\S C\NTRIES1 WAS SOME?+ ELSE4 ,DESPITE ! GOOD 9T5TIONS ( SOME ( ! RECRUITS :O CAME TO ,SPA91 !RE W]E O!RS1 UNEMPLOY$ WORK]S1 :O W]E WON OV] BY ! ATTRACTIVE PROMISES ( RECRUIT+ PROPAG&A4 ,!Y CAME TO ,SPA91 NOT TO DIE 9 ! W>1 BUT TO MAKE A LIV+ 9 IT1 LIKE OLD-TIME M]C5>Y SOLDI]S4 ,! 9ITIATORS & HI<E/-LEVEL LEAD]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES1 ON ! O!R H&1 CLE>LY UND]/OOD ! PURPOSE = :I* !Y W]E =M$4 

,9 TRU?1 ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T DID NOT 5JOY POPUL> SUPPORT1 EI!R 9 ! ,C5T]1 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! ,LEVANTE1 OR ,EXTREMADURA4 ,! ,RUSSIANS %REWDLY UND]/OOD ?AT ! GOV]NM5T W\LD BE UNABLE TO GOV]N UNLESS IT W]E SE5 TO BE S]V+ ! PEOPLE1 BY RESPOND+ TO !IR DEM&S & ASPIRATIONS4 ,BUT !Y DEEM$ IT NECESS>Y TO SL[ D[N ! ,SPANI% MASSES1 TO DISCIPL9E !M1 TO SUBJUGATE !M TO A /RONG C5TRAL P[] -- TO *ANGE ! ,SPANI% TEMP]AM5T & S\L4 ,! PEOPLE W]E H]OICALLY /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! ,FRANCOI/ MILIT>Y REBELLION1 BUT !Y W]E NOT A DOCILE 9/RUM5T 9 ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T OR ! ,W> ,M9I/RY BUREAUCRACY4 

,9 ORD] TO HAVE A PRIM>Y MEANS ( DOM9ATION AT ITS DISPOSAL1 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 AID$ BY ! DIPLOMATIC MA*9ATIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 ADMITT$ ! SO-CALL$ ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES 9TO ! C\NTRY4 ,! ODI\S PRETEXT GIV5 WAS ?AT ! POPUL> MILITIAS DID NOT KN[ H[ TO FI<T & W]E NOT OB$I5T4 ,9 REALITY1 !Y DIDN'T OBEY ?OSE !Y W]5'T OBLIG$ TO OBEY 6 

,! MILITIAS DID KN[ H[ TO FI<T1 & !Y FOLL[$ ORD]S AS WELL AS ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES4 ,! ONLY DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO WAS ?AT ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES W]E RECEIV+ MOD]N1 EFFECTIVE >MS & EQUIPM5T1 :ILE ! POPUL> MILITIAS W]E USUALLY B>EFOOT1 ) PRIMITIVE WEAPONS1 & 9 MO/ CASES )\T AMMUNITION4 ,!Y W]E PLAGU$ BY ! ONGO+ SABOTAGE ( ! C5TRALIZ$ ,REPUBLICAN BUREAUCRACY4 

,WE .<( ! ,C,N,T_/,F,A,I.> OPPOS$ ! =MATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES & ORD]$ ! BORD] DELEGATES NOT TO LET !IR VOLUNTE]S CROSS ! BORD] FROM ,FRANCE4 ,!N1 WE W]E VISIT$ BY 9DIVIDUALS1 SU* AS ,&RE ,M>TY1 :O 5T]$ ,SPA9 SECRETLY UND] ,RUSSIAN PROTECTION1 TO CONV9CE US TO GRANT PASSAGE ?R\< ,CATALONIA = ?OSE M5 :O WANT$ TO FI<T ) US4 ,WE MA9TA9$ ?AT WE HAD PL5TY ( M51 ?AT 9/EAD ( BR++ !SE BRIGADES 9TO ,SPA91 !Y %\LD BE HELP+ US ) >MS & AMMUNITION4 ,WE CONSID]$ IT AN 9JU/ICE & A CRIME ?AT \R MILITIAS1 ) ALL !IR BRAV]Y & SPIRIT1 %\LD BE UN>M$1 :ILE L>GE =EIGN UNITS W]E GIV5 EV]Y NECESSITY & TREAT$ WELL4 ,WE TOOK OV] A ?\S& ( ?OSE VOLUNTE]S PRISON] & ESCORT$ !M BACK OV] ! ,SPANI%-,FR5* BORD]4 ,!Y !N PROCE$$ TO ,FR5* PORTS1 :]E !Y TOOK %IPS TO ,SPANI% PORTS CONTROLL$ BY ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 

