,SUDAN3 ,BEH9D ! ,MASSACRE 9 ,KH>T\M 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CRIME?,9C4 

,TEXT 3 

,9 ,DECEMB] #b#a#h1 MASSIVE PROTE/S & UNRE/ ORGANIZ$ BY LABOR ORGANIZATIONS & NEI<BORHOOD COMMITTEES ACROSS ,SUDAN TOPPL$ ! DICTATOR ,OM> ,AL-,BA%IR4 ,UTILIZ+ ANCI5T ,NUBIAN IMAG]Y & MY?OLOGY1 AS WELL AS CONTEMPOR>Y SLOGANS & TACTICS1 ! REVOLUTION>IES EXPRESS$ A DIV]SE GR\NDSWELL ( RAGE 9 !IR EF=TS TO ESCAPE ! E?NIC & RELIGI\S CONFLICTS ( ! PA/ TWO DECADES4 ,AFT] ,AL-,BA%IR FL$ (FICE1 RIOTS1 BLOCKADES1 & PROTE/S CONT9U$ AGA9/ ! ,TRANSITIONAL ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ?AT SEIZ$ CONTROL ( ! GOV]NM5T1 PROMIS+ TO COORD9ATE ELECTIONS 9 #b#b4 ,9 E>LY #b#a#i1 P>AMILIT>Y GR\PS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,C\NCIL BEGAN TO C>RY \T FI]CE ATTACKS ON /UD5T PROTE/S 9 ,KH>T\M1 CULM9AT+ 9 A MASSACRE ON ,JUNE #c :5 !Y BRUTALLY EVICT$ AN OCCUPATION FROM ,AL-,QYADA ,SQU>E4 ,9 RESPONSE1 A G5]AL /RIKE GRIPP$ MU* ( ,SUDAN FROM ,JUNE #i TO #a#a4 ,SOME REVOLUTION>IES HAVE PL$G$ TO CONT9UE !IR FI<T FROM 9 HID+ DESPITE ! VIOL5CE FROM !SE NOMADIC P>AMILIT>Y GR\PS4 

,ALL >\ND ! WORLD TODAY1 WE SEE ! SAME ?REE-WAY CONFLICTS4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,EUROPEAN ,UNION1 ?IS TAKES ! =M ( A CONTE/ BETWE5 C5TRI/S LIKE ,EMMANUEL ,MACRON & ,HIL>Y ,CL9TON1 F>-RI<T DEMAGOGUES LIKE ,M>9E ,LE ,P5 & ,DONALD ,TRUMP1 & SOCIAL MOVEM5TS = LIB]ATION4 ,9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ?IS (T5 MANIFE/S AS A /RUGGLE BETWE5 DICTATORS LIKE ,BA%> AL-,ASSAD & ,ABDEL ,FATTAH EL-,SISI1 MILITANT ,ISLAMI/ GR\PS1 & SOCIAL MOVEM5TS SEEK+ DEMOCRACY & EGALIT>IANISM4 ,WE SEE \R [N /RUGGLE 9 ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ,SUDAN2 WE %\LD LE>N ALL WE CAN AB\T ! ADV]S>IES !Y >E FAC+ & ! PROCESSES ?AT PRODUC$ !M4 ,MANY BELIEVE ?AT ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,SAUDI ,>ABIA1 ,EGYPT1 & ! ,UNIT$ ,>AB ,EMIRATES >E IMPLICAT$ 9 5C\RAG+ ! BLOODBA? ) :I* ! CURR5T RUL]S ( ,SUDAN S\<T TO PUT AN 5D TO ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T ?AT TOPPL$ ,AL-,BA%IR & OCCUPI$ ,AL-,QYADA ,SQU>E4 ,?IS EMPHASIZES ! GLOBAL /AKES ( ! CONFLICT4 ,IF ! DEMON/RATORS >E CRU%$ 9 ,SUDAN1 ?AT BL[ WILL RES\ND ?R\<\T ! ,MIDEA/ & ! WORLD2 IF !Y SURVIVE & P]SI/1 !Y WILL GIVE HOPE TO MILLIONS MORE4 

,! FOLL[+ TEXT1 TRANSLAT$ & ADAPT$ FROM ! ,SUDANESE-,FR5* PROJECT ,SUDFA1 EXPLORES ! ORIG9S ( ! JANJAWIDS1 ! P>AMILIT>Y =CE BEH9D ! MASSACRE ( ,JUNE #c4 ,9 ! PROCESS1 IT (F]S A *ILL+ GLIMPSE ( H[ ! BORD] REGIMES WE EXP]I5CE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,EUROPEAN ,UNION FUNCTION ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! GLOBAL APP>ATUS ( REPRESSION1 9 ! ZONES DESIGNAT$ = RES\RCE EXTRACTION & ! CONTA9M5T ( ! SO-CALL$ SURPLUS POPULATION4 ,IT ALSO AF=DS SOME 9SI<T 9TO ! CONDITIONS ?AT PRODUCE ! SORT ( M]C5>IES ?AT CAN SLAU<T] SOCIAL MOVEM5TS2 IF WE FAIL TO ADDRESS ! NE$S ( ! DISAFFECT$ & DESP]ATE POPULATIONS DISPLAC$ BY W> & NEOLIB]AL DEVELOPM5T1 NATIONALI/S & O!R AU?ORIT>IANS WILL TAKE ADVANTAGE ( !M TO ADVANCE !IR [N AG5DAS4 

