,*APT] #d1 ,SECTION #d4#b 
,MA*9]Y'S ,CONTRADICTION4 -- ,ORIG9 ( ,CAPITAL & ,WAGES 

#ahdfahdf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 

,TEXT 3 

,PR\DHON1 ,PI]RE ,JOSEPH4 ,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS3 OR1 ! ,PHILOSOPHY (  
,MIS]Y 

,ELECTRONIC ,TEXT ,C5T]1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y 

 #b4 -- ,MA*9]Y'S CONTRADICTION4 -- ,ORIG9 ( CAPITAL & WAGES4 

  

,FROM ! V]Y FACT ?AT MA*9]Y DIM9I%ES ! WORKMAN'S TOIL1 IT ABRIDGES & DIM9I%ES LABOR1 ! SUPPLY ( :I* ?US GR[S GREAT] FROM DAY TO DAY & ! DEM& LESS4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE1 IT IS TRUE1 ! R$UCTION 9 PRICES CAUS+ AN 9CREASE 9 CONSUMPTION1 ! PROPORTION IS RE/OR$ & ! LABOR] SET AT WORK AGA93 BUT AS 9DU/RIAL IMPROVEM5TS /EADILY SUCCE$ EA* O!R & CONT9UALLY T5D TO SUB/ITUTE ME*ANICAL OP]ATIONS = ! LABOR ( MAN1 IT FOLL[S ?AT !RE IS A CON/ANT T5D5CY TO CUT (F A PORTION ( ! S]VICE & CONSEQU5TLY TO ELIM9ATE LABOR]S FROM PRODUCTION4 ,N[1 IT IS ) ! ECONOMIC ORD] AS ) ! SPIRITUAL ORD]3 \TSIDE ( ! *UR* !RE IS NO SALVATION2 \TSIDE ( LABOR !RE IS NO SUBSI/5CE4 ,SOCIETY & NATURE1 EQUALLY PITILESS1 >E 9 ACCORD 9 ! EXECUTION ( ?IS NEW DECREE4 

0,:5 A NEW MA*9E1 OR1 9 G5]AL1 ANY PROCESS :ATEV] ?AT EXP$ITES MATT]S10 SAYS ,J4 ,B4 ,SAY1 0REPLACES ANY HUMAN LABOR ALREADY EMPLOY$1 SOME ( ! 9DU/RI\S >MS1 :OSE S]VICES >E USEFULLY SUPPLANT$1 >E LEFT )\T WORK4 ,A NEW MA*9E1 !RE=E1 REPLACES ! LABOR ( A PORTION ( ! LABOR]S1 BUT DOES NOT DIM9I% ! AM\NT ( PRODUCTION1 =1 IF IT DID1 IT W\LD NOT BE ADOPT$2 IT DISPLACES REV5UE4 ,BUT ! ULTIMATE ADVANTAGE IS :OLLY ON ! SIDE ( MA*9]Y1 =1 IF ABUNDANCE ( PRODUCT & LESS5+ ( CO/ L[] ! V5AL VALUE1 ! CONSUM] -- ?AT IS1 EV]YBODY -- WILL B5EFIT !REBY40 

,SAY'S OPTIMISM IS 9FIDELITY TO LOGIC & TO FACTS4 ,! QUE/ION H]E IS NOT SIMPLY ONE ( A SMALL NUMB] ( ACCID5TS :I* HAVE HAPP5$ DUR+ ?IRTY C5TURIES ?R\< ! 9TRODUCTION ( ONE1 TWO1 OR ?REE MA*9ES2 IT IS A QUE/ION ( A REGUL>1 CON/ANT1 & G5]AL PH5OM5ON4 ,AFT] REV5UE HAS BE5 DISPLAC$ AS ,SAY SAYS1 BY ONE MA*9E1 IT IS !N DISPLAC$ BY ANO!R1 & AGA9 BY ANO!R1 & ALWAYS BY ANO!R1 AS LONG AS ANY LABOR REMA9S TO BE DONE & ANY EX*ANGES REMA9 TO BE EFFECT$4 ,?AT IS ! LI<T 9 :I* ! PH5OM5ON MU/ BE PRES5T$ & CONSID]$3 BUT ?US1 IT MU/ BE ADMITT$1 ITS ASPECT *ANGES S+UL>LY4 ,! DISPLACEM5T ( REV5UE1 ! SUPPRESSION ( LABOR & WAGES1 IS A *RONIC1 P]MAN5T1 9DELIBLE PLAGUE1 A SORT ( *OL]A :I* N[ APPE>S WE>+ ! FEATURES ( ,GUT5B]G1 N[ ASSUMES ?OSE ( ,>KWRI<T2 H]E IS CALL$ ,JACQU>D1 !RE ,JAMES ,WATT OR ,M>QUIS DE ,J\FFROY4 ,AFT] C>RY+ ON ITS RAVAGES = A LONG] OR %ORT] TIME UND] ONE =M1 ! MON/] TAKES ANO!R1 & ! ECONOMI/S1 :O ?9K ?AT HE HAS GONE1 CRY \T3 0,IT WAS NO?+60 ,TRANQUIL & SATISFI$1 PROVID$ !Y 9SI/ ) ALL ! WEI<T ( !IR DIALECTICS ON ! POSITIVE SIDE ( ! QUE/ION1 !Y CLOSE !IR EYES TO ITS SUBV]SIVE SIDE1 NOT)/&+ :I*1 :5 !Y >E SPOK5 TO ( POV]TY1 !Y AGA9 BEG9 !IR S]MONS UPON ! IMPROVID5CE & DRUNK5NESS ( LABOR]S4 

,9 #a#g#e1 -- ,M4 ,DUNOY] MAKES ! OBS]VATION1 & IT MAY S]VE AS A MEASURE ( ALL LUCUBRATIONS ( ! SAME SORT1 -- 09 #age ! POPULATION ( ! DU*Y ( ,LANCA/] WAS #c1 S\LS4 ,9 #a#h#a1 ?ANKS TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( SP9N+ MA*9ES1 ?IS POPULATION WAS #f#g#b1 S\LS4 ,9 #ahca IT WAS #a1#c#c#f1 S\LS4 ,9/EAD ( ! #d1 WORKM5 :OM ! COTTON 9DU/RY =M]LY EMPLOY$1 IT N[ EMPLOYS1 S9CE ! 9V5TION ( MA*9]Y1 #a1#e140 

,M4 ,DUNOY] ADDS ?AT AT ! TIME :5 ! NUMB] ( WORKM5 EMPLOY$ 9 ?IS 9DU/RY 9CREAS$ 9 SO REM>KABLE A MANN]1 ! PRICE ( LABOR ROSE ONE HUNDR$ & FIFTY P] C5T4 ,POPULATION1 !N1 HAV+ SIMPLY FOLL[$ 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS1 ITS 9CREASE HAS BE5 A NORMAL & IRREPROA*ABLE FACT1 -- :AT DO ,I SAY8 -- A HAPPY FACT1 S9CE IT IS CIT$ TO ! HONOR & GLORY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( MA*9]Y4 ,BUT SUDD5LY ,M4 ,DUNOY] EXECUTES AN AB\T-FACE3 ?IS MULTITUDE ( SP9N+-MA*9ES SOON BE+ \T ( WORK1 WAGES NECESS>ILY DECL9$2 ! POPULATION :I* ! MA*9ES HAD CALL$ =? F\ND ITSELF AB&ON$ BY ! MA*9ES1 AT :I* ,M4 ,DUNOY] DECL>ES3 ,ABUSE ( M>RIAGE IS ! CAUSE ( POV]TY4 

