,*APT] #b1 ,SECTION #b4#b 
,CON/ITUTION ( ,VALUE2 ,DEF9ITION ( ,WEAL? 

#ahdfahdf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

,PR\DHON1 ,PI]RE ,JOSEPH4 ,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS3 OR1 ! ,PHILOSOPHY (  
,MIS]Y 

,ELECTRONIC ,TEXT ,C5T]1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y 

 #b4 -- ,CON/ITUTION ( VALUE2 DEF9ITION ( WEAL?4  

  

,WE KN[ VALUE 9 ITS TWO OPPOSITE ASPECTS2 WE DO NOT KN[ IT 9 ITS ,T,O,T,A,L,I,T,Y4 ,IF WE CAN ACQUIRE ?IS NEW IDEA1 WE %ALL HAVE ABSOLUTE VALUE2 & A TABLE ( VALUES1 SU* AS WAS CALL$ = 9 ! MEMOIR READ TO ! ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CES1 WILL BE POSSIBLE4 

,LET US PICTURE WEAL?1 !N1 AS A MASS HELD BY A *EMICAL =CE 9 A P]MAN5T /ATE ( COMPOSITION1 9 :I* NEW ELEM5TS1 CONT9UALLY 5T]+1 COMB9E 9 DIFF]5T PROPORTIONS1 BUT ACCORD+ TO A C]TA9 LAW3 VALUE IS ! PROPORTIONAL RELATION 7! MEASURE7 9 :I* EA* ( !SE ELEM5TS =MS A P>T ( ! :OLE4 

,FROM ?IS TWO ?+S RESULT3 ONE1 ?AT ! ECONOMI/S HAVE BE5 :OLLY DELUD$ :5 !Y HAVE LOOK$ = ! G5]AL MEASURE ( VALUE 9 :EAT1 SPECIE1 R5T1 ETC41 & ALSO :51 AFT] HAV+ DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ?IS /&>D ( MEASURE WAS NEI!R H]E NOR !RE1 !Y HAVE CONCLUD$ ?AT VALUE HAS NEI!R LAW NOR MEASURE2 ! O!R1 ?AT ! PROPORTION ( VALUES MAY CONT9UALLY V>Y )\T CEAS+ ON ?AT ACC\NT TO BE SUBJECT TO A LAW1 :OSE DET]M9ATION IS PRECISELY ! SOLUTION S\<T4 

,?IS IDEA ( VALUE SATISFIES1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ALL ! CONDITIONS3 = IT 9CLUDES AT ONCE BO? ! POSITIVE & FIX$ ELEM5T 9 USEFUL VALUE & ! V>IABLE ELEM5T 9 EX*ANGEABLE VALUE2 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 IT PUTS AN 5D TO ! CONTRADICTION :I* SEEM$ AN 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLE 9 ! WAY ( ! DET]M9ATION ( VALUE2 FUR!R1 WE %ALL %[ ?AT VALUE ?US UND]/OOD DIFF]S 5TIRELY FROM A SIMPLE JUXTAPOSITION ( ! TWO IDEAS ( USEFUL & EX*ANGEABLE VALUE1 & ?AT IT IS 5D[$ ) NEW PROP]TIES4 

,! PROPORTIONALITY ( PRODUCTS IS NOT A REVELATION ?AT WE PRET5D TO (F] TO ! WORLD1 OR A NOVELTY ?AT WE BR+ 9TO SCI5CE1 ANY MORE ?AN ! DIVISION ( LABOR WAS AN UNHE>D-( ?+ :5 ,ADAM ,SMI? EXPLA9$ ITS M>VELS4 ,! PROPORTIONALITY ( PRODUCTS IS1 AS WE MI<T PROVE EASILY BY 9NUM]ABLE QUOTATIONS1 A COMMON IDEA RUNN+ ?R\< ! WORKS ON POLITICAL ECONOMY1 BUT TO :I* NO ONE AS YET HAS DREAM$ ( ATTRIBUT+ ITS RI<TFUL IMPORTANCE3 & ?IS IS ! TASK :I* WE UND]TAKE TODAY4 ,WE FEEL B\ND1 = ! RE/1 TO MAKE ?IS DECL>ATION 9 ORD] TO REASSURE ! READ] CONC]N+ \R PRET5SIONS TO ORIG9ALITY1 & TO SATISFY ?OSE M9DS :OSE TIMIDITY LEADS !M TO LOOK ) LITTLE FAVOR UPON NEW IDEAS4 

,! ECONOMI/S SEEM ALWAYS TO HAVE UND]/OOD BY ! MEASURE ( VALUE ONLY A /&>D1 A SORT ( ORIG9AL UNIT1 EXI/+ BY ITSELF1 & APPLICABLE TO ALL SORTS ( M]*&ISE1 AS ! Y>D IS APPLICABLE TO ALL L5G?S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 MANY HAVE ?\<T ?AT SU* A /&>D IS FURNI%$ BY ! PRECI\S METALS4 ,BUT ! !ORY ( MONEY HAS PROV$ ?AT1 F> FROM BE+ ! MEASURE ( VALUES1 SPECIE IS ONLY !IR >I?METIC1 & A CONV5TIONAL >I?METIC AT ?AT4 ,GOLD & SILV] >E TO VALUE :AT ! !RMOMET] IS TO HEAT4 ,! !RMOMET]1 ) ITS >BITR>ILY GRADUAT$ SCALE1 9DICATES CLE>LY :5 !RE IS A LOSS OR AN 9CREASE ( HEAT3 BUT :AT ! LAWS ( HEAT-EQUILIBRIUM >E2 :AT IS ITS PROPORTION 9 V>I\S BODIES2 :AT AM\NT IS NECESS>Y TO CAUSE A RISE ( T51 FIFTE51 OR TW5TY DEGREES 9 ! !RMOMET]1 -- ! !RMOMET] DOES NOT TELL US2 IT IS NOT C]TA9 EV5 ?AT ! DEGREES ( ! SCALE1 EQUAL TO EA* O!R1 CORRESPOND TO EQUAL ADDITIONS ( HEAT4 

