,*APT] 1 ,SECTION 4#b 

#ahdfahdf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

,PR\DHON1 ,PI]RE ,JOSEPH4 ,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS3 OR1 ! ,PHILOSOPHY (  
,MIS]Y 

,ELECTRONIC ,TEXT ,C5T]1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y 

,I,I4 

  

,IT SEEMS1 !N1 ?AT ALL IS 5D$2 IT SEEMS ?AT1 ) ! CESSATION ( ! WOR%IP & MY/IFICATION ( HUMANITY BY ITSELF1 ! !OLOGICAL PROBLEM IS = EV] PUT ASIDE4 ,! GODS HAVE GONE3 !RE IS NO?+ LEFT = MAN BUT TO GR[ WE>Y & DIE 9 HIS EGOISM4 ,:AT FRI<TFUL SOLITUDE EXT5DS >\ND ME1 & =CES ITS WAY TO ! BOTTOM ( MY S\L6 ,MY EXALTATION RESEMBLES ANNIHILATION2 &1 S9CE ,I MADE MYSELF A ,GOD1 ,I SEEM BUT A %AD[4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ,I AM /ILL A ME1 BUT IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT TO REG>D MYSELF AS ! ABSOLUTE2 &1 IF ,I AM NOT ! ABSOLUTE1 ,I AM ONLY HALF ( AN IDEA4 

,SOME IRONIC ?9K]1 ,I KN[ NOT :O1 HAS SAID3 0,A LITTLE PHILOSOPHY LEADS AWAY FROM RELIGION1 & MU* PHILOSOPHY LEADS BACK TO IT40 ,?IS PROPOSITION IS HUMILIAT+LY TRUE4 

,EV]Y SCI5CE DEVELOPS 9 ?REE SUCCESSIVE P]IODS1 :I* MAY BE CALL$ -- COMP>+ !M ) ! GR& P]IODS ( CIVILIZATION -- ! RELIGI\S P]IOD1 ! SOPHI/ICAL P]IOD1 ! SCI5TIFIC P]IOD4.<#a.> ,?US1 AL*EMY REPRES5TS ! RELIGI\S P]IOD ( ! SCI5CE AFT]W>DS CALL$ *EMI/RY1 :OSE DEF9ITIVE PLAN IS NOT YET DISCOV]$2 LIKEWISE A/ROLOGY WAS ! RELIGI\S P]IOD ( ANO!R SCI5CE1 S9CE E/ABLI%$1 -- A/RONOMY4 

,N[1 AFT] BE+ LAU<$ AT = SIXTY YE>S AB\T ! PHILOSOPH]'S /ONE1 *EMI/S1 GOV]N$ BY EXP]I5CE1 NO LONG] D>E TO D5Y ! TRANSMUTABILITY ( BODIES2 :ILE A/RONO-  

,NOTE3  

.<#a.>,SEE1 AMONG O!RS1 ,AUGU/E ,COMTE1 0,C\RSE ( ,POSITIVE ,PHILOSOPHY10 & ,P4 ,J4 ,PR\DHON1 0,CREATION ( ,ORD] 9 ,HUMANITY40 

M]S >E L$ BY ! /RUCTURE ( ! WORLD TO SUSPECT ALSO AN ORGANISM ( ! WORLD2 ?AT IS1 SOME?+ PRECISELY LIKE A/ROLOGY4 ,>E WE NOT JU/IFI$ 9 SAY+1 9 IMITATION ( ! PHILOSOPH] JU/ QUOT$1 ?AT1 IF A LITTLE *EMI/RY LEADS AWAY FROM ! PHILOSOPH]'S /ONE1 MU* *EMI/RY LEADS BACK TO IT2 & SIMIL>LY1 ?AT1 IF A LITTLE A/RONOMY MAKES US LAU< AT A/ROLOG]S1 MU* A/RONOMY WILL MAKE US BELIEVE 9 !M8.<#a.>  

,NOTE3  

.<#a.>,I DO NOT MEAN TO AFFIRM H]E 9 A POSITIVE MANN] ! TRANSMUTABILITY ( BODIES1 OR TO PO9T IT \T AS A SUBJECT = 9VE/IGATION2 /ILL LESS DO ,I PRET5D TO SAY :AT \<T TO BE ! OP9ION ( SAVANTS UPON ?IS PO9T4 ,I WI% ONLY TO CALL ATT5TION TO ! SPECIES ( SKEPTICISM G5]AT$ 9 EV]Y UN9=M$ M9D BY ! MO/ G5]AL CONCLUSIONS ( *EMICAL PHILOSOPHY1 OR1 BETT]1 BY ! IRRECONCILABLE HYPO!SES :I* S]VE AS ! BASIS ( ITS !ORIES4 ,*EMI/RY IS TRULY ! DESPAIR ( REASON3 ON ALL SIDES IT M+LES ) ! FANCIFUL2 & ! MORE KN[L$GE ( IT WE GA9 BY EXP]I5CE1 ! MORE IT 5VELOPS ITSELF 9 IMP5ETRABLE MY/]IES4 ,?IS ?\<T WAS REC5TLY SUGGE/$ TO ME BY READ+ ,M4 ,LIEBIG'S 0,LETT]S ON ,*EMI/RY0 7,P>IS1 ,MASGANA1 #a#h#d#e1 TRANSLATION ( ,B]TET-,DUP9EY & ,DUBREUIL ,HELION74 