,5GLI% COMM]CE1 9 OB$I5CE TO ! DEM& ( ! IMM5SE BODY ( ITS PATRONS1 SUMMONS WORKM5 FROM ALL DIRECTIONS1 & 5C\RAGES M>RIAGE2 AS LONG AS LABOR IS ABUNDANT1 M>RIAGE IS AN EXCELL5T ?+1 ! EFFECTS ( :I* !Y >E FOND ( QUOT+ 9 ! 9T]E/ ( MA*9]Y2 BUT1 ! PATRONAGE FLUCTUAT+1 AS SOON AS WORK & WAGES >E NOT TO BE HAD1 !Y D5\NCE ! ABUSE ( M>RIAGE1 & ACCUSE LABOR]S ( IMPROVID5CE4 ,POLITICAL ECONOMY -- ?AT IS1 PROPRIET>Y DESPOTISM -- CAN NEV] BE 9 ! WRONG3 IT MU/ BE ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! EXAMPLE ( PR9T+ HAS BE5 CIT$ MANY A TIME1 ALWAYS TO SU/A9 ! OPTIMI/IC VIEW4 ,! NUMB] ( P]SONS SUPPORT$ TODAY BY ! MANUFACTURE ( BOOKS IS P]HAPS A ?\S& TIMES L>G] ?AN WAS ?AT ( ! COPYI/S & ILLUM9ATORS PRIOR TO ,GUT5B]G'S TIME2 !RE=E1 !Y CONCLUDE ) A SATISFI$ AIR1 PR9T+ HAS 9JUR$ NOBODY4 ,AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( SIMIL> FACTS MI<T BE CIT$1 ALL ( !M 9DISPUTABLE1 BUT NOT ONE ( :I* W\LD ADVANCE ! QUE/ION A /EP4 ,ONCE MORE1 NO ONE D5IES ?AT MA*9ES HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! G5]AL WELF>E2 BUT ,I AFFIRM1 9 REG>D TO ?IS 9CONTE/ABLE FACT1 ?AT ! ECONOMI/S FALL %ORT ( ! TRU? :5 !Y ADVANCE ! ABSOLUTE /ATEM5T ?AT ! SIMPLIFICATION ( PROCESSES HAS NO:]E RESULT$ 9 A DIM9UTION ( ! NUMB] ( H&S EMPLOY$ 9 ANY 9DU/RY :ATEV]4 ,:AT ! ECONOMI/S \<T TO SAY IS ?AT MA*9]Y1 LIKE ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 9 ! PRES5T SY/EM ( SOCIAL ECONOMY IS AT ONCE A S\RCE ( WEAL? & A P]MAN5T & FATAL CAUSE ( MIS]Y4 

,9 #a#h#c#f1 9 A ,MAN*E/] MILL1 N9E FRAMES1 EA* HAV+ ?REE HUNDR$ & TW5TY-F\R SP9DLES1 W]E T5D$ BY F\R SP9N]S4 ,AFT]W>DS ! MULES W]E D\BL$ 9 L5G?1 :I* GAVE EA* ( ! N9E SIX HUNDR$ & EI<TY SP9DLES & 5ABL$ TWO M5 TO T5D !M4 

,!RE WE HAVE ! NAK$ FACT ( ! ELIM9ATION ( ! WORKMAN BY ! MA*9E4 ,BY A SIMPLE DEVICE ?REE WORKM5 \T ( F\R >E EVICT$2 :AT MATT]S IT ?AT FIFTY YE>S LAT]1 ! POPULATION ( ! GLOBE HAV+ D\BL$ & ! TRADE ( ,5GL& HAV+ QUADRUPL$1 NEW MA*9ES WILL BE CON/RUCT$ & ! ,5GLI% MANUFACTUR]S WILL REEMPLOY !IR WORKM58 ,DO ! ECONOMI/S MEAN TO PO9T TO ! 9CREASE ( POPULATION AS ONE ( ! B5EFITS ( MA*9]Y8 ,LET !M R5\NCE1 !N1 ! !ORY ( ,MAL?US1 & /OP DECLAIM+ AGA9/ ! EXCESSIVE FECUNDITY ( M>RIAGE4 

,!Y DID NOT /OP !RE3 SOON A NEW ME*ANICAL IMPROVEM5T 5ABL$ A S+LE WORK] TO DO ! WORK ?AT =M]LY OCCUPI$ F\R4 

,A NEW ?REE-F\R?S R$UCTION ( MANUAL WORK3 9 ALL1 A R$UCTION ( HUMAN LABOR BY FIFTE5-SIXTE5?S4 

,A ,BOLTON MANUFACTUR] WRITES3 0,! ELONGATION ( ! MULES ( \R FRAMES P]MITS US TO EMPLOY BUT TW5TY-SIX SP9N]S :]E WE EMPLOY$ ?IRTY-FIVE 9 #a#h#c#g40 

,ANO!R DECIMATION ( LABOR]S3 ONE \T ( F\R IS A VICTIM4 

,!SE FACTS >E TAK5 FROM ! 0,REVUE ,ECONOMIQUE0 ( #a#h#d#b2 & !RE IS NOBODY :O CANNOT PO9T TO SIMIL> ONES4 ,I HAVE WITNESS$ ! 9TRODUCTION ( PR9T+ MA*9ES1 & ,I CAN SAY ?AT ,I HAVE SE5 ) MY [N EYES ! EVIL :I* PR9T]S HAVE SUFF]$ !REBY4 ,DUR+ ! FIFTE5 OR TW5TY YE>S ?AT ! MA*9ES HAVE BE5 9 USE A PORTION ( ! WORKM5 HAVE GONE BACK TO COMPOSITION1 O!RS HAVE AB&ON$ !IR TRADE1 & SOME HAVE DI$ ( MIS]Y3 ?US LABOR]S >E CONT9UALLY CR[D$ BACK 9 CONSEQU5CE ( 9DU/RIAL 9NOVATIONS4 ,TW5TY YE>S AGO EI<TY CANAL-BOATS FURNI%$ ! NAVIGATION S]VICE BETWE5 ,BEAUCAIRE & ,LYONS2 A SCORE ( /EAM-PACKETS HAS DISPLAC$ !M ALL4 ,C]TA9LY COMM]CE IS ! GA9]2 BUT :AT HAS BECOME ( ! BOAT+-POPULATION8 ,HAS IT BE5 TRANSF]R$ FROM ! BOATS TO ! PACKETS8 ,NO3 IT HAS GONE :]E ALL SUP]S$$ 9DU/RIES GO1 -- IT HAS VANI%$4 

,= ! RE/1 ! FOLL[+ DOCUM5TS1 :I* ,I TAKE FROM ! SAME S\RCE1 WILL GIVE A MORE POSITIVE IDEA ( ! 9FLU5CE ( 9DU/RIAL IMPROVEM5TS UPON ! CONDITION ( ! WORK]S4 

,! AV]AGE WEEKLY WAGES1 AT ,MAN*E/]1 IS T5 %ILL+S4 ,\T ( F\R HUNDR$ & FIFTY WORK]S !RE >E NOT =TY :O E>N TW5TY %ILL+S4 

,! AU?OR ( ! >TICLE IS C>EFUL TO REM>K ?AT AN ,5GLI%MAN CONSUMES FIVE TIMES AS MU* AS A ,FR5*MAN2 ?IS1 !N1 IS AS IF A ,FR5* WORK+MAN HAD TO LIVE ON TWO FRANCS & A HALF A WEEK4 

0,$9BUR< ,REVIEW10 #a#h#c#e3 0,TO A COMB9ATION ( WORKM5 7:O DID NOT WANT TO SEE !IR WAGES R$UC$7 WE [E ! MULE ( ,%>PE & ,ROB]TS ( ,MAN*E/]2 & ?IS 9V5TION HAS SEV]ELY PUNI%$ ! IMPRUD5T UNIONI/S40 

,PUNI%$ %\LD M]IT PUNI%M5T4 ,! 9V5TION ( ,%>PE & ,ROB]TS ( ,MAN*E/] WAS B\ND TO RESULT FROM ! SITUATION2 ! REFUSAL ( ! WORKM5 TO SUBMIT TO ! R$UCTION ASK$ ( !M WAS ONLY ITS DET]M9+ OCCASION4 ,MI<T NOT ONE 9F]1 FROM ! AIR ( V5GEANCE AFFECT$ BY ! 0,$9BUR< ,REVIEW10 ?AT MA*9ES HAVE A RETROACTIVE EFFECT8 