,! IDEA ?AT HAS BE5 5T]TA9$ HI!RTO ( ! MEASURE ( VALUE1 !N1 IS 9EXACT2 ! OBJECT ( \R 9QUIRY IS NOT ! /&>D ( VALUE1 AS HAS BE5 SAID SO (T5 & SO FOOLI%LY1 BUT ! LAW :I* REGULATES ! PROPORTIONS ( ! V>I\S PRODUCTS TO ! SOCIAL WEAL?2 = UPON ! KN[L$GE ( ?IS LAW DEP5DS ! RISE & FALL ( PRICES 9 SO F> AS IT IS NORMAL & LEGITIMATE4 ,9 A WORD1 AS WE UND]/& BY ! MEASURE ( CELE/IAL BODIES ! RELATION RESULT+ FROM ! COMP>ISON ( !SE BODIES ) EA* O!R1 SO1 BY ! MEASURE ( VALUES1 WE MU/ UND]/& ! RELATION :I* RESULTS FROM !IR COMP>ISON4 ,N[1 ,I SAY ?AT ?IS RELATION HAS ITS LAW1 & ?IS COMP>ISON ITS PR9CIPLE4 

,I SUPPOSE1 !N1 A =CE :I* COMB9ES 9 C]TA9 PROPORTIONS ! ELEM5TS ( WEAL?1 & MAKES ( !M A HOMOG5E\S :OLE3 IF ! CON/ITU5T ELEM5TS DO NOT EXI/ 9 ! DESIR$ PROPORTION1 ! COMB9ATION WILL TAKE PLACE NEV]!LESS2 BUT1 9/EAD ( ABSORB+ ALL ! MAT]IAL1 IT WILL REJECT A PORTION AS USELESS4 ,! 9T]NAL MOVEM5T BY :I* ! COMB9ATION IS PRODUC$1 & :I* ! AFF9ITIES ( ! V>I\S SUB/ANCES DET]M9E -- ?IS MOVEM5T 9 SOCIETY IS EX*ANGE2 EX*ANGE CONSID]$ NO LONG] SIMPLY 9 ITS ELEM5T>Y =M & BETWE5 MAN & MAN1 BUT EX*ANGE CONSID]$ AS ! FUSION ( ALL VALUES PRODUC$ BY PRIVATE 9DU/RY 9 ONE & ! SAME MASS ( SOCIAL WEAL?4 ,F9ALLY1 ! PROPORTION 9 :I* EA* ELEM5T 5T]S 9TO ! COMP\ND IS :AT WE CALL VALUE2 ! EXCESS REMA9+ AFT] ! COMB9ATION IS NON-VALUE1 UNTIL ! ADDITION ( A C]TA9 QUANTITY ( O!R ELEM5TS CAUSES FUR!R COMB9ATION & EX*ANGE4 

,WE WILL EXPLA9 LAT] ! FUNCTION ( MONEY4 

,?IS DET]M9$1 IT IS CONCEIVABLE ?AT AT A GIV5 MOM5T ! PROPORTIONS ( VALUES CON/ITUT+ ! WEAL? ( A C\NTRY MAY BE DET]M9$1 OR AT LEA/ EMPIRICALLY APPROXIMAT$1 BY MEANS ( /ATI/ICS & 9V5TORIES1 9 NE>LY ! SAME WAY ?AT ! *EMI/S HAVE DISCOV]$ BY EXP]I5CE1 AID$ BY ANALYSIS1 ! PROPORTIONS ( HYDROG5 & OXYG5 NECESS>Y TO ! =MATION ( WAT]4 ,!RE IS NO?+ OBJECTIONABLE 9 ?IS ME?OD ( DET]M9+ VALUES2 IT IS1 AFT] ALL1 ONLY A MATT] ( ACC\NTS4 ,BUT SU* A WORK1 H[EV] 9T]E/+ IT MI<T BE1 W\LD TEA* US NO?+ V]Y USEFUL4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 9DE$1 WE KN[ ?AT ! PROPORTION CONT9UALLY V>IES2 ON ! O!R1 IT IS CLE> ?AT FROM A /ATEM5T ( ! PUBLIC WEAL? GIV+ ! PROPORTIONS ( VALUES ONLY = ! TIME & PLACE :5 & :]E ! /ATI/ICS %\LD BE GA!R$ WE C\LD NOT D$UCE ! LAW ( PROPORTIONALITY ( WEAL?4 ,= ?AT1 A S+LE OP]ATION ( ?IS SORT W\LD NOT BE SUFFICI5T2 ?\S&S & MILLIONS ( SIMIL> ONES W\LD BE NECESS>Y1 EV5 ADMITT+ ! ME?OD TO BE WOR?Y ( CONFID5CE4 

,N[1 H]E !RE IS A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ECONOMIC SCI5CE & *EMI/RY4 ,! *EMI/S1 :O HAVE DISCOV]$ BY EXP]I5CE SU* BEAUTIFUL PROPORTIONS1 KN[ NO MORE ( !IR H[ OR :Y ?AN ( ! =CE :I* GOV]NS !M4 ,SOCIAL ECONOMY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO :I* NO A PO/]IORI 9VE/IGATION C\LD REVEAL DIRECTLY ! LAW ( PROPORTIONALITY ( VALUES1 CAN GRASP IT 9 ! V]Y =CE :I* PRODUCES IT1 & :I* IT IS TIME TO ANN\NCE4 

,?IS =CE1 :I* ,ADAM ,SMI? HAS GLORIFI$ SO ELOQU5TLY1 & :I* HIS SUCCESSORS HAVE MISCONCEIV$ 7MAK+ PRIVILEGE ITS EQUAL71 -- ?IS =CE IS ,L,A,B,O,R4 ,LABOR DIFF]S 9 QUANTITY & QUALITY ) ! PRODUC]2 9 ?IS RESPECT IT IS LIKE ALL ! GREAT PR9CIPLES ( ,NATURE & ! MO/ G5]AL LAWS1 SIMPLE 9 !IR ACTION & =MULA1 BUT 9F9ITELY MODIFI$ BY A MULTITUDE ( SPECIAL CAUSES1 & MANIFE/+ !MSELVES UND] AN 9NUM]ABLE V>IETY ( =MS4 ,IT IS LABOR1 LABOR ALONE1 ?AT PRODUCES ALL ! ELEM5TS ( WEAL?1 & ?AT COMB9ES !M TO !IR LA/ MOLECULES ACCORD+ TO A LAW ( V>IABLE1 BUT C]TA91 PROPORTIONALITY4 ,IT IS LABOR1 9 F9E1 ?AT1 AS ! PR9CIPLE ( LIFE1 AGITATES 7M5S AGITAT7 ! MAT]IAL 7MOLEM7 ( WEAL?1 & PROPORTIONS IT4 

