,/AGNATION & ,PROGRESS ( ,M>XISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,WRITT53 #a#i#c4 
,S\RCE3 ,K>L ,M>X3 ,MAN1 ,?9K] & ,REVOLUTIONI/1 $IT$ BY ,D4 ,RYAZANOV4 
,PUBLI%]3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#b#g4 
,TRANSLAT$ FROM ,G]MAN3 ,$5 & ,C$> ,PAUL4 
,REPUBLI%$3 ,NEW ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,VOL4 ,V,I ,NO4 #g 7,:OLE ,NO4 #d#g71 ,AUGU/ #a#i#d4 PP4 #a#d#c-#a#d#d4 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,D>IO ,ROMEO & ,BRIAN ,BAGG9S4 
,PRO(READ3 ,E9DE ,O',CALLA<AN 7,JULY #b#a#c74 
,ONL9E ,V]SION3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ,9T]NET ,>*IVE 7M>XI/S4ORG7 #b4 

,9 HIS %ALL[ BUT AT TIME 9T]E/+ CAUS]IE 5TITL$ ,DIE SOZIALE ,BEWEGUNG 9 ,FRANKREI* UND ,BELGI5 7,! ,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T 9 ,FRANCE & ,BELGIUM71 ,K>L ,GRUN REM>KS1 APTLY 5\<1 ?AT ,F\RI]'S & ,SA9T-,SIMON'S !ORIES HAD V]Y DIFF]5T EFFECTS UPON !IR RESPECTIVE ADH]5TS4 ,SA9T-,SIMON WAS ! SPIRITUAL ANCE/OR ( A :OLE G5]ATION ( BRILLIANT 9VE/IGATORS & WRIT]S 9 V>I\S FIELD ( 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY2 BUT ,F\RI]'S FOLL[]S W]E1 ) FEW EXCEPTIONS1 P]SONS :O BL9DLY P>ROT$ !IR MA/]'S WORDS1 & W]E 9CAPABLE ( MAK+ ANY ADVANCE UPON HIS TEA*+4 ,GRUN'S EXPLANATION ( ?IS DIFF]5CE IS ?AT ,F\RI] PRES5T$ ! WORLD ) A F9I%$ SY/EM1 ELABORAT$ 9 ALL ITS DETAILS2 :]EAS ,SA9T-,SIMON M]ELY TOSS$ HIS DISCIPLES A LOOSE BUNDLE ( GREAT ?\<TS4 ,AL?\< IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ,GRUN PAYS TOO LITTLE ATT5TION TO ! 9N]1 ! ESS5TIAL1 DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! !ORIES ( !SE TWO CLASSICAL AU?ORITIES 9 ! DOMA9 ( UTOPIAN SOCIALISM1 ,I FEEL ?AT ON ! :OLE IS OBS]VATION IS S\ND4 ,BEYOND QUE/ION1 A SY/EM ( IDEAS :I* IS M]ELY SKET*$ 9 BROAD \TL9E PROVES F> MORE /IMULAT+ ?AN A F9I%$ & SYMMETRICAL /RUCTURE :I* LEAVES NO?+ TO BE ADD$ & (F]S NO SCOPE = ! 9DEP5D5T EF=T ( AN ACTIVE M9D4 

,DOES ?IS ACC\NT = ! /AGNATION 9 ,M>XISM DOCTR9E :I* HAS BE5 NOTICEABLE = A GOOD MANY YE>S8 ,! ACTUAL FACT IS ?AT - AP>T = ONE OR TWO 9DEP5D5T CONTRIBUTIONS :I* M>K A !ORETICIAN ADVANCE - S9CE ! PUBLICATION ( ! LA/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL & ( ! LA/ ( ,5GELS'S WRIT+S !RE HAVE APPE>$ NO?+ MORE ?AN A FEW EXCELL5T POPUL>IZATIONS & EXPOSITIONS ( ,M>XI/ !ORY4 ,! SUB/ANCE ( ?AT !ORY REMA9S JU/ :]E ! TWO F\ND]S ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM LEFT IT4 