,AN ,5GLI% MANUFACTUR]3 0,! 9SUBORD9ATION ( \R WORKM5 HAS GIV5 US ! IDEA ( DISP5S+ ) !M4 ,WE HAVE MADE & /IMULAT$ EV]Y IMAG9ABLE EF=T ( ! M9D TO REPLACE ! S]VICE ( M5 BY TOOLS MORE DOCILE1 & WE HAVE A*IEV$ \R OBJECT4 ,MA*9]Y HAS DELIV]$ CAPITAL FROM ! OPPRESSION ( LABOR4 ,:]EV] WE /ILL EMPLOY A MAN1 WE DO SO ONLY TEMPOR>ILY1 P5D+ ! 9V5TION = US ( SOME MEANS ( ACCOMPLI%+ HIS WORK )\T HIM40 

,:AT A SY/EM IS ?AT :I* LEADS A BUS9ESS MAN TO ?9K ) DELI<T ?AT SOCIETY WILL SOON BE ABLE TO DISP5SE ) M56 ,MA*9]Y HAS DELIV]$ CAPITAL FROM ! OPPRESSION ( LABOR6 ,?AT IS EXACTLY AS IF ! CAB9ET %\LD UND]TAKE TO DELIV] ! TREASURY FROM ! OPPRESSION ( ! TAXPAY]S4 ,FOOL6 ?\< ! WORKM5 CO/ Y\ SOME?+1 !Y >E Y\R CU/OM]S3 :AT WILL Y\ DO ) Y\R PRODUCTS1 :51 DRIV5 AWAY BY Y\1 !Y %ALL CONSUME !M NO LONG]8 ,?US MA*9]Y1 AFT] CRU%+ ! WORKM51 IS NOT SL[ 9 DEAL+ EMPLOY]S A C\NT]-BL[2 =1 IF PRODUCTION EXCLUDES CONSUMPTION1 IT IS SOON OBLIG$ TO /OP ITSELF4 

,DUR+ ! F\R? QU>T] ( #ahda F\R GREAT FAILURES1 HAPP5+ 9 AN ,5GLI% MANUFACTUR+ CITY1 ?REW SEV5TE5 HUNDR$ & TW5TY PEOPLE ON ! /REET4 

,!SE FAILURES W]E CAUS$ BY OV]-PRODUCTION1 -- ?AT IS1 BY AN 9ADEQUATE M>KET1 OR ! DI/RESS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,:AT A PITY ?AT MA*9]Y CANNOT ALSO DELIV] CAPITAL FROM ! OPPRESSION ( CONSUM]S6 ,:AT A MIS=TUNE ?AT MA*9ES DO NOT BUY ! FABRICS :I* !Y WEAVE6 ,! IDEAL SOCIETY WILL BE REA*$ :5 COMM]CE1 AGRICULTURE1 & MANUFACTURES CAN PROCE$ )\T A MAN UPON E>?6 

,9 A ,YORK%IRE P>I% = N9E MON?S ! OP]ATIVES HAVE BE5 WORK+ BUT TWO DAYS A WEEK4 

,MA*9ES6 

,AT ,GE/ON TWO FACTORIES VALU$ AT SIXTY ?\S& P\NDS /]L+ HAVE BE5 SOLD = TW5TY-SIX ?\S&4 ,!Y PRODUC$ MORE ?AN !Y C\LD SELL4 

,MA*9ES6 

,9 #ahda ! NUMB] ( *ILDR5 UND] ?IRTE5 YE>S ( AGE 5GAG$ 9 MANUFACTURES DIM9I%ES1 BECAUSE *ILDR5 OV] ?IRTE5 TAKE !IR PLACE4 

,MA*9ES6 ,! ADULT WORKMAN BECOMES AN APPR5TICE1 A *ILD1 AGA93 ?IS RESULT WAS =ESE5 FROM ! PHASE ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 DUR+ :I* WE SAW ! QUALITY ( ! WORKMAN DEG5]ATE 9 ! RATIO 9 :I* 9DU/RY WAS P]FECT$4 

,9 HIS CONCLUSION ! J\RNALI/ MAKES ?IS REFLECTION3 0,S9CE #ahcf !RE HAS BE5 A RETROGRADE MOVEM5T 9 ! COTTON 9DU/RY02 -- ?AT IS1 IT NO LONG] KEEPS UP ITS RELATION ) O!R 9DU/RIES3 ANO!R RESULT =ESE5 FROM ! !ORY ( ! PROPORTIONALITY ( VALUES4 

,TODAY WORKM5'S COALITIONS & /RIKES SEEM TO HAVE /OPP$ ?R\<\T ,5GL&1 & ! ECONOMI/S RI<TLY REJOICE OV] ?IS RETURN TO ORD]1 -- LET US SAY EV5 TO COMMON S5SE4 ,BUT BECAUSE LABOR]S H5CE=? -- AT LEA/ ,I *]I% ! HOPE -- WILL NOT ADD ! MIS]Y ( !IR VOLUNT>Y P]IODS ( IDL5ESS TO ! MIS]Y :I* MA*9ES =CE UPON !M1 DOES IT FOLL[ ?AT ! SITUATION IS *ANG$8 ,& IF !RE IS NO *ANGE 9 ! SITUATION1 WILL NOT ! FUTURE ALWAYS BE A DEPLORABLE COPY ( ! PA/8 

,! ECONOMI/S LOVE TO RE/ !IR M9DS ON PICTURES ( PUBLIC FELICITY3 IT IS BY ?IS SIGN PR9CIPALLY ?AT !Y >E TO BE RECOGNIZ$1 & ?AT !Y E/IMATE EA* O!R4 ,NEV]!LESS !RE >E NOT LACK+ AMONG !M1 ON ! O!R H&1 MOODY & SICKLY IMAG9ATIONS1 EV] READY TO (FSET ACC\NTS ( GR[+ PROSP]ITY ) PRO(S ( P]SI/5T POV]TY4 

,M4 ,!ODORE ,FIX ?US SUMM$ UP ! G5]AL SITUATION 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#h#d#d3 

,! FOOD SUPPLY ( NATIONS IS NO LONG] EXPOS$ TO ?OSE T]RIBLE DI/URBANCES CAUS$ BY SC>CITIES & FAM9ES1 SO FREQU5T UP TO ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! V>IETY ( AGRICULTURAL GR[?S & IMPROVEM5TS HAS ABOLI%$ ?IS D\BLE SC\RGE ALMO/ ABSOLUTELY4 ,! TOTAL :EAT CROP 9 ,FRANCE 9 #agia WAS E/IMAT$ AT AB\T #a#c#c11 BU%ELS1 :I* GAVE1 AFT] D$UCT+ SE$1 #b4#h#e#e BU%ELS TO EA* 9HABITANT4 ,9 #ahd ! SAME CROP WAS E/IMAT$ AT #a#i#h1#e#i1 BU%ELS1 OR #b4#h#f BU%ELS TO EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 ! >EA ( CULTIVAT$ SURFACE BE+ ALMO/ ! SAME AS BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION4 4 4 4 ,! RATE ( 9CREASE ( MANUFACTUR$ GOODS HAS BE5 AT LEA/ AS HI< AS ?AT ( FOOD PRODUCTS2 & WE >E JU/IFI$ 9 SAY+ ?AT ! MASS ( TEXTILE FABRICS HAS MORE ?AN D\BL$ & P]HAPS TRIPL$ )9 FIFTY YE>S4 ,! P]FECT+ ( TE*NICAL PROCESSES HAS L$ TO ?IS RESULT4 4 4 4 