,?US ,M4 ,LIEBIG1 AFT] HAV+ BANI%$ FROM SCI5CE HYPO!TICAL CAUSES & ALL ! 5TITIES ADMITT$ BY ! ANCI5TS1 -- SU* AS ! CREATIVE P[] ( MATT]1 ! HORROR ( A VACUUM1 ! ESPRIT RECTEUR1 ETC4 7P4 #b#b71 -- ADMITS IMM$IATELY1 AS NECESS>Y TO ! COMPREH5SION ( *EMICAL PH5OM5A1 A S]IES ( 5TITIES NO LESS OBSCURE1 -- VITAL =CE1 *EMICAL =CE1 ELECTRIC =CE1 ! =CE ( ATTRACTION1 ETC4 7PP4 #a#d#f1 #a#d#i74 ,ONE MI<T CALL IT A REALIZATION ( ! PROP]TIES ( BODIES1 9 IMITATION ( ! PSY*OLOGI/S' REALIZATION ( ! FACULTIES ( ! S\L UND] ! NAMES LIB]TY1 IMAG9ATION1 MEMORY1 ETC4 ,:Y NOT KEEP TO ! ELEM5TS8 ,:Y1 IF ! ATOMS HAVE WEI<T ( !IR [N1 AS ,M4 ,LIEBIG APPE>S TO BELIEVE1 MAY !Y NOT ALSO HAVE ELECTRICITY & LIFE ( !IR [N8 ,CURI\S ?+6 ! PH5OM5A ( MATT]1 LIKE ?OSE ( M9D1 BECOME 9TELLIGIBLE ONLY BY SUPPOS+ !M TO BE PRODUC$ BY UN9TELLIGIBLE =CES & GOV]N$ BY CONTRADICTORY LAWS3 SU* IS ! 9F]5CE TO BE DRAWN FROM EV]Y PAGE ( ,M4 ,LIEBIG'S BOOK4 

,MATT]1 ACCORD+ TO ,M4 ,LIEBIG1 IS ESS5TIALLY 9]T & 5TIRELY DE/ITUTE ( SPONTANE\S ACTIVITY 7P4 #a#d#h73 :Y1 !N1 DO ! ATOMS HAVE WEI<T8 ,IS NOT ! WEI<T 9H]5T 9 ATOMS ! REAL1 ET]NAL1 & SPONTANE\S MOTION ( MATT]8 ,& ?AT :I* WE *ANCE TO REG>D AS RE/1 -- MAY IT NOT BE EQUILIBRIUM RA!R8 ,:Y1 !N1 SUPPOSE N[ AN 9]TIA :I* DEF9ITIONS CONTRADICT1 N[ AN EXT]NAL POT5TIALITY :I* NO?+ PROVES8 

,ATOMS HAV+ WEI<T1 ,M4 ,LIEBIG 9F]S ?AT !Y >E 9DIVISIBLE 7P4 #e#h74 ,:AT LOGIC6 ,WEI<T IS ONLY =CE1 ?AT IS1 A ?+ HIDD5 FROM ! S5SES1 :OSE PH5OM5A ALONE >E P]CEPTIBLE1 -- A ?+1 CONSEQU5TLY1 TO :I* ! IDEA ( DIVISION & 9DIVISION IS 9APPLICABLE2 & FROM ! PRES5CE ( ?IS =CE1 FROM ! HYPO!SIS ( AN 9DET]M9ATE & IMMAT]IAL 5TITY1 IS 9F]R$ AN 9DIVISIBLE MAT]IAL EXI/5CE6 

,= ! RE/1 ,M4 ,LIEBIG CONFESSES ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ! M9D TO CONCEIVE ( P>TICLES ABSOLUTELY 9DIVISIBLE2 HE RECOGNIZES1 FUR!R1 ?AT ! FACT ( ?IS 9DIVISIBILITY IS NOT PROV$2 BUT HE ADDS ?AT SCI5CE CANNOT DISP5SE ) ?IS HYPO!SIS3 SO ?AT1 BY ! CONFESSION ( ITS TEA*]S1 *EMI/RY HAS = ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE A FICTION AS REPUGNANT TO ! M9D AS IT IS =EIGN TO EXP]I5CE4 ,:AT IRONY6 

,ATOMS >E UNEQUAL 9 WEI<T1 SAYS ,M4 ,LIEBIG1 BECAUSE UNEQUAL 9 VOLUME3 NEV]!LESS1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DEMON/RATE ?AT *EMICAL EQUIVAL5TS EXPRESS ! RELATIVE WEI<T ( ATOMS1 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT :AT ! CALCULATION ( ATOMIC EQUIVAL5TS LEADS US TO REG>D AS AN ATOM IS NOT COMPOS$ ( SEV]AL ATOMS4 ,?IS IS TANTAM\NT TO SAY+ ?AT MORE MATT] WEI<S MORE ?AN LESS MATT]2 &1 S9CE WEI<T IS ! ESS5CE ( MAT]IALITY1 WE MAY LOGICALLY CONCLUDE ?AT1 WEI<T BE+ UNIV]SALLY ID5TICAL ) ITSELF1 !RE IS ALSO AN ID5TITY 9 MATT]2 ?AT ! DIFF]5CES ( SIMPLE BODIES >E DUE SOLELY1 EI!R TO DIFF]5T ME?ODS ( ATOMIC ASSOCIATION1 OR TO DIFF]5T DEGREES ( MOLECUL> COND5SATION1 & ?AT1 9 REALITY1 ATOMS >E TRANSMUTABLE3 :I* ,M4 ,LIEBIG DOES NOT ADMIT4 

0,WE HAVE10 HE SAYS1 0NO REASON = BELIEV+ ?AT ONE ELEM5T IS CONV]TIBLE 9TO ANO!R ELEM5T0 7P4 #a#c#e74 ,:AT DO Y\ KN[ AB\T IT8 ,! REASONS = BELIEV+ 9 SU* A CONV]SION CAN V]Y WELL EXI/ & AT ! SAME TIME ESCAPE Y\R ATT5TION2 & IT IS NOT C]TA9 ?AT Y\R 9TELLIG5CE 9 ?IS RESPECT HAS RIS5 TO ! LEVEL ( Y\R EXP]I5CE4 ,BUT1 ADMITT+ ! NEGATIVE >GUM5T ( ,M4 ,LIEBIG1 :AT FOLL[S8 ,?AT1 ) AB\T FIFTY-SIX EXCEPTIONS1 IRR$UCIBLE AS YET1 ALL MATT] IS 9 A CONDITION ( P]PETUAL METAMORPHOSIS4 ,N[1 IT IS A LAW ( \R REASON TO SUPPOSE 9 ,NATURE UNITY ( SUB/ANCE AS WELL AS UNITY ( =CE & SY/EM2 MOREOV]1 ! S]IES ( *EMICAL COMP\NDS & SIMPLE SUB/ANCES !MSELVES LEADS US IRRESI/IBLY TO ?IS CONCLUSION4 ,:Y1 !N1 REFUSE TO FOLL[ TO ! 5D ! ROAD OP5$ BY SCI5CE1 & TO ADMIT AN HYPO!SIS :I* IS ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( EXP]I5CE ITSELF8 

