,SECTION #b1 ,*APT] #ab 
,HI/ORICAL ,EXPOSITION ( ! ,PROBLEM3 ,RIC>DO VS4 ,SISMONDI 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG 

,TEXT 3 

,M,A,C,C,U,L,L,O,*'S REPLY TO ,SISMONDI'S !ORETICAL OBJECTIONS EVID5TLY DID NOT SETTLE ! MATT] TO ,RIC>DO'S [N SATISFACTION4 ,UNLIKE ?AT %REWD ',SCOTTI% >*-HUMBUG'1 AS ,M>X CALLS HIM1 ,RIC>DO REALLY WANT$ TO DISCOV] ! TRU? & ?R\<\T RETA9$ ! G5U9E MODE/Y ( A GREAT M9D47#a7 ,?AT ,SISMONDI'S POLEMICS AGA9/ HIM & HIS PUPIL HAD MADE A DEEP IMPRESSION IS PROV$ BY ,RIC>DO'S REVIS$ APPROA* TO ! QUE/ION ( ! EFFECTS ( ! MA*9E1 ?AT BE+ ! PO9T ON :I* ,SISMONDI1 TO HIS ET]NAL CR$IT1 HAD CONFRONT$ ! CLASSICAL S*OOL ( H>MONY ) ! S9I/] ASPECTS ( CAPITALISM4 ,RIC>DO'S FOLL[]S HAD 5L>G$ UPON ! DOCTR9E ?AT ! MA*9E CAN ALWAYS CREATE AS MANY OR EV5 MORE OPPORTUNITIES = ! WAGE LABOR]S AS IT TAKES AWAY BY DISPLAC+ LIV+ LABOR4 ,?IS SO-CALL$ !ORY ( COMP5SATION WAS SUBJECT$ TO A /]N ATTACK BY ,SISMONDI 9 ! *APT] ,ON ! ,DIVISION ( ,LABOR & ,MA*9]Y7#b7 & 9 ANO!R *APT] SIGNIFICANTLY 5TITL$3 ,MA*9]Y ,CREATES A ,SURPLUS ,POPULATION17#c7 BO? PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,N\VEAUX ,PR9CIPES ( #a#h#a#i1 TWO YE>S LAT] ?AN ,RIC>DO'S MA9 WORK4 ,9 #a#h#b#a1 AFT] ! ,MAC,CULLO*-,SISMONDI CONTROV]SY1 ,RIC>DO 9S]T$ A NEW *APT] 9 ! ?IRD $ITION ( HIS ,PR9CIPLES1 :]E HE FRANKLY CONFESSES TO HIS ]ROR & SAYS 9 ! /RA9 ( ,SISMONDI3 ',?AT ! OP9ION 5T]TA9$ BY ! LABOR+ CLASSES1 ?AT ! EMPLOYM5T ( MA*9]Y IS FREQU5TLY DETRIM5TAL TO !IR 9T]E/S1 IS NOT F\ND$ ON PREJUDICE & ]ROR1 BUT IS CON=MABLE TO ! CORRECT PR9CIPLES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4'7#d7 

,HE1 LIKE ,SISMONDI1 HAD TO DEF5D HIMSELF AGA9/ ! SUSPICION ?AT HE IS OPPOS+ TE*NICAL PROGRESS1 BUT1 LESS RU?LESS1 HE COMPROMISES ) ! EVASION ?AT ! EVIL EM]GES ONLY GRADUALLY4 ',TO ELUCIDATE ! PR9CIPLE1 ,I HAVE BE5 SUPPOS+1 ?AT IMPROV$ MA*9]Y IS SUDD5LY DISCOV]$2 & EXT5SIVELY US$2 BUT - ! TRU? IS ?AT !SE DISCOV]IES >E GRADUAL1 & RA!R OP]ATE 9 DET]M9+ ! EMPLOYM5T ( ! CAPITAL :I* IS SAV$ & ACCUMULAT$1 ?AN 9 DIV]T+ CAPITAL FROM ITS ACTUAL EMPLOYM5T4'7#e7 

,YET ! PROBLEM ( CRISES & ACCUMULATION CONT9U$ TO WORRY ,RIC>DO ALSO4 ,9 #a#h#b#c1 ! LA/ YE> ( HIS LIFE1 HE SP5T SOME DAYS 9 ,G5EVA 9 ORD] TO TALK ! PROBLEM OV] FACE TO FACE ) ,SISMONDI4 ,! RESULT ( !SE TALKS IS ,SISMONDI'S ESSAY ,ON ! ,BALANCE ,BETWE5 ,CONSUMPTION & ,PRODUCTION1 PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,REVUE ,5CYCLOP$IQUE ( ,MAY #a#h#b#d47#f7 