,S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY ! AV]AGE DURATION ( LIFE HAS 9CREAS$ BY TWO OR ?REE YE>S1 -- AN UND5IABLE SIGN ( GREAT] COM=T1 OR1 IF Y\ WILL1 A DIM9UTION ( POV]TY4 

,)9 TW5TY YE>S ! AM\NT ( 9DIRECT REV5UE1 )\T ANY BURD5SOME *ANGE 9 LEGISLATION1 HAS RIS5 FROM @s#d11 FRANCS TO #g#b111 -- A SYMPTOM ( ECONOMIC1 MU* MORE ?AN ( FISCAL1 PROGRESS4 

,ON ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#h#d#d1 ! DEPOSIT & CONSIGNM5T (FICE [$ ! SAV+S BANKS #c#e#a1#e1 FRANCS1 & ,P>IS FIGUR$ 9 ?IS SUM = #a#e114 ,NEV]!LESS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9/ITUTION HAS TAK5 PLACE ALMO/ :OLLY )9 TWELVE YE>S1 & IT %\LD BE NOTIC$ ?AT ! #c#e#a1#e1 FRANCS N[ DUE TO ! SAV+S BANKS DO NOT CON/ITUTE ! 5TIRE MASS ( ECONOMIES EFFECT$1 S9CE AT A GIV5 TIME ! CAPITAL ACCUMULAT$ IS DISPOS$ ( O!RWISE4 4 4 4 ,9 #a#h#d#c1 \T ( #c#b1 WORKM5 & #h1 H\SE-S]VANTS LIV+ 9 ! CAPITAL1 #i1 WORKM5 HAVE DEPOSIT$ 9 ! SAV+S BANKS #b1#e#d#g1 FRANCS1 & #c#d1 H\SE-S]VANTS #a1#b#f#h1 FRANCS4 

,ALL !SE FACTS >E 5TIRELY TRUE1 & ! 9F]5CE TO BE DRAWN FROM !M 9 FAVOR ( MA*9ES IS ( ! EXACTE/1 -- NAMELY1 ?AT !Y HAVE 9DE$ GIV5 A P[]FUL IMPETUS TO ! G5]AL WELF>E4 ,BUT ! FACTS ) :I* WE %ALL SUPPLEM5T !M >E NO LESS AU!NTIC1 & ! 9F]5CE TO BE DRAWN FROM !SE AGA9/ MA*9ES WILL BE NO LESS ACCURATE1 -- TO WIT1 ?AT !Y >E A CONT9UAL CAUSE ( PAUP]ISM4 ,I APPEAL TO ! FIGURES ( ,M4 ,FIX HIMSELF4 

,\T ( #c#b1 WORKM5 & #h1 H\SE-S]VANTS RESID+ 9 ,P>IS1 !RE >E #b#c1 ( ! =M] & #d#f1 ( ! LATT] -- A TOTAL ( #b#g#f1 -- :O DO NOT DEPOSIT 9 ! SAV+S BANKS4 ,NO ONE W\LD D>E PRET5D ?AT !SE >E #b#g#f1 SP5D?RIFTS & NE']-DO-WEELS :O EXPOSE !MSELVES TO MIS]Y VOLUNT>ILY4 ,N[1 AS AMONG ! V]Y ONES :O MAKE ! SAV+S !RE >E TO BE F\ND POOR & 9F]IOR P]SONS = :OM ! SAV+S BANK IS BUT A RESPITE FROM DEBAU*]Y & MIS]Y1 WE MAY CONCLUDE ?AT1 \T ( ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS LIV+ BY !IR LABOR1 NE>LY ?REE-F\R?S EI!R >E IMPRUD5T1 LAZY1 & DEPRAV$1 S9CE !Y DO NOT DEPOSIT 9 ! SAV+S BANKS1 OR >E TOO POOR TO LAY UP ANY?+4 ,!RE IS NO O!R ALT]NATIVE4 ,BUT COMMON S5SE1 TO SAY NO?+ ( *>ITY1 P]MITS NO :OLESALE ACCUSATION ( ! LABOR+ CLASS3 IT IS NECESS>Y1 !RE=E1 TO ?R[ ! BLAME BACK UPON \R ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,H[ IS IT ?AT ,M4 ,FIX DID NOT SEE ?AT HIS FIGURES ACCUS$ !MSELVES8 

,!Y HOPE ?AT1 9 TIME1 ALL1 OR ALMO/ ALL1 LABOR]S WILL DEPOSIT 9 ! SAV+S BANKS4 ,)\T AWAIT+ ! TE/IMONY ( ! FUTURE1 WE MAY TE/ ! F\NDATIONS ( ?IS HOPE IMM$IATELY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! TE/IMONY ( ,M4 ,VEE1 MAYOR ( ! FIF? >RONDISSEM5T ( ,P>IS1 0! NUMB] ( NE$Y FAMILIES 9SCRIB$ UPON ! REGI/]S ( ! *>ITY BUREAUS IS #c11 -- :I* IS EQUIVAL5T TO #f#e1 9DIVIDUALS40 ,! C5SUS TAK5 AT ! BEG9N+ ( #ahdf GAVE #h#h1#d#g#d4 ,& POOR FAMILIES NOT 9SCRIB$1 -- H[ MANY >E !RE ( ?OSE8 ,AS MANY4 ,SAY1 !N1 #a#h1 PEOPLE :OSE POV]TY IS NOT D\BTFUL1 AL?\< NOT (FICIAL4 ,& ALL ?OSE :O LIVE 9 /RAIT5$ CIRCUM/ANCES1 ?\< KEEP+ UP ! APPE>ANCE ( COM=T1 -- H[ MANY >E !RE ( ?OSE8 ,TWICE AS MANY1 -- A TOTAL ( #c#f1 P]SONS1 9 ,P>IS1 :O >E SOME:AT EMB>RASS$ = MEANS4 

0,!Y TALK ( :EAT10 CRIES ANO!R ECONOMI/1 ,M4 ,L\IS ,LECL]C1 0BUT >E !RE NOT IMM5SE POPULATIONS :I* GO )\T BREAD8 ,)\T LEAV+ \R [N C\NTRY1 >E !RE NOT POPULATIONS :I* LIVE EXCLUSIVELY ON MAIZE1 BUCK:EAT1 *E/NUTS80 

,M4 ,LECL]C D5\NCES ! FACT3 LET US 9T]PRET IT4 ,IF1 AS !RE IS NO D\BT1 ! 9CREASE ( POPULATION IS FELT PR9CIPALLY 9 ! L>GE CITIES1 -- ?AT IS1 AT ?OSE PO9TS :]E ! MO/ :EAT IS CONSUM$1 -- IT IS CLE> ?AT ! AV]AGE P] HEAD MAY HAVE 9CREAS$ )\T ANY IMPROVEM5T 9 ! G5]AL CONDITION4 ,!RE IS NO SU* LI> AS AN AV]AGE4 

0,!Y TALK10 CONT9UES ! SAME WRIT]1 0( ! 9CREASE ( 9DIRECT CONSUMPTION4 ,VA9 W\LD BE ! ATTEMPT TO ACQUIT ,P>ISIAN ADULT]ATION3 IT EXI/S2 IT HAS ITS MA/]S1 ITS ADEPTS1 ITS LIT]ATURE1 ITS DIDACTIC & CLASSIC TREATISES4 4 4 4 ,FRANCE POSSESS$ EXQUISITE W9ES2 :AT HAS BE5 DONE ) !M8 ,:AT HAS BECOME ( ?IS SPL5DID WEAL?8 ,:]E >E ! TREASURES CREAT$ S9CE ,PROBUS BY ! NATIONAL G5IUS8 ,& YET1 :5 ONE CONSID]S ! EXCESSES TO :I* W9E GIVES RISE :]EV] IT IS DE>1 :]EV] IT DOES NOT =M A P>T ( ! REGUL> LIFE ( ! PEOPLE2 :5 9 ,P>IS1 CAPITAL ( ! K+DOM ( GOOD W9ES1 ONE SEES ! PEOPLE GORG+ !MSELVES ) ,I KN[ NOT :AT1 -- /UFF ?AT IS ADULT]AT$1 SOPHI/ICAT$1 SICK5+1 & SOMETIMES EXECRABLE1 -- & WELL-TO-DO P]SONS DR9K+ AT HOME OR ACCEPT+ )\T A WORD1 9 FAM\S RE/AURANTS1 SO-CALL$ W9ES1 ?ICK1 VIOLET-COLOR$1 & 9SIPID1 FLAT1 & MIS]ABLE 5\< TO MAKE ! POORE/ ,BURGUNDIAN PEASANT %UDD]1 -- CAN ONE HONE/LY D\BT ?AT ALCOHOLIC LIQUIDS >E ONE ( ! MO/ IMP]ATIVE NE$S ( \R NATURE8 