,M4 ,LIEBIG NOT ONLY D5IES ! TRANSMUTABILITY ( ELEM5TS1 BUT REJECTS ! SPONTANE\S =MATION ( G]MS4 ,N[1 IF WE REJECT ! SPONTANE\S =MATION ( G]MS1 WE >E =C$ TO ADMIT !IR ET]NITY2 & AS1 ON ! O!R H&1 GEOLOGY PROVES ?AT ! GLOBE HAS NOT BE5 9HABIT$ ALWAYS1 WE MU/ ADMIT ALSO ?AT1 AT A GIV5 MOM5T1 ! ET]NAL G]MS ( ANIMALS & PLANTS W]E BORN1 )\T FA!R OR MO!R1 OV] ! :OLE FACE ( ! E>?4 ,?US1 ! D5IAL ( SPONTANE\S G5]ATION LEADS BACK TO ! HYPO!SIS ( SPONTANEITY3 :AT IS !RE 9 MU*-D]ID$ METAPHYSICS MORE CONTRADICTORY8 

,LET IT NOT BE ?\<T1 H[EV]1 ?AT ,I D5Y ! VALUE & C]TA9TY ( *EMICAL !ORIES1 OR ?AT ! ATOMIC !ORY SEEMS TO ME ABSURD1 OR ?AT ,I %>E ! ,EPICUREAN OP9ION AS TO SPONTANE\S G5]ATION4 ,ONCE MORE1 ALL ?AT ,I WI% TO PO9T \T IS ?AT1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( PR9CIPLES1 *EMI/RY NE$S TO EX]CISE EXTREME TOL]ANCE1 S9CE ITS [N EXI/5CE DEP5DS ON A C]TA9 NUMB] ( FICTIONS1 CONTR>Y TO REASON & EXP]I5CE1 & DE/RUCTIVE ( EA* O!R4 

,I C]TA9LY HAVE LESS 9CL9ATION TO ! M>VEL\S ?AN MANY A!I/S1 BUT ,I CANNOT HELP ?9K+ ?AT ! /ORIES ( MIRACLES1 PROPHECIES1 *>MS1 ETC41 >E BUT DI/ORT$ ACC\NTS ( ! EXTRAORD9>Y EFFECTS PRODUC$ BY C]TA9 LAT5T =CES1 OR1 AS WAS =M]LY SAID1 BY OCCULT P[]S4 ,\R SCI5CE IS /ILL SO BRUTAL & UNFAIR2 \R PR(ESSORS EXHIBIT SO MU* IMP]T95CE ) SO LITTLE KN[L$GE2 !Y D5Y SO IMPUD5TLY FACTS :I* EMB>RASS !M1 9 ORD] TO PROTECT ! OP9IONS :I* !Y *AMPION1 -- ?AT ,I DI/RU/ /RONG M9DS EQUALLY ) SUP]/ITI\S ONES4 ,YES1 ,I AM CONV9C$ ( IT2 \R GROSS RATIONALISM IS ! 9AUGURATION ( A P]IOD :I*1 ?ANKS TO SCI5CE1 WILL BECOME TRULY PRODIGI\S2 ! UNIV]SE1 TO MY EYES1 IS ONLY A LABORATORY ( MAGIC1 FROM :I* ANY?+ MAY BE EXPECT$4 4 4 4 ,?IS SAID1 ,I RETURN TO MY SUBJECT4 

,!Y W\LD BE DECEIV$1 !N1 :O %\LD IMAG9E1 AFT] MY RAPID SURVEY ( RELIGI\S PROGRESS1 ?AT METAPHYSICS HAS UTT]$ ITS LA/ WORD UPON ! D\BLE 5IGMA EXPRESS$ 9 !SE F\R WORDS1 -- ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD1 ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L4 ,H]E1 AS ELSE:]E1 ! MO/ ADVANC$ & BE/ E/ABLI%$ CONCLUSIONS1 ?OSE :I* SEEM TO HAVE SETTL$ = EV] ! !OLOGICAL QUE/ION1 LEAD US BACK TO PRIMEVAL MY/ICISM1 & 9VOLVE ! NEW DATA ( AN 9EVITABLE PHILOSOPHY4 ,! CRITICISM ( RELIGI\S OP9IONS MAKES US SMILE TODAY BO? AT \RSELVES & AT RELIGIONS2 & YET ! RESUME ( ?IS CRITICISM IS BUT A REPRODUCTION ( ! PROBLEM4 ,! HUMAN RACE1 AT ! PRES5T MOM5T1 IS ON ! EVE ( RECOGNIZ+ & AFFIRM+ SOME?+ EQUIVAL5T TO ! OLD NOTION ( ,DIV9ITY2 & ?IS1 NOT BY A SPONTANE\S MOVEM5T AS BE=E1 BUT ?R\< REFLECTION & BY MEANS ( IRRESI/IBLE LOGIC4 ,I WILL TRY1 9 A FEW WORDS1 TO MAKE MYSELF UND]/OOD4 

,IF !RE IS A PO9T ON :I* PHILOSOPH]S1 9 SPITE ( !MSELVES1 HAVE F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 AGREE+1 IT IS )\T D\BT ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 9TELLIG5CE & NECESSITY1 ! SUBJECT ( ?\<T & ITS OBJECT1 ! ME & ! NOT-ME2 9 ORD9>Y T]MS1 SPIRIT & MATT]4 ,I KN[ WELL ?AT ALL !SE T]MS EXPRESS NO?+ ?AT IS REAL & TRUE2 ?AT EA* ( !M DESIGNATES ONLY A SECTION ( ! ABSOLUTE1 :I* ALONE IS TRUE & REAL2 & ?AT1 TAK5 SEP>ATELY1 !Y 9VOLVE1 ALL ALIKE1 A CONTRADICTION4 ,BUT IT IS NO LESS C]TA9 ALSO ?AT ! ABSOLUTE IS COMPLETELY 9ACCESSIBLE TO US2 ?AT WE KN[ IT ONLY BY ITS OPPOSITE EXTREMES1 :I* ALONE FALL )9 ! LIMITS ( \R EXP]I5CE2 & ?AT1 IF UNITY ONLY CAN W9 \R FAI?1 DUALITY IS ! FIR/ CONDITION ( SCI5CE4 