,SOCIETY1 OR ! COLLECTIVE MAN1 PRODUCES AN 9F9ITUDE ( OBJECTS1 ! 5JOYM5T ( :I* CON/ITUTES ITS WELL-BE+4 ,?IS WELL-BE+ IS DEVELOP$ NOT ONLY 9 ! RATIO ( ! QUANTITY ( ! PRODUCTS1 BUT ALSO 9 ! RATIO ( !IR V>IETY 7QUALITY7 & PROPORTION4 ,FROM ?IS FUNDAM5TAL DATUM IT FOLL[S ?AT SOCIETY ALWAYS1 AT EA* 9/ANT ( ITS LIFE1 MU/ /RIVE = SU* PROPORTION 9 ITS PRODUCTS AS WILL GIVE ! GREATE/ AM\NT ( WELL-BE+1 CONSID]+ ! P[] & MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,ABUNDANCE1 V>IETY1 & PROPORTION 9 PRODUCTS >E ! ?REE FACTORS :I* CON/ITUTE ,W,E,A,L,?3 WEAL?1 ! OBJECT ( SOCIAL ECONOMY1 IS SUBJECT TO ! SAME CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE AS BEAUTY1 ! OBJECT ( >T2 VIRTUE1 ! OBJECT ( MORALITY2 & TRU?1 ! OBJECT ( METAPHYSICS4 

,BUT H[ E/ABLI% ?IS M>VEL\S PROPORTION1 SO ESS5TIAL ?AT )\T IT A PORTION ( HUMAN LABOR IS LO/1 -- ?AT IS1 USELESS1 9H>MONI\S1 UNTRUE1 & CONSEQU5TLY SYNONYM\S ) POV]TY & ANNIHILATION8 

,PROME!US1 ACCORD+ TO ! FABLE1 IS ! SYMBOL ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,PROME!US /EALS ! FIRE ( HEAV51 & 9V5TS ! E>LY >TS2 ,PROME!US =ESEES ! FUTURE1 & ASPIRES TO EQUALITY ) ,JUPIT]2 ,PROME!US IS ,GOD4 ,!N LET US CALL SOCIETY ,PROME!US4 

,PROME!US DEVOTES1 ON AN AV]AGE1 T5 H\RS A DAY TO LABOR1 SEV5 TO RE/1 & SEV5 TO PLEASURE4 ,9 ORD] TO GA!R FROM HIS TOIL ! MO/ USEFUL FRUIT1 ,PROME!US NOTES ! TIME & TR\BLE ?AT EA* OBJECT ( HIS CONSUMPTION CO/S HIM4 ,ONLY EXP]I5CE CAN TEA* HIM ?IS1 & ?IS EXP]I5CE LA/S ?R\<\T HIS LIFE4 ,:ILE LABOR+ & PRODUC+1 !N1 ,PROME!US IS SUBJECT TO AN 9F9ITUDE ( DISAPPO9TM5TS4 ,BUT1 AS A F9AL RESULT1 ! MORE HE LABORS1 ! GREAT] IS HIS WELL-BE+ & ! MORE IDEALIZ$ HIS LUXURY2 ! FUR!R HE EXT5DS HIS CONQUE/S OV] ,NATURE1 ! MORE /RONGLY HE =TIFIES )9 HIM ! PR9CIPLE ( LIFE & 9TELLIG5CE 9 ! EX]CISE ( :I* HE ALONE F9DS HAPP9ESS2 TILL F9ALLY1 ! E>LY $UCATION ( ! ,LABOR] COMPLET$ & ORD] 9TRODUC$ 9TO HIS OCCUPATIONS1 TO LABOR1 ) HIM1 IS NO LONG] TO SUFF]1 -- IT IS TO LIVE1 TO 5JOY4 ,BUT ! ATTRACTIV5ESS ( LABOR DOES NOT NULLIFY ! RULE1 S9CE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS ! FRUIT ( IT2 & ?OSE :O1 UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT LABOR %\LD BE ATTRACTIVE1 REASON TO ! D5IAL ( JU/ICE & TO COMMUNISM1 RESEMBLE *ILDR5 :O1 AFT] HAV+ GA!R$ SOME FL[]S 9 ! G>D51 %\LD >RANGE A FL[]-B$ ON ! /AIRCASE4 

,9 SOCIETY1 !N1 JU/ICE IS SIMPLY ! PROPORTIONALITY ( VALUES2 ITS GU>ANTEE & SANCTION IS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! PRODUC]4 

,PROME!US KN[S ?AT SU* A PRODUCT CO/S AN H\R'S LABOR1 SU* ANO!R A DAY'S1 A WEEK'S1 A YE>'S2 HE KN[S AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ALL !SE PRODUCTS1 >RANG$ ACCORD+ TO !IR CO/1 =M ! PROGRESSION ( HIS WEAL?4 ,FIR/1 !N1 HE WILL ASSURE HIS EXI/5CE BY PROVID+ HIMSELF ) ! LEA/ CO/LY1 & CONSEQU5TLY MO/ NECESS>Y1 ?+S2 !N1 AS FA/ AS HIS POSITION BECOMES SECURE1 HE WILL LOOK =W>D TO >TICLES ( LUXURY1 PROCE$+ ALWAYS1 IF HE IS WISE1 ACCORD+ TO ! NATURAL POSITION ( EA* >TICLE 9 ! SCALE ( PRICES4 ,SOMETIMES ,PROME!US WILL MAKE A MI/AKE 9 HIS CALCULATIONS1 OR ELSE1 C>RI$ AWAY BY PASSION1 HE WILL SACRIFICE AN IMM$IATE GOOD TO A PREMATURE 5JOYM5T1 &1 AFT] HAV+ TOIL$ & MOIL$1 HE WILL />VE4 ,?US1 ! LAW C>RIES ) IT ITS [N SANCTION2 ITS VIOLATION IS 9EVITABLY ACCOMPANI$ BY ! IMM$IATE PUNI%M5T ( ! TRANSGRESSOR4 

,SAY1 !N1 WAS RI<T 9 SAY+3 0,! HAPP9ESS ( ?IS CLASS 7! CONSUM]S71 COMPOS$ ( ALL ! O!RS1 CON/ITUTES ! G5]AL WELL-BE+1 ! /ATE ( PROSP]ITY ( A C\NTRY40 ,ONLY HE %\LD HAVE ADD$ ?AT ! HAPP9ESS ( ! CLASS ( PRODUC]S1 :I* ALSO IS COMPOS$ ( ALL ! O!RS1 EQUALLY CON/ITUTES ! G5]AL WELL-BE+1 ! /ATE ( PROSP]ITY ( A C\NTRY4 ,SO1 :5 HE SAYS3 0,! =TUNE ( EA* CONSUM] IS P]PETUALLY AT W> ) ALL ?AT HE BUYS10 HE %\LD HAVE ADD$ AGA93 0,! =TUNE ( EA* PRODUC] IS 9CESSANTLY ATTACK$ BY ALL ?AT HE SELLS40 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( A CLE> EXPRESSION ( ?IS RECIPROCITY1 MO/ ECONOMICAL PH5OM5A BECOME UN9TELLIGIBLE2 & ,I WILL SOON %[ H[1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS GRAVE OMISSION1 MO/ ECONOMI/S 9 WRIT+ !IR BOOKS HAVE TALK$ WILDLY AB\T ! BALANCE ( TRADE4 