,I QUOTE ?IS PASSAGE AT L5G?1 BECAUSE IT SUMS UP 9 RELATION TO A SPECIAL CASE ALL ?AT C\LD BE SAID UPON ! 9CONV5I5CES ( MA*9]Y4 ,TO ! PEOPLE IT IS ) W9E AS ) FABRICS1 & G5]ALLY ) ALL GOODS & M]*&ISE CREAT$ = ! CONSUMPTION ( ! POOR4 ,IT IS ALWAYS ! SAME D$UCTION3 TO R$UCE BY SOME PROCESS OR O!R ! CO/ ( MANUFACTURE1 9 ORD]1 FIR/1 TO MA9TA9 ADVANTAGE\SLY COMPETITION ) MORE =TUNATE OR RI*] RIVALS2 SECOND1 TO S]VE ! VA/ NUMB]S ( PLUND]$ P]SONS :O CANNOT DISREG>D PRICE SIMPLY BECAUSE ! QUALITY IS GOOD4 ,PRODUC$ 9 ! ORD9>Y WAYS1 W9E IS TOO EXP5SIVE = ! MASS ( CONSUM]S2 IT IS 9 DANG] ( REMA9+ 9 ! CELL>S ( ! RETAIL]S4 ,! MANUFACTUR] ( W9ES GETS >\ND ! DIFFICULTY3 UNABLE TO 9TRODUCE MA*9]Y 9TO ! CULTIVATION ( ! V9E1 HE F9DS A MEANS1 ) ! AID ( SOME ACCOMPANIM5TS1 ( PLAC+ ! PRECI\S LIQUID )9 ! REA* ( ALL4 ,C]TA9 SAVAGES1 9 !IR P]IODS ( SC>CITY1 EAT E>?2 ! CIVILIZ$ WORKMAN DR9KS WAT]4 ,MAL?US WAS A GREAT G5IUS4 

,AS F> AS ! 9CREASE ( ! AV]AGE DURATION ( LIFE IS CONC]N$1 ,I RECOGNIZE ! FACT1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ,I DECL>E ! OBS]VATION 9CORRECT4 ,LET US EXPLA9 ?AT4 ,SUPPOSE A POPULATION ( T5 MILLION S\LS3 IF1 FROM :ATEV] CAUSE Y\ WILL1 ! AV]AGE LIFE %\LD 9CREASE FIVE YE>S = A MILLION 9DIVIDUALS1 MORTALITY CONT9U+ ITS RAVAGES AT ! SAME RATE AS BE=E AMONG ! N9E O!R MILLIONS1 IT W\LD BE F\ND1 ON DI/RIBUT+ ?IS 9CREASE AMONG ! :OLE1 ?AT ON AN AV]AGE SIX MON?S HAD BE5 ADD$ TO ! LIFE ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IT IS ) ! AV]AGE L5G? ( LIFE1 ! SO-CALL$ 9DICATOR ( AV]AGE COM=T1 AS ) AV]AGE LE>N+3 ! LEVEL ( KN[L$GE DOES NOT CEASE TO RISE1 :I* BY NO MEANS ALT]S ! FACT ?AT !RE >E TODAY 9 ,FRANCE QUITE AS MANY B>B>IANS AS 9 ! DAYS ( ,FRANCOIS ,I4 ,! *>LATANS :O HAD RAILROAD SPECULATION 9 VIEW MADE A GREAT NOISE AB\T ! IMPORTANCE ( ! LOCOMOTIVE 9 ! CIRCULATION ( IDEAS2 & ! ECONOMI/S1 ALWAYS ON ! LOOK\T = CIVILIZ$ /UPIDITIES1 HAVE NOT FAIL$ TO E*O ?IS NONS5SE4 ,AS IF IDEAS1 9 ORD] TO SPREAD1 NE$$ LOCOMOTIVES6 ,:AT1 !N1 PREV5TS IDEAS FROM CIRCULAT+ FROM ! ,9/ITUTE TO ! ,FAUB\RGS ,SA9T-,ANTO9E & ,SA9T-,M>CEAU1 9 ! N>R[ & WRET*$ /REETS ( ,OLD ,P>IS & ! ,TEMPLE ,QU>T]1 EV]Y:]E1 9 %ORT1 :]E DWELLS ?IS MULTITUDE EV5 MORE DE/ITUTE ( IDEAS ?AN ( BREAD8 ,H[ HAPP5S IT ?AT BETWE5 A ,P>ISIAN & A ,P>ISIAN1 9 SPITE ( ! OMNIBUS & ! LETT]-C>RI]1 ! DI/ANCE IS ?REE TIMES GREAT] TODAY ?AN 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY8 

,! RU9\S 9FLU5CE ( MA*9]Y ON SOCIAL ECONOMY & ! CONDITION ( ! LABOR]S IS EX]CIS$ 9 A ?\S& WAYS1 ALL ( :I* >E B\ND TOGE!R & RECIPROCALLY LABEL$3 CESSATION ( LABOR1 R$UCTION ( WAGES1 OV]-PRODUCTION1 OB/RUCTION ( ! M>KET1 ALT]ATION & ADULT]ATION ( PRODUCTS1 FAILURES1 DISPLACEM5T ( LABOR]S1 DEG5]ATION ( ! RACE1 &1 F9ALLY1 DISEASES & DEA?4 

,M4 ,!ODORE ,FIX HAS REM>K$ HIMSELF ?AT 9 ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S ! AV]AGE /ATURE ( MAN1 9 ,FRANCE1 HAS DIM9I%$ BY A CONSID]ABLE FRACTION ( AN 9*4 ,?IS OBS]VATION IS WOR? HIS PREVI\S ONE3 UPON :OM DOES ?IS DIM9UTION TAKE EFFECT8 

,9 A REPORT READ TO ! ,ACADEMY ( ,MORAL ,SCI5CES ON ! RESULTS ( ! LAW ( ,M>* #b#b1 #a#h#d#a1 ,M4 ,LEON ,FAU*] EXPRESS$ HIMSELF ?US3 

,Y\NG WORKM5 >E PALE1 WEAK1 %ORT 9 /ATURE1 & SL[ TO ?9K AS WELL AS TO MOVE4 ,AT F\RTE5 OR FIFTE5 YE>S !Y SEEM NO MORE DEVELOP$ ?AN *ILDR5 ( N9E OR T5 YE>S 9 ! NORMAL /ATE4 ,AS = !IR 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL DEVELOPM5T1 !RE >E SOME TO BE F\ND :O1 AT ! AGE ( ?IRTE51 HAVE NO NOTION ( ,GOD1 :O HAVE NEV] HE>D ( !IR DUTIES1 & :OSE FIR/ S*OOL ( MORALITY WAS A PRISON4 