,IS ?IS BECAUSE ! ,M>XI/ SY/EM HAS IMPOS$ TOO RIGID A FRAMEWORK UPON ! 9DEP5D5T ACTIVITIES ( ! M9D8 ,IT IS UND5IABLE ?AT ,M>X HAS HAD A SOME:AT RE/RICTIVE 9FLU5CE UPON ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( !ORY 9 ! CASE ( MANY ( HIS PUPILS4 ,BO? ,M>X & ,5GELS F\ND IT NECESS>Y TO DISCLAIM RESPONSIBILITY = ! UTT]ANCES ( MANY :O *OSE TO CALL !MSELVES ,M>XI/S6 ,! SCRUPUL\S 5DEAVOR TO KEEP 0)9 ! B\NDS ( ,M>XISM0 MAY AT TIMES HAVE BE5 JU/ AS DISA/R\S TO ! 9TEGRITY ( ! ?\<T PROCESS AS HAS BE5 ! O!R EXTREME - ! COMPLETE REPUDIATION ( ! ,M>XI/ \TLOOK1 & ! DET]M9ATION TO MANIFE/ 09DEP5D5CE ( ?\<T0 AT ALL HAZ>DS4 

,/ILL1 IT IS ONLY :]E ECONOMIC MATT]S >E CONC]N$ ?AT WE >E 5TITL$ TO SPEAK ( A MORE OR LESS COMPLETELY ELABORAT$ BODY ( DOCTR9ES BEQUEA!D US BY ,M>X4 ,! MO/ VALUABLE ( ALL HIS TEA*+S1 ! MAT]IALI/-DIALECTICAL CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY1 PRES5TS ITSELF TO US AS NO?+ MORE ?AN A ME?OD ( 9VE/IGATION1 AS A FEW 9SPIR$ LEAD+ ?\<TS1 :I* (F] US GLIMPSES 9TO ! 5TIRELY NEW WORLD1 :I* OP5 US TO 5DLESS P]SPECTIVES ( 9DEP5D5T ACTIVITY1 :I* W+ \R SPIRIT = BOLD FLI<TS 9TO UNEXPLOR$ REGIONS4 

,NEV]!LESS1 EV5 9 ?IS DOMA91 ) FEW EXCEPTIONS ! ,M>XI/ H]ITAGE LIES %ALL[4 ,! SPL5DID NEW WEAPON RU/S UNUS$2 & ! !ORY ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM REMA9S AS UNELABORAT$ & SKET*Y AS WAS :5 FIR/ =MULAT$ BY ITS CREATORS4 

,IT CANNOT BE SAID1 !N1 ?AT ! RIGIDITY & COMPLET5ESS ( ! ,M>XI/ $IFICE >E ! EXPLANATION ( ! FAILURE ( ,M>X'S SUCCESSORS TO GO ON ) ! BUILD+4 

,WE >E (T5 TOLD ?AT \R MOVEM5T LACKS ! P]SONS ( TAL5T :O MI<T BE CAPABLE ( FUR!R ELABORAT+ ,M>X'S !ORIES4 ,SU* A LACK IS1 9DE$1 ( LONG /&+2 BUT ! LACK ITSELF DEM&S AN EXPLANATION1 & CANNOT BE PUT =W>D TO ANSW] ! PRIM>Y QUE/ION4 ,WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT EA* EPO* =MS ITS [N HUMAN MAT]IAL2 ?AT IF 9 ANY P]IOD !RE IS A G5U9E NE$ = !ORETICAL EXPON5TS1 ! P]IOD WILL CREATE ! =CES REQUISITE = ! SATISFACTION ( ?AT NE$4 

,BUT IS !RE A G5U9E NE$1 AN EFFECTIVE DEM&1 = ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ,M>XI/ !ORY8 