,! ,JANJAWIDS 9 ,P[] 

  
,:O >E ! ,JANJAWIDS8 

  

,! JANJAWIDS >E LIT]ALLY 0M5 ON HORSES ) GUNS40 ,?IS PHRASE APPE>$ 9 ! #a#i#hS1 :5 PAN-,>AB P>TISANS1 EXPELL$ FROM ,*AD BY ,U,S- & ,FRANCE-BACK$ =CES1 FL$ 9TO WE/]N ,SUDAN TO REBUILD !IR MOVEM5T & PURSUE ! DEVELOPM5T ( A PAN-,>AB MOVEM5T 9 ! REGION4 ,9 #b#c1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! W> 9 ,D>FUR1 :5 ! ,SUDANESE ,LIB]ATION ,>MY 7,S,L,A7 ADVANC$ ON SEV]AL CITIES PROVOK+ A MASSIVE 9T]-E?NIC 9SURG5CY AGA9/ ! SECURITY =CES1 ,OM> ,AL-,BA%IR'S GOV]NM5T CALL$ ON !SE ,>AB TRIBES TO HALT ! PROGRESS ( ! REBELS4 ,TO ?IS 5D1 HE >M$ GR\PS ( M5 FROM !SE TRIBES TO CONTROL ! REGION & FI<T ! REBEL =CES4 

,! JANJAWIDS COME FROM ,>AB TRIBES2 MANY >E FROM \TSIDE ,SUDAN1 MO/LY ORIG9AT+ FROM ,*AD1 ,NIG]1 & ,MALI4 ,A REC5T VIDEO %[S ONE ( ! P>TICIPANTS EXPLA9+ ?AT HE ORIG9ALLY CAME FROM ,*AD1 W5T TO FI<T ! W> 9 ,YEM51 & IS N[ AT ,KH>T\M TO 0LIB]ATE0 ! CAPITAL4 ,V>I\S TE/IMONIES FROM SURVIVORS ( ! MASSACRE CONFIRM ?IS4 

,! ,SUDANESE PEOPLE CONT9UE TO CALL !M 0JANJAWIDS10 ?\< ?IS NAME IS NOT RECOGNIZ$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,!IR (FICIAL NAME IS 0,RAPID ,SUPPORT ,=CES0 7,R,S,F1 OR ,RAPID ,AID ,=CES74 

,TODAY1 ! GOV]NM5T REFUSES TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT IT WAS 9VOLV$ 9 ! ORIG9 ( ! ,RAPID ,SUPPORT ,=CES4 ,H[EV]1 AFT] #b#h1 IT ACKN[L$G$ ! USE ( ,RAPID ,SUPPORT ,=CES 9 ! 0PACIFICATION0 ( ! ,D>FUR REGION1 9 ORD] TO 0/OP ! *AOS1 PROTECT ! PEOPLE1 & PROTECT ! 9/ITUTIONS40 ,9 #b#a#d1 9 A GOV]NM5T EF=T TO /&>DIZE !SE =CES1 !Y W]E ATTA*$ TO ! P[]FUL ,N,I,S,S 7,NATIONAL ,9TELLIG5CE & ,SECURITY ,S]VICE74 ,?US !Y >E (FICIALLY A MOBILE P>AMILIT>Y MILITIA1 ASSOCIAT$ ) ! NATIONAL ,SECURITY ,S]VICE4 

,?IS MILITIA1 PR$OM9ANTLY COM+ FROM RURAL >EAS 9 ! WE/ ( ,SUDAN1 HAS /RONG TIES ) ,*AD & ! ,SUDANESE GOV]NM5T4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,*ADIAN PRESID5T1 ,IDRISS ,DEBY1 M>RI$ ! DAU<T] ( ,MUSA ,HILAL1 ! *IEF ( ! ,JANJAWIDS AT ! TIME ( ! ,D>FUR G5OCIDE 9 ! #bS4 

,MUSA ,HILAL DIRECT$ ! ,BORD] ,9TELLIG5CE ,BRIGADE 9 ! ,NOR? ( ,D>FUR1 :I* IS A SPECIAL JANJAWID =CE MOBILIZ$ AT ! BORD]4 ,9 #b#h1 HE WAS ALSO ! M9I/] ( ,SUDANESE ,F$]AL ,AFFAIRS4 ,HE IS ! SYMBOL ( ! ATROCITIES COMMITT$ 9 ,D>FUR & IS S\<T = HIS CRIMES BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CRIM9AL ,C\RT4 ,!SE =CES W]E KN[N TO BE 0READY1 RAPID1 BRUTAL40 

,ALI ,OSMAN ,TAHA WAS ,VICE ,PRESID5T ( ,SUDAN FROM #be TO #b#a#c4 ,HE NAM$ ,MUSA ,HILAL AS ! HEAD ( ,JANJAWID =CES1 TO RECRUIT & COMM& !M4 

,! ,JANJAWIDS >E FROM ! ,>AB TRIBES ( ! REGION2 = EXAMPLE1 ,MUSA ,HILAL COMES FROM ! ,BAGG>A TRIBE 7AN ,>AB TRIBE ?AT RAISES C[S1 H5CE !IR NAME72 ,HEM$TI1 A MEMB] ( ! ,TRANSITIONAL ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL TASK$ ) OV]SEE+ NEW ELECTIONS1 COMES FROM ! ,AL-,ABALA1 ANO!R ,>AB TRIBE ?AT RAISES CAMELS4 ,ORIG9ALLY1 ! ,JANJAWID =CES W]E CREAT$ AT ,AL-,MI/]IHA1 A CITY SITUAT$ 9 ! ,NOR? ( ,D>FUR4 