,I HAVE JU/ SAID ?AT SOCIETY PRODUCES FIR/ ! LEA/ CO/LY1 & CONSEQU5TLY MO/ NECESS>Y1 ?+S4 ,N[1 IS IT TRUE ?AT *EAPNESS ( PRODUCTS IS ALWAYS A CORRELATIVE ( !IR NECESSITY1 & VISE V]SA2 SO ?AT !SE TWO WORDS1 NECESSITY & *EAPNESS1 LIKE ! FOLL[+ ONES1 CO/L9ESS & SUP]FLUITY1 >E SYNONYMES8 

,IF EA* PRODUCT ( LABOR1 TAK5 ALONE1 W\LD SUFFICE = ! EXI/5CE ( MAN1 ! SYNONYMY 9 QUE/ION W\LD NOT BE D\BTFUL2 ALL PRODUCTS HAV+ ! SAME QUALITIES1 ?OSE W\LD BE MO/ ADVANTAGE\SLY PRODUC$1 & !RE=E ! MO/ NECESS>Y1 :I* CO/ ! LEA/4 ,BUT ! P>ALLEL BETWE5 ! UTILITY & PRICE ( PRODUCTS IS NOT *>ACT]IZ$ BY ?IS !ORETICAL PRECISION3 EI!R ?R\< ! =ESI<T ( ,NATURE OR FROM SOME O!R CAUSE1 ! BALANCE BETWE5 NE$S & PRODUCTIVE P[] IS MORE ?AN A !ORY1 -- IT IS A FACT1 ( :I* DAILY PRACTICE1 AS WELL AS SOCIAL PROGRESS1 GIVES EVID5CE4 

,IMAG9E \RSELVES LIV+ 9 ! DAY AFT] ! BIR? ( MAN AT ! BEG9N+ ( CIVILIZATION3 IS IT NOT TRUE ?AT ! 9DU/RIES ORIG9ALLY ! SIMPLE/1 ?OSE :I* REQUIR$ ! LEA/ PREP>ATION & EXP5SE1 W]E ! FOLL[+3 GA!R+1 PA/URAGE1 HUNT+1 & FI%+1 :I* W]E FOLL[$ LONG AFT]W>DS BY AGRICULTURE8 ,S9CE !N1 !SE F\R PRIMITIVE 9DU/RIES HAVE BE5 P]FECT$1 & MOREOV] APPROPRIAT$3 A D\BLE CIRCUM/ANCE :I* DOES NOT *ANGE ! MEAN+ ( ! FACTS1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 MAKES IT MORE MANIFE/4 ,9 FACT1 PROP]TY HAS ALWAYS ATTA*$ ITSELF BY PREF]5CE TO OBJECTS ( ! MO/ IMM$IATE UTILITY1 TO MADE VALUES1 IF ,I MAY SO SPEAK2 SO ?AT ! SCALE ( VALUES MI<T BE FIX$ BY ! PROGRESS ( APPROPRIATION4 

,9 HIS WORK ON ! 0,LIB]TY ( ,LABOR0 ,M4 ,DUNOY] HAS POSITIVELY ACCEPT$ ?IS PR9CIPLE BY DI/+UI%+ F\R GREAT CLASSES ( 9DU/RY1 :I* HE >RANGES ACCORD+ TO ! ORD] ( !IR DEVELOPM5T1 -- ?AT IS1 FROM ! LEA/ LABOR-CO/ TO ! GREATE/4 ,!SE >E EXTRACTIVE 9DU/RY1 -- 9CLUD+ ALL ! SEMI-B>B>\S FUNCTIONS M5TION$ ABOVE1 -- COMM]CIAL 9DU/RY1 MANUFACTUR+1 9DU/RY1 AGRICULTURAL 9DU/RY4 ,& IT IS = A PR(\ND REASON ?AT ! LE>N$ AU?OR PLAC$ AGRICULTURE LA/ 9 ! LI/4 ,=1 DESPITE ITS GREAT ANTIQUITY1 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ?IS 9DU/RY HAS NOT KEPT PACE ) ! O!RS1 & ! SUCCESSION ( HUMAN AFFAIRS IS NOT DECID$ BY !IR ORIG91 BUT BY !IR 5TIRE DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT MAY BE ?AT AGRICULTURAL 9DU/RY WAS BORN BE=E ! O!RS1 & IT MAY BE ?AT ALL W]E CONTEMPOR>Y2 BUT ?AT WILL BE DEEM$ ( ! LATE/ DATE :I* %ALL BE P]FECT$ LA/4 

,?US ! V]Y NATURE ( ?+S1 AS WELL AS HIS [N WANTS1 9DICATES TO ! LABOR] ! ORD] 9 :I* HE %\LD EFFECT ! PRODUCTION ( ! VALUES ?AT MAKE UP HIS WELL-BE+4 ,\R LAW ( PROPORTIONALITY1 !N1 IS AT ONCE PHYSICAL & LOGICAL1 OBJECTIVE & SUBJECTIVE2 IT HAS ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( C]TA9TY4 ,LET US PURSUE ! APPLICATION4 

,( ALL ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR1 NONE P]HAPS HAS CO/ LONG] & MORE PATI5T EF=TS ?AN ! CAL5D>4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !RE IS NONE ! 5JOYM5T ( :I* CAN N[ BE PROCUR$ MORE *EAPLY1 & :I*1 CONSEQU5TLY1 BY \R [N DEF9ITIONS1 HAS BECOME MORE NECESS>Y4 ,H[1 !N1 %ALL WE EXPLA9 ?IS *ANGE8 ,:Y HAS ! CAL5D>1 SO USELESS TO ! E>LY HORDES1 :O ONLY NE$$ ! ALT]NATION ( NI<T & DAY1 AS ( W9T] & SUMM]1 BECOME AT LA/ SO 9DISP5SABLE1 SO UNEXP5SIVE1 SO P]FECT8 ,=1 BY A M>VEL\S H>MONY1 9 SOCIAL ECONOMY ALL !SE ADJECTIVES >E 9T]CONV]TIBLE4 ,H[ ACC\NT1 9 %ORT1 BY \R LAW ( PROPORTION1 = ! V>IABILITY ( ! VALUE ( ! CAL5D>8 

