,/ATE ,CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA 

#aie 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,DMITRY ,DZHUS1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE  
,! PROBLEMS ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM 9 ,RUSSIA HAVE (T5 BE5 COMP>$ ) ?OSE CREAT$ BY REVOLUTION>Y ,FRANCE MORE ?AN A C5TURY & A HALF AGO4 ,AN UND]/&+ ( BO?1 IT IS SAID1 REQUIRES P]SPECTIVE4 ,HI/ORIANS >E REM9D$ ?AT ! YE>S HAVE DISSOLV$ ! ACRIMONY HEAP$ ON ! EV5TS ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION -- ?AT MORE 'GOOD' ?AN 'H>M' WAS DONE4 ,MU* ! SAME IS IMPLI$ = ,RUSSIA4 ,SUPPORT]S1 EV5 MILD CRITICS1 ( ! ,/AL9 REGIME TELL US ?AT SO 'NEW' A PH5OM5ON REQUIRES ! TE/ ( MANY G5]ATIONS1 ?AT ! JUDGM5T N\RI%$ BY IMM$IATE EV5TS1 BY 'PASS+' ABUSES1 MU/ BE SUSP5D$ UNTIL LA/+ \TL9ES APPE>4 ,9 PLACE ( ! YE>S & ( ABUSES 5G5D]$ BY 'EXP$I5CY'1 A VA/ !ORETICAL CORPUS HAS BE5 BR\<T TO ! SUPPORT ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,WE >E 9VIT$ TO EQUATE ! NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY TO PROGRESS2 ECONOMIC PLANN+ TO ! ELIM9ATION ( CRISES2 M\NT+ 9DICES 9 /EEL1 COAL & PETROLEUM PRODUCTION TO ! WELL-BE+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 FACT PROGRESSIVELY CONTRAV5ES !ORY4 ,! NATIONALIZATION ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY HAS NOT BE5 M>K$ BY ANY SORT ( SOCIAL PROGRESS4 ,RUSSIAN ECONOMIC PLANN+ -- SU* AS IT IS -- HAS %>P5$ CRISES KN[N TO ! CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,& ! M\NT+ 9DICES 9 HEAVY 9DU/RY 7LITTLE AS WE >E ACTUALLY P]MITT$ TO KN[ AB\T !M7 HAVE BE5 ACCOMPANI$ BY ABJECT MIS]Y & WORS5+ ( CONDITIONS = ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE4 ,TO ANYONE 9=M$ ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIAL LIFE1 ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 !ORY & REALITY HAS REA*$ NI<TM>I% PROPORTIONS4 

,MOREOV]1 JU/ AS !ORY HAS BE5 US$ TO DI/ORT ! MEAN+ ( EV5TS1 SO EV5TS HAVE REV5G$ !MSELVES ON !ORY4 ,! MO/ VULG> PRATTL+ HAS BE5 EMPLOY$ TO OV]RIDE ,RUSSIAN REALITY FROM ONE ASPECT OR ANO!R1 & ) IT1 ! MEANS = SOCIAL ANALYSIS ITSELF4 ,ONE HAS ONLY TO EXAM9E ! TORTUR$ IDEAS ( ,/AL9ISM & ITS SUPPORT]S ON ECONOMIC !ORY1 ES!TICS1 &1 (T5 5\<1 EV5 SCI5CE1 TO JUDGE ! :OLESALE MISAPPLICATION ( ?9K+ TO ALL QUE/IONS4 ,! %OE IS 9V>IABLY PLAC$ ON ! WRONG FOOT & ! ADH]5T IS 9VIT$ TO LIMP ?R\< A HO/ ( BROAD ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & CULTURAL1 AS WELL AS SPECIFICALLY ,RUSSIAN1 PROBLEMS4 ,IT BECOMES A SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY 9 EV]Y S5SE ( ! T]M TO BR+ FACT & !ORY 9TO ACCORD4 

,AL?\< OBJECTIVE & SY/EMATIC ACC\NTS HAVE BE5 AVAILABLE = SOME TIME1 !RE HAS BE5 A M>K$ FAILURE TO EMPLOY !M ADEQUATELY = ! PURPOSES ( G5]ALIZATION4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ,/AL9I/ !ORY WAS GIV5 ! SEMBLANCE ( A C]TA9 UNITY & COMPREH5SIV5ESS4 ,! RA!R POPUL> NOTION ?AT ,RUSSIA IS A 'MANAG]IAL SOCIETY' IS UNSATISFACTORY & />TS FROM ! SAME PREMISES AS ! ,/AL9I/ APPROA*4 ,BO? ASSUME ?AT ,RUSSIA REPRES5TS A HI/ORICALLY-NEW SOCIAL =MATION4 ,! 'MANAG]IAL !ORY'1 IT IS TRUE1 POSES A SIGNIFICANT ISSUE3 IF ! /ATE EX]CISES FULL CONTROL OV] ! ECONOMY1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO ASK -- ',:O CONTROLS ! /ATE8' ,TO ?IS QUE/ION1 ,/AL9I/ APOLOGI/S HAVE NO REPLY2 UNLESS WE >E TO GIVE S]I\S CR$5CE TO ! B5IGN '9T5TIONS' ( ! ,RUSSIAN LEAD]S OR TO ! CLAIM ?AT ,RUSSIA HAS ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC CON/ITUTION 9 ! WORLD4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! 'MANAG]IAL !ORY' EXPLA9S LITTLE ( ! 5]GIZ+ =CES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY3 ( ITS DYNAMICS & ( ,RUSSIAN EXPANSION ABROAD4 ,FROM SO PURELY NEGATIVE A DEF9ITION1 DEVELOP$ 9 REACTION TO ! 9CR$IBILITY ( ! ,/AL9I/ VIEW RA!R ?AN FROM A POSITIVE ELUCIDATION ( ! CONDITIONS ( ,RUSSIAN MAT]IAL LIFE1 IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO F9D S]I\S PO9TS ( DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A 'MANAG]IAL SOCIETY' &1 = EXAMPLE1 ,PTOLEMAIC ,EGYPT4 ,! POSITION FAILS TO BR+ ANY?+ 9TO RELIEF -- IT LACKS AN EXPLANATION ( ANY?+ ?AT IS SOCIALLY DI/9CTIVE4 

,BUT IF ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY IS NOT TO BE REG>D$ AS A 'NEW' HI/ORICAL /AGE1 :AT DOES IT REPRES5T8 

,! CONT5TION MADE H]E IS ?AT ,RUSSIA IS 9TEGRALLY TI$ TO CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 ?AT ITS SOCIAL SY/EM MAY BE CALL$ /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,SU* A JUDGM5T FOLL[S FROM TWO CONSID]ATIONS4 ,! FIR/ & MO/ G5]AL IS ! 5TIRE PROCESS ( WORLD CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,! B>B>IZATION ( SOCIETY1 SO GRAPHICALLY REPRES5T$ BY ,FASCISM & ITS ,/AL9I/ PR$ECESSOR1 IS AN*OR$ 9 ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT REQUIRES ABSOLUTELY NO DEP>TURE FROM AN ANALYSIS ( CAPITALI/ RETROGRESSION TO EXPLA9 ALL ! PH5OM5A ( ,/AL9ISM4 ,9 PO9T ( FACT1 ,RUSSIA REFLECTS ?IS DECL9E 9 EV]Y FEATURE4 ,! SECOND & MORE SPECIFIC CONSID]ATION IS ! BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS HI/ORICALLY-RET>D$ DEVELOPM5T1 SUFFICE TO SAY = ! PRES5T1 CANNOT BE REG>D$ AS A BAG ( EXCUSES = JU/IFY+ 'CONTEMPOR>Y EXCESSES' OR1 :AT AM\NTS TO ! SAME ?+1 = KEEP+ ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY 9 SUSP5D$ ANIMATION -- FREE FROM ! COMPULSION ( SOCIAL LAW4 ,! '9T5TIONS' OR WI%ES ( ! ,/AL9 LEAD]%IP -- :ATEV] !Y MAY BE -- MAY BE DISREG>D$4 ,UND] CAPITALISM1 BACKW>DNESS HAS ITS [N LAWS1 BY :I* ,RUSSIA1 LIKE ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY & ,SPA9 7EA* 9 A C]TA9 S5SE7 >E REL5TLESSLY GOV]N$4 

,A DISCUSSION ( ,RUSSIA AS A /ATE CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 !RE=E1 PRES5TS ! *ALL5GE ( L>GE ISSUES4 ,AT EV]Y PO9T1 ! ANALYSIS L5DS ITSELF TO HOMOLOG\S DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,5GL&1 ,AM]ICA -- 9DE$1 9 ! 5TIRETY ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,CONCRETELY1 !RE IS ALMO/ NO SPECIAL />T+ PLACE4 ,DEVELOPM5TS 9 WE/]N ,EUROPE1 AMONG ! 'DEMOCRACIES'1 SUGGE/ ! SAME PROBLEMS ?AT 9 ,RUSSIA HAVE A*IEV$ ONLY GREAT] POIGNANCY4 

,NATIONALIZATION & ! ,BACKGR\ND ( ,RUSSIAN ,CAPITALISM 

,RUSSIA TO-DAY HAS A NATIONALIZ$ &1 ALLEG$LY1 PLANN$ ECONOMY4 ,?IS HAS1 BY COMMON CONS5T1 BE5 REG>D$ AS ! UNIQUE *>ACT]I/IC ( ,/AL9I/ SOCIETY2 AT ONCE ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE FROM CAPITALISM & ITS MO/ 'PROGRESSIVE' FEATURE4 ,PLANN+ IS1 AT MO/1 A CLAIM & MAY1 = ! MOM5T1 BE PUT ASIDE4 ,! NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 H[EV]1 REMA9S 9DISPUTABLE4 ,! QUE/ION AT ISSUE IS3 :Y IS 9DU/RIAL NATIONALIZATION1 P] SE1 NON-CAPITALI/ OR PROGRESSIVE8 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT NATIONALIZATION1 AT LEA/ JURIDICALLY1 PRECLUDES ! 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP ( 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES4 ,& SU* 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP HAS BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) CAPITALISM & ITS CONSEQU5CES -- MORE G5]ALLY1 ) PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT MANY CIVILIZATIONS HAVE BE5 KN[N :]E /ATE [N]%IP ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 = ONE REASON OR ANO!R1 BECAME ! DOM9ANT ECONOMIC 9/ITUTION )\T 9 ANY CONCEIVABLE S5SE ELIM9AT+ PROBLEMS 5G5D]$ BY 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY4 ,PRIVATE PROP]TY REMA9$ 9 ! REAL S5SE ?AT ! CONTROL ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES YIELD$ ! RELATIVELY AUTONOM\S DECISIONS ?AT *>ACT]IZE 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP4 

,! PO9T TO BE MADE IS ?AT ! APP>5T ECONOMIC RELATION%IP ( M5 TO ! PRODUCTIVE =CES MU/ BE EXPLA9$ BY ! ECONOMIC RELATION%IP BETWE5 M54 ,AT ALL TIMES1 ( C\RSE1 A C]TA9 TE*NOLOGICAL LEVEL IS PRESUPPOS$4 ,HUNT]S1 = EXAMPLE1 CANNOT BE EXPECT$ TO E/ABLI% FEUDAL SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,BUT TO BORR[ AGA9 FROM ! FRUITFUL ANALOGY ( ! ANCI5T WORLD1 ! FEUDAL SOCIAL RELATIONS ( ,EGYPT DOM9AT$ ! TRANSITIONS FROM ! C5TRALIZ$1 /ATE-[N$ L&S ( ! ,OLD ,K+DOM1 ?R\< ! SOME:AT ATOMIZ$ ,MIDDLE ,K+DOM1 9TO ! ,EMPIRE & COMPLETELY C5TRALIZ$ ECONOMY ( ! ,HELL5I/IC ,AGE4 ,?R\<\T1 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! BROAD MASS ( S]FS & ! RUL+ NOBILITY & PRIE/HOOD REMA9$ SAME4 ,AL?\< !SE *ANGES MET MANY REAL NE$S1 FEUDAL PROBLEMS & RELATIONS P]SI/$ & DOM9AT$ ,EGYPTIAN SOCIETY4 

,! PO9T BEH9D ?IS ANALOGY CAN BE V]IFI$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 

,IF ,EUROPEAN CAPITALISM ( ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES HAD ROOM = DEVELOPM5T1 ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM1 DUE TO ITS BELAT$ APPE>ANCE1 C\LD F9D LITTLE SU/5ANCE 9 A PREC>I\S WORLD M>KET OV]CR[D$ BY SUP]IOR RIVALS1 & 9 AN 9T]NAL M>KET 9HIBIT$ BY FEUDAL RELATIONS4 ,TRUE1 ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM DID NOT RECAPITULATE ! 9DU/RIAL & POLITICAL HI/ORY ( ,EUROPE4 ,FROM ! />T1 IT WAS 9 POSSESSION ( A TE*NICALLY-ADVANC$ & HI<LY CONC5TRAT$ PLANT4 ,BUT FROM ! NATURE ( ! SITUATION1 ?IS CONTA9$ AS MANY DISADVANTAGES AS ADVANTAGES4 ,ALONGSIDE ! PEASANT1 HUNG]+ = L& ( HIS [N1 WAS ADD$ ! F]M5T ( ! NEW LABOR+ CLASSES1 TO :I* ! 9SECURE1 RE/RICT$ B\RGEOISIE WAS 9CAPABLE ( GRANT+ RE=MS4 ,FE>+ ITS [N MASSES1 CONF9$ BY WORLD IMP]IALISM :I* CLUNG DESP]ATELY 7AS ! G5]AL SITUATION WORS5$7 TO PRIVILEGES ACQUIR$ 9 AN E>LI] P]IOD1 9CAPABLE AS A RESULT ( ITS WEAKNESS ( EFFECTIVELY =C+ ITS WAY 9TO ! P]PETUAL RACE = M>KETS1 ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOISIE WAS COMPELL$ TO CEM5T MANY ( ITS TIES ) ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 ?IS WAS A S\RCE ( EXTREME FRU/RATION4 ,! REGIME & NOBILITY HAD ITS [N FI% TO FRY1 & ! RELATION%IP (T5 PRES5T$ ! *>ACT] ( TWO DOGS %>+ A BONE4 ,BUT IF ! B\RGEOISIE G5]ALLY /RIVES TO SECURE ITSELF BY CONC5TRATION & MONOPOLI/IC PRACTICES1 ! N>R[ M>G9 ( 9DU/RIAL SURVIVAL IMP]ATIVELY DICTAT$ ! =MATION ( GREAT COMB9ES 9 ,RUSSIA ?AT 9CREAS+LY P>ALLEL$ & M]G$ ) ! /ATE4 ,! TWO ACT$ UPON EA* O!R3 AS CONDITIONS WORS5$ 9 ! RESPECTIVE SPH]E ( EA*1 AN 9T]P5ETRATION T5D$ TO OCCUR4.<#a.> 