,:ILE HE WAS DIRECTOR 9 ,D>FUR ( ! ,>MY 9 ! ,JEBEL ,M>RA 7,JEBEL ,M\NTA9S71 ,BURHAN1 ! CURR5T *IEF ( ! ,TRANSITIONAL ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL1 SAID1 0,I AM ! ,GOD ( ! ,FUR PEOPLE1 ,I HAVE ! RI<T ( LIFE & DEA? OV] !M40 

,S9CE #b#c1 ! ,JANJAWIDS HAVE KILL$ & PILLAG$4 ,!RE IS NO EXACT NUMB]1 BUT ,OM> ,AL-,BA%IR IS SAID BY ! ,U,N TO BE RESPONSIBLE = ! DEA? ( HALF A MILLION PEOPLE4 ,! REAL NUMB]S MAY BE MU* HI<]4 ,O!R S\RCES TALK ( ?REE MILLION DISPLAC$1 & C\NTLESS W\ND$4 

,! ,JANJAWIDS HAVE US$ RAPE AS A WEAPON ( W>1 SY/EMATICALLY ASSAULT+ WOM5 DUR+ !IR ATTACKS ON VILLAGES4 ,!Y BURN ALL ! H\SES & F>MS1 KILL ! M5 & *ILDR54 ,!IR MODE ( OP]ATION IS KN[N BY EV]YONE3 !Y >RIVE ON HORSES OR 9 C>S & RAZE A VILLAGE 9 A FEW H\RS1 ) MILIT>Y PLANES & HELICOPT]S OV]SEE+ ! OP]ATION4 ,DUR+ !SE ATTACKS1 SOME SURVIVORS >E ABLE TO FLEE1 = EXAMPLE BY FOLL[+ ! ,WADIS 7/REAMS7 & HID+ 9 NE>BY CAMPS4 ,!Y >E (T5 RECAPTUR$ BY GR\PS WAIT+ FUR!R \TSIDE ( ! VILLAGES4 ,! DISPLAC$ PEOPLE 5D UP 9 CAMPS ?R\<\T ! :OLE C\NTRY1 & 9 HUGE %ANTYT[NS SURR\ND+ ! CITIES1 :]E ! ,SECURITY ,S]VICES & ! ,JANJAWIDS CONT9UE TO TORM5T !M4 

,! PR9CIPAL VICTIMS ( ! ,JANJWIDS >E ! ,FUR POPULATION1 AS WELL AS ! ,MASSALIT1 ,ZA<AWA1 & O!R D>K]-SK9N$ TRIBES T]M$ 0,AFRICAN0 OR 0NON-,>AB10 :OSE POPULATIONS HAVE BE5 DECIMAT$ & DISPLAC$4 ,! ,JANJAWIDS HAVE BE5 ACCUS$ ( G5OCIDE AGA9/ !SE POPULATIONS4 

,H[ ,>E ! ,JANJAWIDS ,F9ANC$8 

  

,AT FIR/1 !IR 9COME IS SAID TO HAVE TAK5 ! =M ( DIRECT SAL>IES FROM ! GOV]NM5T4 ,ALI ,OSMAN ,TAHA ONCE EXPLA9$ ?AT HE RES]V$ A P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T BUDGET = ! ,RAPID ,SUPPORT ,=CES4 

,ALONG ) O!R P[]FUL GOV]NM5T (FICIALS1 ,ALI ,OSMAN ,TAHA1 ,AHM$ ,H>UN1 & ,KHALIFA ,KU%AYB 79 ! ,JEBEL-,AL ,NUBA & ,BLUE ,NILE REGIONS7 >E ! ?REE KEY FIGURES 9 ! F9ANC+ ( !SE =CES4 ,! ,R,S,F HAVE DEP5D$ F9ANCIALLY & LOGI/ICALLY ON ! GOV]NM5T4 

,AHM$ ,H>UN1 CURR5T MAYOR ( ,AL-,OBEID & =M] ,9T]IOR ,M9I/]1 HELP$ F9ANCE ! ,JANJAWIDS4 ,S9CE ,DECEMB] #b#a#h1 HE HAS ?REAT5$ ! DEMON/RATORS BY TELL+ !M ?AT ! ,R,S,F IS /RONG] ?AN !M & PROMIS+ FI]CE REPRESSION4 ,HE HAS BE5 ACCUS$ ( GIV+ ! ORD] TO ! MILITIAS TO KILL1 RAPE1 & TORTURE CIVILIANS & ( BE+ BEH9D SEV]AL ATTACKS ON VILLAGES & T[NS 9 ! WE/ ( ,D>FUR1 NOTABLY ! MASSACRES ( ! ,MASSALIT POPULATION4 ,HE WAS ALSO ACCUS$ ( =C+ ! DISPLACEM5T ( #b1 PEOPLE 9 SUMM] #bc & ( SAY+ ?AT 0ALL ! ,FUR *ILDR5 W]E REBELS444 ALL ! ,FUR HAD BECOME BOOTY = ! ,JANJAWID40 