,9 ORD] ?AT ! LABOR NECESS>Y TO ! PRODUCTION ( ! CAL5D> MI<T BE P]=M$1 MI<T BE POSSIBLE1 MAN HAD TO F9D MEANS ( GA9+ TIME FROM HIS E>LY OCCUPATIONS & FROM ?OSE :I* IMM$IATELY FOLL[$ !M4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !SE 9DU/RIES HAD TO BECOME MORE PRODUCTIVE1 OR LESS CO/LY1 ?AN !Y W]E AT ! BEG9N+3 :I* AM\NTS TO SAY+ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y FIR/ TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( ! PRODUCTION ( ! CAL5D> FROM ! EXTRACTIVE 9DU/RIES !MSELVES4 

,SUPPOSE1 !N1 ?AT SUDD5LY1 BY A =TUNATE COMB9ATION ( EF=TS1 BY ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 BY ! USE ( SOME MA*9E1 BY BETT] MANAGEM5T ( ! NATURAL RES\RCES1 -- 9 %ORT1 BY HIS 9DU/RY1 -- ,PROME!US F9DS A WAY ( PRODUC+ 9 ONE DAY AS MU* ( A C]TA9 OBJECT AS HE =M]LY PRODUC$ 9 T53 :AT WILL FOLL[8 ,! PRODUCT WILL *ANGE ITS POSITION 9 ! TABLE ( ! ELEM5TS ( WEAL?2 ITS P[] ( AFF9ITY = O!R PRODUCTS1 SO TO SPEAK1 BE+ 9CREAS$1 ITS RELATIVE VALUE WILL BE PROPORTIONATELY DIM9I%$1 &1 9/EAD ( BE+ QUOT$ AT ONE HUNDR$1 IT WILL !REAFT] BE QUOT$ ONLY AT T54 ,BUT ?IS VALUE WILL /ILL & ALWAYS BE NONE ! LESS ACCURATELY DET]M9$1 & IT WILL /ILL BE LABOR ALONE :I* WILL FIX ! DEGREE ( ITS IMPORTANCE4 ,?US VALUE V>IES1 & ! LAW ( VALUE IS UN*ANGEABLE3 FUR!R1 IF VALUE IS SUSCEPTIBLE ( V>IATION1 IT IS BECAUSE IT IS GOV]N$ BY A LAW :OSE PR9CIPLE IS ESS5TIALLY 9CON/ANT1 -- NAMELY1 LABOR MEASUR$ BY TIME4 

,! SAME REASON+ APPLIES TO ! PRODUCTION ( ! CAL5D> AS TO ?AT ( ALL POSSIBLE VALUES4 ,I DO NOT NE$ TO EXPLA9 H[ -- CIVILIZATION 7?AT IS1 ! SOCIAL FACT ( ! 9CREASE ( LIFE7 MULTIPLY+ \R TASKS1 R5D]+ \R MOM5TS MORE & MORE PRECI\S1 & OBLIG+ US TO KEEP A P]PETUAL & DETAIL$ RECORD ( \R :OLE LIFE -- ! CAL5D> HAS BECOME TO ALL ONE ( ! MO/ NECESS>Y ?+S4 ,WE KN[1 MOREOV]1 ?AT ?IS WOND]FUL DISCOV]Y HAS GIV5 RISE1 AS ITS NATURAL COMPLEM5T1 TO ONE ( \R MO/ VALUABLE 9DU/RIES1 ! MANUFACTURE ( CLOCKS & WAT*ES4 

,AT ?IS PO9T !RE V]Y NATURALLY >ISES AN OBJECTION1 ! ONLY ONE ?AT CAN BE (F]$ AGA9/ ! !ORY ( ! PROPORTIONALITY ( VALUES4 

,SAY & ! ECONOMI/S :O HAVE SUCCE$$ HIM HAVE OBS]V$ ?AT1 LABOR BE+ ITSELF AN OBJECT ( VALUATION1 A SPECIES ( M]*&ISE 9DE$ LIKE ANY O!R1 TO TAKE IT AS ! PR9CIPAL & EFFICI5T CAUSE ( VALUE IS TO REASON 9 A VICI\S CIRCLE4 ,!RE=E1 !Y CONCLUDE1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO FALL BACK ON SC>CITY & OP9ION4 

,!SE ECONOMI/S1 IF !Y WILL ALL[ ME TO SAY IT1 H]E9 HAVE %[N !MSELVES WOND]FULLY C>ELESS4 ,LABOR IS SAID TO HAVE VALUE1 NOT AS M]*&ISE ITSELF1 BUT 9 VIEW ( ! VALUES SUPPOS$ TO BE CONTA9$ 9 IT POT5TIALLY4 ,! VALUE ( LABOR IS A FIGURATIVE EXPRESSION1 AN ANTICIPATION ( EFFECT FROM CAUSE4 

,IT IS A FICTION BY ! SAME TITLE AS ! PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL4 ,LABOR PRODUCES1 CAPITAL HAS VALUE3 & :51 BY A SORT ( ELLIPSIS1 WE SAY ! VALUE ( LABOR1 WE MAKE AN 5JAMBM5T :I* IS NOT AT ALL CONTR>Y TO ! RULES ( LANGUAGE1 BUT :I* !ORI/S \<T TO GU>D AGA9/ MI/AK+ = A REALITY4 ,LABOR1 LIKE LIB]TY1 LOVE1 AMBITION1 G5IUS1 IS A ?+ VAGUE & 9DET]M9ATE 9 ITS NATURE1 BUT QUALITATIVELY DEF9$ BY ITS OBJECT1 -- ?AT IS1 IT BECOMES A REALITY ?R\< ITS PRODUCT4 ,:51 !RE=E1 WE SAY3 ,?IS MAN'S LABOR IS WOR? FIVE FRANCS P] DAY1 IT IS AS IF WE %\LD SAY3 ,! DAILY PRODUCT ( ?IS MAN'S LABOR IS WOR? FIVE FRANCS4 