,?US1 :O ?9KS1 & :AT IS ?\<T8 ,:AT IS A S\L8 :AT IS A BODY8 ,I DEFY ANY ONE TO ESCAPE ?IS DUALISM4 ,IT IS ) ESS5CES AS ) IDEAS3 ! =M] >E SE5 SEP>AT$ 9 ,NATURE1 AS ! LATT] 9 ! UND]/&+2 & JU/ AS ! IDEAS ( ,GOD & IMMORTALITY1 9 SPITE ( !IR ID5TITY1 >E POSIT$ SUCCESSIVELY & CONTRADICTORILY 9 PHILOSOPHY1 SO1 9 SPITE ( !IR FUSION 9 ! ABSOLUTE1 ! ME & ! NOT-ME POSIT !MSELVES SEP>ATELY & CONTRADICTORILY 9 ,NATURE1 & WE HAVE BE+S :O ?9K1 AT ! SAME TIME ) O!RS :I* DO NOT ?9K4 

,N[1 :OEV] HAS TAK5 PA9S TO REFLECT KN[S TODAY ?AT SU* A DI/9CTION1 :OLLY REALIZ$ ?\< IT BE1 IS ! MO/ UN9TELLIGIBLE1 MO/ CONTRADICTORY1 MO/ ABSURD ?+ :I* REASON CAN POSSIBLY MEET4 ,BE+ IS NO MORE CONCEIVABLE )\T ! PROP]TIES ( SPIRIT ?AN )\T ! PROP]TIES ( MATT]3 SO ?AT IF Y\ D5Y SPIRIT1 BECAUSE1 9CLUD$ 9 NONE ( ! CATEGORIES ( TIME1 SPACE1 MOTION1 SOLIDITY1 ETC41 IT SEEMS DEPRIV$ ( ALL ! ATTRIBUTES :I* CON/ITUTE REALITY1 ,I 9 MY TURN WILL D5Y MATT]1 :I*1 PRES5T+ NO?+ APPRECIABLE BUT ITS 9]TIA1 NO?+ 9TELLIGIBLE BUT ITS =MS1 MANIFE/S ITSELF NO:]E AS CAUSE 7VOLUNT>Y & FREE71 & DISAPPE>S FROM VIEW 5TIRELY AS SUB/ANCE2 & WE >RIVE AT PURE IDEALISM1 ?AT IS1 NIHILITY4 ,BUT NIHILITY IS 9CONSI/5T ) ! EXI/5CE ( LIV+1 REASON+ -- ,I KN[ NOT :AT TO CALL !M -- UNIT+ 9 !MSELVES1 9 A /ATE ( COMM5C$ SYN!SIS OR IMM95T DISSOLUTION1 ALL ! ANTAGONI/IC ATTRIBUTES ( BE+4 ,WE >E COMPELL$1 !N1 TO 5D 9 A DUALISM :OSE T]MS WE KN[ P]FECTLY WELL TO BE FALSE1 BUT :I*1 BE+ = US ! CONDITION ( ! TRU?1 =CES ITSELF IRRESI/IBLY UPON US2 WE >E COMPELL$1 9 %ORT1 TO COMM5CE1 LIKE ,DESC>TES & ! HUMAN RACE1 ) ! ME2 ?AT IS1 ) SPIRIT4 

,BUT1 S9CE RELIGIONS & PHILOSOPHIES1 DISSOLV$ BY ANALYSIS1 HAVE DISAPPE>$ 9 ! !ORY ( ! ABSOLUTE1 WE KN[ NO BETT] ?AN BE=E :AT SPIRIT IS1 & 9 ?IS DIFF] FROM ! ANCI5TS ONLY 9 ! WEAL? ( LANGUAGE ) :I* WE ADORN ! D>KNESS ?AT 5VELOPS US4 ,) ?IS EXCEPTION1 H[EV]2 ?AT :ILE1 TO ! ANCI5TS1 ORD] REVEAL$ 9TELLIG5CE \TSIDE ( ! WORLD1 TO ! PEOPLE ( TODAY IT SEEMS TO REVEAL IT RA!R )9 ! WORLD4 ,N[1 :E!R WE PLACE IT )9 OR )\T1 FROM ! MOM5T WE AFFIRM IT ON ! GR\ND ( ORD]1 WE MU/ ADMIT IT :]EV] ORD] IS MANIFE/$1 OR D5Y IT ALTOGE!R4 ,!RE IS NO MORE REASON = ATTRIBUT+ 9TELLIG5CE TO ! HEAD :I* PRODUC$ ! 0,ILIAD0 ?AN TO A MASS ( MATT] :I* CRY/ALLIZES 9 OCTAH$RONS2 &1 RECIPROCALLY1 IT IS AS ABSURD TO REF] ! SY/EM ( ! WORLD TO PHYSICAL LAWS1 LEAV+ \T AN ORDA9+ ,M,E1 AS TO ATTRIBUTE ! VICTORY ( ,M>5GO TO /RATEGIC COMB9ATIONS1 LEAV+ \T ! FIR/ CONSUL4 ,! ONLY DI/9CTION ?AT CAN BE MADE IS ?AT1 9 ! LATT] CASE1 ! ?9K+ ,M,E IS LOCAT$ 9 ! BRA9 ( A ,BONAP>TE1 :ILE1 9 ! CASE ( ! UNIV]SE1 ! ,M,E HAS NO SPECIAL LOCATION1 BUT EXT5DS EV]Y:]E4 

,! MAT]IALI/S ?9K ?AT !Y HAVE EASILY DISPOS$ ( !IR OPPON5TS BY SAY+ ?AT MAN1 HAV+ LIK5$ ! UNIV]SE TO HIS BODY1 F9I%ES ! COMP>ISON BY PRESUM+ ! EXI/5CE 9 ! UNIV]SE ( A S\L SIMIL> TO ?AT :I* HE SUPPOSES TO BE ! PR9CIPLE ( HIS [N LIFE & ?\<T2 ?AT ?US ALL ! >GUM5TS 9 SUPPORT ( ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD >E R$UCIBLE TO AN ANALOGY ALL ! MORE FALSE BECAUSE ! T]M ( COMP>ISON IS ITSELF HYPO!TICAL4 