,ONE ( ! SLOGANS ( ! REC5T DEMON/RATIONS PROCLAIMS1 0,ALI ,OSMAN1 Y\ C[>D6 ,NAFI ,ALI ,NAFI1 Y\'RE USELESS 7MA NAFI740 ,! DEMON/RATORS SEE ?OSE :O LEAD & F9ANCE ! ,JANJAWIDS AS WRONGDO]S :O MU/ BE BR\<T D[N LIKE ,AL-,BA%IR4 

,AFT] #b#a1 :5 AU/]ITY MEASURES R$UC$ PUBLIC SP5D+ & RES\RCES DRA/ICALLY1 ! ,JANJAWIDS DISCOV]$ O!R 9COME S\RCES1 SU* AS ! GOLD M9ES 9 ! ,D>FUR REGION >\ND ,JEBEL ,EMIR4 ,!Y ALSO OBTA9$ MONEY 9 ! ,D>FUR ,W>3 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! ATTACKS ON ,TAWILA1 ,KORMA1 & ,KUTUM1 !Y /OLE MONEY & GOODS AS WELL AS ! LIVE/OCK & H>VE/S ( ! WEAL?I] 9HABITANTS4 ,!Y ATTACK$ PLACES = ECONOMIC AIMS AS WELL AS TO C>RY \T E?NIC CLEANS+3 C]TA9 ,FUR POPULATIONS ) L& & LIVE/OCK W]E EASY & PR(ITABLE T>GETS4 

,! ,JANJAWIDS LAID CLAIM TO L& & H\SES1 SETTL+ & OCCUPY+ ! ZONES !Y EMPTI$4 ,LEAD]S ( ! REBEL MOVEM5TS 7LIKE ! ,S,L,A7 >E FI<T+ TO EVICT ?OSE :O SETTL$ 9 ! HOMES ( ! MASSACR$ & DISPLAC$ TRIBES4 ,!Y D5\NCE E?NIC REPLACEM5T 7,>AB TRIBES REPLAC+ ,FUR & ,MASSALIT TRIBES71 :I* HAS IMP$$ ! RETURN ( NON-,>AB ,SUDANESE TRIBES & CREATES A LONG-T]M PRO-GOV]NM5T BIAS 9 ! REGION4 

,DISGUIS$ UND] ! NAME ,R,S,F & ACKN[L$G$ AS A P>AMILIT>Y =CE1 ! ,JANJAWIDS HAVE ALSO PR(IT$ FROM ! W> 9 ,YEM54 ,SAUDI ,>ABIA PRESSUR$ ! ,SUDANESE GOV]NM5T TO S5D TROOPS TO ,YEM5 TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! W>4 ,JANJAWID TROOPS W]E CONSEQU5TLY DEPLOY$ 9 ,YEM5 & RECEIV$ MONEY & >MS FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,>AB ,EMIRATES & ,SAUDI ,>ABIA4 ,?ANKS TO !IR MILIT>Y 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! CONFLICT S9CE #b#a#f1 !IR 9FLU5CE & P[] 9 ,SUDAN HAVE GREATLY 9CREAS$4 ,!Y HAVE BECOME BETT] ORGANIZ$ & MANY Y\NG PEOPLE HAVE JO9$ !M1 9 P>TICUL> Y\NG PEOPLE FROM ,>AB TRIBES4 

,! MILITIA IS ABLE TO RECRUIT ?ANKS TO SEV]AL FACTORS1 BUT *IEFLY BECAUSE !IR SAL>IES >E RELATIVELY HI< & CAN (F] A MU*-NE$$ 9COME /REAM = IMPOV]I%$ FAMILIES4 ,!Y RECRUIT A L>GE NUMB] ( *ILD SOLDI]S BY CONV9C+ FAMILIES ( ?IS4 

,! GOV]NM5T HAS ?US LAUN*$ AN EF=T TO *ANGE ! IMAGE ( ! ,R,S,F 9 ! M$IA4 ,!Y NAM$ A SPOKESP]SON & HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO PRES5T !SE =CES AS A REGUL> NATIONAL >M$ =CE4 ,TO ?IS 5D1 ! ,JANJAWIDS W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 B>RACKS & MILIT>Y CAMPS 9 ! BIG CITIES ) ! SOLDI]S ( ! ,>MY1 = EXAMPLE 9 ,NYALA1 ,AL-,FA%IR1 & ,ZAL+EI4 ,UPON RETURN+ FROM ,YEM51 MEMB]S ( ! ,R,S,F SAID ?AT *ILDR5 MADE UP >\ND #d.0 ( ! ,SUDANESE TROOPS4 ,!Y (T5 GO ON SIX-MON? MISSIONS1 AFT] :I* ! M5 RETURN TO ,SUDAN & P>TICIPATE 9 GOV]NM5T MISSIONS4 ,! *ILDR5 RECEIVE ALMO/ NO TRA9+ 7AB\T ONE & A HALF MON?S ( BASIC PHYSICAL & >MS TRA9+7 BE=E !Y >E S5T TO ! FRONT L9E 9 ,YEM5 TO S]VE AS HUMAN %IELDS4 ,! ,RAPID ,SUPPORT ,=CES HAVE BE5 RESPONSIBLE = ! MASSACRES ( ! ,H\?I POPULATION 9 ,YEM51 9CLUD+ >BITR>Y MURD]S ( CIVILIANS & *ILDR54 