,9 AN >TICLE UPON ! CONTROV]SY BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/ & ! ,JEVONSIAN ,S*OOLS 9 ,5GL&1 ,B]N>D ,%AW1 ! TAL5T$ EXPON5T ( ,FABIAN SEMI-SOCIALISM1 D]IDES ,HYNDMAN = HAV+ SAID ?AT ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL HAD GIV5 HIM A COMPLETE UND]/&+ ( ,M>X1 & ?AT !RE W]E NO GAPS 9 ,M>XI/ !ORY - AL?\< ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 9 ! PREFACE ( ! SECOND VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL1 SUBSEQU5TLY DECL>$ ?AT ! FIR/ VOLUME ) ITS !ORY ( VALUE1 HAD LEFT UNSOLV$ A FUNDAM5TAL ECONOMIC PROBLEM1 :OSE SOLUTION W\LD NOT BE FURNI%$ UNTIL ! ?IRD VOLUME WAS PUBLI%$4 ,%AW C]TA9LY SUCCE$$ H]E 9 MAK+ ,HYNDMAN'S POSITION SEEM A TRIFLE RIDICUL\S1 ?\< ,HYNDMAN MI<T WELL D]IVE CONSOLATION FROM ! FACT ?AT PRACTICALLY ! :OLE SOCIALI/ WORLD WAS 9 ! SAME BOAT6 

,! ?IRD VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL1 ) ITS SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM ( ! RATE ( PR(IT 7! BASIC PROBLEM ( ,M>XI/ ECONOMICS71 DID NOT APPE> TILL #a#h#i#d4 ,BUT 9 ,G]MANY1 AS 9 ALL O!R L&S1 AGITATION HAD BE5 C>RI$ ON ) ! AID ( ! UNF9I%$ MAT]IAL CONTA9$ 9 ! FIR/ VOLUME2 ! ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E HAD BE5 POPUL>IZ$ & HAD F\ND ACCEPTANCE UPON ! BASIS ( ?IS FIR/ VOLUME ALONE2 ! SUCCESS ( ! 9COMPLETE ,M>XI/ !ORY HAD BE5 PH5OM5AL2 & NO ONE HAD BE5 AW>E ?AT !RE WAS ANY GAP 9 ! TEA*+4 

,FUR!RMORE1 :5 ! ?IRD VOLUME F9ALLY SAW ! LI<T1 :IL/ TO BEG9 ) IT ATTRACT$ SOME ATT5TION 9 ! RE/RICT$ CIRCLES ( ! EXP]TS1 & >\S$ H]E A C]TA9 AM\NT ( COMM5T - AS F> AS ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T AS A :OLE WAS CONC]N$1 ! NEW VOLUME MADE PRACTICALLY NO IMPRESSION 9 ! WIDE REGIONS :]E ! IDEAS EXP\ND$ 9 ! ORIG9AL BOOK HAD BECOME DOM9ANT4 ,! !ORETICAL CONCLUSION ( VOLUME #c HAVE NOT HI!RTO EVOK$ ANY ATTEMPT AT POPUL>IZATION1 NOR HAVE !Y SECUR$ WIDE DIFFUSION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 EV5 AMONG ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS WE SOMETIMES HE>1 N[ADAYS1 REE*OES ( ! 0DISAPPO9TM5T0 ) ! ?IRD VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL :I* IS SO FREQU5TLY VOIC$ BY B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S - & ?US ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS M]ELY %[ H[ FULLY !Y HAD ACCEPT$ ! 09COMPLETE0 EXPOSITION ( ! !ORY ( VALUE PRES5T$ 9 ! FIR/ VOLUME4 

,H[ CAN WE ACC\NT = SO REM>KABLE A PH5OM5ON8 

,%AW1 :O 7TO QUOTE HIS [N EXPRESSION7 IS FOND ( 0SNIGG]+0 AT O!RS1 MAY HAVE GOOD REASONS H]E1 = MAK+ FUN ( ! :OLE SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 9S(> AS IT IS GR\ND$ UPON ,M>X6 ,BUT IF HE W]E TO DO ?IS1 HE W\LD BE 0SNIGG]+0 AT A V]Y S]I\S MANIFE/ATION ( \R SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! /RANGE FATE ( ! SECOND & ?IRD VOLUMES ( ,CAPITAL IS CONCLUSIVE EVID5CE AS TO ! G5]AL DE/9Y ( !ORETICAL RESE>* 9 \R MOVEM5T4 