,ON ONE OCCASION ONE ( \R COA/ GU>D %IPS1 ! ,FRANCISCO1 DETA9$ A C>GO ( >MS 9T5D$ = ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES4 ,:5 IT WAS UNLOAD$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 WE F\ND ?AT ! C>GO CONSI/$ ( WORN-\T PRE-,WORLD ,W> ,ONE EQUIPM5T1 PUR*AS$ BY ! ,SPANI% C5TRAL GOV]NM5T )\T CONC]N = PRICE4 ,IT WAS ( SU* POOR QUALITY ?AT WE HAD NO OBJECTIONS TO H&+ IT OV] :5 WE W]E ASK$ TO4 ,! 5T]PRIS+ ,FR5*M5 9VOLV$ 9 ORGANIZ+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES EVID5TLY DID A F9E BUS9ESS ) ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,DUE TO CLEV] MANIPULATION ( ! SITUATION BY ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 WE HAD TO GIVE UP LEAD]%IP ( ! ,CATALONIAN MILITIAS4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! SO-CALL$ VOLUNTE]S !N PASS$ )\T H9DRANCE ?R\< ,CATALONIA4 

,WE /ILL DID NOT HAVE ANY CLE> NOTION ( ! DANG] !SE BRIGADES POS$ AS 9/RUM5TS ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,WE FEEL SURE ?AT ?OSE ( ! RANK-&-FILE FI<T]S :O W]E NOT SIMPLY ADV5TUR]S W\LD NOT HAVE VOLUNTE]$ = ! GAME ?AT WAS BE+ PLAY$ 2 !Y DIDN'T REALIZE ?AT ! BRIGADES W]E REQUIR$1 NOT = ! W> EF=T1 BUT ONLY = ! TREA*]\S P>TY POLICY ( ASPIRANTS TO DICTATOR%IP4 ,= ?IS A DOCILE MILIT>Y =CE WAS NE$$1 S9CE ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE W]E P]SI/5TLY %[+ !MSELVES TO BE 9DEP5D5T ADULTS4 

,AFT]W>DS1 & :5 !IR MISSION WAS COMPLET$1 WE EXPRESS$ \R OP9ION TO MANY ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADE FI<T]S1 & !Y READILY AGRE$ ?AT WE W]E CORRECT4 ,BUT IT WAS TOO LATE TO REPAIR ! DISA/R\S WORK !Y HAD UNWITT+LY ACCOMPLI%$4 

,WE WILL NOT DISCUSS H]E ! SECRET PRISONS OR ! FREELY-P]PETRAT$ ASSASS9ATIONS ( VOLUNTE]S :O W]E NOT LOYAL ,/AL9I/S4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT ! ,MA*IAVELLIAN ,RUSSIANS CALCULAT$ ?AT1 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! W>M SYMPA?Y G5]AT$ BY ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION1 !Y C\LD USE ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES AGA9/ ,TROTSKYI/S1 AN>*I/S1 9DEP5D5T SOCIALI/S & O!R ADV]S>IES :O W]E ATTRACT$ TO ! ,BRIGADES4 ,9 P>T1 !Y CALCULAT$ CORRECTLY4 

,WE DON'T KN[ H[ MANY JO9$ ! ,BRIGADES4 ,!RE W]E P]HAPS BETWE5 TW5TY & TW5TY-FIVE ?\S&4 ,BUT ! TRU? IS ?AT )9 A FEW MON?S1 & AS E>LY AS ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO'S T5URE AS ,M9I/] ( ,W>1 ! MAJORITY ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADE FI<T]S W]E ,SPANI>DS :O W]E REQUIR$ TO S]VE 9 !M UND] ! COMM& ( ,COMMUNI/S FROM ,RUSSIA & ELSE:]E4 ,! RANKS ( !SE BRIGADES W]E MORE (T5 ?9N$ \T BY DES]TION ?AN BY 5EMY FIRE1 & W]E REPL5I%$ BY ,SPANI% DRAFTEES4 

,9 \R OP9ION1 !RE WAS NEV] MORE OPPOSITION ON ! P>T ( ! PEOPLE1 NOR W]E !Y LESS ABLE TO 9FLU5CE ! W> POLICY1 ?AN 9 ! =MATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES &1 LAT]1 9 ! CREATION ( ! SWAGG]+ C>AB9]OS4 