,9 HIS ,PR9CIPLES1 ,RIC>DO HAD AT ! CRUCIAL PO9TS COMPLETELY ACCEPT$ ,SAY'S TRITE DOCTR9E ( H>MONY 9 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION4 ,9 *APT] XXI HE HAD DECL>$3 

',M4 ,SAY HAS1 H[EV]1 MO/ SATISFACTORILY %[N1 ?AT !RE IS NO AM\NT ( CAPITAL :I* MAY NOT BE EMPLOY$ 9 A C\NTRY1 BECAUSE DEM& IS ONLY LIMIT$ BY PRODUCTION4 ,NO MAN PRODUCES1 BUT ) A VIEW TO CONSUME OR SELL1 & HE NEV] SELLS1 BUT ) AN 9T5TION TO PUR*ASE SOME O!R COMMODITY1 :I* MAY BE IMM$IATELY USEFUL TO HIM1 OR :I* MAY CONTRIBUTE TO FUTURE PRODUCTION4 ,BY PRODUC+1 !N1 HE NECESS>ILY BECOMES EI!R ! CONSUM] ( HIS [N GOODS1 OR ! PUR*AS] & CONSUM] ( ! GOODS ( SOME O!R P]SON4'7#g7 

,TO ?IS CONCEPTION ( ,RIC>DO'S1 ,SISMONDI'S ,N\VEAUX ,PR9CIPES W]E A P[]FUL *ALL5GE1 & ! DISPUTE AS A :OLE TURN$ ALSO ON ?IS PO9T4 ,RIC>DO C\LD NOT D5Y ! FACT ( CRISES :I* HAD BUT REC5TLY PASS$ OV] ,5GL& & O!R C\NTRIES4 ,:AT WAS AT ISSUE WAS ! EXPLANATION = !M4 ,RI<T AT ! \TSET ( !IR DEBATE1 ,SISMONDI & ,RIC>DO HAD AGRE$ ON A REM>KABLY LUCID & PRECISE =MULATION ( ! PROBLEM1 EXCLUD+ ! QUE/ION ( =EIGN COMM]CE ALTOGE!R4 ,SISMONDI GRASP$ ! SIGNIFICANCE & NECESSITY ( =EIGN TRADE = CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 ITS NE$ = EXPANSION1 WELL 5\<2 9 ?IS L9E HE WAS QUITE 9 /EP ) ,RIC>DO'S ,FREE ,TRAD]S1 :OM HE CONSID]ABLY EXCELL$ 9 HIS DIALECTICAL CONCEPTION ( ! EXPANSIONI/ NE$S ( CAPITAL4 ,HE FULLY ADMITT$ ?AT 9DU/RY IS 9CREAS+LY L$ TO LOOK = ITS V5TS ON =EIGN M>KETS :]E IT IS ?REAT5$ BY GREAT] REVOLUTIONS47#h7 ,HE =ECA/1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! RISE ( A DANG]\S COMPETITION = ,EUROPEAN 9DU/RY 9 ! OV]SEAS C\NTRIES4 ,?IS WAS AFT] ALL A CR$ITABLE A*IEVEM5T 9 ! YE> #a#h#b1 & ONE :I* REVEALS ,SISMONDI'S DEEP 9SI<T 9TO ! RELATIONS ( CAPITALI/ WORLD ECONOMY4 ,BUT EV5 SO1 ,SISMONDI WAS 9 FACT F> FROM CONCEIV+ ! PROBLEM ( REALIZ+ ! SURPLUS VALUE1 ! PROBLEM ( ACCUMULATION1 TO DEP5D ON =EIGN COMM]CE AS ITS ONLY MEANS ( SALVATION1 A VIEW ATTRIBUT$ TO HIM BY LAT] CRITICS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,SISMONDI WAS QUITE EXPLICIT 9 ! SIX? *APT] ( VOLUME I37#i7 

',9 ORD] TO MAKE !SE CALCULATIONS ) GREAT] C]TA9TY & TO SIMPLIFY !SE QUE/IONS1 WE HAVE HI!RTO MADE COMPLETE AB/RACTION FROM =EIGN TRADE & SUPPOS$ AN ISOLAT$ NATION2 ?IS ISOLAT$ NATION IS HUMAN SOCIETY ITSELF1 & :AT IS TRUE = A NATION )\T =EIGN COMM]CE1 IS EQUALLY TRUE = MANK9D4' 

,9 O!R WORDS3 9 CONSID]+ ! 5TIRE WORLD M>KET AS ONE SOCIETY PRODUC+ EXCLUSIVELY BY CAPITALI/ ME?ODS1 ,SISMONDI GR\NDS HIS PROBLEM 9 ! SAME PREMISES AS ,M>X WAS TO DO AFT] HIM4 ,?AT WAS ALSO ! BASIS ON :I* HE CAME TO T]MS ) ,RIC>DO4 