,FROM ! SCI5TIFIC /&PO9T1 ! ?IRD VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL MU/1 NO D\BT1 BE PRIM>ILY REG>D$ AS ! COMPLETION ( ,M>X'S CRITIC ( CAPITALISM4 ,)\T ?IS ?IRD VOLUME1 WE CANNOT UND]/&1 EI!R ! ACTUALLY DOM9ANT LAW ( ! RATE ( PR(IT2 OR ! SPLITT+ UP ( SURPLUS VALUE 9TO PR(IT1 9T]E/1 & R5T2 OR ! WORK+ ( ! LAW ( VALUE )9 ! FIELD ( COMPETITION4 ,BUT1 & ?IS IS ! MA9 PO9T1 ALL !SE PROBLEMS1 H[EV] IMPORTANT FROM ! \TLOOK ( ! PURE !ORY1 >E COMP>ATIVELY UNIMPORTANT FROM ! PRACTICAL \TLOOK ( ! CLASS W>4 ,AS F> AS ! CLASS W> IS CONC]N$1 ! FUNDAM5TAL !ORETICAL PROBLEM IS ! ORIG9 ( SURPLUS VALUE1 ?AT IS1 ! SCI5TIFIC EXPLANATION ( EXPLOITATION2 TOGE!R ) ! ELUCIDATION ( ! T5D5CIES T[>D ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 ?AT IS1 ! SCI5TIFIC EXPLANATION ( ! OBJECTIVE GR\NDWORK ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 

,BO? !SE PROBLEMS >E SOLV$ 9 ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL1 :I* D$UCES ! 0EXPROPRIATION ( ! EXPROPRIATORS0 AS ! 9EVITABLE & ULTIMATE RESULT ( ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE & ( ! PROGRESSIVE CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL4 ,!RE)1 AS F> AS !ORY IS CONC]N$1 ! ESS5TIAL NE$ ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T IS SATISFI$4 ,! WORK]S1 BE+ ACTIVELY 5GAG$ 9 ! CLASS W>1 HAVE NO DIRECT 9T]E/ 9 ! QUE/ION H[ SURPLUS VALUE IS DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! RESPECTIVE GR\PS ( EXPLOIT]S2 OR 9 ! QUE/ION H[1 9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS DI/RIBUTION1 COMPETITION BR+S AB\T RE>RANGEM5TS ( PRODUCTION4 

,?AT IS :Y1 = SOCIALI/S 9 G5]AL1 ! ?IRD VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL REMA9 AN UNREAD BOOK4 

,BUT1 9 \R MOVEM5T1 :AT APPLIES TO ,M>X'S ECONOMIC DOCTR9ES APPLIES TO !ORETICAL RESE>* 9 G5]AL4 ,IT IS PURE ILLUSION TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS1 9 ITS UPW>D /RIV+1 CAN ( ITS [N ACCORD BECOME IMMEASURABLY CREATIVE 9 ! !ORETICAL DOMA94 ,TRUE ?AT1 AS ,5GELS SAID1 ! WORK+ CLASS ALONE HAS TODAY PRES]V$ AN UND]/&+ ( & 9T]E/ 9 !ORY4 ,! WORK]S' CRAV+ = KN[L$GE IS ONE ( ! MO/ NOTEWOR?Y CULTURAL MANIFE/ATION ( \R DAY4 ,MORALLY1 TOO1 ! WORK+-CLASS /RUGGLE D5OTES ! CULTURAL R5OVATION ( SOCIETY4 ,BUT ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( ! WORK]S 9 ! M>* ( SCI5CE IS SUBJECT TO FULFILLM5T ( V]Y DEF9ITE SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 

,9 EV]Y CLASS SOCIETY1 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE 7SCI5CE & >T7 IS CREAT$ BY ! RUL+ CLASS2 & ! AIM ( ?IS CULTURE IS 9 P>T TO 5SURE ! DIRECT SATISFACTION ( ! NE$S ( ! SOCIAL PROCESS1 & 9 P>T TO SATISFY ! M5TAL NE$S ( ! MEMB]S ( ! GOV]N+ CLASS4 