,!SE W]E ! T5D5CIES ( PRE-REVOLUTION>Y CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y MU/ NOT BE MI/AK5 = A FAIT ACCOMPLI4 ,QU>RELS1 DIFF]5CES AS TO WAYS & MEANS1 ET]NAL EXASP]ATION ) ! 9EFFICI5CY ( ,CZ>ISM PRECIPITAT$ BITT] & (T5 VIOL5T CONTROV]SIES4 ,LURK+ BEH9D !SE DIFF]5CES LAY ! PROSPECT ( AN 9T]NAL M>KET1 FREE FROM FEUDAL RE/RICTIONS4 ,BUT LURK+ BEH9D ?IS M>KET WAS ! FE> ( A ,JACQU]IE & AN URBAN UPRIS+ :I* V>I\SLY -- BUT1 ON ! :OLE1 NEGATIVELY -- COLOR$ ! POLITICAL ACTIVITY ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM4 

,! FOCUS ( ALL ,RUSSIAN POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 ( C\RSE1 WAS ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,C\LD ! B\RGEOISIE 'IMITATE' ITS ,FR5* BRE?R5 & GIVE ! L& TO ! PEASANTS8 ,9 PO9T ( FACT1 ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE HAD NOT LIQUIDAT$ ! L& PROBLEM4 ,! BREAKD[N ( ! FEUDAL E/ATES WAS CONSUMMAT$ BY ! ,JACOB9S AT ! CO/ ( BLOODY CONFLICTS ) ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,ROBESPI]RE1 ,DANTON & ,HEB]T1 ! REVOLUTION HAD OV]-EXT5D$ ITSELF1 GA9+ AN 9DISP5SABLE M>G9 = ! PLAY ( RADICAL SOCIAL =CES4 ,9 SO DO+1 IT MANAG$ TO OV]RIDE ! FE>S1 RURAL 9T]E/S & N>R[ CONS]VATISM ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT AFT]W>DS ! REVOLUTION RETR5*$1 RETREAT+ TO ! ONLY =MS POSSIBLE AT ! TIME4 

,?IS1 IT MI<T BE SUPPOS$1 C\LD ALSO PROVIDE A MODEL = ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,! P>TIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN 'SANS-CULOTTES' W\LD 5DEAVOR TO E/ABLI% A RADICAL DEMOCRACY1 L>GELY OV] & AGA9/ ! REACTION>Y SUMMITS ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM4 ,L& W\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! PEASANTS & IMPROV$ WORK+ CONDITIONS 9TRODUC$ 9 9DU/RY4 ,! B\RGEOISIE1 NO D\BT1 W\LD FUME & /ORM4 ,IT MI<T 5DEAVOR TO RAISE ANO!R ,LYONS & ! NOBILITY1 C]TA9LY1 ANO!R ,V5DEE4 ,BUT ! ECONOMIC AXIS ( SU* A REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY BE ! FULL EXT5SION ( CAPITALI/ RELATIONS TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,ITS MO/ OBVI\S RESULT3 ! CREATION ( A FIRM PEASANTRY AT ! EXP5SE ( ! FEUDAL ELEM5TS4 

,C]TA9 %>P DIFF]5CES1 H[EV]1 >E EVID5T4 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION OCCURR$ 9 #a#g#h#i3 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,! TWO W]E SEP>AT$ BY A C5TURY & A QU>T] ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION CO9CID$ ) ! FIR/ UPSW+ ( ! DEVELOPM5T2 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ) ITS DECL9E & RETROGRESSION4 ,BO? ASPECTS ( ! CYCLE W]E PLANT$ 9 !SE EV5TS4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION MI<T GIVE AN 9ITIAL -- P]HAPS NOT 9CONSID]ABLE -- IMPETUS TO 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY4 ,AT WOR/1 CONDITIONS W\LD PORT5D ! TUG-(-W> & 9/ABILITY FOLL[+ ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,SPANI% MON>*Y 9 #a#i#c#a4 ,BUT UND] B\RGEOIS CONDITIONS1 9/ABILITY 9 ,RUSSIA WAS 9EVITABLE4 ,! :OLE *>ACT] ( WORLD ECONOMIC CONDITIONS NURTUR$ ! P]SI/5CE & EV5TUAL GR[? ( CONDITIONS ?AT W]E ALREADY CLE>LY 9 FOCUS DUR+ ! LA/ YE>S ( ,CZ>ISM4 ,9 EFFECT1 ?IS MEANT 9CREAS+ MONOPOLIZATION1 /ATE 9T]V5TION TO SUPPORT SAGG+ 9DU/RIES &1 F9ALLY1 ! NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY & TOTALIT>IAN POLIC+ ( ! /&>D ( LIV+4 

,?IS IS ESS5TIALLY ! GAMUT ( ,RUSSIAN EV5TS AFT] #a#i#a#g4 ,! CONDITIONS ( ! W> PRECIPITAT$ A LONG /&+ CRISIS1 PU%+ ! FEUDAL SY/EM 9TO ! ABYSS4 ,!Y S]V$ TO >\SE HOPES 9 ! ,L59 GR\P ?AT ! 9EVITABLE OV]-EXT5SION ( ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION W\LD BE CONSOLIDAT$ ECONOMICALLY BY A DIFF]5T TYPE ( REVOLUTION 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! EBB ( ! ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 LEFT ! ,BOL%EVI/S ) LITTLE MORE ?AN :AT !Y HAD 9 ANY CASE3 NAMELY1 A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY R\ND$ \T BY L& SEIZURES 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! FACT WAS CLE>LY ACKN[L$G$ BY ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY ( #a#i#b#a4 ,AN OP5 M>KET WAS NOT ONLY RECOGNIZ$1 BUT !RE IS EV]Y 9DICATION TO BELIEVE ?AT A POLICY ( TOL]AT+ SMALL M]*ANT & 9DIVIDUAL PEASANT 5T]PRISES WAS CALCULAT$ = A L5G? ( TIME GREAT] ?AN P]MITT$ IT BY ! ,/AL9 REGIME4.<#b.> ,! NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 :ILE PRECIPITATELY 9TRODUC$ ON ! /R5G? ( O!R1 MORE RADICAL HOPES -- AS WELL1 IT MAY BE AGRE$1 AS MANY IMM$IATE EXP$I5CIES ACCEL]AT$ -- AN ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T :I* CONFRONT$ ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM 9 ANY CASE4 

,!RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ?AT WE >E SIMPLIFY+ EV5TS :I* MI<T HAVE AT LEA/ RET>D$ ! DEP? ( TOTALIT>IAN DEVELOPM5T 9 ,RUSSIA HAD A DIFF]5T 9SI<T PREVAIL$4 ,9 ,5GL&1 = EXAMPLE1 WE >E WITNESS+ MU* ! SAME L9E ( DEVELOPM5T = 9DU/RY4 ,LEFT TO ITSELF1 ,BRITI% CAPITALISM IS APP>5TLY MOV+ ) LESS ( AN $GE ?AN DID ! ,/AL9I/ REACTION ( #a#i#b#e-#g4 ,! POSSIBILITIES = 9T]V5TION >E MORE PRON\NC$ ?AN = ,RUSSIA DUR+ ?OSE YE>S4 ,FUR!R SPECULATION AS TO ! C\RSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 CAN BE LEFT TO ?OSE :O >E LIV+ )1 RA!R ?AN LE>N+ FROM1 ! PA/4 ,IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO /RESS1 H]E1 ! FULL CO9CID5CE ( 9DU/RIAL NATIONALIZATION ) ! 5TIRE BACKGR\ND ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,! PRES5CE ( CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA DEP5DS NOT ON NATIONALIZATION P] SE -- :I* MAY REFLECT REACTION & RETROGRESSION AS WELL AS PROGRESS -- BUT ON O!R FACTORS1 :I* ACCORD+LY MAKE = ONE OR ! O!R4.<#c.> 

,CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA 

,! BURD5 ( ANY DISCUSSION ( ,RUSSIA AS A /ATE CAPITALI/ SOCIETY DEVOLVES UPON ?REE ISSUES3 ! EXI/5CE & WEI<T ( COMPETITION1 ! AN>*Y BR$ BY ! ',PLAN'1 & ! DIFFICULTIES1 DISPROPORTIONS & CRISES 9 REPRODUCTION CREAT$ BY COMPETITION = S\RCES ( RAW MAT]IAL & SKILL$ LABOR4 ,! CONSEQU5CES ( !SE PROBLEMS1 EV5 IF CONSID]$ ONLY BY !MSELVES1 >E RAMIFI$ ?R\< ALL *ANNELS ( ! ECONOMY ) GR[+ 9T5SITY & REA* !IR SUMMIT 9 'FACTIONAL' /RUGGLES1 DISPUTES1 LIQUIDATIONS & REGR\P+S ?AT -- LIKE ! 9CESSANT JOCKEY+ = P[] AMONG CAPITALI/ GR\PS 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA -- HAVE BECOME *>ACT]I/IC ( ,RUSSIAN LIFE4 ,! /ATE1 SUPPORT+ ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE1 REFLECT+ BY ITS FUNCTION ! WEAKNESS ( ! 5TIRE ECONOMIC /RUCTURE1 BECOMES ! >5A 9 :I* ! MALADJU/M5TS ( ! SY/EM TAKE =M4 ,IT IS NOT SO MU* A ',PLAN' ?AT PASSES BETWE5 ! MANAG]S1 SUPPLY AG5CIES1 ,GLAVKS 7,GLAVKS >E ADM9I/RATIVE BO>DS DIRECTLY BEL[ ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>IATS74 & ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>IATS1 AS ANTAGONISMS & RIVALRIES BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/S & BLOCS ( CAPITALI/S ATTEMPT+ TO SECURE & ADVANCE !IR POSITIONS4.<#d.> 

,9 !ORY1 ! ,RUSSIAN MANAG] IS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE V]Y LITTLE 9DEP5D5CE4 ,DR4 ,M>%AK DESCRIBES ! POSITION ( ! MANAG] AS FOLL[S3 

',! ,SOVIET MANAG] IS UNABLE TO MANIPULATE FREELY ! SIZE ( HIS PLANT OR HIS 9V5TORIES4 ,NOR CAN HE TAKE ADVANTAGE ( M>KET SITUATIONS1 CURR5T OR PROSPECTIVE1 BY B>GA9+ ) S\RCES ( SUPPLIES OR ) CU/OM]S = BETT] PRICES1 OR BY W9N+ CU/OM]S ?R\< L[ PRICES1 & S\RCES ( SUPPLIES ?R\< HI< ONES4 ,TO BE SURE1 ) SUPPLY *RONICALLY LAGG+ BEH9D DEM&1 IT W\LD 9 ANY CASE BE PO9TLESS = A MANAG] TO R$UCE PRICES 9 ORD] TO W9 CU/OM]S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 TO W9 PREF]5CE = A S\RCE ( SUPPLIES BY BIDD+ UP PRICES = RAW MAT]IALS W\LD NOT BE PO9TLESS4 -- ,BUT IT IS =BIDD54'.<#e.> 

,RUSSIAN LAW1 OR ! (FICIAL ADM9I/RATION ( 9DU/RY1 SUGGE/S AN EV5 MORE SEV]E PICTURE4 ,SALES CONTRACTS1 PLANT PROP]TY1 PRODUCTION & LABOR EFFICI5CY NORMS1 ! NUMB] ( WORK]S TO BE EMPLOY$1 AV]AGE E>N+S & ! ANNUAL PAYROLL -- 9 FACT1 NE>LY EV]Y DETAIL ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROCESS IS SUPPOS$ TO REQUIRE /ATE APPROVAL4 ,:]E ?IS IS NOT PURE JURIDICAL FICTION1 IT AF=DS A RE/RICT$ PICTURE4 ,IT W\LD BE SURPRIS+ TO CONCLUDE ?AT ALL ELEM5TS 9 ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM REFLECT A HOMOG5E\S PATT]N ( /ATUS & ECONOMIC CONTROL4 ,! CAPITALI/S ( ,RUSSIA1 LIKE ?OSE ELSE:]E1 MA9TA9 V>IEGAT$ RELATION%IPS AMONG !MSELVES4 ,MANY >E SUBJECT TO ! CRASS AU?ORITY ( HI<] ELEM5TS4 ,O!RS1 PROBABLY MANAG]S ( L>GE1 HEAVY 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES1 >E RELATIVELY 9DEP5D5T4 ,ASSUR$LY1 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S1 ! ,M9I/]S & ?OSE :O >E SO SITUAT$ AS S]I\SLY TO 9FLU5CE ! P[] RELATION%IPS BETWE5 COMPET+ BLOCS1 CORRESPOND TO ! MONOPOLI/S & COMM&+ B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS ( WE/]N CAPITALI/ /ATES4 ,DIFF]5T 'FRAMES ( REF]5CE'1 !RE=E1 EXHIBIT DIFF]5T VIEWS4 ,TO A PURELY JURIDICAL M9D1 ,G]MAN & ,RUSSIAN ECONOMIC REGULATIONS SEEM TO AGREE PO9T BY PO9T4 ,IF WE W]E NOT FAMILI> ) ! CLE>LY CAPITALI/IC NATURE ( ! ,G]MAN ECONOMY UND] ,HITL]1 ,NAZI LAW W\LD 5G5D] ! BELIEF ?AT ! ,G]MAN ECONOMY REFLECTS SOME SORT ( 'MANAG]IAL SOCIETY'4 ,FROM ! /&PO9T ( LESS] MANAG]S1 OR ?OSE :O HAVE NOT F]RET$ \T ! POSSIBILITIES 9H]5T 9 ANY GIV5 SITUATION1 ! FULL BURD5 ( ! TOTALIT>IAN REGULATIONS DESC5DS ON !IR %\LD]S4 ,TO BE SURE1 ,/AL9I/ SOCIETY IS MORE C5TRALIZ$ ?AN ELSE:]E4 ,BUT BY ! SAME TOK51 9FLU5CE1 P[]1 EXPLOITATION & COMPETITION IS MORE SEV]E4 