,N[1 ! EFFECT ( LABOR IS CONT9UALLY TO ELIM9ATE SC>CITY & OP9ION AS CON/ITUTIVE ELEM5TS ( VALUE1 &1 BY NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE1 TO TRANS=M NATURAL OR 9DEF9ITE UTILITIES 7APPROPRIAT$ OR NOT7 9TO MEASURABLE OR SOCIAL UTILITIES3 :5CE IT FOLL[S ?AT LABOR IS AT ONCE A W> DECL>$ UPON ! P>SIMONY ( ,NATURE & A P]MAN5T CONSPIRACY AGA9/ PROP]TY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ?IS ANALYSIS1 VALUE1 CONSID]$ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! ASSOCIATION :I* PRODUC]S1 BY DIVISION ( LABOR & BY EX*ANGE1 NATURALLY =M AMONG !MSELVES1 IS ! PROPORTIONAL RELATION ( ! PRODUCTS :I* CON/ITUTE WEAL?1 & :AT WE CALL ! VALUE ( ANY SPECIAL PRODUCT IS A =MULA :I* EXPRESSES1 9 T]MS ( MONEY1 ! PROPORTION ( ?IS PRODUCT TO ! G5]AL WEAL?4 -- ,UTILITY IS ! BASIS ( VALUE2 LABOR FIXES ! RELATION2 ! PRICE IS ! EXPRESSION :I*1 B>R+ ! FLUCTUATIONS ?AT WE %ALL HAVE TO CONSID]1 9DICATES ?IS RELATION4 

,SU* IS ! C5T] >\ND :I* USEFUL & EX*ANGEABLE VALUE OSCILLATE1 ! PO9T :]E !Y >E F9ALLY SWALL[$ UP & DISAPPE>3 SU* IS ! ABSOLUTE1 UN*ANGEABLE LAW :I* REGULATES ECONOMIC DI/URBANCES & ! FREAKS ( 9DU/RY & COMM]CE1 & GOV]NS PROGRESS4 ,EV]Y EF=T ( ?9K+ & LABOR+ HUMANITY1 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL SPECULATION1 AS AN 9TEGRANT P>T ( COLLECTIVE WEAL?1 OBEYS ?IS LAW4 ,IT WAS ! DE/9Y ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 BY SUCCESSIVELY POSIT+ ALL ITS CONTRADICTORY T]MS1 TO MAKE ?IS LAW KN[N2 ! OBJECT ( SOCIAL ECONOMY1 :I* ,I ASK P]MISSION = A MOM5T TO DI/+UI% FROM POLITICAL ECONOMY1 AL?\< AT BOTTOM !RE IS NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M1 WILL BE TO SPREAD & APPLY IT UNIV]SALLY4 

,! !ORY ( ! MEASURE OR PROPORTIONALITY ( VALUES IS1 LET IT BE NOTIC$1 ! !ORY ( EQUALITY ITSELF4 ,9DE$1 JU/ AS 9 SOCIETY1 :]E WE HAVE SE5 ?AT !RE IS A COMPLETE ID5TITY BETWE5 PRODUC] & CONSUM]1 ! REV5UE PAID TO AN IDL] IS LIKE VALUE CA/ 9TO ! FLAMES ( ,ETNA1 SO ! LABOR] :O RECEIVES EXCESSIVE WAGES IS LIKE A GLEAN] TO :OM %\LD BE GIV5 A LOAF ( BREAD = GA!R+ A /ALK ( GRA93 & ALL ?AT ! ECONOMI/S HAVE QUALIFI$ AS UNPRODUCTIVE CONSUMPTION IS 9 REALITY SIMPLY A VIOLATION ( ! LAW ( PROPORTIONALITY4 

,WE %ALL SEE 9 ! SEQU5CE H[1 FROM !SE SIMPLE DATA1 ! SOCIAL G5IUS GRADUALLY D$UCES ! /ILL OBSCURE SY/EM ( ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 DI/RIBUTION ( WAGES1 VALUATION ( PRODUCTS1 & UNIV]SAL SOLID>ITY4 ,= SOCIAL ORD] IS E/ABLI%$ UPON ! BASIS ( 9EXORABLE JU/ICE1 NOT AT ALL UPON ! P>ADISICAL S5TIM5TS ( FRAT]NITY1 SELF-SACRIFICE1 & LOVE1 TO ! EX]CISE ( :I* SO MANY HONORABLE SOCIALI/S >E 5DEAVOR+ N[ TO /IMULATE ! PEOPLE4 ,IT IS 9 VA9 ?AT1 FOLL[+ ,JESUS ,*RI/1 !Y PREA* ! NECESSITY1 & SET ! EXAMPLE1 ( SACRIFICE2 SELFI%NESS IS /RONG]1 & ONLY ! LAW ( SEV]ITY1 ECONOMIC FATALITY1 IS CAPABLE ( MA/]+ IT4 ,HUMANIT>IAN 5?USIASM MAY PRODUCE %OCKS FAVORABLE TO ! PROGRESS ( CIVILIZATION2 BUT !SE CRISES ( S5TIM5T1 LIKE ! OSCILLATIONS ( VALUE1 MU/ ALWAYS RESULT ONLY 9 A FIRM] & MORE ABSOLUTE E/ABLI%M5T ( JU/ICE4 ,NATURE1 OR ,DIV9ITY1 WE DI/RU/ 9 \R HE>TS3 %E HAS NEV] BELIEV$ 9 ! LOVE ( MAN = HIS FELL[2 & ALL ?AT SCI5CE REVEALS TO US ( ! WAYS ( ,PROVID5CE 9 ! PROGRESS ( SOCIETY -- ,I SAY IT TO ! %AME ( ! HUMAN CONSCI5CE1 BUT \R HYPOCRISY MU/ BE MADE AW>E ( IT -- %[S A PR(\ND MISAN?ROPY ON ! P>T ( ,GOD4 ,GOD HELPS US1 NOT FROM MOTIVES ( GOODNESS1 BUT BECAUSE ORD] IS HIS ESS5CE2 ,GOD PROMOTES ! WELF>E ( ! WORLD1 NOT BECAUSE HE DEEMS IT WOR?Y1 BUT BECAUSE ! RELIGION ( HIS SUPREME 9TELLIG5CE LAYS ! OBLIGATION UPON HIM3 & :ILE ! VULG> GIVE HIM ! SWEET NAME ,FA!R1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ! HI/ORIAN1 = ! POLITICAL ECONOMI/1 TO BELIEVE ?AT HE EI!R LOVES OR E/EEMS US4 

,LET US IMITATE ?IS SUBLIME 9DIFF]5CE1 ?IS /OICAL AT>AXIA1 ( ,GOD2 &1 S9CE ! PRECEPT ( *>ITY ALWAYS HAS FAIL$ TO PROMOTE SOCIAL WELF>E1 LET US LOOK TO PURE REASON = ! CONDITIONS ( H>MONY & VIRTUE4 