,AFT]WORD 

,APPROXIMATELY #d1 M5 FROM ALL OV] ! WORLD F\<T 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES4 ,AB\T ONE-?IRD W]E KILL$1 & MANY W]E P]MAN5TLY 9JUR$4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 POLITICAL REPRESSION ( ?OSE :O EXPRESS$ CRITICISM ( ,/AL9ISM WAS A REALITY ( DAILY LIFE 9 ! BRIGADES4 ,JASON ,GURNEY1 9 ,CRUSADE 9 ,SPA9 .<,FAB] @& ,FAB]1 ,LTD41 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#d.>1 :O DISCUSSES ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! ,BRITI% VOLUNTE]S1 NOTES ?AT ,&RE ,M>TY1 *IEF POLITICAL COMMISS> ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES1 & A MEMB] ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ADMITT$ TO HAV+ ORD]$ ! EXECUTION ( #e M5 BELONG+ TO ! BRIGADES = LITTLE OR NO REASON EXCEPT !IR POLITICAL VIEWS4 ,GURNEY DISCUSSES SOME ( ! MANY DECISIONS :I* W]E MADE BY ! BRIGADE LEAD]S = POLITICAL REASONS1 ) LITTLE REG>D = ! DISA/]S !SE CAUS$4 

,CECIL ,EBY1 9 ,BETWE5 ! ,BULLET & ! ,LIE 3 ,AM]ICAN VOLUNTE]S 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> .<,HOLT ,RE9H>T @& ,W9/ON1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#i.>1 DISCUSSES ! DES]TIONS FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES :I* OCCURR$ FROM !IR 9CEPTION & ?R\<\T !IR 5TIRE EXI/5CE4 ,! BRIGADES W]E F> FROM WELL TRA9$1 & W]E (T5 NOT WELL EQUIPP$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !Y HAD AN AU?ORIT>IAN MILIT>Y (FIC] /RUCTURE1 9CLUD+ POLITICAL COMMISS>S = EA* BATTALION1 &1 DESPITE POPULI/ RHETORIC1 DISCIPL9E WAS (T5 5=C$ H>%LY4 ,MANY VOLUNTE]S FELT ?IS TO BE BO? 9APPROPRIATE & WRONG TREATM5T = PEOPLE :O HAD FREELY *OS5 TO COME TO FI<T4 ,! POLITICAL COMMISS>S W]E ALSO (T5 RES5T$ BY VOLUNTE]S FROM ! ,WE/]N C\NTRIES1 SU* AS ! ,U4,S41 ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE1 :O DIDN'T WANT 9DOCTR9ATION1 BUT 9=MATION & DISCUSSION4 ,DES]TIONS & POOR MORALE W]E DUE PRIM>ILY TO VOLUNTE]S' GR[+ DI/RU/ ( ! BRIGADES' POLITICAL & MILIT>Y HI]>*Y & RES5TM5T ( ! >BITR>Y 7&1 SOME FELT1 9COMPET5T7 BEHAVIOR ( ! (FIC]S4 

,BY ! 5D ( ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#c#g1 ,EBY TELLS US1 ! ,FR5* CONSUL AT ,VAL5CIA HAD SUP]VIS$ ! EVACUATION ( #d ,FR5* DES]T]S ABO>D ,FR5* W> %IPS4 ,H[EV]1 :5 ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T CLOS$ ! BORD] ON ,M>* #c1 #a#i#c#g1 ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLICAN AU?ORITIES >RE/$ #f MORE ,FR5* DES]T]S 9 ,VAL5CIA & RETURN$ !M TO ,BRIGADE HEADQU>T]S = IMPRISONM5T & PUNI%M5T4 ,AL?\< MANY VOLUNTE]S FELT ?AT1 S9CE !Y HAD COME ( !IR [N ACCORD1 !Y %\LD BE ALL[$ TO LEAVE :5 !Y *OSE1 !Y W]E G5]ALLY TREAT$ NO DIFF]5T ?AN DRAFTEES ONCE 9 ! BRIGADES4 ,H[EV]1 ONCE ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T PUT AN 5D TO ! RESCUE ( VOLUNTE]S BY !IR HOME C\NTRIES1 DES]TION RATES 9 ! BRIGADES W]E SOME:AT DECREAS$1 AL?\< NEV] ELIM9AT$4 

,= MORE 9=MATION ON ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES FROM A V>IETY ( P]SPECTIVES1 READ]S MI<T ALSO WANT TO *ECK ,PHILIP ,TOYNBEE .<$ITOR.>1 ,! ,DI/ANT ,DRUM 3 ,REFLECTIONS ON ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> .<,DAVID ,MC,KAY ,COMPANY1 ,9C41 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#f.>4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aici 3 ,SPA91 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #a#i1 #bb 3 ,SPA91 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,SPA91 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i -- ,UPDAT$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/