,IT W\LD BE ABSOLUTELY UNP>DONABLE & SUP]FICIAL TO DISC\NT ! 9FLU5CE ( ! PLANT MANAG] AS A MEMB] ( ! ,P>TY1 HIS CONNECTIONS 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! C\NTLESS TRICKS & MANEUV]S 9CLUD$ 9 SU* RELATION%IPS4 ,BUT EV5 ACCORD+ TO JURIDICAL >RANGEM5TS1 ! MANAG] IS NO M]E AUTOMATON ( ! PLANN+ BODIES & /ATE4 ,BI5/OCK1 DISCUSS+ ! GR[? & RECOGNITION ( MANAG]IAL 9DEP5D5CE1 WRITES3 ',MO/ IMPORTANT1 ! MANAG] BECAME ! ONLY P]SON RESPONSIBLE = ! OP]ATION ( ! PLANT 9 ALL ITS SUBDIVISIONS4 ,! MANAG]'S AU?ORITY )9 ! PLANT HAS 9CREAS$4 ,HE RULES ! :OLE PRODUCTION PROCESS1 BE>S RESPONSIBILITY = ! TE*NOLOGICAL PROCESS1 = QUANTITATIVE FULFILLM5T ( ! PLAN1 & = ! QUALITY ( ! GOODS PRODUC$4 444 '.<#f.> ,S9CE #a#i#c#h1 A S9K+ FUND IS )DRAWN FROM PLANT \TPUT -- E/IMAT$ AT AB\T #e P]C5T ( 9ITIAL CAPITAL VALUE -- #d TO #f P]C5T ( :I* IS AT ! MANAG]'S DISPOSAL = CAPITAL REPLACEM5T AS WELL AS REPAIRS4 ,! MANAG]1 EV5 ACCORD+ TO ECONOMIC REGULATIONS1 DISPOSES ( CONSID]ABLE RES\RCES AT ANY GIV5 PLANT LEVEL4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! LURE ( A MORE COMM&+ POSITION1 9 A C\NTRY :]E DISPROPORTIONS 9 9COME >E MAT*$ ONLY BY ! EXTREMITIES ( WANT1 CREATES & EV5 NECESSITATES BITT] COMPETITION = FUR!R ACCESS TO SU* RES\RCES4 

,! POSITION ( ! ,RUSSIAN MANAG] GA9S GREAT] REALITY :5 ! AU?ORITY HE POSSESSES IS DYNAMIZ$ BY ! ACTUAL RELATION%IP ( PLANT PRODUCTION TO ! ',PLAN'4 

,PLANN+ 9 ,RUSSIA HAS EI!R BE5 GROSSLY EXAGG]AT$ OR TOTALLY MISUND]/OOD4 ,?IS HAS1 9 SO MANY WORDS1 BE5 ADMITT$ 9 ! DAY TO DAY REPORTS ( ! ,RUSSIAN PRESS ITSELF -- ALL !ORETICAL PRONUNCIAM5TOS & CONSID]ATIONS ASIDE4 ',\R PLANN+ IS /ILL TO A GREAT EXT5T CL]ICAL & /ATI/ICAL WORK'1 REPORTS ,MEIZ5B]G1 'ABSOLUTELY DIVORC$ FROM ECONOMIC PRACTICE4'.<#g.> ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 ,BI5/OCK OBS]VES3 ',! PRACTICE ( PLANN+ HAS GRADUALLY BR\<T ! LEAD]S ( ,SOVIET ECONOMY TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT TASKS SET BY PLAN MU/ BE ADJU/$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) PRACTICE1 ?AT PLANN+ CANNOT BE CONF9$ TO ORD]S BUT REQUIRES CONT9UAL *ECK+ 9 EV]Y PHASE ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 !ORY1 !SE RULES W]E =MULAT$ UNEQUIVOCALLY1 LONG AGO4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 PR9CIPLES W]E NOT APPLI$ UNTIL ! \TBREAK ( W> 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#d#a4'.<#h.> ,! REM>K GA9S SIGNIFICANCE BECAUSE IT IS N[ KN[N ?AT1 IF ANY?+1 PLANN+ WAS CONSID]ABLY RELAX$ DUR+ ! W> CONDITIONS4 ,ON AN E>LI] PAGE1 ! SAME WRIT] NOTES ?AT ',MANY PLANTS HAVE BE5 GIV5 ! 9ITIATIVE 9 WORK+ \T !IR [N PRODUCTION PROGRAMS 9 L9E ) DIRECTIVES ( ! PREVI\S YE>S1 )\T WAIT+ = NEW ORD]S FROM ABOVE2 !Y TRANSMIT !IR PROGRAMS TO ! ,GLAVK OR DIRECTLY TO ! ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>IAT4 ,! ,GLAVK *ECKS &1 IF NECESS>Y *ANGES PLANS1 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT SUPPLY POSSIBILITIES UNKN[N TO ! PLANT1 ! POSSIBILITY ( COOP]ATION BETWE5 PLANTS1 F9ANCIAL RES\RCES1 REGIONAL NE$S1 ETC4'.<#i.> 

,! ,RUSSIAN MANAG] MU/ OP]ATE \TSIDE ! ',PLAN'4 ',COMMODITY FUNDS 7/OCKS7 >E (T5 APPORTION$ ONLY FIVE OR SIX DAYS BE=E ! BEG9N+ ( A QU>T]3 0REALIZATION0 7DELIV]Y7 IS SOMETIMES GREATLY DELAY$4 ,ORD9>ILY1 DELIV]Y IS OBTA9$ ONLY T[>DS ! 5D ( A QU>T]1 SAY 9 ITS LA/ ?REE OR F\R WEEKS4 ,! AM\NT ( GOODS APPORTION$ = A QU>T] IS ALMO/ BEL[ A PLANT'S REAL NE$S1 BECAUSE ! ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>IAT & ,GLAVK USUALLY FE> ?AT ! MANAG]'S APPLICATION = GOODS1 ESPECIALLY SC>CE MAT]IALS1 IS EXAGG]AT$4' 7,BI5/OCK -- \R EMPHASIS1 ,M4,S47.<#a.> ,AGA93 ',TO OBTA9 GOODS1 HE 7! MANAG]7 MU/ (T5 S5D REPRES5TATIVES TO SUPPLY+ FACTORIES OR TO AG5CIES ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>IATS & ,GLAVKS4 ,MANY PLANTS HAVE P]MAN5T REPRES5TATIVES 9 ,MOSC[ OR O!R SUPPLY C5T]S ) ! SPECIAL TASK ( SECUR+ ! TIMELY SUPPLY ( GOODS1 ( 0PU%+0 ORD]S = MAT]IALS1 ( >RANG+ %IPM5TS1 ETC4 ,&1 ( C\RSE1 ! PLANT MANAGEM5T MU/ MA9TA9 A /ORAGE ORGANIZATION4 ,A PLANT MANAG] :O DOES NOT GET NE$$ GOODS 9 TIME IS (T5 COMPELL$ TO BREAK RULES & SEEK NEW WAYS TO SUPPLY HIS PLANT4 ,!RE IS ?US A CONTRADICTION BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE4 ,!ORY HAS1 REC5TLY TAK5 A FEW /EPS T[>D PRACTICE1 E4G41 ! DIRECT AGREEM5TS4'.<#a#a.> ,! AU?OR CITES SEV]AL EXAMPLES TO ILLU/RATE ! MAGNITUDE ( !SE PROBLEMS 7&1 WE MAY ADD1 OP]ATIONS74 ' 0,DUR+ ! FIR/ EI<T MON?S ( #a#i#d1 ! ,TRACTOR ,WORKS SP5T #b1 RUBLES ON TELEGRAMS & #b#e1 RUBLES ON TRAVEL+ EXP5SES40 ,! SAME /ORY WAS TOLD HALF A YE> LAT] ( ANO!R GIANT PLANT1 ! ,RO/OV ,WORKS = ,AGRICULTURAL ,5G9E]+4 444'.<#a#b.> ,9 ! C\RSE ( SEV]AL >TICLES ON ,RUSSIA 9 ! ,H]ALD ,TRIBUNE1 ,NEWMAN CITES ,IZVE/IA TO ! EFFECT ?AT ONE ?IRD ( ! T5 ?\S& DAILY >RIVALS 9 ,MOSC[ BY RAILWAY & PLANE W]E ON 'UNNECESS>Y' GOV]NM5T BUS9ESS4 ,IZVE/IA MAKES ! ACCUSATION ?AT !SE >RIVALS WA/E MILLIONS ( RUBLES 9 SPREES & EXCURSIONS4 

,AN 5TIRE BODY ( M>KET RELATIONS UND]LIES ! REPRODUCTIVE ME*ANISM ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BI5/OCK1 ! '444 TURN-OV] ( MANY SUPPLY ORGANIZATIONS1 P>TICUL>LY LOCAL (FICES1 IS SO 9SIGNIFICANT ?AT !Y >E COMPELL$ TO TRANSGRESS !IR JURISDICTION TO JU/IFY !IR EXI/5CE4 ,!Y BUY MAT]IALS & EQUIPM5T NOT NE$$ 9 !IR [N BRAN* ( 9DU/RY & SELL TO PLANTS ( O!R BRAN*ES4 ,!Y BECOME1 9 A S5SE1 ORD9>Y DEAL]S4'.<#a#c.> ,! REPORTS ?AT CONSI/5TLY APPE> 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,PRESS >E ONLY A SURFACE PICTURE ( IDLE PLANTS OR FACTORIES WORK+ F> UND] CAPACITY1 :ILE GOODS & RAW MAT]IALS CIRCULATE ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY )\T ANY APP>5T DE/9ATION 444 O!R1 UND\BT$LY1 ?AN A PR(ITABLE BUY]4 ,! 9CID5TS >E NOTORI\S1 FREQU5TLY EMBRAC+ SOME ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9DU/RIAL PROJECTS ( ! ,/AL9I/ REGIME4 ,AN EXAMPLE CIT$ BY ,BI5/OCK IS WOR? QUOT+ 9 FULL3 ',ON #cRD ,JUNE1 #a#i#c#h1 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S ISSU$ A DECREE CONC5TRAT+ SALE ( F]R\S METALS 9 A NEW ,BO>D4 ,SOME SIX MON?S LAT]1 ! HEAD ( ?IS BO>D1 ,S4 ,VOLIKOV1 COMPLA9$ AB\T 09DIVIDUALI/IC ME?ODS0 ( PROCUR+ METALS4 ,METALS W]E S5T FROM ONE 5D ( ! ,UNION TO ! O!R )\T REASON OR PLAN4 ,(T5 L>GE QUANTITIES W]E BR\<T FROM ! ,URALS OR ,KRIVOI ,ROG 7,UKRA9E7 TO ,MOSC[ AS A /ORAGE & SUPPLY C5T]1 ONLY TO RETRACE A PORTION ( ! ORIG9AL R\TE TO GET TO A CONSUM]4'.<#a#d.> ,H[ (T58 ,H[ 'L>GE' W]E ! QUANTITIES8 ,VOLIKOV1 APP>5TLY1 DID NOT SAY4 ,BUT LIKE ! DAILY 'SPREES' TO ,MOSC[ 7& ONLY TO ,MOSC[87 !RE IS GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT SU* '9FRACTIONS' >E 5ORM\S2 9 \R OP9ION1 DECISIVE4 ,H>RY ,S*W>TZ1 = EXAMPLE1 REC5TLY REPORT$ 9 ! ,N4,Y4 ,TIMES ?AT COMPLA9TS 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,PRESS 9DICATE ONE-?IRD 7ANO!R ?IRD7 ( ! SECRET>IES ( COLLECTIVE F>MS 9 ! ,UKRA9E W]E TRANSGRESS+ ! RI<TS ( COLLECTIVE F>M MEMB]S 9 'VIOLATION' ( ! LAW4 ,NEWMAN1 AGA91 REPORTS *>GES 9 ,PRAVDA ?AT 'HEAPS' ( VEGETABLES & FRUITS W]E SPOIL+ ON RAILWAY PLAT=MS ( ! ,S\? ,WE/]N1 ,NOR? ,CAUCASIAN1 ,MOSC[-,KIEV1 ,TA%K5T1 ,ASKHABAD & ,TURKE/AN-,SIB]IAN L9ES 9 #a#i#d#g4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT IS 9DICAT$1 ! P]IODICAL ,BOL%EVIK CLAIM$ ?AT #b P]C5T ( RAILWAY /OCK WAS IDLE & AN EV5 HI<] PROPORTION WAS ! CASE = MOTOR TRANSPORT6 