,?AT IS :AT ,M4 ,LEON ,FAU*] HAS SE51 TO ! GREAT DISPLEASURE ( ,M4 ,*>LES ,DUP91 & ?IS /ATE ( ?+S HE DECL>ES ?AT ! LAW ( ,M>* #bb IS P[]LESS TO REM$Y4 ,& LET US NOT GET ANGRY OV] ?IS IMPOT5CE ( ! LEGISLATOR3 ! EVIL >ISES FROM A CAUSE AS NECESS>Y = US AS ! SUN2 & 9 ! PA? UPON :I* WE HAVE 5T]$1 ANG] ( ANY K9D1 LIKE PALLIATIVES ( ANY K9D1 C\LD ONLY MAKE \R SITUATION WORSE4 ,YES1 :ILE SCI5CE & 9DU/RY >E MAK+ SU* M>VEL\S PROGRESS1 IT IS A NECESSITY1 UNLESS CIVILIZATION'S C5T] ( GRAVITY %\LD SUDD5LY *ANGE1 ?AT ! 9TELLIG5CE & COM=T ( ! PROLET>IAT BE DIM9I%$2 :ILE ! LIVES ( ! WELL-TO-DO CLASSES GR[ LONG] & EASI]1 IT IS 9EVITABLE ?AT ?OSE ( ! NE$Y %\LD GR[ H>D] & %ORT]4 ,?IS IS E/ABLI%$ 9 ! WRIT+S ( ! BE/ -- ,I MEAN1 ! MO/ OPTIMI/IC -- ?9K]S4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,M4 DE ,MOROGUES1 #g1#e1 M5 9 ,FRANCE HAVE ONLY N9ETY-ONE FRANCS A YE> TO SP5D1 #be C5TIMES A DAY4 ,C+ S\S6 C+ S\S6 7,FIVE C5TS6 FIVE C5TS674 ,!RE IS SOME?+ PROPHETIC1 !N1 9 ?IS ODI\S REFRA94 

,9 ,5GL& 7NOT 9CLUD+ ,SCOTL& & ,IREL&7 ! POOR-RATE WAS3 #a#h#a4 -- ,G,B,P#d1#g#h1#h#i#a = A POPULATION (4 #h1#h#g#b1#i#h #a#h#a#h4 -- ,G,B,P#g1#h#g1#h#a 0 0 0 04#a#a1#i#g#h1#h#g#e #a#h#c#c4 -- ,G,B,P#h11 0 0 0 04#a#d11 

,! PROGRESS ( POV]TY1 !N1 HAS BE5 MORE RAPID ?AN ?AT ( POPULATION2 9 FACE ( ?IS FACT1 :AT BECOMES ( ! HYPO!SES ( ,MAL?US8 ,& YET IT IS 9DISPUTABLE ?AT DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD ! AV]AGE COM=T 9CREAS$3 :AT1 !N1 DO /ATI/ICS SIGNIFY8 

,! DEA?-RATE = ! FIR/ >RONDISSEM5T ( ,P>IS IS ONE TO EV]Y FIFTY-TWO 9HABITANTS1 & = ! TWELF? ONE TO EV]Y TW5TY-SIX4 ,N[1 ! LATT] CONTA9S ONE NE$Y P]SON TO EV]Y SEV5 9HABITANTS1 :ILE ! =M] HAS ONLY ONE TO EV]Y TW5TY-EI<T4 ,?AT DOES NOT PREV5T ! AV]AGE DURATION ( LIFE1 EV5 9 ,P>IS1 FROM 9CREAS+1 AS ,M4 ,FIX HAS V]Y CORRECTLY OBS]V$4 

,AT ,MULH\SE ! PROBABILITIES ( AV]AGE LIFE >E TW5TY-N9E YE>S = *ILDR5 ( ! WELL-TO-DO CLASS & ,T,W,O YE>S = ?OSE ( ! WORK]S2 9 #ahab ! AV]AGE LIFE 9 ! SAME LOCALITY WAS TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 N9E MON?S1 & TWELVE DAYS1 :ILE 9 #ahbg IT WAS NOT OV] TW5TY-ONE YE>S & N9E MON?S4 ,& YET ?R\<\T ,FRANCE ! AV]AGE LIFE IS LONG]4 ,:AT DOES ?IS MEAN8 

,M4 ,BLANQUI1 UNABLE TO EXPLA9 SO MU* PROSP]ITY & SO MU* POV]TY AT ONCE1 CRIES SOME:]E3 0,9CREAS$ PRODUCTION DOES NOT MEAN ADDITIONAL WEAL?4 4 4 4 ,POV]TY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BECOMES ! WID] SPREAD 9 PROPORTION TO ! CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RIES4 ,!RE MU/ BE SOME RADICAL VISE 9 A SY/EM :I* GU>ANTEES NO SECURITY EI!R TO CAPITAL OR LABOR1 & :I* SEEMS TO MULTIPLY ! EMB>RASS-M5TS ( PRODUC]S AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT =CES !M TO MULTIPLY !IR PRODUCTS40 

,!RE IS NO RADICAL VISE H]E4 ,:AT A/ONI%ES ,M4 ,BLANQUI IS SIMPLY ?AT ( :I* ! ,ACADEMY TO :I* HE BELONGS HAS ASK$ A DET]M9ATION1 -- NAMELY1 ! OSCILLATIONS ( ! ECONOMIC P5DULUM1 ,V,A,L,U,E1 BEAT+ ALT]NATELY & 9 REGUL> TIME GOOD & EVIL1 UNTIL ! H\R ( ! UNIV]SAL EQUATION %ALL /RIKE4 ,IF ,I MAY BE P]MITT$ ANO!R COMP>ISON1 HUMANITY 9 ITS M>* IS LIKE A COLUMN ( SOLDI]S1 :O1 />T+ 9 ! SAME /EP & AT ! SAME MOM5T TO ! MEASUR$ BEAT+ ( ! DRUM1 GRADUALLY LOSE !IR DI/ANCES4 ,! :OLE BODY ADVANCES1 BUT ! DI/ANCE FROM HEAD TO TAIL GR[S EV] LONG]2 & IT IS A NECESS>Y EFFECT ( ! MOVEM5T ?AT !RE %\LD BE SOME LAGG>DS & /RAGGL]S4 

,BUT IT IS NECESS>Y TO P5ETRATE /ILL F>!R 9TO ! ANT9OMY4 ,MA*9ES PROMIS$ US AN 9CREASE ( WEAL?2 !Y HAVE KEPT !IR WORD1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME 5D[+ US ) AN 9CREASE ( POV]TY4 ,!Y PROMIS$ US LIB]TY2 ,I AM GO+ TO PROVE ?AT !Y HAVE BR\<T US SLAV]Y4 

,I HAVE /AT$ ?AT ! DET]M9ATION ( VALUE1 & ) IT ! TRIBULATIONS ( SOCIETY1 BEGAN ) ! DIVISION ( 9DU/RIES1 )\T :I* !RE C\LD BE NO EX*ANGE1 OR WEAL?1 OR PROGRESS4 ,! P]IOD ?R\< :I* WE >E N[ PASS+ -- ?AT ( MA*9]Y -- IS DI/+UI%$ BY A SPECIAL *>ACT]I/IC1 -- ,W,A,G,E,S4 

,WAGES ISSU$ 9 A DIRECT L9E FROM ! EMPLOYM5T ( MA*9]Y1 -- ?AT IS1 TO GIVE MY ?\<T ! 5TIRE G5]ALITY ( EXPRESSION :I* IT CALLS =1 FROM ! ECONOMIC FICTION BY :I* CAPITAL BECOMES AN AG5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,WAGES1 9 %ORT1 COM+ AFT] ! DIVISION ( LABOR & EX*ANGE1 IS ! NECESS>Y CORRELATIVE ( ! !ORY ( ! R$UCTION ( CO/S1 9 :ATEV] WAY ?IS R$UCTION MAY BE ACCOMPLI%$4 ,?IS G5EALOGY IS TOO 9T]E/+ TO BE PASS$ BY )\T A FEW WORDS ( EXPLANATION4 