,VALUE1 CONCEIV$ AS ! PROPORTIONALITY ( PRODUCTS1 O!RWISE CALL$ ,C,O,N,/,I,T,U,T,$ ,V,A,L,U,E1 NECESS>ILY IMPLIES 9 AN EQUAL DEGREE UTILITY & V5ALITY1 9DIVISIBLY & H>MONI\SLY UNIT$4 ,IT IMPLIES UTILITY1 =1 )\T ?IS CONDITION1 ! PRODUCT W\LD BE DE/ITUTE ( ?AT AFF9ITY :I* R5D]S IT EX*ANGEABLE1 & CONSEQU5TLY MAKES IT AN ELEM5T ( WEAL?2 IT IMPLIES V5ALITY1 S9CE1 IF ! PRODUCT WAS NOT ACCEPTABLE 9 ! M>KET AT ANY H\R & AT A KN[N PRICE1 IT W\LD BE ONLY A NON-VALUE1 IT W\LD BE NO?+4 

,BUT1 9 CON/ITUT$ VALUE1 ALL !SE PROP]TIES ACQUIRE A BROAD]1 MORE REGUL>1 TRU] SIGNIFICANCE ?AN BE=E4 ,?US1 UTILITY IS NO LONG] ?AT 9]T CAPACITY1 SO TO SPEAK1 :I* ?+S POSSESS ( S]V+ = \R 5JOYM5TS & 9 \R RESE>*ES2 V5ALITY IS NO LONG] ! EXAGG]ATION ( A BL9D FANCY OR AN UNPR9CIPL$ OP9ION2 F9ALLY1 V>IABILITY HAS CEAS$ TO EXPLA9 ITSELF BY A DIS+5U\S DISCUSSION BETWE5 SUPPLY & DEM&3 ALL ?AT HAS DISAPPE>$ TO GIVE PLACE TO A POSITIVE1 NORMAL1 &1 UND] ALL POSSIBLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 DET]M9ABLE IDEA4 ,BY ! CON/ITUTION ( VALUES EA* PRODUCT1 IF IT IS ALL[ABLE TO E/ABLI% SU* AN ANALOGY1 BECOMES LIKE ! N\RI%M5T :I*1 DISCOV]$ BY ! ALIM5T>Y 9/9CT1 !N PREP>$ BY ! DIGE/IVE ORGANS1 5T]S 9TO ! G5]AL CIRCULATION1 :]E IT IS CONV]T$1 ACCORD+ TO C]TA9 PROPORTIONS1 9TO FLE%1 BONE1 LIQUID1 ETC41 & GIVES TO ! BODY LIFE1 /R5G?1 & BEAUTY4 

,N[1 :AT *ANGE DOES ! IDEA ( VALUE UND]GO :5 WE RISE FROM ! CONTRADICTORY NOTIONS ( USEFUL VALUE & EX*ANGEABLE VALUE TO ?AT ( CON/ITUT$ VALUE OR ABSOLUTE VALUE8 ,!RE IS1 SO TO SPEAK1 A JO9+ TOGE!R1 A RECIPROCAL P5ETRATION1 9 :I* ! TWO ELEM5T>Y CONCEPTS1 GRASP+ EA* O!R LIKE ! HOOK$ ATOMS ( ,EPICURUS1 ABSORB ONE ANO!R & DISAPPE>1 LEAV+ 9 !IR PLACE A COMP\ND POSSESS$1 BUT 9 A SUP]IOR DEGREE1 ( ALL !IR POSITIVE PROP]TIES1 & DIVE/$ ( ALL !IR NEGATIVE PROP]TIES4 ,A VALUE REALLY SU* -- LIKE MONEY1 FIR/-CLASS BUS9ESS PAP]1 GOV]NM5T ANNUITIES1 %>ES 9 A WELL-E/ABLI%$ 5T]PRISE -- CAN NEI!R BE 9CREAS$ )\T REASON NOR LO/ 9 EX*ANGE3 IT IS GOV]N$ ONLY BY ! NATURAL LAW ( ! ADDITION ( SPECIAL 9DU/RIES & ! 9CREASE ( PRODUCTS4 ,FUR!R1 SU* A VALUE IS NOT ! RESULT ( A COMPROMISE1 -- ?AT IS1 ( ECLECTICISM1 JU/E-MILIEU1 OR MIXTURE2 IT IS ! PRODUCT ( A COMPLETE FUSION1 A PRODUCT 5TIRELY NEW & DI/9CT FROM ITS COMPON5TS1 JU/ AS WAT]1 ! PRODUCT ( ! COMB9ATION ( HYDROG5 & OXYG51 IS A SEP>ATE BODY1 TOTALLY DI/9CT FROM ITS ELEM5TS4 

,! RESOLUTION ( TWO ANTI!TICAL IDEAS 9 A ?IRD ( A SUP]IOR ORD] IS :AT ! S*OOL CALLS SYN!SIS4 ,IT ALONE GIVES ! POSITIVE & COMPLETE IDEA1 :I* IS OBTA9$1 AS WE HAVE SE51 BY ! SUCCESSIVE AFFIRMATION OR NEGATION -- = BO? AM\NT TO ! SAME ?+ -- ( TWO DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSITE CONCEPTS4 ,:5CE WE D$UCE ?IS COROLL>Y1 ( ! FIR/ IMPORTANCE 9 PRACTICE AS WELL AS 9 !ORY3 :]EV]1 9 ! SPH]ES ( MORALITY1 HI/ORY1 OR POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ANALYSIS HAS E/ABLI%$ ! ANT9OMY ( AN IDEA1 WE MAY AFFIRM ON A PRIORI GR\NDS ?AT ?IS ANT9OMY CONCEALS A HI<] IDEA1 :I* SOON] OR LAT] WILL MAKE ITS APPE>ANCE4 

,I AM SORRY TO HAVE TO 9SI/ AT SO GREAT L5G? ON IDEAS FAMILI> TO ALL Y\NG COLLEGE GRADUATES3 BUT ,I [$ !SE DETAILS TO C]TA9 ECONOMI/S1 :O1 APROPOS ( MY CRITIQUE ( PROP]TY1 HAVE HEAP$ DILEMMAS ON DILEMMAS TO PROVE ?AT1 IF ,I WAS NOT A PROPRIETOR1 ,I NECESS>ILY MU/ BE A COMMUNI/2 ALL BECAUSE !Y DID NOT UND]/& !SIS1 ANTI!SIS1 & SYN!SIS4 