,IT IS C]TA9LY NOT MY 9T5TION TO DEF5D ! OLD SYLLOGISM3 ,EV]Y >RANGEM5T IMPLIES AN ORDA9+ 9TELLIG5CE2 !RE IS WOND]FUL ORD] 9 ! WORLD2 !N ! WORLD IS ! WORK ( AN 9TELLIG5CE4 ,?IS SYLLOGISM1 DISCUSS$ SO WIDELY S9CE ! DAYS ( ,JOB & ,MOSES1 V]Y F> FROM BE+ A SOLUTION1 IS BUT ! /ATEM5T ( ! PROBLEM :I* IT ASSUMES TO SOLVE4 ,WE KN[ P]FECTLY WELL :AT ORD] IS1 BUT WE >E ABSOLUTELY IGNORANT ( ! MEAN+ ( ! WORDS ,S\L1 ,SPIRIT1 ,9TELLIG5CE3 H[1 !N1 CAN WE LOGICALLY REASON FROM ! PRES5CE ( ! ONE TO ! EXI/5CE ( ! O!R8 ,I REJECT1 !N1 EV5 :5 ADVANC$ BY ! MO/ ?OR\<LY 9=M$1 ! PRET5D$ PRO( ( ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD DRAWN FROM ! PRES5CE ( ORD] 9 ! WORLD2 ,I SEE 9 IT AT MO/ ONLY AN EQUATION (F]$ TO PHILOSOPHY4 ,BETWE5 ! CONCEPTION ( ORD] & ! AFFIRMATION ( SPIRIT !RE IS A DEEP GULF ( METAPHYSICS TO BE FILL$ UP2 ,I AM UNWILL+1 ,I REPEAT1 TO TAKE ! PROBLEM = ! DEMON/RATION4 

,BUT ?IS IS NOT ! PO9T :I* WE >E N[ CONSID]+4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ ?AT ! HUMAN M9D WAS 9EVITABLY & IRRESI/IBLY L$ TO ! DI/9CTION ( BE+ 9TO ME & NOT-ME1 SPIRIT & MATT]1 S\L & BODY4 ,N[1 :O DOES NOT SEE ?AT ! OBJECTION ( ! MAT]IALI/S PROVES ! V]Y ?+ IT IS 9T5D$ TO D5Y8 ,MAN DI/+UI%+ )9 HIMSELF A SPIRITUAL PR9CIPLE & A MAT]IAL PR9CIPLE1 -- :AT IS ?IS BUT ,NATURE H]SELF1 PROCLAIM+ BY TURNS H] D\BLE ESS5CE1 & BE>+ TE/IMONY TO H] [N LAWS8 ,& NOTICE ! 9CONSI/5CY ( MAT]IALISM3 IT D5IES1 & HAS TO D5Y1 ?AT MAN IS FREE2 N[1 ! LESS LIB]TY MAN HAS1 ! MORE WEI<T IS TO BE ATTA*$ TO HIS WORDS1 & ! GREAT] !IR CLAIM TO BE REG>D$ AS ! EXPRESSION ( TRU?4 ,:5 ,I HE> ?IS MA*9E SAY TO ME1 0,I AM S\L & ,I AM BODY10 ?\< SU* A REVELATION A/ONI%ES & CONF\NDS ME1 IT IS 9VE/$ 9 MY EYES ) AN AU?ORITY 9COMP>ABLY GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( ! MAT]IALI/ :O1 CORRECT+ CONSCI5CE & ,NATURE1 UND]TAKES TO MAKE !M SAY1 0,I AM MATT] & ONLY MATT]1 & 9TELLIG5CE IS BUT ! MAT]IAL FACULTY ( KN[+40 

,:AT W\LD BECOME ( ?IS ASS]TION1 IF1 ASSUM+ 9 MY TURN ! (F5SIVE1 ,I %\LD DEMON/RATE ?AT BELIEF 9 ! EXI/5CE ( BODIES1 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 9 ! REALITY ( A PURELY CORPOREAL NATURE1 IS UNT5ABLE8 ,MATT]1 !Y SAY1 IS IMP5ETRABLE4 -- ,IMP5ETRABLE BY :AT8 ,I ASK4 ,ITSELF1 UND\BT$LY2 = !Y W\LD NOT D>E TO SAY SPIRIT1 S9CE !Y W\LD !RE9 ADMIT :AT !Y WI% TO SET ASIDE4 ,:]EUPON ,I RAISE ?IS D\BLE QUE/ION3 ,:AT DO Y\ KN[ AB\T IT1 & :AT DOES IT SIGNIFY8 

#a4 ,IMP5ETRABILITY1 :I* IS PRET5D$ TO BE ! DEF9ITION ( MATT]1 IS ONLY AN HYPO!SIS ( C>ELESS NATURALI/S1 A GROSS CONCLUSION D$UC$ FROM A SUP]FICIAL JUDGM5T4 ,EXP]I5CE %[S ?AT MATT] POSSESSES 9F9ITE DIVISIBILITY1 9F9ITE EXPANSIBILITY1 POROSITY )\T ASSIGNABLE LIMITS1 & P]MEABILITY BY HEAT1 ELECTRICITY1 & MAGNETISM1 TOGE!R ) A P[] ( RETA9+ !M 9DEF9ITELY2 AFF9ITIES1 RECIPROCAL 9FLU5CES1 & TRANS=MATIONS )\T NUMB]3 QUALITIES1 ALL ( !M1 H>DLY COMPATIBLE ) ! ASSUMPTION ( AN IMP5ETRABLE ALIQUID4 ,ELA/ICITY1 :I*1 BETT] ?AN ANY O!R PROP]TY ( MATT]1 C\LD LEAD1 ?R\< ! IDEA ( SPR+ OR RESI/ANCE1 TO ?AT ( IMP5ETRABILITY1 IS SUBJECT TO ! CONTROL ( A ?\S& CIRCUM/ANCES1 & DEP5DS 5TIRELY ON MOLECUL> ATTRACTION3 N[1 :AT IS MORE IRRECONCILABLE ) IMP5ETRABILITY ?AN ?IS ATTRACTION8 ,F9ALLY1 !RE IS A SCI5CE :I* MI<T BE DEF9$ ) EXACTNESS AS ! SCI5CE ( P5ETRABILITY ( MATT]3 ,I MEAN *EMI/RY4 ,9 FACT1 H[ DOES :AT IS CALL$ *EMICAL COMPOSITION DIFF] FROM P5ETRATION8.<#a.> 4 4 4 4 ,9 %ORT1 WE KN[ MATT] ONLY  