,EV5 IF ! ,R,S,F >E COMPRIS$ ( SEV]AL ,>AB COMMUNITIES1 !RE IS AN 9T]NAL HI]>*Y4 ,!Y >E DOM9AT$ BY ! ,RIZEIGAT TRIBE4 ,?OSE :O >E NOT FROM ?IS TRIBE >E S5T FIR/ 9 ! %IPM5TS TO ,YEM5 & RECEIVE ! L[E/ PO/S1 ACCORD+ ! RACI/ HI]>*Y US$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( ! *IEFS ( ! ,R,S,F >E ,RIZEIGAT4 

,MOHAMM$ ,HAMDAN ,DOGOLO1 KN[N AS 0,HEM$TI10 WAS RECRUIT$ BY ! ,SUDANESE GOV]NM5T TO DIRECT ! OP]ATIONS 9 ! ,NYALA ZONE2 HIS M51 FROM ! ,>AB TRIBE ( ! ,RIZEIGAT1 W]E >M$ BY ,OM> ,AL-,BA%IR4 ,HE WAS PUT 9 P[] AFT] #b#a#c4 ,DECID+ ?AT ,MUSA ,HILAL WAS DEM&+ TOO MU* 9DEP5D5CE1 ! ,AL-,BA%IR REGIME REPLAC$ HIM ) ,HEM$TI4 

,RUSSIAN & ,BELGIAN >MS DI/RIBUT$ TO ! GOV]NM5T >E REALLOCAT$ TO ! MILITIAS4 ,SEV]AL DOZ5 ,*9ESE-MADE TANKS & BOMB]S HAVE BE5 BR\<T 9TO ,SUDAN S9CE #b#d4 ,*9A HAS BUILT >MS FACTORIES = ! ,SUDANESE GOV]NM5T >\ND ! CAPITAL ,KH>T\M4 ,?IS FACTORY PRODUC$ ! MAJORITY ( ! BULLETS & MUNITIONS US$ 9 ! ,D>FUR ,W> & ! REPRESSION ( ! DEMON/RATORS TODAY4 ,*9A IS N[ ! PR9CIPAL SELL] ( >MS TO ,SUDAN1 PROVID+ ! MAJORITY ( TANKS1 PLANES1 & TRUCKS4 ,!SE TRUCKS W]E US$ TO TRANSPORT ! 9HABITANTS ( ,WADI ,SALEH TO ,D>FUR :]E !Y W]E SUBSEQU5TLY %OT4 

,9 ,D>FUR1 ! ,JANJAWIDS HAVE 5CIRCL$ ! REFUGEE CAMPS CITIES4 ,!Y HAVE RAP$ WOM5 :O LEFT CAMP1 NOTABLY WOM5 GO+ TO F9D WOOD2 !Y CAPTURE ! M5 :O 5T] OR EXIT ! CAMPS & CITIES 9 ORD] TO 9T]ROGATE OR ?REAT5 !M4 ,ACT+ AS COMM&OS1 !Y ALSO 5T] ! CAMPS1 LIKE ! ,KALMA CAMP NEXT TO ,NYALA1 OR ! ,ZAM-,ZAM CAMP NEXT TO ,AL-,FA%IR1 9 SE>* ( M5 OR >MS1 S[+ T]ROR DUR+ !IR RAIDS4 ,DUR+ DEMON/RATIONS HELD BY DISPLAC$ PEOPLE1 !Y HAVE KILL$ DOZ5S ( PEOPLE & >RE/$ HUNDR$S MORE4 ,SOME RESID5TS HAVE DISAPPE>$ DUR+ ! NI<T1 TAK5 TO PRISON ) ! COMPLICITY ( ! ,SECURITY ,S]VICES4 

,!Y HAVE ALSO ATTACK$ VILLAGES >\ND ! BIG CITIES LIKE ,AL-,FA%IR1 >RIV+ VIA ,L& ,CRUIS]S & WE>+ BR[N CLO?+ LIKE MEMB]S ( ! ,N,I,S,S & TURBANS ?AT HIDE !IR FACES4 ,!Y >E KN[N TO HAVE P]PETRAT$ MASS RAPES ( WOM5 9 #bad & #bae 9 ,TABI & ,GOLO 9 ,D>FUR1 BE=E MURD]+ ! VICTIMS & LEAV+ !M 9 MASS GRAVES4 ,!Y HAVE BURNT ?\S&S ( VILLAGES2 ! ,O,N,U TALKS ( #c VILLAGES 0]AS$ FROM ! MAP10 ?\< ! NUMB]S >E SURELY HI<]4 

,ANO!R ( !IR 9COME S\RCES IS RACKETE]+ & EXTORTION1 9CLUD+ ! TAXES !Y DEM& ON VEHICLES & CONVOYS ( DISPLAC$ PEOPLE ON ! R\TE BETWE5 ,AL-,FA%IR & ,KH>T\M4 ,IF ! VEHICLES OR CONVOYS REFUSE TO PAY1 GR\PS /EP 9 TO ATTACK !M & /EAL ! PRODUCTS & %IPM5TS ON ! TRUCKS4 ,S9CE ?IS IS ! ONLY R\TE ?AT CONNECTS ! ,WE/ TO ! CAPITAL1 DRIV]S HAVE NO *OICE BUT TO COMPLY4 