,! SYN!TIC IDEA ( VALUE1 AS ! FUNDAM5TAL CONDITION ( SOCIAL ORD] & PROGRESS1 WAS DIMLY SE5 BY ,ADAM ,SMI?1 :51 TO USE ! WORDS ( ,M4 ,BLANQUI1 0HE %[$ ?AT LABOR IS ! UNIV]SAL & 9V>IABLE MEASURE ( VALUES1 & PROV$ ?AT EV]Y?+ HAS ITS NATURAL PRICE1 T[>D :I* IT CONT9UALLY GRAVITATES AMID ! FLUCTUATIONS ( ! M>KET1 OCCASION$ BY ACCID5TAL CIRCUM/ANCES =EIGN TO ! V5AL VALUE ( ! ?+40 

,BUT ?IS IDEA ( VALUE WAS :OLLY 9TUITIVE ) ,ADAM ,SMI?1 & SOCIETY DOES NOT *ANGE ITS HABITS UPON ! /R5G? ( 9TUITIONS2 IT DECIDES ONLY UPON ! AU?ORITY ( FACTS4 ,! ANT9OMY HAD TO BE EXPRESS$ 9 A PLA9] & CLE>] MANN]3 ,J4 ,B4 ,SAY WAS ITS PR9CIPAL 9T]PRET]4 ,BUT1 9 SPITE ( ! IMAG9ATIVE EF=TS & FE>FUL SUBTLETY ( ?IS ECONOMI/1 ,SMI?'S DEF9ITION CONTROLS HIM )\T HIS KN[L$GE1 & IS MANIFE/ ?R\<\T HIS >GUM5TS4 

0,TO PUT A VALUE ON AN >TICLE10 SAYS ,SAY1 0IS TO DECL>E ?AT IT %\LD BE E/IMAT$ EQUALLY ) SOME O!R DESIGNAT$ >TICLE4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! VALUE ( EV]Y?+ IS VAGUE & >BITR>Y UNTIL IT IS ,R,E,C,O,G,N,I,Z,$4 4 4 4 4 40 ,!RE IS1 !RE=E1 A ME?OD ( RECOGNIZ+ ! VALUE ( ?+S1 -- ?AT IS1 ( DET]M9+ IT2 &1 AS ?IS RECOGNITION OR DET]M9ATION RESULTS FROM ! COMP>ISON ( ?+S ) EA* O!R1 !RE IS1 FUR!R1 A COMMON FEATURE1 A PR9CIPLE1 BY MEANS ( :I* WE >E ABLE TO DECL>E ?AT ONE ?+ IS WOR? MORE OR LESS ?AN1 OR AS MU* AS1 ANO!R4 

,SAY FIR/ SAID3 0,! MEASURE ( VALUE IS ! VALUE ( AN O!R PRODUCT40 ,AFT]W>DS1 HAV+ SE5 ?AT ?IS PHRASE WAS BUT A TAUTOLOGY1 HE MODIFI$ IT ?US3 0,! MEASURE ( VALUE IS ! QUANTITY ( ANO!R PRODUCT10 :I* IS QUITE AS UN9TELLIGIBLE4 ,MOREOV]1 ?IS WRIT]1 G5]ALLY SO CLE> & DECID$1 EMB>RASSES HIMSELF ) VA9 DI/9CTIONS3 0,WE MAY APPRECIATE ! VALUE ( ?+S2 WE CANNOT MEASURE IT1 -- ?AT IS1 COMP>E IT ) AN 9V>IABLE & KN[N /&>D1 = NO SU* /&>D EXI/S4 ,WE CAN DO NO?+ BUT E/IMATE ! VALUE ( ?+S BY COMP>+ !M40 ,AT O!R TIMES HE DI/+UI%ES BETWE5 REAL VALUES & RELATIVE VALUES3 0,! =M] >E ?OSE :OSE VALUE *ANGES ) ! CO/ ( PRODUCTION2 ! LATT] >E ?OSE :OSE VALUE *ANGES RELATIVELY TO ! VALUE ( O!R K9DS ( M]*&ISE40 

,S+UL> PREPOSSESSION ( A MAN ( G5IUS1 :O DOES NOT SEE ?AT TO COMP>E1 TO APPRAISE1 TO APPRECIATE1 IS TO ,M,E,A,S,U,R,E2 ?AT EV]Y MEASURE1 BE+ ONLY A COMP>ISON1 9DICATES = ?AT V]Y REASON A TRUE RELATION1 PROVID$ ! COMP>ISON IS ACCURATE2 ?AT1 CONSEQU5TLY1 VALUE1 OR REAL MEASURE1 & VALUE1 OR RELATIVE MEASURE1 >E P]FECTLY ID5TICAL2 & ?AT ! DIFFICULTY IS R$UC$1 NOT TO ! DISCOV]Y ( A /&>D ( MEASURE1 S9CE ALL QUANTITIES MAY S]VE EA* O!R 9 ?AT CAPACITY1 BUT TO ! DET]M9ATION ( A PO9T ( COMP>ISON4 ,9 GEOMETRY ! PO9T ( COMP>ISON IS EXT5T1 & ! UNIT ( MEASURE IS N[ ! DIVISION ( ! CIRCLE 9TO ?REE HUNDR$ & SIXTY P>TS1 N[ ! CIRCUMF]5CE ( ! T]RE/RIAL GLOBE1 N[ ! AV]AGE DIM5SION ( ! HUMAN >M1 H&1 ?UMB1 OR FOOT4 ,9 ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 WE HAVE SAID AFT] ,ADAM ,SMI?1 ! PO9T ( VIEW FROM :I* ALL VALUES >E COMP>$ IS LABOR2 AS = ! UNIT ( MEASURE1 ?AT ADOPT$ 9 ,FRANCE IS ! ,F,R,A,N,C4 ,IT IS 9CR$IBLE ?AT SO MANY S5SIBLE M5 %\LD /RUGGLE = =TY YE>S AGA9/ AN IDEA SO SIMPLE4 ,BUT NO3  ,! COMP>ISON ( VALUES IS EFFECT$ ) \T A PO9T ( COMP>ISON BETWE5 !M1 & )\T A UNIT ( MEASURE1 -- SU* IS ! PROPOSITION :I* ! ECONOMI/S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 RA!R ?AN ACCEPT ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEA ( EQUALITY1 HAVE RESOLV$ TO MA9TA9 AGA9/ ALL COM]S4 ,:AT WILL PO/]ITY SAY8  

,I %ALL PRES5TLY %[1 BY /RIK+ EXAMPLES1 ?AT ! IDEA ( ! MEASURE OR PROPORTION ( VALUES1 !ORETICALLY NECESS>Y1 IS CON/ANTLY REALIZ$ 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahde 3 ,*APT] #b1 ,SECTION #b4#b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #b1 ,SECTION #b4#b -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/