,?R\<\T1 PR(IT REIGNS SUPREME4 ',! GOV]NM5T 444' WRITES ,YUG[1 'FIXES ! FACTORY PRICE = SOME ITEM AT #b RUBLES1 VIZ41 #ad RUBLES PRODUCTION CO/S1 #b RUBLES PLANN$ PR(IT1 & #d RUBLES 7#b P]C5T7 TURNOV] TAX4 ,IF PLANT MANAGEM5T R$UCES ! CO/ FROM #ad TO1 SAY1 #a RUBLES1 ! PR(IT BECOMES #f RUBLES1 ( :I* #b >E PLANN$ PR(IT & #d 0ABOVE ! ,PLAN04'.<#a#e.> ,FROM ?IS IT FOLL[S3 ',! DESIRE TO 9CREASE PR(ITS HAS BECOME A REAL 9C5TIVE TO MORE RESPONSIBLE1 ACTIVE1 & C>EFUL MANAGEM5T4'.<#a#f.> ,YUG[ PROVIDES US ) EXAMPLES FROM HEAVY 9DU/RY3 ',9 COAL M9+1 = EA* P]C5T ( R$UCTION ( REAL CO/ ( PRODUCTION BEL[ PLANN$ CO/1 ! MANAG]1 ASSI/ANT MANAG]1 *IEF & ASSI/ANT 5G9E]S GET A BONUS ( #ae P]C5T ( MON?LY SAL>Y4 ,9 IRON & /EEL 9DU/RY1 ! FIGURE IS #a P]C5T4 ,FUR!RMORE1 = EA* P]C5T ( OV]FULFILLM5T ( PLANN$ \TPUT1 ! BONUS = A COAL-M9E MANAG] & HIS IMM$IATE ASSI/ANTS IS #d P]C5T ( SAL>Y4 ,9 IRON & /EEL1 BONUSES = EXTRA \TPUT >E CALCULAT$ PROGRESSIVELY4 ,IF PIG-IRON PRODUCTION EXCE$S ,PLAN BY #e P]C5T1 ! MON?LY SAL>IES ( A SECTION HEAD1 ASSI/ANT SECTION HEAD1 5G9E] & ELECTRICAL 5G9E] >E RAIS$ #a P]C5T1 = EA* P]C5T ( EXCESS \TPUT4 ,IF ! PRODUCTION EXCESS IS #a P]C5T1 ! BONUS = EA* P]C5T ( EXCESS \TPUT IS #ae P]C5T ( MON?LY SAL>Y1 ETC4 444 ,NO LESS IMPORTANT IS ! EFFECT ( PLANT PR(ITS ON MANAG]IAL 9FLU5CE1 PRE/IGE & P[]4'.<#a#g.> 

,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 MANAG]S & CAPITALI/S OR BETWE5 BONUSES & PR(ITS SEEMS TO BE BLURR$ BY ! 9=MATION AT \R DISPOSAL4 ,DOES IT MEAN1 AS ! 'MANAG]IAL !ORY' IMPLIES1 ?AT ALL CAPITALI/S BECOME MANAG]S2 ?AT PR(ITS1 9 ! SOCIALLY-SIGNIFICANT S5SE ( ! T]M1 BECOME M]E BONUSES8 

,ACTUALLY1 ?IS IS ONLY A PSEUDO-PROBLEM4 ,BETWE5 ! EXTREMES ( AN 9DU/RIAL MANAG] 9 A SMALL1 CIRCUMSCRIB$ %OE-FACTORY & A ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>1 ! DI/9CTION IS QUITE CLE>4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT ! 'SPECTRUM' ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RIAL AU?ORITY BE VIEW$ UND] ! ASPECT ( QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CES RA!R ?AN SIMIL>ITIES ?AT BL5D ONE %ADE ( CONTROL 9TO ANO!R4 ,IF ! PREMISES ( COMPETITION1 DISPROPORTIONS1 DIRECT AGREEM5TS1 ETC41 >E GRANT$1 WE NE$ ONLY COMP>E ! HI/ORICAL EFFECT ( ,/AL9I/ SOCIETY ) ?OSE PRODUC$ 9 KN[N CAPITALI/ SECTORS ( ! WORLD4 ,%\LD !Y CO9CIDE1 ! O/5SIBLE '*A9' ( AU?ORITY ?AT JURIDICAL FICTION R$UCES TO ! COMMON D5OM9ATOR ( 'MANAG]' REQUIRES ! ASSUMPTION ( DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 MANAG]S & CAPITALI/S4 ,! PRES5CE ( SPECIFIC SOCIAL =CES & !IR EFFECTS SUMMONS1 AS IT W]E1 ! RUL+ CLASS & ITS CAPITALI/IC *>ACT] -- CONCEAL$ 7AT MO/ ONLY TO ECONOMIC !ORETICIANS7 BY ! IMP]SONALITY ( ! SY/EM & ! ANONYMITY ( ! REGIME -- 9TO REAL LIFE4 ,NEI!R ! PROPAG&A ( ! APOLOGI/S NOR ! '9T5TIONS' ( !IR LEAD]S CAN ALT] SU* 9DISP5SABLE DI/9CTIONS4 

,RUSSIA & ! ,RETROGRESSION ( ,CAPITALISM 

,AT FIR/ GLANCE1 A COMP>ISON BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & TR5DS 9 WORLD CAPITALISM PRES5TS MANY DIV]G5CIES4 ,AMONG !SE1 ! MO/ CONSPICU\S >E3 

,FIR/1 ! DECL9E 9 ! /&>D ( LIV+ 1ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE4 ,/AL9I/ PROPAG&A1 ON ! O!R H&1 CELEBRATES A /EADY RISE 9 ! WELL-BE+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN MASSES4 ,! COMP>ISON1 WE >E REM9D$1 MU/ BE MADE BETWE5 PRE-REVOLUTION>Y & CONTEMPOR>Y ,RUSSIA RA!R ?AN BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ /ATES4 ,ONCE ?IS CRIT]ION IS ADOPT$1 WE >E ASSUR$1 !RE CAN BE 'NO D\BT' ?AT ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ! PEOPLE HAVE IMPROV$ /EADILY4 

,SECOND1 S9CE IMP]IALISM IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! EXPORT ( CAPITAL1 ,RUSSIA CANNOT BE VIEW$ AS AN IMP]IALI/ /ATE4 ,?IS1 ONCE /AT$1 (T5 SEEMS TO SUFFICE4 ,RUSSIAN EXPANSION IS ASCRIB$ TO MILIT>Y EXIG5CIES1 ! FE> ( W>1 ! DESIRE TO SPREAD 'COMMUNISM'1 ETC4 -- BUT NOT TO IMP]IALISM 9 ! SCI5TIFIC S5SE ( ! T]M4 

,F9ALLY1 ALL ACC\NTS ( ,RUSSIA NEV] CEASE TO PO9T TO ! CONT9UAL1 'UNPREC$5T$' GR[? ( 9DU/RY AT A TIME :5 ! T5D5CY ELSE:]E HAS LONG BE5 T[>D 9DU/RIAL CONTRACTION4 ,! 5DLESS PANEGYRICS1 AT LEA/1 9DICATE M\NT+1 SWOLL5 /ATI/ICS 9 EV]Y FIELD ( PRODUCTION4 ,EA* FIVE YE> PLAN IS COMPLET$ 9 F\R YE>S1 & EV]Y PLAN IS MADE TO M>K A MILE/ONE OV] E>LI] CONDITIONS4 ,?IS HAS EV5 IMPRESS$ OPPON5TS ( ! REGIME -- SO WE >E TOLD BY FRI5DS ( ! REGIME4 

,BY SEP>AT+ CRASS FACT FROM PURE FICTION & QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS FROM ! BL9D+ /ORM ( MEAN+LESS /ATI/ICS1 A SECOND GLANCE DISCLOSES BASIC SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & WORLD CAPITALISM4 

#a4 ,! /&>D ( LIV+ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,N[ ON ?IS QUE/ION1 !RE >E S\ND REASONS = BELIEV+ ?AT IF ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ! MASSES HAVE %[N A /EADY IMPROVEM5T1 ,RUSSIA IS A /RIK+ EXCEPTION TO ! TR5DS 9 WORLD CAPITALISM4 ,9 AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON COMPETITION1 ONLY A COLD-BLOOD$ SELECTION BY DE/RUCTION OP]ATES4 ,TO EXI/1 9 EFFECT1 MEANS TO SURVIVE2 & TO SURVIVE MEANS TO ABSORB RIVAL CAPITALS4 ,! 'IDEAL' ( B\RGEOIS '5T]PRISE' IS FULL CONTROL OV] ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS & M>KET4 ,?IS ALONE1 ! SY/EM DICTATES1 CAN ASSURE SURVIVAL1 & PROVIDE ! SECURITY & /ABILITY :I* ALL ELEM5TS ( ! SY/EM CONT9UALLY 5DEAVOR TO A*IEVE4 ,9 TIME1 ! ELEM5TS ( ! SY/EM *ANGE !IR *>ACT]4 ,NUM]\S CAPITALI/S >E TRANS=M$ 9TO A H&FUL ( L>GE CAPITALI/S1 COMM&+ :OLE BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY1 NATIONAL MONOPOLIES & 9T]NATIONAL C>TELS4 ,! GR[? ( MONOPOLIES & C>TELS ONLY S]VES TO 9T5SIFY ! DEGREE ( RIVALRY & 9/ABILITY4 ,HUGE MASSES ( CAPITAL1 =M]LY CONTROLL$ BY MANY 9DIVIDUALS1 >E N[ PITT$ AGA9/ EA* O!R BY A FEW MONOPOLI/S4 ,! SY/EM MU/ 9CREASE ITS DEM&S UPON ALL ! MEANS AT ITS DISPOSAL2 DEM&S1 9 TURN1 :I* >E ALWAYS 9SUFFICI5T TO MEET ! GR[+ DIM5SIONS ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,RE=MS1 P]MISSIBLE 9 AN E>LI] CONTEXT1 >E )DRAWN2 EXPLOITATION IS 9T5SIFI$2 LIV+ /&>DS >E DEPRESS$4 

,ODDLY 5\<1 ! ,/AL9I/ REGIME HAS MA9TA9$ A /ATI/ICAL CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ! APPREH5SION ( FACTS CONC]N+ ! /&>D ( LIV+ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,DESPITE MU* (FICIAL PROPAG&A1 PHOTOGRAPHY & GUID$ T\RS ( PRE-W> V9TAGE1 WE >E AW>E ( NO (FICIAL 9DICES TRAC+ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ! PEOPLE 9 ANY WAY COMP>ABLE TO ! 9=MATION PROVID$ BY MO/1 IF NOT ALL1 CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,SO F> AS DIRECT ANALYSIS ADMITS1 ! ECONOMIC POSITION ( ! MASSES IS %R\D$ 9 MY/]Y2 CA/ 9 VAGUE PROPORTIONATE ACC\NTS & CLASSIFI$ 9TO /ATI/ICALLY-USELESS CATEGORIES4 ,! 9DIRECT ANALYSIS ( ,RUSSIAN DATA1 H[EV]1 IS ( REM>KABLE 9T]E/4 ,ON ! BASIS ( ,HUBB>D'S DATA COMP>+ ! AV]AGE FOOD CONSUMPTION ( ,PETROGRAD TEXTILE FAMILIES DUR+ ,CZ>I/ DAYS ) LAT] P]IODS1 ,PET] ,MEY] HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT BETWE5 #aibi & #aicg ! AV]AGE /&>D ( LIV+ DECL9$ TO #cd P]C5T BEL[ PRE-REVOLUTION>Y DAYS4 ,! SAME ANALYSIS %[S AN 9CREASE ( #$ P]C5T FROM ! ,REVOLUTION TO #a#i#b#i4.<#a#h.> 

,MAT]IAL 9 ,COL9 ,CL>K'S /UDIES ( ,RUSSIAN /ATI/ICS %[ A DECREASE ( >\ND #b P]C5T 9 FOOD CONSUMPTION P] HEAD BETWE5 #aiac & #a#i#c#d4.<#a#i.> ,:ATEV] ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 BO? ANALYZES1 ! DEP? ( ! D[NW>D TR5D IS UNMI/AKABLE4 ,TO BR+ MATT]S AS MU* UP TO DATE AS IS POSSIBLE1 ,V]A ,MI*ELES ,DEAN OBS]VES -- AGA91 ON ! BASIS ( AN 9DIRECT ANALYSIS ( ,RUSSIAN NOM9AL WAGES 767 -- ?AT 'IF #ai* IS TAK5 AS A #a1 ! 9DEX ( 9CREASE 9 NOM9AL WAGES IS #afe & #a#g#e1 DEP5D+ ON ! CATEGORIES ( WORK4 ,[+ TO ! CONT9UANCE ( HI< PRICES1 H[EV]1 & TO V>I\S CURBS REC5TLY .<#a#i#d#g -- ,M4,S4.> PLAC$ ON 9DIVIDUAL PUR*ASES REAL WAGES HAVE ACTUALLY UND]GONE A %>P DECL9E4'.<#b.> 