,NOTE3 

.<#a.>,*EMI/S DI/+UI% BETWE5 MIXTURE & COMPOSITION1 JU/ AS LOGICIANS DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! ASSOCIATION ( IDEAS & !IR SYN!SIS4 ,IT IS TRUE1 NEV]!LESS1 ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! *EMI/S1 COMPOSITION MAY BE AFT] ALL BUT A MIXTURE1 OR RA!R AN AGGREGATION ( ATOMS1 NO LONG] =TUIT\S1 BUT SY/EMATIC1 ! ATOMS =M+ DIFF]5T COMP\NDS BY V>Y+ !IR >RANGEM5T4 ,BUT /ILL ?IS IS ONLY AN HYPO!SIS1 :OLLY GRATUIT\S2 AN HYPO!SIS :I* EXPLA9S NO?+1 & HAS NOT EV5 ! M]IT ( BE+ LOGICAL4 ,:Y DOES A PURELY NUM]ICAL OR GEOMETRICAL DIFF]5CE 9 ! COMPOSITION & =M ( ATOMS GIVE RISE TO PHYSIOLOGICAL PROP]TIES SO DIFF]5T8 ,IF ATOMS >E 9DIVISIBLE & IMP5ETRABLE1 :Y DOES NOT !IR ASSOCIATION1 CONF9$ TO ME*ANICAL EFFECTS1 LEAVE !M UN*ANG$ 9 ESS5CE8 ,:]E IS ! RELATION BETWE5 ! CAUSE SUPPOS$ & ! EFFECT OBTA9$8 

,WE MU/ DI/RU/ \R 9TELLECTUAL VISION3 IT IS ) *EMICAL !ORIES AS ) PSY*OLOGICAL SY/EMS4 ,! M9D1 9 ORD] TO ACC\NT = PH5OM5A1 WORKS ) ATOMS1 :I* IT DOES NOT & CAN NEV] SEE1 AS ) ! ME1 :I* IT DOES NOT P]CEIVE3 IT APPLIES ITS CATEGORIES TO EV]Y?+2 ?AT IS1 IT DI/+UI%ES1 9DIVIDUALIZES1 CONCRETES1 NUMB]S1 COMP>ES1 ?+S :I*1 MAT]IAL OR IMMAT]IAL1 >E ?OR\<LY ID5TICAL & 9DI/+UI%ABLE4 ,MATT]1 AS WELL AS SPIRIT1 PLAYS1 AS WE VIEW IT1 ALL SORTS ( P>TS2 &1 AS !RE IS NO?+ >BITR>Y 9 ITS METAMORPHOSES1 WE BUILD UPON !M !SE PSY*OLOGIC & ATOMIC !ORIES1 TRUE 9 SO F> AS !Y FAI?FULLY REPRES5T1 9 T]MS AGRE$ UPON1 ! S]IES ( PH5OM5A1 BUT RADICALLY FALSE AS SOON AS !Y PRET5D TO REALIZE !IR AB/RACTIONS & >E ACCEPT$ LIT]ALLY4 

?R\< ITS =MS2 ( ITS SUB/ANCE WE KN[ NO?+4 ,H[1 !N1 IS IT POSSIBLE TO AFFIRM ! REALITY ( AN 9VISIBLE1 IMPALPABLE1 9CO]CIBLE BE+1 EV] *ANG+1 EV] VANI%+1 IMP5ETRABLE TO ?\<T ALONE1 TO :I* IT EXHIBITS ONLY ITS DISGUISES8 ,MAT]IALI/6 ,I P]MIT Y\ TO TE/IFY TO ! REALITY ( Y\R S5SATIONS2 AS TO :AT OCCASIONS !M1 ALL ?AT Y\ CAN SAY 9VOLVES ?IS RECIPROCITY3 SOME?+ 7:I* Y\ CALL MATT]7 IS ! OCCASION ( S5SATIONS :I* >E FELT BY ANO!R SOME?+ 7:I* ,I CALL SPIRIT74 

#b4 ,BUT :AT1 !N1 IS ! S\RCE ( ?IS SUPPOSITION ?AT MATT] IS IMP5ETRABLE1 :I* EXT]NAL OBS]VATION DOES NOT JU/IFY & :I* IS NOT TRUE2 & :AT IS ITS MEAN+8 

,H]E APPE>S ! TRIUMPH ( DUALISM4 ,MATT] IS PRON\NC$ IMP5ETRABLE1 NOT1 AS ! MAT]IALI/S & ! VULG> FANCY1 BY ! TE/IMONY ( ! S5SES1 BUT BY ! CONSCI5CE4 ,! ME1 AN 9COMPREH5SIBLE NATURE1 FEEL+ ITSELF FREE1 DI/9CT1 & P]MAN5T1 & MEET+ \TSIDE ( ITSELF ANO!R NATURE EQUALLY 9COMPREH5SIBLE1 BUT ALSO DI/9CT & P]MAN5T 9 SPITE ( ITS METAMORPHOSES1 DECL>ES1 ON ! /R5G? ( ! S5SATIONS & IDEAS :I* ?IS ESS5CE SUGGE/S TO IT1 ?AT ! NOT-ME IS EXT5D$ & IMP5ETRABLE4 ,IMP5ETRABILITY IS A FIGURATIVE T]M1 AN IMAGE BY :I* ?\<T1 A DIVISION ( ! ABSOLUTE1 PICTURES TO ITSELF MAT]IAL REALITY1 ANO!R DIVISION ( ! ABSOLUTE2 BUT ?IS IMP5ETRABILITY1 )\T :I* MATT] DISAPPE>S1 IS1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 ONLY A SPONTANE\S JUDGM5T ( 9W>D S5SATION1 A METAPHYSICAL A PRIORI1 AN UNV]IFI$ HYPO!SIS ( SPIRIT4 