,! FIR/1 ! SIMPLE/1 ! MO/ P[]FUL ( MA*9ES IS ! WORK%OP4 

,DIVISION SIMPLY SEP>ATES ! V>I\S P>TS ( LABOR1 LEAV+ EA* TO DEVOTE HIMSELF TO ! SPECIALTY BE/ SUIT$ TO HIS TA/ES3 ! WORK%OP GR\PS ! LABOR]S ACCORD+ TO ! RELATION ( EA* P>T TO ! :OLE4 ,IT IS ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y =M ( ! BALANCE ( VALUES1 UNDISCOV]ABLE ?\< ! ECONOMI/S SUPPOSE ?IS TO BE4 ,N[1 ?R\< ! WORK%OP1 PRODUCTION IS GO+ TO 9CREASE1 & AT ! SAME TIME ! DEFICIT4 

,SOMEBODY DISCOV]$ ?AT1 BY DIVID+ PRODUCTION 9TO ITS V>I\S P>TS & CAUS+ EA* TO BE EXECUT$ BY A SEP>ATE WORKMAN1 HE W\LD OBTA9 A MULTIPLICATION ( P[]1 ! PRODUCT ( :I* W\LD BE F> SUP]IOR TO ! AM\NT ( LABOR GIV5 BY ! SAME NUMB] ( WORKM5 :5 LABOR IS NOT DIVID$4 

,GRASP+ ! ?READ ( ?IS IDEA1 HE SAID TO HIMSELF ?AT1 BY =M+ A P]MAN5T GR\P ( LABOR]S ASSORT$ ) A VIEW TO HIS SPECIAL PURPOSE1 HE W\LD PRODUCE MORE /EADILY1 MORE ABUNDANTLY1 & AT LESS CO/4 ,IT IS NOT 9DISP5SABLE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! WORKM5 %\LD BE GA!R$ 9TO ONE PLACE3 ! EXI/5CE ( ! WORK%OP DOES NOT DEP5D ESS5TIALLY UPON SU* CONTACT4 ,IT RESULTS FROM ! RELATION & PROPORTION ( ! DIFF]5T TASKS & FROM ! COMMON ?\<T DIRECT+ !M4 ,9 A WORD1 CONC5TRATION AT ONE PO9T MAY (F] ITS ADVANTAGES1 :I* >E NOT TO BE NEGLECT$2 BUT ?AT IS NOT :AT CON/ITUTES ! WORK%OP 

,?IS1 !N1 IS ! PROPOSITION :I* ! SPECULATOR MAKES TO ?OSE :OSE COLLABORATION HE DESIRES3 ,I GU>ANTEE Y\ A P]PETUAL M>KET = Y\R PRODUCTS1 IF Y\ WILL ACCEPT ME AS PUR*AS] OR MIDDLE-MAN4 ,! B>GA9 IS SO CLE>LY ADVANTAGE\S ?AT ! PROPOSITION CANNOT FAIL ( ACCEPTANCE4 ,! LABOR] F9DS 9 IT /EADY WORK1 A FIX$ PRICE1 & SECURITY2 ! EMPLOY]1 ON ! O!R H&1 WILL F9D A READI] SALE = HIS GOODS1 S9CE1 PRODUC+ MORE ADVANTAGE\SLY1 HE CAN L[] ! PRICE2 9 %ORT1 HIS PR(ITS WILL BE L>G] BECAUSE ( ! MASS ( HIS 9VE/M5TS4 ,ALL1 EV5 TO ! PUBLIC & ! MAGI/RATE1 WILL CONGRATULATE ! EMPLOY] ON HAV+ ADD$ TO ! SOCIAL WEAL? BY HIS COMB9ATIONS1 & WILL VOTE HIM A REW>D4 

,BUT1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 :OEV] SAYS R$UCTION ( EXP5SES SAYS R$UCTION ( S]VICES1 NOT1 IT IS TRUE1 9 ! NEW %OP1 BUT = ! WORK]S AT ! SAME TRADE :O >E LEFT \TSIDE1 AS WELL AS = MANY O!RS :OSE ACCESSORY S]VICES WILL BE LESS NE$$ 9 FUTURE4 ,!RE=E EV]Y E/ABLI%M5T ( A WORK%OP CORRESPONDS TO AN EVICTION ( WORK]S3 ?IS ASS]TION1 UTT]LY CONTRADICTORY ?\< IT MAY APPE>1 IS AS TRUE ( ! WORK%OP AS ( A MA*9E4 

,! ECONOMI/S ADMIT IT3 BUT H]E !Y REPEAT !IR ET]NAL REFRA9 ?AT1 AFT] A LAPSE ( TIME1 ! DEM& = ! PRODUCT HAV+ 9CREAS$ 9 PROPORTION TO ! R$UCTION ( PRICE1 LABOR 9 TURN WILL COME F9ALLY TO BE 9 GREAT] DEM& ?AN EV]4 ,UND\BT$LY1 ,) ,T,I,M,E1 ! EQUILIBRIUM WILL BE RE/OR$2 BUT1 ,I MU/ ADD AGA91 ! EQUILIBRIUM WILL BE NO SOON] RE/OR$ AT ?IS PO9T ?AN IT WILL BE DI/URB$ AT ANO!R1 BECAUSE ! SPIRIT ( 9V5TION NEV] /OPS1 ANY MORE ?AN LABOR4 ,N[1 :AT !ORY C\LD JU/IFY !SE P]PETUAL HECATOMBS80 ,:5 WE HAVE R$UC$ ! NUMB] ( TOIL]S10 WROTE ,SISMONDI1 0TO A F\R? OR A FIF? ( :AT IT IS AT PRES5T1 WE %ALL NE$ ONLY A F\R? OR A FIF? AS MANY PRIE/S1 PHYSICIANS1 ETC4 ,:5 WE HAVE CUT !M (F ALTOGE!R1 WE %ALL BE 9 A POSITION TO DISP5SE ) ! HUMAN RACE40 ,& ?AT IS :AT REALLY W\LD HAPP5 IF1 9 ORD] TO PUT ! LABOR ( EA* MA*9E 9 PROPORTION TO ! NE$S ( CONSUMPTION1 -- ?AT IS1 TO RE/ORE ! BALANCE ( VALUES CONT9UALLY DE/ROY$1 -- IT W]E NOT NECESS>Y TO CONT9UALLY CREATE NEW MA*9ES1 OP5 O!R M>KETS1 & CONSEQU5TLY MULTIPLY S]VICES & DISPLACE O!R >MS4 ,SO ?AT ON ! ONE H& 9DU/RY & WEAL?1 ON ! O!R POPULATION & MIS]Y1 ADVANCE1 SO TO SPEAK1 9 PROCESSION1 ONE ALWAYS DRAGG+ ! O!R AFT] IT4 

,I HAVE %[N ! CONTRACTOR1 AT ! BIR? ( 9DU/RY1 NEGOTIAT+ ON EQUAL T]MS ) HIS COMRADES1 :O HAVE S9CE BECOME HIS WORKM54 ,IT IS PLA91 9 FACT1 ?AT ?IS ORIG9AL EQUALITY WAS B\ND TO DISAPPE> ?R\< ! ADVANTAGE\S POSITION ( ! MA/] & ! DEP5D5CE ( ! WAGE-WORK]S4 ,9 VA9 DOES ! LAW ASSURE TO EA* ! RI<T ( 5T]PRISE1 AS WELL AS ! FACULTY TO LABOR ALONE & SELL ONE'S PRODUCTS DIRECTLY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! HYPO!SIS1 ?IS LA/ RES\RCE IS IMPRACTICABLE1 S9CE IT WAS ! OBJECT ( ! WORK%OP TO ANNIHILATE ISOLAT$ LABOR4 ,& AS = ! RI<T TO TAKE ! PL[1 AS !Y SAY1 & GO AT SPE$1 IT IS ! SAME 9 MANUFACTURES AS 9 AGRICULTURE2 TO KN[ H[ TO WORK IS NO?+1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO >RIVE AT ! RI<T TIME2 ! %OP1 AS WELL AS ! L&1 IS TO ! FIR/ COM]4 ,:5 AN E/ABLI%M5T HAS HAD ! LEISURE TO DEVELOP ITSELF1 5L>GE ITS F\NDATIONS1 BALLA/ ITSELF ) CAPITAL1 & ASSURE ITSELF A BODY ( PATRONS1 :AT CAN ! WORKMAN :O HAS ONLY HIS >MS DO AGA9/ A P[] SO SUP]IOR8 ,H5CE IT WAS NOT BY AN >BITR>Y ACT ( SOV]EIGN P[] OR BY =TUIT\S & BRUTAL USURPATION ?AT ! GUILDS & MA/]%IPS W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES3 ! =CE ( EV5TS HAD CREAT$ !M LONG BE=E ! $ICTS ( K+S C\LD HAVE GIV5 !M LEGAL CONSECRATION2 &1 9 SPITE ( ! RE=M ( '#h#i1 WE SEE !M REE/ABLI%+ !MSELVES UND] \R EYES ) AN 5]GY A HUNDR$ TIMES MORE =MIDABLE4 ,AB&ON LABOR TO ITS [N T5D5CIES1 & ! SUBJECTION ( ?REE-F\R?S ( ! HUMAN RACE IS ASSUR$4 