,REC5T ,PRESS REPORTS FROM ,RUSSIA 9DICATE ?AT ! REGIME HAS PLAC$ ! MONET>Y POLICY ON ! ,GOLD ,/&>D1 ACCOMPANI$ BY 'DRA/IC' PRICE R$UCTIONS4 ,WE MU/ CONFESS ?AT ON ! BASIS ( PREVI\S 'PRICE R$UCTION' POLICIES1 WE VIEW ?IS LATE/ 'A*IEVEM5T' ) CONSID]ABLE SKEPTICISM4 ,ON #a#f? ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#d#e1 = EXAMPLE1 ! PRICE /RUCTURE WAS ALSO OV]HAUL$4 ,MISS ,DEAN OBS]VES3 ',! PRICE ( C]TA9 ESS5TIAL RATION$ GOODS W]E %>PLY RAIS$ ON AN AV]AGE ( #ah P]C5T OV] PREVI\S PRICES -- ) ! EFFECT ( FUR!R DRA9+ (F MONEY 9 CIRCULATION4 ,BY CONTRA/1 PRICES ( UNRATION$ GOODS 9 COMM]CIAL GOV]NM5T /ORES W]E R$UC$ BY #c TO #ee P]C5T ,:ILE ! UPW>D REVISION ( PRICES ( RATION$ GOODS & ! D[NW>D REVISION ( UNRATION$ GOODS W]E 9T5D$ TO CLOSE ! GAP BETWE5 ! TWO SETS ( PRICES .<AN 9CR$IBLE EXPLANATION BY ! REGIME6 - ,M4,S4.> ! GAP REMA9S SUB/ANTIAL40.<#b#a.> ,IT IS REASONABLE TO QUE/ION IF ! GAP IS BE+ CLOS$ BY L[]+ OR RAIS+ ! PRICE ( COMMODITIES )9 ! PUR*AS+ RANGE ( ! MASSES4 ,?US1 ON #a#g? ,JULY1 #a#i#d#h1 ! ,/AL9I/ GOV]NM5T ANN\NC$ A #a TO #b P]C5T R$UCTION ( PRICES 9 /ATE /ORES4 ,! R$UCTION WAS CONF9$ TO SU* ITEMS AS BICYCLES1 PHONOGRAPHS1 WAT*ES1 CAVI>1 ,MOSKVI* AUTOMOBILES1 HUNT+ GUNS1 CAM]AS1 P]FUMES1 COSMETICS1 /OVES & 444 BE] & VODKA4.<#b#b.> 

,9 ! 9FAM\S CURR5CY 'RE=M' ( ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#d#g1 PRICES REMA9$ ESS5TIALLY ! SAME AS BE=E EXCEPT = BREAD & A FEW /APLE ITEMS4 ,W4 ,B$ELL ,SMI? NOTES ?AT ! TREM5D\S H>D%IPS IMPOS$ BY ! PRODUCTION NORMS E/ABLI%$ = #aie L$ TO SU* DEMORALIZATION ?AT ! ,GOV]NM5T HAD TO *ANGE 'ITS PRODUCTION PLANS TO 9CREASE ! AM\NT ( CONSUM] GOODS AVAILABLE = PUR*ASES4 444 ,!SE MEASURES GRADUALLY IMPROV$ ! PRODUCTION SITUATION TO ! PO9T :]E ! ,GOV]NM5T F9ALLY FELT ABLE TO ACT DRA/ICALLY TO L[] ! PUR*AS+ P[] ( ! ,SOVIET PEOPLE 9 ORD] TO R$UCE ! G5]AL DEM& = CONSUM]S' GOODS & RELIEVE ! PRESSURE ON LI<T 9DU/RY4 ,! CURR5CY RE=M UND]TAK5 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#d#g1 ACCOMPLI%$ ?IS4 ,! EXI/+ RUBLE CURR5CY WAS DECL>$ OBSOLETE )\T W>N+ & NEW CURR5CY WAS ISSU$ ?AT WAS EX*ANG$ AT ! RATE ( ONE NEW RUBLE = T5 OLD RUBLES4 ,/ATE BONDS W]E DEVALUAT$ BY TWO ?IRDS4 ,BANK DEPOSITS1 H[EV]1 W]E EX*ANGEABLE AT EQUAL VALUE1 BUT ONLY UP TO #c1 RUBLES ) A SMALL] RETURN ON L>G] AM\NTS4 ,FOOD RATION+ WAS REMOV$ AT ! SAME TIME4 

',! F>M]S W]E WIP$ \T1 AS !IR MONEY WAS NOT 9 BANKS BUT 9 /ATE BONDS & CURR5CY4 ,TO PAY TAXES & MEET CURR5T EXP5SES1 !Y SOLD FOOD1 SO ?AT = A BRIEF P]IOD IMM$IATELY AFT] ! MONET>Y *ANGE !RE WAS A FLOOD ( FOOD 9 CITY M>KETS = ! FIR/ TIME 9 YE>S4 ,?IS LA/$ ONLY A %ORT TIME1 & !REAFT] ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S F\ND ?AT AN EV5 MORE DRA/IC =M ( RATION+ ACTUALLY EXI/$1 AS ONLY A LIMIT$ QUANTITY ( EA* K9D ( FOOD WAS SOLD TO ONE P]SON4'.<#b#c.> ,! SAME 'RATION+' APP>5TLY DID NOT APPLY1 SO F> AS WE KN[1 9 ! COMM]CIAL GOV]NM5T /ORES CAT]+ TO ! ,/AL9I/ MILLIONAIRES1 :]E :ITE BREAD WAS EASILY OBTA9ABLE AT #g4#e TIMES ! VALUE ( ! SAME TYPE ( BREAD '= SALE' 9 REGUL> /ORES4 ,BUT IS IT NECESS>Y TO 5T] 9TO ! 9COME DIFF]5TIALS ( AN ECONOMY :I* B\NTIFULLY PROVIDES = ! FEW :O >E PRIVILEG$ ) TRULY A/RONOMICAL 9COMES8 

#b4 ,IMP]IALISM & ! EXPORT ( CAPITAL4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 !RE HAS BE5 SO MU* MISUND]/&+1 ?AT A NUMB] ( G5]AL REM>KS >E 9 ORD]4 

,! C\RSE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T EVOKES MANY CONTRADICTIONS ?AT %APE & GIVE IT =M4 ,S9CE COMPETITION REQUIRES ! /EADY REPLACEM5T ( LABOR BY MA*9]Y1 AT LEA/ TWO SIMULTANE\S EFFECTS >E EVID5T4 ,! RATE ( PR(IT DECL9ES & MILLIONS >E DEPRIV$ ( EMPLOYM5T4 ,AS ! 9T]NAL M>KET CONTRACTS1 ! 5TIRE PRODUCTIVE PROCESS T5DS TO FOLL[ 9 ITS WAKE4 

,ATTEMPTS TO COMP5SATE = ?IS CONTRACTION TURN ! B\RGEOISIE TO ! 9T]NATIONAL M>KET P>TICUL>LY ! SUP]-PR(ITS ( COLONIAL TRADE & 9DU/RY4 ,IT IS APP>5T1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT CAPITALISM ALWAYS 5DEAVOR$ TO REAP !SE IMP]IAL PR(ITS4 ,! WEAL? D]IV$ FROM COLONIAL EXPLOITATION WAS A PR]EQUISITE = ! PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION ?AT LAUN*$ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 ! MOD]N ]A4 ,! PO9T TO BE MADE1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT :5 ! 9T]NAL M>KET CONTRACTS1 IMP]IALISM COMES 9TO ITS [N AS AN IMP]ATIVE =CE1 AN ABSOLUTE PRECONDITION = ! V]Y LIFE ( ! SY/EM4 ,= A :ILE1 IMP]IALISM YIELDS A SPURT TO ! ECONOMY1 EXT5D+ ! LIMITS ( ! 9T]NAL M>KET & PROVID+ NEW BASES = 9DU/RIAL EXPANSION4 ,BUT 9 TIME ?IS 5G5D]S FUR!R CONTRADICTIONS3 ! OB/ACLE ( NEW1 RIVAL IMP]IALISMS & ( 5TR5*$ PR$ECESSORS2 9CREAS+ EXHAU/ION DUE TO FREQU5T CONFLICTS1 ETC4 

,9 ITS 'CLASSIC' P]IOD1 IMP]IALISM WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! EXPORT ( CAPITAL4.<#b#d.> ,?IS1 P]HAPS1 MORE ?AN ! PEANS ( ,KIPL+1 5C\RAG$ MANY LIB]AL ECONOMI/S TO BELIEVE ?AT ! ':ITE MAN'S BURD5' C\LD ONLY MEAN ! FULL 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! COLONIAL WORLD4 ,ACTUALLY1 CAPITAL EXPORT WAS 9V>IABLY ONE-SID$1 CALCULAT$ NOT TO DEVELOP A COMPETITOR BUT SO TO UPSET ABORIG9AL SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT DEP5D5CE1 RA!R ?AN 9DEP5D5CE1 WAS EMPHASIZ$4 ,! EFFECT ( IMP]IALISM1 !RE=E1 HAS ALWAYS BE5 TO CREATE SO MU* MIS]Y & DISCONT5T1 ?AT NATIONAL UPRIS+S 7( ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R7 CONT9UALLY FOLL[ 9 ITS WAKE4 ,AS ! CONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITALI/ IMP]IALISM CONV]GE 9TO A G5]AL CRISIS1 ! EXPORT ( CAPITAL IS SUBORD9AT$ 5TIRELY TO ! NE$S ( COLONIAL REGIM5TATION1 POLIC+ & CONTROL4 ,A SORT ( ,ROMAN P>ASITISM PREVAILS4 ,ALL ! MAT]IAL & SPIRITUAL S\RCES ( RESI/ANCE >E NUMB$ BY PLANN$ />VATION & T]ROR4 ,MASSES ( POPULATION CREAT$ BY ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION >E R$UC$1 5SLAV$ OR EXT]M9AT$4 ,9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY IS R5D]$ MORE & MORE ONE-SID$ & DEP5D5T1 OR -- 9 MANY CASES -- COMES TO A VIRTUAL /&/ILL4 

,MANY COLONIES HAVE LONG S9CE TRAVEL$ P>T ( ! ROAD TO ?IS NEW B>B>ISM4 ,9DE$1 ! PROTOTYPE ( CONTEMPOR>Y 5SLAVEM5T & EXPLOITATION WAS NURTUR$ = G5]ATIONS ON ! CONT95TS ( ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA1 ,S\? ,AM]ICA & 9 ! >*IPELAGOES ( ! ,ORI5T4 ,BUT ! COLONIAL C\NTRIES DO NOT /& ALONE4 ,UND] ! HEI<T5$ CONDITIONS ( PRES5T-DAY RIVALRY & 9/ABILITY1 EV5 ! 9DU/RIALLY-ADVANC$ NATIONS ( ,EUROPE FACE OPPRESSION & R$UCTION TO A COLONIAL /ATUS4 ,EUROPE 5JOYS ! 'SPECIAL /ATUS' :]E9 H] /ABILIZATION 9VOLVES NO LESS ?AN ! PHYSICAL DE/RUCTION ( MU* ( H] 9DU/RY4 ,?US1 ! ',IRON ,HEEL' ,G]MAN CAPITALISM PREP>$ = ,EUROPE N[ DESC5DS UPON ,G]MANY4 ,9DU/RIES >E DE/ROY$1 MILLIONS BOMB$ \T & P]MAN5TLY UPROOT$4 ,! C\NTRY IS DISMEMB]$ & OCCUPI$ BY =EIGN IMP]IALI/ >MIES4 ,! 'LOS]' ( ! LA/ W>1 H[EV]1 IS ONLY ! H>B+] ( CONDITIONS ?AT AWAIT NE>LY ALL ! 'VICTORS' ( TO-DAY4 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE ALREADY %>ES ! FATE ( ,G]MANY2 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM -- ALL PROGRESSIVELY BECOME ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL 9/RUM5TS ( ,AM]ICAN POLICY4 ,! ECONOMIC ONE-SID$NESS & DEP5D5CY ?AT >E IMPOS$ ON ! COLONIAL WORLD EV5TUALLY FACE ! E>LI] COLONIAL OPPRESSORS !MSELVES4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL M>KET1 LIKE ! 9T]NAL M>KET1 CONTRACTS2 ALL SOCIAL EXI/5CE ?REAT5S TO %RIVEL & DECL9E4.<#b#e.> 

,IT IS 9 ?IS MILIEU -- ?AT IS1 UND] ! CONDITIONS & POSSIBILITIES CREAT$ BY ! SECOND ,WORLD ,W> -- ?AT ,RUSSIA DEF9ITELY EMB>K$ UPON AN IMP]IALI/ C\RSE4 ,9ITIALLY1 ?IS TOOK =M 9 COLLABORATION ) FASCI/ ,G]MANY1 ,IF ! SEIZURE ( T]RITORY FROM ,F9L&1 ,POL& & ,RUMANIA IS (T5 EXCUS$ BY MILIT>Y 'EXP$I5CY'1 FUR!R NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,NAZIS CONC]N+ ! H9T]L&S ( ,ASIA LEAVE ABSOLUTELY NO D\BT AS TO ! IMP]IALI/ *>ACT] ( ,RUSSIAN EXPANSION4 ,RIBB5TROP'S APPRECIATION ( ,RUSSIAN 'NATURAL SPH]ES ( 9FLU5CE' IS V]Y CONCISE3 

',! FOCAL PO9TS 9 ! T]RITORIAL ASPIRATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION W\LD PRESUMABLY BE C5T]$ S\? ( ! T]RITORY ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! ,9DIAN ,OCEAN4'.<#b#f.> 