,?US1 :E!R PHILOSOPHY1 AFT] HAV+ OV]?R[N !OLOGICAL DOGMATISM1 SPIRITUALIZES MATT] OR MAT]IALIZES ?\<T1 IDEALIZES BE+ OR REALIZES IDEAS2 OR :E!R1 ID5TIFY+ SUB/ANCE & CAUSE1 IT EV]Y:]E SUB/ITUTES ,=,C,E1 PHRASES1 ALL1 :I* EXPLA9 & SIGNIFY NO?+1 -- IT ALWAYS LEADS US BACK TO ?IS EV]LA/+ DUALISM1 &1 9 SUMMON+ US TO BELIEVE 9 \RSELVES1 COMPELS US TO BELIEVE 9 ,GOD1 IF NOT 9 SPIRITS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT1 MAK+ SPIRIT A P>T ( ,NATURE1 9 DI/9CTION FROM ! ANCI5TS1 :O SEP>AT$ IT1 PHILOSOPHY HAS BE5 L$ TO ?IS FAM\S CONCLUSION1 :I* SUMS UP NE>LY ALL ! FRUIT ( ITS RESE>*ES3 ,9 MAN SPIRIT KN[S ITSELF1 :ILE EV]Y:]E ELSE IT SEEMS NOT TO KN[ ITSELF -- 0,?AT :I* IS AWAKE 9 MAN1 :I* DREAMS 9 ! ANIMAL1 & SLEEPS 9 ! /ONE10 SAID A PHILOSOPH]4 

,PHILOSOPHY1 !N1 9 ITS LA/ H\R1 KN[S NO MORE ?AN AT ITS BIR?3 AS IF IT HAD APPE>$ 9 ! WORLD ONLY TO V]IFY ! WORDS ( ,SOCRATES1 IT SAYS TO US1 WRAPP+ ITSELF SOLEMNLY >\ND ) ITS FUN]AL PALL1 0,I KN[ ONLY ?AT ,I KN[ NO?+40 ,:AT DO ,I SAY8 ,PHILOSOPHY KN[S TODAY ?AT ALL ITS JUDGM5TS RE/ ON TWO EQUALLY FALSE1 EQUALLY IMPOSSIBLE1 & YET EQUALLY NECESS>Y & 9EVITABLE HYPO!SES1 -- MATT] & SPIRIT4 ,SO ?AT1 :ILE 9 =M] TIMES RELIGI\S 9TOL]ANCE & PHILOSOPHIC DISPUTES1 SPREAD+ D>KNESS EV]Y:]E1 EXCUS$ D\BT & TEMPT$ TO LIBID9\S 9DIFF]5CE1 ! TRIUMPH ( NEGATION ON ALL PO9TS NO LONG] P]MITS EV5 ?IS D\BT2 ?\<T1 FRE$ FROM EV]Y B>RI]1 BUT CONQU]$ BY ITS [N SUCCESSES1 IS =C$ TO AFFIRM :AT SEEMS TO IT CLE>LY CONTRADICTORY & ABSURD4 ,! SAVAGES SAY ?AT ! WORLD IS A GREAT FETI% WAT*$ OV] BY A GREAT MANIT\4 ,= ?IRTY C5TURIES ! POETS1 LEGISLATORS1 & SAGES ( CIVILIZATION1 H&+ D[N FROM AGE TO AGE ! PHILOSOPHIC LAMP1 HAVE WRITT5 NO?+ MORE SUBLIME ?AN ?IS PR(ESSION ( FAI?4 ,& H]E1 AT ! 5D ( ?IS LONG CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ,GOD1 :I* HAS CALL$ ITSELF PHILOSOPHY1 EMANCIPAT$ REASON CONCLUDES ) SAVAGE REASON1 ,! UNIV]SE IS A NOT-ME1 OBJECTIFI$ BY A ME4 

,HUMANITY1 !N1 9EVITABLY SUPPOSES ! EXI/5CE ( ,GOD3 & IF1 DUR+ ! LONG P]IOD :I* CLOSES ) \R TIME1 IT HAS BELIEV$ 9 ! REALITY ( ITS HYPO!SIS2 IF IT HAS WOR%IP$ ! 9CONCEIVABLE OBJECT2 IF1 AFT] BE+ APPREH5D$ 9 ?IS ACT ( FAI?1 IT P]SI/S KN[+LY1 BUT NO LONG] VOLUNT>ILY1 9 ?IS OP9ION ( A SOV]EIGN BE+ :I* IT KN[S TO BE ONLY A P]SONIFICATION ( ITS [N ?\<T2 IF IT IS ON ! PO9T ( AGA9 BEG9N+ ITS MAGIC 9VOCATIONS1 -- WE MU/ BELIEVE ?AT SO A/ONI%+ AN HALLUC9ATION CONCEALS SOME MY/]Y1 :I* DES]VES TO BE FA?OM$4 