,! ,EUROPEAN ,UNION & ITS MEMB] /ATES HAVE MADE MANY P>TN]%IP AGREEM5TS ) ,SUDAN1 NOTABLY ! AGREEM5T CALL$ ! 0,KH>T\M PROCESS0 9 #b#a#d1 RE9=C$ BY A NEW #bae AGREEM5T4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( ,SUDAN'S ECONOMIC CRISIS FOLL[+ ! SEP>ATION ( ,S\? ,SUDAN & ! LOSS ( ESS5TIAL OIL REV5UES1 ,EUROPEAN AG5CIES HELP TO REGULATE ! BORD]1 A GREAT BOON TO ! REGIME 9 ,KH>T\M4 ,EQUIPM5T & REV5UE SEIZ$ AT ! BORD] IS E>M>K$ = ! POLICE & PICK$ UP BY ! ,JANJAWIDS1 :O CONTROL ! ,LIBYAN BORD] AS WELL4 ,HEM$TI HAS ALREADY SAID SEV]AL TIMES !Y HE WAS SIMPLY IMPLEM5T+ ! ,EUROPEAN ,UNION'S POLITICS 0AGA9/ HUMAN TRAFFICK+10 ?US PU%+ ! ,E,U TO 0COMP5SATE HIS EF=TS0 BY ALLOCAT+ EV5 MORE RES\RCES4 

,EV5 IF ! ,E,U D5IES DIRECT SUPPORT+ ! MILITIAS1 SEV]AL REPORTS1 SU* AS ,SULIMAN ,BALDO'S ,5GLI%-LANGUAGE REPORT1 0,BORD] ,CONTROL FROM ,HELL10 %[S ?AT ! COMPUT] H>DW>E1 VEHICLES1 & O!R EQUIPM5T PROVID$ BY ! ,E,U >E OBTA9$ BY ! ,R,S,F VIA !IR COLLABORATION ) ! POLICE & ! ,SECURITY ,S]VICES4 ,! ,E,U RELIES ON ,SUDANESE POLICE TO RE9=CE ! BORD]S 9 ! ,EA/ & ! ,NOR? & TO REGULATE ! PASSAGE ( ,SUDANESE MIGRANTS1 BUT ALSO ,]ITREANS1 ,E?IOPIANS1 & A NUM]\S O!R PEOPLE4 ,9 #b#a#e1 ! ,VALETTE ,SUMMIT CONT9U$ ?IS PROCESS1 CALL+ = PLANS TO 0.<PREV5T.> IRREGUL> MIGRATION0 & 0TRAFFIC ( HUMAN BE+S40 ,! ,R,S,F IS ! PR9CIPAL =C$ MOBILIZ$ AT ! BORD]S1 :I* ! GOV]NM5T USES TO IMPLEM5T ! POLITICAL OBJECTIVES ( ! ,E,U1 C>RY+ \T ITS ACTS ( T]ROR & *AOS AGA9/ ! POPULATION & MIGRANTS4 ,! ,JANJAWIDS ?US F9D !MSELVES ) A SPECIAL BUDGET1 :I* /R5G!NS !IR P[]4 

,! ,JANJAWIDS & ! ,MANIPULATION ( ,E?NIC ,CONFLICTS 9 ! ,W> 

  

,ACCORD+ TO ! SITUATION1 ! ,JANJAWIDS HAVE BE5 S5T ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY AS A MOBILE =CE1 NOTABLY 9 ! REGIONS ( ! ,BLUE ,NILE1 ,JEBEL ,AL-,NUBA1 & ,KORD(AN1 :]E !Y HAVE T]RORIZ$ CIVILIANS & C>RI$ \T LOOT+1 RAPE1 MASSACRES1 & P]SECUTION4 ,9 ,DAMAZ9 9 #bac & 9 ,KASSALA 9 #b#a#h1 ALL !SE REGIONS' CIVILIANS W]E ACCUS$ DUE TO !IR E?NIC ORIG9 ( SUPPORT+ OR P>TICIPAT+ 9 REBEL =CES LIKE ,S,L,A 7,SUDAN ,LIB]ATION ,>MY71 ,S,P,L,M 7,SUDAN ,POPUL> ,LIB]ATION ,MOVEM5T71 OR ,J,E,M 7,JU/ICE & ,EQUALITY ,MOVEM5T71 ACCORD+ TO ! REGIONS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! 9HABITANTS ( ,BLUE ,NILE >E ACCUS$ ( BELONG+ TO ! ,S,P,L,M BECAUSE ,S,P,L,M *IEF ,MALIK ,AG> COMES FROM ?AT REGION4 

,! GOV]NM5T HAS US$ ! ,JANJAWIDS TO ACC5TUATE ! DIVISION BETWE5 ! SO-CALL$ 0,>AB0 TRIBES & ! SO-CALL$ 0,AFRICAN0 TRIBES1 A DI/9CTION ?AT ORIG9AT$ 9 ! #a#i#hS 9 LOCAL CONFLICTS BETWE5 F>M]S & NOMADS4 ,?IS E?NIC DIVISION HAS BE5 POLITICALLY MANIPULAT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T 9 ORD] TO LEGITIMATE & BOL/] ITS P[]4 

,! ,KH>T\M ,MASSACRE 

  

,! MOBILIZATION ( ,DECEMB] #b#a#h1 :I* L$ TO ! FALL ( ,AL-,BA%IR1 WAS ! FIR/ TIME ! ,RAPID ,SUPPORT ,=CES 5T]$ ,KH>T\M 9 L>GE NUMB]S TO REPRESS ! DEMON/RATIONS & ! OCCUPATION ( ,AL-,QYADA ,PLAZA4 ,! *IEF ( ! ,R,S,F1 ,HEM$TI1 WAS NAM$ ,VICE ,PRESID5T ( ! ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL1 PRESID$ OV] BY ,BURHAN4 