,TO-DAY1 ! IMP]IALI/ ACTIVITIES ( ! ,/AL9I/ REGIME OCCUR1 AS IS ! CASE ) ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE1 UND] ! %AD[ CA/ BY ! POL>IZ$1 CONC5TRAT$ P[] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,BESIDE ?IS ',AM]ICAN COLOSSUS'1 RIVALRY MU/ G5]ALLY F9D CIRCUIT\S R\TES3 9FILTRATE 9TO WEAK POSITIONS2 OP]ATE 9 ! CREVICES & >\ND ! FR+ES ( ,AM]ICAN CONTROL4 ,! PH5OM5AL PRIVILEGES ALLOCAT$ TO ,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 >E EXPLICABLE ONLY 9 T]MS ( ! POLITICAL LIMITATIONS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,! ,/AL9I/ REGIME L>GELY HOLDS ?OSE POSITIONS :]E ! NE$ = ! NAK$ APPLICATION ( =CE PLACES ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRACY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AT A CURR5T DISADVANTAGE4 ,TO EMPLOY ! MORE PRECISE =MULATION ( ,]N/ ,Z&]3 ',! SECRET ( ! SITUATION1 AS ( ,AM]ICA'S WEAKNESS1 CONSI/S 9 ,RUSSIA HAV+ BECOME H] MO/ RELIABLE & 9DISP5SABLE POLICEMAN 9 ,EUROPE & ,ASIA4 ,IT IS PR$OM9ANTLY FROM ?IS ?AT ,RUSSIA D]IVES H] 'A/\ND+' /R5G? 9 ! HAGGL+ ) O!R ,P[]S -- NO O!R C\NTRY CAN BE 5TRU/$ ) ! RU?LESS POLICE FUNCTION ONCE ! ,/AL9 REGIME COLLAPSES4'.<#b#g.> ,9 EFFECT1 ! ,/AL9I/ REGIME COMPLEM5TS & IS1 = ! PRES5T1 9DISP5SABLE TO ,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM4 ,AS 9 #a#i#c#i1 ,/AL9ISM REMA9S A PRECONDITION = WORLD REACTION & RETROGRESSION2 9 ! FIR/ CASE1 PRECIPITAT+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 & TO-DAY1 ASSUM+ ! FUNCTIONS ( ,HITL] DUR+ ! ?IRTIES4 

,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 :]E EXPANSION GOES H&-9-H& ) TOTAL P>ASITISM DICTAT$ BY RIVALRY & SURVIVAL1 :]E ! DISMEMB]M5T & EXPLOITATION ( ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES MAKES ITS APPE>ANCE1 ! EXPORT ( EXCESS CAPITAL RES\RCES BECOMES AN ANCILL>Y FEATURE ( IMP]IALISM4 

#c4 ,! GR[? ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY4 ,IF ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T MEANS ANY?+1 IT REF]S FIR/ & =EMO/ TO >MAM5TS 9DU/RIES4 ,MU* ! SAME CAN BE SAID = ! 5TIRE CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,! >MAM5T 9DU/RY IS1 TO-DAY1 ! LUBRICANT ( ! 5TIRE SY/EM & GR[+LY EXT5DS OV] CONSUM] GOODS PRODUCTION PRECISELY BECAUSE IT1 ALONE1 CAN CO-EXI/ ) A FALL+ /&>D ( LIV+4 ,GUNS1 TANKS1 AIRCRAFT -- WEAPONS ( ALL K9D -- EXPLODE 9 WA/E4 ,!Y REQUIRE ONLY ! 9T]V5TION ( ! /ATE AS A PUR*AS]4 ,! /ATE1 ON ! O!R H&1 BECOMES A BUY] BY VIRTUE ( ! REV5UE IT EXACTS FROM ! SY/EM AS A :OLE2 PR9CIPALLY1 BY MILK+ ! MASSES DRY 9 TRUE PUBLICAN FA%ION4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ?IS ESS5TIALLY TAKES ! =M ( TAXATION2 9 ,5GL&1 RATION+ & WAGE FIX+2 F9ALLY1 9 ,RUSSIA & ,G]MANY1 NAK$ POLICE SUP]VISION OV] ! LIV+ /&>DS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! POV]TY ( ! MASSES IS 'PLANN$' -- & ?IS1 BY F>1 IS ! MAJOR FUNCTION ( PLANN+4 

,AS GREAT] REC\RSE IS HAD TO DIRECT MEASURES1 ! MORE >MAM5TS >E REQUIR$ TO KEEP ! MASSES 9 SUBJUGATION4 ,!SE OP]ATIONS OCCUR ON A WORLD SCALE3 OCCUPATION >MIES1 >MS = DOCILE ELEM5TS ABROAD1 ETC4 ,TO BE SURE1 PR(ITS TOO REQUIRE DI/RIBUTION 7AGA93 'PLANN+'7 TO SU/A9 ! /ATE AS ! ESS5TIAL AG5T =1 & M>KET (1 ! SY/EM4 ,9 ?IS RULE1 ! /ATE FREQU5TLY APPE>S AS ! DISCIPL9>IAN ( CONT5D+ B\RGEOIS BLOCS4 ,AL?\< BY NO MEANS ! MO/ DESIRABLE SITUATION = ELEM5TS ACCU/OM$ TO A LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMY1 *OICES CEASE TO EXI/4 ,! SY/EM MU/ BE SU/A9$ AS A :OLE4 

,DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! ,/AL9I/ REGIME CAME V]Y CLOSE TO DEFEAT 9 #a#i#d#a-#d#b1 IT COMP>$ ONLY ) ,G]MANY AS A PRODUC] ( >MAM5TS DUR+ PRE-W> YE>S4 ,BETWE5 #a#i#c#d-#c#i1 ,RUSSIAN >MAM5T EXP5DITURE WAS TWICE ?AT ( ,5GL&4 ',IT SEEMS LIKELY1' WRITES ,PR(4 ,A4 ,J4 ,BR[N1 '444 ?AT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION SP5T AT LEA/ AS MU* ON MILIT>Y PURPOSES 9 ! FIVE YE>S OR SO BE=E %E WAS ATTACK$ AS ,G]MANY HAD SP5T 9 ! CORRESPOND+ P]IOD LEAD+ UP TO H] AGGRESSION AGA9/ ,POL&4 ,G]MANY'S TWO-YE> LEAD 9 ?IS RACE1 H[EV]1 GAVE H] A =MIDABLE ADVANTAGE2 AT ! TIME ( H] ATTACK ON ! ,U,S,S,R H] MILIT>Y EXP5DITURE WAS PROBABLY /ILL AT LEA/ TWICE ?AT ( ,RUSSIA ?\< NOT ALL ( IT -- P]HAPS LITTLE MORE ?AN TWO ?IRDS1 C\LD BE APPLI$ ON ! EA/]N FRONT4 444 ,:ATEV] ! M>G9 ( ]ROR 9 ! CALCULATION1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! REAL CO/ ( MILIT>Y PREP>ATION TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS1 LIKE ! SUBSEQU5T BURD5 :I* IT BORE 9 BATTLE CASUALTIES1 ! HEAVIE/ C>RI$ BY ANY NATION4'.<#b#h.> 

,BY EXAM9ATION ( M]E SURFACE FACTS1 ECONOMI/S JUDGE ?AT EXP5DITURES ON >MAM5TS COMPRIS$ #f P]C5T ( ,RUSSIAN NATIONAL 9COME 9 #a#i#c#d2 #ab P]C5T 9 #a#i#c#g2 #be P]C5T %ORTLY BE=E ! ,G]MAN 9VASION2 & -- ACCORD+ TO REC5T E/IMATES 9 ,LIFE MAGAZ9E -- #be P]C5T TODAY4.<#b#i.> ,!SE ASSUMPTIONS >E MU* TOO CORDIAL4 ,WE SUBMIT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY1 FROM ! V]Y LOGIC ( ! SY/EM1 IS ORI5T$ AS A :OLE T[>D >MAM5T PRODUCTION2 ?AT PROPORTIONS1 E/IMATES & /ATI/ICAL JUGGL+ >E 5TIRELY MEAN+LESS4 ,?IS SITUATION GE/ATES 9 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ITSELF -- EV5 9 SU* BA/IONS ( 9DU/RY AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,>MAM5T PRODUCTION IS ! LIFE FLUID ( ! B\RGEOIS MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ! CO-EFFICI5T ( ALL 9DU/RIAL \TPUT1 ! ONE DOLL> ?AT KEEPS ! O!R ?REE1 F\R1 FIVE OR T5 9 MOTION4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 SU* DET]M9ATIONS >E ALREADY FRUITLESS4 ,>MAM5TS >E ! ABSOLUTE F\NDATION ( ! ECONOMY ITSELF2 ! ,MOLO* TO :I* ALL RES\RCES >E DELIV]$ -- ! SACRIFICIAL ALT> ( ALL 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,IT BECOMES ABSURD1 FROM ?IS /&PO9T1 TO REG>D ! 9DEX ( ,RUSSIAN PRODUCTION AS ANY HOPEFUL SIGN ( PROGRESSIVE POSSIBILITIES4 ,/EEL1 9 ,RUSSIA1 MEANS GUNS OR ! MEANS = MAK+ GUNS4 ,IF SUPPORT]S ( ! ,/AL9 REGIME HOPE ?AT P]HAPS 7& NOT )\T A REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! REGIME7 ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE CAN BE 9DUC$ TO USE BAYONETS = BUTT]+ BREAD1 !N IT MAY BE SUPPOS$ ?AT !Y WILL DWELL 9 CITIES ( TANKS1 WE> ! DRAB GRAY ( ! >MY UNI=M & USE HELMETS = TOILET B[LS4 444 

,! ,SLAVE ,/ATE 

 "9"9 

,DUR+ ! DEP?S ( ! ECONOMIC CRISIS1 ALMO/ TWO DECADES AGO1 LETT]S TO ! ,AM]ICAN ,PRESS OP9$ ?AT ! UNEMPLOY$ %\LD BE PLAC$ ON UNSEAWOR?Y RAFTS & SET ADRIFT4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 ! SUGGE/ION WAS NOT ORIG9AL4 ,AL?\< REQUIR$ BY ,G]MAN FASCISM T5 YE>S LAT] 7EFFICI5CY (T5 DICTAT+ CREMATORIA71 IT WAS LONG ANTICIPAT$ 9 ! SLAVE LABOR CAMPS ( ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA4.<#c.> ,= MORE ?AN A QU>T] C5TURY1 ,RUSSIAN CAPITALISM HAS FOLL[$ ! REL5TLESS LOGIC 9H]5T 9 CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD DEVELOPM5T4 ,?R\< C\NTLESS PURGES1 'LIQUIDATIONS' & 'COLLECTIVIZATION' DRIVES1 IT HAS LIT]ALLY APPROPRIAT$ ! BODIES ( MILLIONS ( M51 WOM5 & *ILDR5 :OM ! CONTRACT+ SY/EM CAN NO LONG] SUPPORT ON ! BASIS ( ANY?+ REMOTELY RESEMBL+ A FREE LABOR M>KET4 ,LIKE *A9$ GANGS ON ANCI5T LATIFUNDIA1 !Y >E PLAC$ TO WORK 9 ! BLEAK HELLS ( ,SIB]IA1 9 M9ES & ON WA/ES :]E LIFE IS SC>CELY MA9TA9ABLE & QUICKLY PASSES \T ( EXI/5CE4 ,FROM ! ,CASPIAN ,SEA TO ! ,SOLOVIETSKY ,ISL&S ON ! ,:ITE ,SEA1 HOPELESS MASSES ( HUMAN BE+S1 LIV+ & DY+ UND] UNBE>ABLE CONDITIONS1 >E DEV\R$ BY ! CAMP SY/EM4 ,:OLE >EAS LIKE ! GOLD-M9+ REGION ( ,KOLYMA1 >E 5TIRELY 'POPULAT$' BY *ATTEL SLAVES1 COMPRIS+ EV]Y PR(ESSION & VOCATION1 OCCUPY+ CAMPS ON ! DIM5SIONS ( CITIES 7,MAGADAN1 = EXAMPLE71 S]VIC$1 MA9TA9$ & R5EW$ BY ! SY/EM4 ,! LAW ( POPULATION UND] MORIBUND CAPITALISM DICTATES ?AT MILLIONS1 PU%$ \TSIDE SOCIETY BY ! G5]AL CONTRACTION1 MU/ BE WORK$ TO DEA?4 

,BUT ! 9DIVIDUAL M]ELY P]PETUATES ! SPECIES :I*1 LOCU/-LIKE1 SL[LY CONSUMES ALL BE=E IT4 ,= EA* :O P]I%ES1 TWO APPE>4 ,SLAVE WORK]S RECRUIT SLAVE TE*NICIANS2 ! TE*NICIANS RECRUIT SLAVE 5G9E]S2 !SE1 9 TURN1 >E FOLL[$ BY GU>DS1 FACTORIES & MORE CAMPS4 ,! NEW MODE ( LABOR REPRODUCES ITSELF NOT ONLY FROM ! 9N] CRISIS ( CAPITALISM1 BUT FROM ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9 MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,IT RECREATES ! 5TIRE JURIDICAL1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC FABRIC -- ADAPT+ ALL 9/ITUTIONS TO ITS NE$S &1 BY GIV+ RISE TO ITS [N QUALITATIVE =MS1 ?REAT5S TO NEGATE ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION ITSELF4 

,SLAVE LABOR ALREADY G]M9ATES 9 EV]Y PHASE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY4 ,! 9T]NAL PASSPORT1 ! WORK-BOOK1 C\NTLESS LABOR REGULATIONS RANG+ FROM 'JOB LAT5ESS' TO 'SABOTAGE'1 COMPULSORY VOCATIONAL TRA9+1 ETC41 ETC4 -- ALL R$UCE ! 9DU/RIAL WORK] TO A CAPTIVE ( HIS SPECIFIC JOB4.<#c#a.> ,ON ! 'COLLECTIVE' F>MS1 PRACTICALLY EV]Y PRET5SE IS CA/ TO ! W9DS4 ,YUG[ MAKES ! FOLL[+ SIGNIFICANT OBS]VATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN KOLKHOZ SY/EM3 

',PRODUCTIVE MA*9]Y1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( SMALL TOOLS1 BELONGS AS ALREADY M5TION$ TO ! GOV]NM5T1 :I*1 BY AGREEM5T1 WORKS ! L& & H>VE/S = ! KOLKHOZES4 ,LABOR IS FURNI%$ BY ! KOLKHOZ1 :I*1 9 ADDITION1 IS OBLIG$ TO ASSIGN A SPECIFI$ P]C5TAGE ( ITS MANP[] TO C]TA9 COMPULSORY TASKS 7ROAD WORK1 TRANSPORTATION1 FELL+ TIMB]1 ETC47 & TO WORK 9 URBAN FACTORIES4'.<#c#b.> 