,I SAY HALLUC9ATION & MY/]Y1 BUT )\T 9T5D+ TO D5Y !REBY ! SUP]HUMAN CONT5T ( ! ,GOD-IDEA1 & )\T ADMITT+ ! NECESSITY ( A NEW SYMBOLISM1 -- ,I MEAN A NEW RELIGION4 ,= IF IT IS 9DISPUTABLE ?AT HUMANITY1 9 AFFIRM+ ,GOD1 -- OR ALL ?AT IS 9CLUD$ 9 ! WORD ME OR SPIRIT1 -- ONLY AFFIRMS ITSELF1 IT IS EQUALLY UND5IABLE ?AT IT AFFIRMS ITSELF AS SOME?+ O!R ?AN ITS [N CONCEPTION ( ITSELF1 AS ALL MY?OLOGIES & !OLOGIES %[4 ,& S9CE1 MOREOV]1 ?IS AFFIRMATION IS 9CONTE/ABLE1 IT DEP5DS1 )\T D\BT1 UPON HIDD5 RELATIONS1 :I* \<T1 IF POSSIBLE1 TO BE DET]M9$ SCI5TIFICALLY4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 A!ISM1 SOMETIMES CALL$ HUMANISM1 TRUE 9 ITS CRITICAL & NEGATIVE FEATURES1 W\LD BE1 IF IT /OPP$ AT MAN 9 HIS NATURAL CONDITION1 IF IT DISC>D$ AS AN ]RONE\S JUDGM5T ! FIR/ AFFIRMATION ( HUMANITY1 ?AT IT IS ! DAU<T]1 EMANATION1 IMAGE1 REFLECTION1 OR VOICE ( ,GOD1 -- HUMANISM1 ,I SAY1 IF IT ?US D5I$ ITS PA/1 W\LD BE BUT ONE CONTRADICTION MORE4 ,WE >E =C$1 !N1 TO UND]TAKE ! CRITICISM ( HUMANISM2 ?AT IS1 TO ASC]TA9 :E!R HUMANITY1 CONSID]$ AS A :OLE & ?R\<\T ALL ITS P]IODS ( DEVELOPM5T1 SATISFIES ! ,DIV9E IDEA1 AFT] ELIM9AT+ FROM ! LATT] ! EXAGG]AT$ & FANCIFUL ATTRIBUTES ( ,GOD2 :E!R IT SATISFIES ! P]FECTION ( BE+2 :E!R IT SATISFIES ITSELF4 ,WE >E =C$1 9 %ORT1 TO 9QUIRE :E!R HUMANITY T5DS T[>D ,GOD1 ACCORD+ TO ! ANCI5T DOGMA1 OR IS ITSELF BECOM+ ,GOD1 AS MOD]N PHILOSOPH]S CLAIM4 ,P]HAPS WE %ALL F9D 9 ! 5D ?AT ! TWO SY/EMS1 DESPITE !IR SEEM+ OPPOSITION1 >E BO? TRUE & ESS5TIALLY ID5TICAL3 9 ?AT CASE1 ! 9FALLIBILITY ( HUMAN REASON1 9 ITS COLLECTIVE MANIFE/ATIONS AS WELL AS ITS /UDI$ SPECULATIONS1 W\LD BE DECISIVELY CONFIRM$4 -- ,9 A WORD1 UNTIL WE HAVE V]IFI$ TO MAN ! HYPO!SIS ( ,GOD1 !RE IS NO?+ DEF9ITIVE 9 ! A!I/IC NEGATION4 

,IT IS1 !N1 A SCI5TIFIC1 ?AT IS1 AN EMPIRICAL DEMON/RATION ( ! IDEA ( ,GOD1 ?AT WE NE$3 N[1 SU* A DEMON/RATION HAS NEV] BE5 ATTEMPT$4 ,!OLOGY DOGMATIZ+ ON ! AU?ORITY ( ITS MY?S1 PHILOSOPHY SPECULAT+ BY ! AID ( CATEGORIES1 ,GOD HAS EXI/$ AS A TRANSC5D5TAL CONCEPTION1 9COGNIZABLE BY ! REASON1 & ! HYPO!SIS ALWAYS SUBSI/S4 

,IT SUBSI/S1 ,I SAY1 ?IS HYPO!SIS1 MORE T5ACI\S1 MORE PITILESS ?AN EV]4 ,WE HAVE REA*$ ONE ( ?OSE PROPHETIC EPO*S :5 SOCIETY1 SCORNFUL ( ! PA/ & D\BTFUL ( ! FUTURE1 N[ DI/RACT$LY CL+S TO ! PRES5T1 LEAV+ A FEW SOLIT>Y ?9K]S TO E/ABLI% ! NEW FAI?2 N[ CRIES TO ,GOD FROM ! DEP?S ( ITS 5JOYM5TS & ASKS = A SIGN ( SALVATION1 OR SEEKS 9 ! SPECTACLE ( ITS REVOLUTIONS1 AS 9 ! 5TRAILS ( A VICTIM1 ! SECRET ( ITS DE/9Y4 

,:Y NE$ ,I 9SI/ FUR!R8 ,! HYPO!SIS ( ,GOD IS ALL[ABLE1 = IT =CES ITSELF UPON EV]Y MAN 9 SPITE ( HIMSELF3 NO ONE1 !N1 CAN TAKE EXCEPTION TO IT4 ,HE :O BELIEVES CAN DO NO LESS ?AN GRANT ME ! SUPPOSITION ?AT ,GOD EXI/S2 HE :O D5IES IS =C$ TO GRANT IT TO ME ALSO1 S9CE HE 5T]TA9$ IT BE=E ME1 EV]Y NEGATION IMPLY+ A PREVI\S AFFIRMATION2 AS = HIM :O IS 9 D\BT1 HE NE$S BUT TO REFLECT A MOM5T TO UND]/& ?AT HIS D\BT NECESS>ILY SUPPOSES AN UNKN[N SOME?+1 :I*1 SOON] OR LAT]1 HE WILL CALL ,GOD4 

,BUT IF ,I POSSESS1 ?R\< ! FACT ( MY ?\<T1 ! RI<T TO SUPPOSE ,GOD1 ,I MU/ AB&ON ! RI<T TO AFFIRM HIM4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IF MY HYPO!SIS IS IRRESI/IBLE1 ?AT1 = ! PRES5T1 IS ALL ?AT ,I CAN PRET5D4 ,= TO AFFIRM IS TO DET]M9E2 N[1 EV]Y DET]M9ATION1 TO BE TRUE1 MU/ BE REA*$ EMPIRICALLY4 ,9 FACT1 :OEV] SAYS DET]M9ATION1 SAYS RELATION1 CONDITIONALITY1 EXP]I5CE4 ,S9CE1 !N1 ! DET]M9ATION ( ! IDEA ( ,GOD MU/ RESULT FROM AN EMPIRICAL DEMON/RATION1 WE MU/ AB/A9 FROM EV]Y?+ :I*1 9 ! SE>* = ?IS GREAT UNKN[N1 NOT BE+ E/ABLI%$ BY EXP]I5CE1 GOES BEYOND ! HYPO!SIS1 UND] P5ALTY ( RELAPS+ 9TO ! CONTRADICTIONS ( !OLOGY1 & CONSEQU5TLY >\S+ ANEW A!I/IC DISS5T4 

,FROM 3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y4 

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