,9 ! HI/ORY ( E>LI] CLASS /RUGGLES1 ASPIR+ CLASSES 7LIKE ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE 9 REC5T DAYS7 C\LD ANTICIPATE POLITICAL DOM9ION BY E/ABLI%+ AN 9TELLECTUAL DOM9ANCE1 9ASMU* AS1 :ILE !Y W]E /ILL SUBJUGAT$ CLASSES1 !Y C\LD SET UP A NEW SCI5CE & A NEW >T AGA9/ OBSOLETE CULTURE ( ! DECAD5T P]IOD4 

,! PROLET>IAT IS 9 A V]Y DIFF]5T POSITION4 ,AS A NONPOSSESS+ CLASS1 IT CANNOT 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS /RUGGLE UPW>DS SPONTANE\SLY CREATE A M5TAL CULTURE ( ITS [N :ILE IT REMA9S 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,)9 ?AT SOCIETY1 & SO LONG AS ITS ECONOMIC F\NDATIONS P]SI/1 !RE CAN BE NO O!R CULTURE ?AN A B\RGEOIS CULTURE4 ,AL?\< C]TA9 0SOCIALI/0 PR(ESSORS MAY ACCLAIM ! WE>+ ( NECKTIES1 ! USE ( VISIT+ C>DS1 & ! RID+ ( BICYCLES BY PROLET>IANS AS NOTABLE 9/ANCES ( P>TICIPATION 9 CULTURAL PROGRESS1 ! WORK+ CLASS AS SU* REMA9S \TSIDE CONTEMPOR>Y CULTURE4 ,NOT)/&+ ! FACT ?AT ! WORK]S CREATE ) !IR [N H&S ! :OLE SOCIAL SUB/RATUM ( ?IS CULTURE1 !Y >E ONLY ADMITT$ TO ITS 5JOYM5T 9S(> AS SU* ADMISSION IS REQUISITE TO ! SATISFACTORY P]=MANCE ( !IR FUNCTIONS 9 ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

,! WORK+ CLASS WILL NOT BE 9 A POSITION TO CREATE A SCI5CE & AN >T ( ITS [N UNTIL IT HAS BE5 FULLY EMANCIPAT$ FROM ITS PRES5T CLASS POSITION4 

,! UTMO/ IT CAN DO TODAY IS TO SAFEGU>D B\RGEOIS CULTURE FROM ! V&ALISM ( ! B\RGEOIS REACTION1 & CREATE ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS REQUISITE = A FREE CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,EV5 ALONG !SE L9ES1 ! WORK]S1 )9 ! EXTANT =M ( SOCIETY1 CAN ONLY ADVANCE 9S(> AS !Y CAN CREATE = !MSELVES ! 9TELLECTUAL WEAPONS NE$$ 9 !IR /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION4 

,BUT ?IS RES]VATION IMPOSES UPON ! WORK+ CLASS 7?AT IS TO SAY1 UPON ! WORK]S' 9TELLECTUAL LEAD]S7 V]Y N>R[ LIMITS 9 ! FIELD ( 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITIES4 ,! DOMA9 ( !IR CREATIVE 5]GY IS CONF9$ TO ONE SPECIFIC DEP>TM5T ( SCI5CE1 NAMELY SOCIAL SCI5CE4 ,=1 9ASMU* AS 0?ANKS TO ! PECULI> CONNECTION ( ! IDEA ( ! ,F\R? ,E/ATE ) \R HI/ORICAL EPO*01 5LI<T5M5T CONC]N+ ! LAWS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T HAS BECOME ESS5TIAL TO ! WORK]S 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 ?IS CONNECTION HAS BORNE GOOD FRUIT 9 SOCIAL SCI5CE1 & ! MONUM5T ( ! PROLET>IAN CULTURE ( \R DAYS IS - ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E4 