,C5TURIES AGO1 CAPITALISM TOOK =M 9 M$IEVAL ,EUROPE4 ,BY DEVELOP+ ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 ! POSSIBILITY WAS POIS$ = A HI/ORIC SOLUTION TO WANT & EXPLOITATION4 ,) ! FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ! CURVE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T TOOK A D[NW>D TURN2 & H]E1 HI/ORY HAS REA*$ ! HEI<TS ( IRONY4 ,ALONGSIDE ! MO/ REM>KABLE TE*NOLOGICAL A*IEVEM5TS1 UNDREAM$ ( ADVANCES 9 ELECTRONICS1 S]VO-ME*ANISMS1 TURBO-5G9ES & NUCLE> PHYSICS 79 A WORD1 ALL ! MEANS ( LI<T5+ HUMAN LABOR7 REAPPE> ! 9/ITUTIONS1 WANT1 & EXPLOITATION ( ! PA/1 9F9ITELY 9T5SIFI$4 ,LIT]ALLY3 MORIBUND CAPITALISM G5]ATES ITS [N NEGATION 9 ! =MS ( A D>K1 B>B>IC PA/1 :5 ! MAT]IAL BASES ( MANK9D LAY AT ! ?RE%OLD ( PRE-HI/ORY4 ,! SY/EM CONV]GES T[>D /ABILITY ON ! %AMBLES ( :OLE CULTURES4 ,9DU/RY1 AS IT W]E1 '?RIVES' 9 LABORATORIES SURR\ND$ BY A DES]T ( HUMAN AGONY & HUNG]1 ONLY TO A*IEVE FLORESC5CE 9 444 >MAM5TS4 ,ALL ! +5UITY ( MANK9D -- FROM SCI5CE1 COMMUNICATIONS & TE*NOLOGY TO ! PRODUCTS ( ! PR9T+ PRESS & ! PA9T-BRU% -- CONSPIRE TO SUCK EV]Y ISOLAT$ OR REMOTE COMMUNITY 9TO ! RIS+ SLAVE /ATE4 ,9DE$1 AS COMP>$ ) ! ,/AL9I/ REGIME1 :I* CAN BE CONSID]$ NO MORE ?AN A MIRROR ( REL5TLESS DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA 7IF AU!NTIC DEMOCRATIC =CES FAIL TO 9T]V5E71 ! P>TICUL>NESS ( PA/ M$IEVALISM WILL APPE> AS A V]ITABLE HAV5 = ! HUMAN SPIRIT4 

#b#cRD ,JUNE1 #a#i#e4 

.<#a.> ,AL?\< ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA RANK$ F> BEH9D ! ,WE/ 9DU/RIALLY1 ! CONC5TRATION ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY EXCE$$ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES' DUR+ CORRESPOND+ P]IODS4 ,9 #aia = EXAMPLE1 5T]PRISES EMPLOY+ #e WORK]S OR MORE COMPRIS$ #ec P]C5T ( ! NUMB] ( WORK]S 9 9DU/RY1 AS COMP>$ ) #cc P]C5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ DECADE ( ! C5TURY1 SU* CONC]NS 9CREAS$ FROM #d#f4#g P]C5T TO #e#c4#e P]C5T1 :ILE FACTORIES EMPLOY+ UP TO #e WORK]S1 & O!RS FROM #e TO #e1 DECL9$ FROM #a#d4#c P]C5T4 TO #a#a4#f P]C5T1 & FROM #ci P]C5T TO #cd P]C5T RESPECTIVELY4 ,! SPECIFIC WEI<T ( L>G] 5T]PRISES %[$ GREAT] GA9S BETWE5 #aia & #a#i#a4 ,5T]PRISES EMPLOY+ OV] #e WORK]S JUMP$ FROM #c4#e P]C5T TO #e P]C5T ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY4 ,?OSE RANG+ UP TO #e WORK]S DROPP$ FROM #g4#e P]C5T TO #f#e4#g P]C5T4 

,MONOPOLIES DEF9ITELY APPE>$ 9 ! C>E] ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY AS E>LY AS ! 'EI<TIES 7! SUG> 9DU/RY71 AL?\< PREC$5TS HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ BY LIFE 9SURANCE COMPANIES AB\T A DECADE E>LI]4 ,AFT] ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 #g TO #ge P]C5T ( ALL %EET METAL WORKS W]E 9 ! H&S ( A METALLURGICAL MONOPOLY3 ',PRODAMET'4 ,BY #aih ',PRODAMET' HELD A DOZ5 ( ! MAJOR METALLURGICAL PLANTS 9 ITS GRASP1 HAV+ EXP&$ 9 ! MEANTIME 9TO MANY METAL PRODUCTS4 ,ALONG ) ! ',TRUBOPRADAZHA' SYNDICATE 7PIPES7 & ! ',PROD>UD' SYNDICATE 7ORES71 NE>LY ALL ( S\? ,RUSSIAN METALLURGY WAS MONOPOLIZ$ 9 LESS ?AN T5 YE>S4 

,MONOPOLIES SPREAD ALL OV] ! C\NTRY & TO ALL BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY & TRANSPORT4 ,! ',COMMITTEE ( ,URAL ,ORE & ,METAL ,PLANTS' SYNDICAT$ #h P]C5T ( RO(+ IRON4 ,F>M MA*9]Y CONC]NS COMB9$ 9 #aig TO REGULATE AT LEA/ #gb P]C5T ( MANY AGRICULTURAL IMPLEM5TS4 ,N9ETY-FIVE P]C5T ( RAILWAY C>S W]E PRODUC$ BY ! ',PRODVAGON' SYNDICATE 9 #a#i#g1 TO BE MAT*$ BY #i P]C5T ( LOCOMOTIVE PRODUCTION FROM ANO!R SYNDICATE4 ,! ',M$' SYNDICATE CONTROLL$ #ig P]C5T4 ( COPP] PRODUCTION 7#a#i#a#c72 ',PRODUGUL' 7#a#i#f7 ACC\NT$ = #ge P]C5T ( S\!RN COAL \TPUT2 A PETROLEUM SYNDICATE 5COMPASS$ #fe P]C5T OIL PRODUCTION1 ETC4 ,MONOPOLIES APPE>$ 9 LI<T 9DU/RY AS WELL AS HEAVY 9DU/RY2 9 COMM]CE AS WELL AS TRANSPORT4 

,AL?\< MANY ,RUSSIAN SYNDICATES W]E 9T]LOCK$ )1 & (T5 CONTROLL$ BY1 =EIGN CAPITAL1 !RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ?AT ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME WAS ! MAJOR SUPPORT ( 9DU/RIAL MONOPOLY4 ,RUSSIAN PETROLEUM COMB9ES LEAN$ ON1 & W]E AID$ 5ORM\SLY BY1 ! /ATE 9 COMPETITIVE /RUGGLES ) ,/&>D ,OIL4 ,9 ! P]SON ( ,BUNGE1 ,VY%NEGRADSKY & ,WITTE1 ! GOV]NM5T CONSCI\SLY ABETT$ ! DEVELOPM5T & CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RY4 ,HEAVY ORD]S1 = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 =M$ SO MANY SUBSIDIES TO EV]Y BRAN* ( METALLURGY4 ,CORRESPOND+LY1 DIRECT 9T]V5TION BY ! /ATE =M$ A CONSPICU\S P>T ( ,RUSSIAN ECONOMIC OP]ATIONS4 ,ALCOHOLIC BEV]AGES W]E A NE>-MONOPOLY ( ! REGIME4 ,! GOV]NM5T [N$ & PROCESS$ ! \TPUT ( MANY M9ES 9 ,SIB]IA1 ! ,ALTAI & ! ,URALS4 ,/ATE ACTIVITY WAS FELT 9 COMMUNICATIONS 7RAILWAY & TELEGRAPH71 CR$IT 7! MAJOR BANK+ CONC]NS W]E [N$ BY ! /ATE71 =E/RY1 L>GE-SCALE AGRICULTURE1 ETC4 ,BY ! TIME ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! /ATE & ! B\RGEOISIE W]E 9T]L9K$ 9 EV]Y PHASE ( 9DU/RY4 

.<#b.> ,! REM>KS ( ,L591 9 ?IS CONNECTION1 >E ( 9T]E/3 ',WE >E NO LONG] ATTEMPT+ TO BREAK UP ! OLD SOCIAL ECONOMIC ORD]1 ) ITS TRADE1 ITS SMALL SCALE ECONOMY & PRIVATE 9ITIATIVE1 ITS CAPITALISM1 BUT WE >E N[ TRY+ TO REVIVE TRADE1 PRIVATE 5T]PRISE & CAPITALISM1 AT ! SAME TIME GRADUALLY & CAUTI\SLY SUBJECT+ !M TO /ATE REGULATION JU/ AS F> AS !Y REVIVE4' 7,L591 ,PRAVDA1 #g? ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#b#a47 

.<#c.> ,NATURALLY1 ?IS ALSO APPLIES TO ,BRITA91 :]E ! ,LABOR ,P>TY PRES5TS ITS NATIONALIZATION PROGRAM AS A /EP T[>D SOCIAL PROGRESS4 ,?IS PROGRAM1 !RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION1 ABETS ! 9TRODUCTION ( MANY TOTALIT>IAN FEATURES1 FIR/ ADOPT$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 

.<#d.> ,NO LESS A FIGURE ?AN ,/AL9 GIVES US A PICTURE -- RA!R ON ! MICROSCOPIC LEVEL -- ( ! CLIQUES & BLOCS =M$ BY ,RUSSIAN (FICIALS4 ,?US3 

',MO/ FREQU5TLY WORK]S >E SELECT$ NOT ACCORD+ TO OBJECTIVE CRIT]IA1 BUT ACCORD+ TO ACCID5TAL1 SUBJECTIVE1 N>R[ & PROV9CIAL CRIT]IA4 ,MO/ FREQU5TLY SO-CALL$ ACQUA9TANCES >E *OS51 P]SONAL FRI5DS1 FELL[ T[NSM51 PEOPLE :O HAVE P]SONAL DEVOTION1 MA/]S ( EULOGIES TO !IR PATRONS1 IRRESPECTIVE ( :E!R !Y >E SUITABLE FROM A POLITICAL & BUS9ESS-LIKE /&PO9T4 444 ,TAKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,COMRADES ,MIRZOYAN & ,VA9OV4 ,! =M] IS SECRET>Y ( ! REGIONAL ,P>TY ORGANIZATION 9 ,KAZAK/AN2 ! LATT] IS SECRET>Y ( ! ,Y>OSLAV REGIONAL ,P>TY ORGANIZATION4 ,!SE PEOPLE >E NOT ! MO/ BACKW>D WORK]S 9 \R MID/4 ,& H[ DO !Y SELECT WORK]S8 

',! =M] DRAGG$ ALONG ) HIM FROM ,AZ]BAIJAN & ! ,URALS1 :]E HE =M]LY WORK$1 9 ,KAZAK/AN ?IRTY OR =TY ( HIS 0[N0 PEOPLE1 & PLAC$ !M 9 RESPONSIBLE POSITIONS 9 ,KAZAK/AN4 

',! LATT] DRAGG$ ALONG ) HIM FROM ! ,DONBAS1 :]E HE =M]LY WORK$1 TO ,Y>OSLAV A DOZ5 OR SO ( HIS 0[N0 PEOPLE ALSO1 & ALSO PLAC$ !M 9 RESPONSIBLE POSITIONS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,COMRADE ,MIROZOYAN HAS HIS [N CREW4 ,COMRADE ,VA9OV ALSO HAS HIS4' 7,J4 ,/AL91 ,MA/]+ ,BOL%EVISM1 #aidf $ITION1 P4 #c#h74 

.<#e.> ,BI5/OCK1 ,S*W>Z & ,YUG[1 ,MANAGEM5T 9 ,RUSSIAN ,9DU/RY & ,AGRICULTURE1 $4 BY ,FEIL] & ,M>%AK1 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 ,N4,Y41 #a#i#d#d1 P4 ,X,I,X4 

,?IS WORK IS ONE ( ! MO/ COMPLETE1 & C]TA9LY ONE ( ! MO/ OBJECTIVE1 ACC\NTS ( ECONOMIC RELATIONS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! AU?ORS1 AT LEA/ ,MR4 ,S*W>Z1 SEEM TO T5D T[>D A MANAG]IAL !ORY ( ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY4 ,! MAT]IAL CIT$ H]E1 WE BELIEVE1 DEMON/RATES ?AT SU* A !ORY IS UNT5ABLE4 ,! DIFFICULTIES ?AT APPE> TO PRES5T !MSELVES 9 ! M9DS ( ! AU?ORS >E A TRADITIONAL LAISSEZ-FAIRE CONCEPTION ( CAPITALISM & A DISPOSITION1 P>TICUL>LY NOTICEABLE 9 ,M>%AK'S 9TRODUCTION1 TO TAKE ,RUSSIAN LAW AT FACE VALUE2 VIZ41 '444 IT IS =BIDD5'4 

.<#f.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#e4 

.<#g.> ,L4 ,MEIZ5B]G1 ,ON ! ,ECONOMIC ,PLAN1 9 ,PLANN$ ,ECONOMY1 #a#i#c#i1 ,NO4 #a1 P4 #a#b4 7,QUOT$ FROM ,B41 ,S41 @& ,Y41 P4 #e#f47 