,HE REMA9$ RA!R QUIET AT FIR/1 & A SEGM5T ( ! ,SUDANESE PEOPLE REMA9$ OPTIMI/IC GIV5 HIS NOM9ATION1 S9CE HE WAS NOT WELL-KN[N \TSIDE ( ! REGIONS ( ! >M$ CONFLICT4 ,BUT 9 A FEW WEEKS1 HE REVEAL$ HIMSELF1 ORD]+ HIS =CES TO T]RORIZE & DISP]SE ! DEMON/RATORS FROM ,AL-,QYADA ,PLAZA BY =CE4 ,HEM$TI & HIS M5 HAVE NO L9K ) ! Y\? ( ! CITIES1 ESPECIALLY ! MIDDLE-CLASS Y\? ( ,KH>T\M2 MO/ ( HIS =CES COME FROM RURAL 5VIRONM5TS & DON'T HAVE MU* ACCESS TO S*OOL4 ,! GAP CAN BE SE5 9 ! REC5T ATTACKS4 ,= SOME ( !M1 IT WAS ! FIR/ TIME !Y CAME TO ! CITY OR SAW ,SM>TPHONES2 PHOTOS W]E TAK5 ( !M 9 ! CAPITAL PLAY+ 9 ! *ILDR5'S P>KS & DANC+ & S++ 9 ! /REETS AFT] ! MASSACRES4 

,9 ,MAY1 C]TA9 ISOLAT$ GR\PS ( ! ,R,S,F ATTEMPT$ TO EVICT ! ,PLAZA1 BUT DID NOT SUCCE$ DUE TO ! B>RICADES & ORGANIZATION ( ! DEMON/RATORS4 ,ON ,MAY #a#c1 !Y KILL$ F\R DEMON/RATORS & W\ND$ AB\T ?IRTY MORE ) BULLETS4 ,! DEMON/RATORS CLE>LY ID5TIFI$ ! ASSAILANTS AS ,JANJAWIDS4 ,AFT] !SE EV5TS1 ,BURHAN1 ! PRESID5T ( ! ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL1 PROMIS$ TO 0OP5 AN 9VE/IGATION0 ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,R,S,F RESPONSIBLE = ! MURD]S4 ,BUT ! ,SECURITY ,=CES !N >BITR>ILY >RE/$ SIX ,D>FURIAN SOLDI]S1 DEM&+ !Y CONFESS ON NATIONAL TELEVISION & IMPRISON+ !M1 EV5 ?\< SOME ( !M W]E NOT 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ! ATTACK :5 IT HAPP5$4 ,MANY PEOPLE ANGRILY D5\NC$ ?IS DECEPTION ON SOCIAL M$IA NETWORKS4 

,SEV]AL O!R ATTACKS W]E L$ BY ,R,S,F MEMB]S >\ND ! 5TRY PO9TS ( ! ,PLAZA1 ESPECIALLY >\ND ,MAY #b#e2 !Y KILL$ MANY PEOPLE & W\ND$ & >RE/$ O!RS4 ,! GOV]NM5T (FICIALLY ACKN[L$G$ !SE ATTACKS & JU/IFI$ !M1 SAY+ ?AT ! 0,COLOMBIA0 LOCATION1 AT ! BACK 5TRANCE ( ,KH>T\M ,UNIV]SITY1 WAS OCCUPI$ BY PRO/ITUTES & DRUG DEAL]S4 

,ON ,JUNE #c1 ! #b#i? DAY ( ,RAMADAN1 COLUMNS ( ,R,S,F VEHICLES 5T]$ ! CAPITAL ) ,SECURITY ,S]VICE C>S & REMOV$ ! RECALCITRANT POLICE & MILIT>Y4 ,!Y REPRES5T$ A CONVOY ( MORE ?AN #a1 MEMB]S S5T TO ! CAPITAL FROM ALL ! REGIONS ( ,SUDAN4 

,!Y BEGAN TO %OOT BULLETS 9TO ! CR[D >\ND #f AM1 BURN+ ! T5TS 9 ! ,PLAZA & >RE/+ DEMON/RATORS & ?R[+ !M 9TO PICKUP TRUCKS4 ,!Y US$ ! ,KH>T\M ,UNIV]SITY & MOSQUE BUILD+S TO HOLD PEOPLE = ?REE DAYS1 BEAT+ & TORTUR+ !M4 ,SOME DI$ DUE TO ! HORRIBLE CONDITIONS ( ?IS DET5TION4 ,SOME ( ! PEOPLE :O SURVIV$ !SE ?REE DAYS ( DET5TION (F]$ *ILL+ TE/IMONY AB\T ! TREATM5T !Y SUFF]$4 

,MANY O!R PEOPLE W]E KILL$ OR W\ND$ BY BULLETS2 ! HEAL? M9I/RY HAS ADMITT$ TO #fa DEA?S ON ,JUNE #c1 :ILE CR$IBLE S\RCES REPORT OV] #a FATALITIES1 9CLUD+ #ai *ILDR54 ,! ,JANJAWIDS RAP$ DOZ5S ( WOM5 & ATTEMPT$ TO RAPE DOZ5S MORE4 ,VIDEOS W]E PO/$ ON SOCIAL M$IA NETWORKS4 ,ONE PHOTO CIRCULAT$ %[+ AN >M$ MAN US+ HIS BATON TO DISPLAY ! UND]PANTS ( WOM5 HE HAD ATTACK$ LIKE A TROPHY ( W>4 