,BUT ,M>X'S CREATION1 :I* AS A SCI5TIFIC A*IEVEM5T IS A TITANIC :OLE1 TRANSC5DS ! PLA9 DEM&S ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE = :OSE PURPOSES IT WAS CREAT$4 ,BO? 9 HIS DETAIL$ & COMPREH5SIVE ANALYSIS ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 & 9 HIS ME?OD ( HI/ORICAL RESE>* ) ITS IMMEASURABLE FIELD ( APPLICATION1 ,M>X HAS (F]$ MU* MORE ?AN WAS DIRECTLY ESS5TIAL = ! PRACTICAL CONDUCT ( ! CLASS W>4 

,ONLY 9 PROPORTION AS \R MOVEM5T PROGRESSES1 & DEM&S ! SOLUTION ( NEW PRACTICAL PROBLEMS DO WE DIP ONCE MORE 9TO ! TREASURY ( ,M>X'S ?\<T1 9 ORD] TO EXTRACT !REFROM & TO UTILIZE NEW FRAGM5TS ( HIS DOCTR9E4 ,BUT S9CE \R MOVEM5T1 LIKE ALL ! CAMPAIGNS ( PRACTICAL LIFE1 9CL9ES TO GO ON WORK+ 9 OLD RUTS ( ?\<T1 & TO CL+ TO PR9CIPLES AFT] !Y HAVE CEAS$ TO BE VALID1 ! !ORETICAL UTILIZATION ( ! ,M>XI/ SY/EM PROCE$ V]Y SL[LY4 

,IF1 !N1 TODAY WE DETECT A /AGNATION 9 \R MOVEM5T AS F> AS !SE !ORETICAL MATT]S >E CONC]N$1 ?IS IS NOT BECAUSE ! ,M>XI/ !ORY UPON :I* WE >E N\RI%$ IS 9CAPABLE ( DEVELOPM5T OR HAS BECOME \T-(-DATE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS BECAUSE WE HAVE NOT YET LE>N$ H[ TO MAKE AN ADEQUATE USE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT M5TAL WEAPONS :I* WE HAD TAK5 \T ( ! ,M>XI/ >S5AL ON ACC\NT ( \R URG5T NE$ = !M 9 ! E>LY /AGES ( \R /RUGGLE4 ,IT IS NOT TRUE ?AT1 AS F> AS PRACTICAL /RUGGLE IS CONC]N$1 ,M>X IS \T-(-DATE1 ?AT WE HAD SUP]S$$ ,M>X4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,M>X1 9 HIS SCI5TIFIC CREATION1 HAS \T/RIPP$ US AS A P>TY ( PRACTICAL FI<T]S4 ,IT IS NOT TRUE ?AT ,M>X NO LONG] SUFFICES = \R NE$S4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 \R NE$S >E NOT YET ADEQUATE = ! UTILIZATION ( ,M>X'S IDEAS4 

,?US DO ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( PROLET>IAN EXI/5CE 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY1 CONDITIONS FIR/ ELUCIDAT$ BY ,M>XI/ !ORY1 TAKE V5GEANCE BY ! FATE !Y IMPOSE UPON ,M>XI/ !ORY ITSELF4 ,?\< ?AT !ORY IS AN 9COMP>ABLE 9/RUM5T ( 9TELLECTUAL CULTURE1 IT REMA9S UNUS$ BECAUSE1 :ILE T IS 9APPLICABLE TO B\RGEOIS CLASS CULTURE1 IT GREATLY TRANSC5DS ! NE$S ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! MATT] ( WEAPONS = ! DAILY /RUGGLE4 ,NOT UNTIL ! WORK+ CLASS HAS BE5 LIB]AT$ FROM ITS PRES5T CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE WILL ! ,M>XI/ ME?OD ( RESE>* BE SOCIALIZ$ 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! O!R MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 SO ?AT IT CAN BE FULLY UTILIZ$ = ! B5EFIT ( HUMANITY AT L>GE1 & SO ?AT IT CAN BE DEVELOP$ TO ! FULL MEASURE ( ITS FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #e1 #bba 3 ,/AGNATION & ,PROGRESS ( ,M>XISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,/AGNATION & ,PROGRESS ( ,M>XISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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