.<#h.> ,B41 ,S41 @& ,Y41 ETC41 P4 #e#g4 

.<#i.> ,IBID41 P4 #e4 

.<#a.> ,IBID41 P4 #f#c-#d4 

.<#a#a.> ,IBID41 P4 #f#b4 

.<#a#b.> ,IBID41 P4 #f#d4 ,UND] ! HEADL9E1 ',SUPPLY ,WOES ,CUT ,SOVIET ,PRODUCTION'1 ,MR4 ,H>RY ,S*W>TZ 7NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ,SOLOMON ,S*W>Z ( ! WORK CIT$ 9 ! =EGO+7 GIVES ! FOLL[+ REPORT3 

',L5+RADSKAYA ,PRAVDA REC5TLY PR9T$ AN >TICLE BY A FACTORY DIRECTOR 9 ,L5+RAD COMPLA9+ ( ! H>M DONE TO PRODUCTION BY SUPPLY DIFFICULTIES4 ,NE$$ MAT]IALS (T5 >RIVE LATE1 =C+ FACTORIES TO CEASE OR P>TLY CURTAIL \TPUT4 444 ,9 ,L5+RAD ALONE1 ! >TICLE REPORTS1 HUNDR$S ( GOV]NM5T (FICIALS EMPLOY ?\S&S ( P]SONS :O >E SUPPOS$ TO FACILITATE NECESS>Y TRANSACTIONS BETWE5 DIFF]5T 5T]PRISES4 ,BUT !SE WORK SO POORLY & >E ( SO LITTLE HELP ?AT MANY FACTORIES HAVE TO SP5D L>GE SUMS =AG+ = !MSELVES SO ?AT !IR WORK CAN CONT9UE4 

',! SITUATION IS SO BAD1 ! DIRECTOR WRITES1 ?AT TO MEET ITS NE$S = ELECTRIC LAMPS1 MOTORS1 TRANS=M]S1 OPTICAL EQUIPM5T & =G+S1 HIS FACTORY HAS HAD TO 9/ITUTE PRODUCTION ( !SE ITEMS ITSELF4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 HE SAYS1 ,L5+RAD HAS L>GE FACTORIES PRODUC+ ALL !SE ITEMS1 FACTORIES ?AT >E BY NO MEANS ALWAYS WORK+ AT CAPACITY4 

',AT ! ROOT ( ! SITUATION1 HE DECL>ES1 IS ! OV]LY BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SOVIET 9DU/RIAL SUPPLY SY/EM4 ,FACTORIES ADJAC5T TO EA* O!R >E NOT ALL[$ TO MAKE >RANGEM5TS DIRECTLY TO SUPPLY EA* O!R'S NE$S IF !Y BELONG TO DIFF]5T M9I/RIES4 ,!SE & O!R RE/RICTIONS ON 5T]PRISE MANAG]S' 9ITIATIVE TIE !M H& & FOOT1 HE COMPLA9S1 & MU/ BE REMOV$ IF MATT]S >E TO BE IMPROV$4 

',A SIMIL> SITUATION EXI/S 9 ! LOCAL CONSUM] GOODS 9DU/RY 9 ,MOSC[1 ! NEWSPAP] ,MOSCOVSKAYA ,PRAVDA REPORTS4 

',! SUPPLY SY/EM = !SE 5T]PRISES IS WORK+ SO BADLY ?AT IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT !Y WILL FAIL TO RECEIVE AB\T #f11 RUBLES WOR? ( RAW MAT]IALS ?AT !Y REQUIRE1 AB\T ONE-?IRD !IR TOTAL NE$S4 ,BECAUSE ( ! LACK ( MAT]IALS1 !SE 5T]PRISES WILL NOT BE ABLE TO A*IEVE ?IS YE>'S \TPUT PLANS = SU* GOODS AS FURNITURE1 PHONOGRAPHS1 *ILDR5'S BICYCLES1 ALUM9UM UT5SILS & KNITT$ GOODS4 

',TO GET >\ND SUPPLY DIFFICULTIES1 SOME FACTORIES 9 ,MOSC[ DO NOT PRODUCE >TICLES = :I* !Y >E BE/ FITT$1 BUT ONLY SU* GOODS = :I* !Y >E ABLE TO OBTA9 MAT]IALS4 

',ANO!R CONSEQU5CE ( ! MAT]IALS %ORTAGE1 ,MOSKOVSKAYA ,PRAVDA REVEALS1 HAS BE5 ! DEVELOPM5T ( L>GE SCALE ILLEGAL B>T] TRADE BETWE5 5T]PRISES4 ,HUNDR$S ( MIDDLEM5 -- KN[N COLLOQUIALLY AS 0CLEV] LADS0 OR 0TIP/]S0 -- SW>M >\ND 5T]PRISES & M9I/RIES TO F9D \T :AT SURPLUSES & DEFICITS EA* HAS4 ,!Y >RANGE TRADES BETWE5 FACTORIES SO DESP]ATE = NE$$ GOODS ?AT !Y >E WILL+ TO PAY ANY PRICE4' 7,N4,Y4 ,TIMES1 #a#a? ,JUNE1 #a#i#e47 

.<#a#c.> ,IBID41 P4 #f#c4 ,9 #a#i#d1 ,RUSSIAN SUPPLY ORGANIZATIONS NUMB]$ SOME #e1 AG5CIES1 EMPLOY+ #a#b#f1 WORK]S & 9VOLV+ CO/S ( S]VICE EQUAL TO #aa P]C5T ( TURNOV]4 

.<#a#d.> ,IBID41 P4 #f#c4 

.<#a#e.> ,IBID41 P4 #g#i4 

.<#a#f.> ,IBID41 P4 #h#b4 

.<#a#g.> ,IBID41 PP4 #i#d-#e4 

.<#a#h.> ,PET] ,MEY]1 ',U,S,S,R3 ,A ,NEW ,CLASS ,SOCIETY'1 ,POLITICS1 ,M>*1 #a#i#d#d4 ,MEY] E/ABLI%ES A TABLE ON ! BASIS ( ,HUBB>D'S DATA %[+ ?AT IF ! CO/ ( ONE WEEK'S FOOD = #a#i#a#c1 #aibi & #aicg IS TAK5 AT #c4#d1 #e4#i & #d#i4#f RUBLES RESPECTIVELY 7,HUBB>D'S DATA IS #c4#d#b1 #e4#h#i & #d#i4#e#f RUBLES72 & IF 9DU/RIAL WAGES >E TAK5 AT ,R#b#e1 ,R#f#f & ,R#b#d#e 7,HUBB>D'S DATA = ! SAME P]IOD >E ,R#b#e1 ,R#g#g & ,R#b#d#e -- ,MEY] CLAIMS ?AT ,HUBB>D 'GIVES ! MON?LY WAGES = #aibi AS #gg RUBLES1 BUT HE HAS MADE AN ]ROR1 HAV+ TAK5 ! FIGURE = #a#i#c4'71 ! CONCLUSIONS >E QUITE OBVI\S4 ,! 9DEX ( FOOD PRICES WILL BE #agb & #a1#d#d#i = #aibi & #a#i#c#g1 RESPECTIVELY 7) #aiac TAK5 AS #a72 & ! 9DEX ( REAL WAGES WILL BE #a$ & #fh = #aibi & #a#i#c#g1 RESPECTIVELY 7) #aiac TAK5 AS #a74 ,MR4 ,HUBB>D'S CONCLUSIONS1 H[EV]1 >E NOT TOO CLE>4 ,HE WRITES3 

',ON AN AV]AGE1 ! #aicg PRICES ( ESS5TIAL CLO?+ & FOOD/UFFS W]E AT LEA/ FIVE TIMES ! #aibi PRICES1 :ILE ! AV]AGE WAGE WAS ONLY SLI<TLY MORE ?AN ?REE TIMES ! #aibi LEVEL4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! PUR*AS+ P[] ( ! WORK]'S 9COME 9 #aicg WAS AB\T #fe P]C5T ( #a#i#b#i4 ,! RETAIL PRICE 9DEX = ALL CONSUM]S' GOODS 9 #aibi WAS AB\T #b 7#a#i#a#c1 #a7 & ! WAGE 9DEX AB\T #c#h4 ,?IS W\LD SEEM TO 9DICATE ?AT ! #aibi WAGE PUR*AS$ AB\T HALF AS MU* AGA9 AS 9 #a#i#a#c2 BUT AS ! #aicg WAGE HAD ONLY AB\T TWO-?IRDS ( ! PUR*AS+ P[] 9 #a#i#b#i1 IT LOOKS AS ?\< REAL WAGES 9 #aiac & #aicg W]E PRETTY WELL AT ! SAME LEVEL4' ,L4 ,E4 ,HUBB>D1 ,SOVIET ,LABOR & ,9DU/RY1 ,MAC,MILLAN1 ,LONDON1 P4 #a#f#e1 #a#i#d#b47 

.<#a#i.> ,COL9 ,CL>K1 ,CRITIQUE ( ,RUSSIAN ,/ATI/ICS4 ,MAC,MILLAN1 ,LONDON1 PP4 #b#e-#f1 #a#i#c#i4 

.<#b.> ,V]A ,MI*ELES ,DEAN1 ',RUSSIA'S ,9T]NAL ,ECONOMIC ,PROBLEMS'1 FROM ,=EIGN ,POLICY ,REPORTS1 #a/ ,JULY1 #a#i#d#g4 

.<#b#a.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#h4 ,= A TRULY CURI\S EXCUSE3 UNEMPLOYM5T 9SURANCE 9 ,RUSSIA WAS ABOLI%$ 7#a#i#c7 '9 VIEW ( ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( MASS UNEMPLOYM5T 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4'4 ,DECREE ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>IAT ( ,LABOR1 #a#a? ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#c4 ,SEE \R SECTION ON SLAVE LABOR4 

.<#b#b.> ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,N4,Y4 ,TIMES1 #a#h? ,JULY1 #a#i#d#h1 A ,RUSSIAN WORK] MU/ WORK TWO & ONE-?IRD H\RS TO PUR*ASE A BOTTLE ( BE]4 

.<#b#c.> ,N4,Y4 ,TIMES1 #a#d? ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#d#i4 

.<#b#d.> ,! EMPHASIS PLAC$ ON ! EXPORT ( CAPITAL1 9 DISCUSSIONS >\ND IMP]IALISM1 HAS (T5 BE5 AT ! EXP5SE ( O!R FEATURES ( EQUAL -- &1 UND] PRES5T CIRCUM/ANCES1 GREAT] -- IMPORTANCE2 VIZ41 9DU/RIAL CONC5TRATION1 MONOPOLY1 ! RE-DIVISION ( ! WORLD1 ETC4 

.<#b#e.> ,! PROCESS1 TO BE SURE1 IS UNEV5 & COMB9$4 ,REPRESSIONS BEGUN 9 ! COLONIES >E TAK5 UP 9 ,EUROPE1 ONLY TO EXT5D FROM ,RUSSIA & ! ,BALKANS BACK TO ,*9A1 ,9DONESIA & ,AFRICA1 

.<#b#f.> ,MEMOR&UM ( ! ,F9AL ,CONV]SATIONS ,BETWE5 ,REI* ,=EIGN ,M9I/] VON ,RIBB5TROP & ,*AIRMAN ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S ( ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 & ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS> = ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 ,H]R ,MOLOTOV1 ON #a#c? ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#d1 FROM ,NAZI-,SOVIET ,RELATIONS1 #a#i#c#i-#d#a 7,G]MAN ,>*IVES7 P4 #b#e1 ,U4,S4 ,DEP>TM5T ( ,/ATE4 

.<#b#g.> ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,ISSUES1 ,VOL4 #a1 ,NO4 #a1 ',CONC]N+ ,G]MANY & ,WORLD ,DEVELOPM5T'1 BY ,]N/ ,Z&]4 

.<#b#h.> ,A4,J4 ,BR[N1 ,APPLI$ ,ECONOMICS1 ,R9EH>T & ,CO41 #a#i#d#h1 PP4 #ca & #c#f4 

.<#b#i.> ,LIFE1 #b#g? ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#e4 

.<#c.> ,SLAVE LABOR WAS UND\BT$LY 9T5D$ AS A P]MAN5T FEATURE ( ,G]MAN FASCISM4 ,IT IS NOT ?R\< REG>D =1 BUT 9 DISREG>D (1 ! 9T]E/S ( ,G]MAN CAPITALISM ?AT ! 'SURPLUS' POPULATION ( ,EA/ ,G]MANY IS P]MITT$ TO EXI/ 7AT ,ALLI$ SUFF]ANCE7 'ONLY' AS 444 A />V+ MASS ( REFUGEES4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( #d11 ,JEWS COMPRISES NO MORE ?AN ! =M ( SELECT+ #d11 HUMAN BE+S :O HAD TO P]I% UND] CAPITALISM4 ,! LI/ WAS LAT] TO 9CLUDE3 ,GYPSIES1 ,POLES1 ,RUSSIANS1 ,UKRA9IANS1 ETC4 

.<#c#a.> ,!SE FEATURES1 ( C\RSE1 EXT5D TO >EAS UND] ,RUSSIAN OCCUPATION4 ,MR4 ,MAC,CORMAC ( ! ,N4,Y4 ,TIMES 7#a#i? ,JUNE1 #a#i#e71 = EXAMPLE1 REPORTS (FH&$LY3 

',LIKE ,RUSSIA ! SATELLITES N[ >E EXP]IM5T+ ) PRISON LABOR AS A SOLUTION TO !IR DIFFICULTIES4 ,NEW LEGAL CODES >E BE+ ADOPT$ AFT] ! ,SOVIET MODEL TO PROVIDE = ! 0RE=M0 ( C]TA9 CLASSES ( PRISON]S BY S5T5C+ !M TO LABOR = ONE MON? TO TWO YE>S AT 0R$UC$ WAGES04' 

.<#c#b.> ,B41 ,S41 & ,Y41 ETC41 P4 #a#c#f4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JULY #c#a1 #aie 3 ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a1 #bai 3 ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA -- ,UPDAT$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/