,BUT ?IS IS NOT ALL4 ,! MA*9E1 OR ! WORK%OP1 AFT] HAV+ DEGRAD$ ! LABOR] BY GIV+ HIM A MA/]1 COMPLETES HIS DEG5]ACY BY R$UC+ HIM FROM ! RANK ( >TISAN TO ?AT ( COMMON WORKMAN4 

,=M]LY ! POPULATION ON ! BANKS ( ! ,SAONE & ,RHONE WAS L>GELY MADE UP ( WAT]M51 ?OR\<LY FITT$ = ! CONDUCT ( CANAL-BOATS OR R[-BOATS4 ,N[ ?AT ! /EAM-TUG IS TO BE F\ND ALMO/ EV]Y:]E1 MO/ ( ! BOATM51 F9D+ IT IMPOSSIBLE TO GET A LIV+ AT !IR TRADE1 EI!R PASS ?REE-F\R?S ( !IR LIFE 9 IDL5ESS1 OR ELSE BECOME /OK]S4 

,IF NOT MIS]Y1 !N DEGRADATION3 SU* IS ! LA/ ALT]NATIVE :I* MA*9]Y (F]S TO ! WORKMAN4 ,= IT IS ) A MA*9E AS ) A PIECE ( >TILL]Y3 ! CAPTA9 EXCEPT$1 ?OSE :OM IT OCCUPIES >E S]VANTS1 SLAVES4 

,S9CE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( L>GE FACTORIES1 A MULTITUDE ( LITTLE 9DU/RIES HAVE DISAPPE>$ FROM ! DOME/IC HE>?3 DOES ANY ONE BELIEVE ?AT ! GIRLS :O WORK = T5 & FIFTE5 C5TS HAVE AS MU* 9TELLIG5CE AS !IR ANCE/ORS8 

0,AFT] ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! RAILWAY FROM ,P>IS TO ,SA9T ,G]MA910 ,M4 ,DUNOY] TELLS US1 0!RE W]E E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ,PECQ & A MULTITUDE ( PLACES 9 ! MORE OR LESS IMM$IATE VIC9ITY SU* A NUMB] ( OMNIBUS & /AGE L9ES ?AT ?IS E/ABLI%M5T1 CONTR>Y TO ALL EXPECTATION1 HAS CONSID]ABLY 9CREAS$ ! EMPLOYM5T ( HORSES40 

,CONTR>Y TO ALL EXPECTATION6 ,IT TAKES AN ECONOMI/ NOT TO EXPECT !SE ?+S4 ,MULTIPLY MA*9]Y1 & Y\ 9CREASE ! AM\NT ( >DU\S & DISAGREEABLE LABOR TO BE DONE3 ?IS APO!GM IS AS C]TA9 AS ANY ( ?OSE :I* DATE FROM ! DELUGE4 ,ACCUSE ME1 IF Y\ *OOSE1 ( ILL-WILL T[>DS ! MO/ PRECI\S 9V5TION ( \R C5TURY1 -- NO?+ %ALL PREV5T ME FROM SAY+ ?AT ! PR9CIPAL RESULT ( RAILWAYS1 AFT] ! SUBJECTION ( PETTY 9DU/RY1 WILL BE ! CREATION ( A POPULATION ( DEGRAD$ LABOR]S1 -- SIGNALM51 SWEEP]S1 LOAD]S1 LUMP]S1 DRAYM51 WAT*M51 PORT]S1 WEI<]S1 GREAS]S1 CLEAN]S1 /OK]S1 FIREM51 ETC4 ,TWO ?\S& MILES ( RAILWAY WILL GIVE ,FRANCE AN ADDITIONAL FIFTY ?\S& S]FS3 IT IS NOT = SU* PEOPLE1 C]TA9LY1 ?AT ,M4 ,*EVALI] ASKS PR(ESSIONAL S*OOLS4 

,P]HAPS IT WILL BE SAID ?AT1 ! MASS ( TRANSPORTATION HAV+ 9CREAS$ 9 MU* GREAT] PROPORTION ?AN ! NUMB] ( DAY-LABOR]S1 ! DIFF]5CE IS TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! RAILWAY1 & ?AT1 ALL ?+S CONSID]$1 !RE IS PROGRESS4 ,! OBS]VATION MAY EV5 BE G5]ALIZ$ & ! SAME >GUM5T APPLI$ TO ALL 9DU/RIES4 

,BUT IT IS PRECISELY \T ( ?IS G5]ALITY ( ! PH5OM5ON ?AT SPR+S ! SUBJECTION ( LABOR]S4 ,MA*9]Y PLAYS ! LEAD+ ROLE 9 9DU/RY1 MAN IS SECOND>Y3 ALL ! G5IUS DISPLAY$ BY LABOR T5DS TO ! DEGRADATION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,:AT A GLORI\S NATION WILL BE \RS :51 AMONG =TY MILLIONS ( 9HABITANTS1 IT %ALL C\NT ?IRTY-FIVE MILLIONS ( DRUDGES1 PAP]-SCRAT*]S1 & FLUNKIES6 

,) MA*9]Y & ! WORK%OP1 DIV9E RI<T -- ?AT IS1 ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY -- MAKES ITS 5TRANCE 9TO POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,CAPITAL1 ,MA/]%IP1 ,PRIVILEGE1 ,MONOPOLY1 ,LOAN+1 ,CR$IT1 ,PROP]TY1 ETC41 -- SU* >E1 9 ECONOMIC LANGUAGE1 ! V>I\S NAMES ( ,I KN[ NOT :AT1 BUT :I* IS O!RWISE CALL$ ,P[]1 ,AU?ORITY1 ,SOV]EIGNTY1 ,WRITT5 ,LAW1 ,REVELATION1 ,RELIGION1 ,GOD 9 %ORT1 CAUSE & PR9CIPLE ( ALL \R MIS]IES & ALL \R CRIMES1 & :O1 ! MORE WE TRY TO DEF9E HIM1 ! MORE ELUDES US4 

,IS IT1 !N1 IMPOSSIBLE ?AT1 9 ! PRES5T CONDITION ( SOCIETY1 ! WORK%OP ) ITS HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION1 & MA*9]Y1 9/EAD ( S]V+ EXCLUSIVELY ! 9T]E/S ( ! LEA/ NUM]\S1 ! LEA/ 9DU/RI\S1 & ! WEAL?IE/ CLASS1 %\LD BE EMPLOY$ = ! B5EFIT ( ALL8 

,?AT IS :AT WE >E GO+ TO EXAM9E4 

,FROM 3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,VIRG9IA ,LIBR>Y4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahde 3 ,*APT] #d1 ,SECTION #d4#b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #d1 ,SECTION #d4#b -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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