,ACCORD+ TO PEOPLE AT ,AL-,QYADA ,PLAZA1 SOME BODIES W]E BURNT !RE1 O!RS W]E ?R[N 9TO ! ,NILE4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! WEEK1 BODIES CAME TO ! SURFACE ( ! WAT]1 & ! DEMON/RATORS DID ALL !Y C\LD TO RECOV] ! BODIES & BURY !M4 ,ALTOGE!R1 MORE ?AN #e PEOPLE W]E W\ND$ AMONG ! 9HABITANTS ( ,OMDURMAN & ,KH>T\M1 9CLUD+ MANY BEAT51 /RUCK D[N1 & LEFT = DEAD 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! /REET4 ,?OSE :O TRI$ TO ASSI/ !M UND] ! HAIL ( BULLETS W]E ALSO COLDLY /RUCK D[N4 

,! ,R,S,F 5T]$ O!R NEI<BORHOODS 9 ,KH>T\M & ,OMDURMAN1 ATTACK+ CIVILIANS AT R&OM4 ,!Y DE/ROY$ /ORES1 PH>MACIES1 & C>S4 ,/RAY BULLETS KILL$ SOME PEOPLE 9 !IR H\SES4 

,!Y 5T]$ HOSPITALS1 BEAT+ DOCTORS & ?REAT5+ !M ) DEA? IF !Y TREAT$ DEMON/RATORS1 RAP+ WOM5 & /RIK+ ! W\ND$4 ,!Y >RE/$ ! OPPOSITION1 9CLUD+ ,YASS] ,SAID ,>MAN1 LEAD] ( A BRAN* ( ! ,S,P,L,M4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! (FICE ( ! ,SUDANESE ,PR(ESSIONAL ,ASSOCIATION HAVE BE5 9 HID+ S9CE !N4 

,! DAY AFT] ! MASSACRE1 ! ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL ANN\NC$ ! NULLIFICATION ( ALL ! AGREEM5TS & GA9S FROM ! NEGOTIATIONS UP TO ?AT PO9T ) ! ,SUDANESE ,PR(ESSIONAL ,ASSOCIATION & SUSP5D$ ALL FUR!R NEGOTIATIONS4 ,!Y ANN\NC$ ?AT !RE WILL BE ELECTIONS 9 #b#b--& WE ALREADY KN[ ! RESULTS IF !Y >E TO BE CONTROLL$ BY ,BURHAN & ,HEM$TI4 

,! ,SUDANESE CONT9UE TO DEMON/RATE1 CLOS+ R\TES & ROADS1 ]ECT+ B>RICADES & BURN+ TIRES2 ! CAPITAL IS ! SC5E ( A CIVIL W>4 

,BY ,JUNE #g1 ! (FICIAL C\NT HAD REA*$ #aaa DEA?S & MORE ?AN #e W\ND$4 ,!SE PEOPLE HAVE NO FE> ( RIDICULE4 ,HEM$TI GAVE A GROTESQUE SPEE* 9 :I* HE PROCLAIM$3  
  

0,! ,RAPID ,=CES >E NOT RESPONSIBLE = !SE EV5TS4 ,GR\PS ( CIVILIANS DRESS$ LIKE ! ,RAPID ,=CES TOOK !IR C>S & ATTACK$ ! DEMON/RATORS4 ,I SWE> ?AT \R ,=CES HAV5'T KILL$ ANYONE40  
  

,! ,JANJAWIDS1 UND] ! NAME ( ! ,RAPID ,SUPPORT ,=CES1 H5CE=? CONTROL ! C\NTRY4 ,!Y >E A P[]FUL =CE1 UNCONTROLLABLE & BLOOD?IR/Y4 ,AFT] #b YE>S1 ! ,JANJAWIDS >E ACCU/OM$ TO US+ BRUTAL =CE TO MASSACRE L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE4 ,?IS MILITIA IS F9ANC$ BY ! ,GULF C\NTRIES & ! ,EUROPEAN ,UNION & POSES ! ?REAT ( IMM95T CIVIL W> 9 ,SUDAN4 

  

0,ONE W\LD BE H>D PUT TO F9D AN E>LY /ATE ?AT DID NOT 5LI/ NON/ATE PEOPLES--SOMETIMES :OLESALE--9 !IR >MIES1 TO CAT* RUNAWAY SLAVES1 & TO REPRESS REVOLTS AMONG !IR [N RE/IVE POPULATIONS4 ',B>B>IAN' LEVIES HAD AS MU* TO DO ) BUILD+ /ATES AS ) PLUND]+ !M4 ,BY SY/EMATICALLY REPL5I%+ ! /ATE'S MANP[] BASE BY SLAV+ & BY PROTECT+ & EXP&+ ! /ATE ) ITS MILIT>Y S]VICES1 ! B>B>IANS WILL+LY DUG !IR [N GRAVE40 

-,JAMES ,C4 ,SCOTT1 ,AGA9/ ! ,GRA93 ,A ,DEEP ,HI/ORY ( ! ,E>LIE/ ,/ATES  
  

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #a#g? ,JUNE #bba FROM CRIME?9C4COM47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#d1 #bbb 3 ,SUDAN3 ,BEH9D ! ,MASSACRE 9 ,KH>T\M -- ,ADD$4 

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