',FROM ! QUE/ION ?AT TR\BL$ US1 WE HAD EA* ( US DISMISS$ ! 9/ANCE ( A NATION ?AT SOLD MORE ABROAD ?AN IT NE$$ TO BUY !RE1 ?AT C\LD COMM& A GR[+ EXT]NAL M>KET = ITS GR[+ 9T]NAL PRODUCTION4 ,9 ANY CASE1 IT IS NOT = US TO DECIDE :E!R =TUNES ( W> OR POLITICS C\LD P]HAPS BR+ =? NEW CONSUM]S = A NATION - :AT IS NE$$ IS PRO( ?AT A NATION CAN CREATE !SE = ITSELF SIMPLY BY 9CREAS+ ITS PRODUCTION4'7#a7 

,?IS IS H[ ,SISMONDI =MULAT$ ! PROBLEM ( REALIZ+ ! SURPLUS VALUE 9 ALL PRECISION1 JU/ AS IT CONFRONTS US ?R\<\T ! 5SU+ ]A 9 ECONOMICS1 9 CONTRA/ ) ,RIC>DO :O ACTUALLY MA9TA9S ALONG ) ,SAY1 AS WE >E ALREADY AW>E & %ALL %[ 9 FUR!R DETAIL1 ?AT PRODUCTION CREATES ITS [N DEM&4 

,RIC>DO'S !SIS 9 ! CONTROV]SY ) ,SISMONDI TAKES ! FOLL[+ =M3 

',SUPPOS+ ?AT #a WORK]S PRODUCE #a1 SACKS ( CORN1 & #a WEAV]S #a1 Y>DS WOOL5 FABRIC4 ,LET US DISREG>D ALL O!R PRODUCTS USEFUL TO MAN & ALL 9T]M$I>IES BETWE5 !M1 & CONSID] !M ALONE 9 ! WORLD4 ,!Y EX*ANGE !IR #a1 Y>DS AGA9/ ! #a1 SACKS4 ,SUPPOS+ ?AT ! PRODUCTIVE P[] ( LABOR HAS 9CREAS$ BY A T5? [+ TO A SUCCESSIVE PROGRESS ( 9DU/RY1 ! SAME PEOPLE WILL EX*ANGE #a1#a Y>DS AGA9/ #a1#a SACKS1 & EA* WILL BE BETT] CLO!D & F$2 NEW PROGRESS WILL MAKE !M EX*ANGE #a1#b Y>DS = #a1#b SACKS1 & SO ON4 ,! 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTS ALWAYS ONLY 9CREASES ! 5JOYM5T ( ?OSE :O PRODUCE4'7#a#a7 

,! GREAT ,RIC>DO' /&>DS ( REASON+1 IT MU/ REGRETFULLY BE /AT$1 >E IF ANY?+ EV5 L[] ?AN ?OSE ( ! ,SCOTTI% >*-HUMBUG1 ,MAC,CULLO*4 ,ONCE AGA9 WE >E 9VIT$ TO WITNESS A H>MONI\S & GRACEFUL C\NTRY-DANCE ( SACKS & Y>DS - ! V]Y PROPORTION :I* IS TO BE PROV$1 IS AGA91 TAK5 = GRANT$4 ,:AT IS MORE1 ALL RELEVANT PREMISES = ! PROBLEM >E SIMPLY LEFT \T4 ,! REAL PROBLEM - Y\ WILL RECOLLECT - ! OBJECT ( ! CONTROV]SY HAD BE5 ! QUE/ION3 :O >E ! BUY]S & CONSUM]S ( ! SURPLUS PRODUCT ?AT COMES 9TO BE+ IF ! CAPITALI/S PRODUCE MORE GOODS ?AN >E NE$$ = !IR [N & !IR WORK]S' CONSUMPTION2 IF1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 !Y CAPITALIZE P>T ( !IR SURPLUS VALUE & USE IT TO EXP& PRODUCTION1 TO 9CREASE !IR CAPITAL8 ,RIC>DO ANSW]S IT BY COMPLETELY IGNOR+ ! CAPITAL 9CREASE4 ,! PICTURE HE PA9TS ( ! V>I\S /AGES ( PRODUCTION IS M]ELY ?AT ( A GRADUALLY 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIS ASSUMPTIONS1 ! SAME AM\NT ( LABOR FIR/ PRODUCES #a1 SACKS & #a1 Y>DS TEXTILES1 !N #a1#a SACKS & #a1#a Y>DS1 FUR!R #a1#b SACKS & #a1#b Y>DS1 & SO ON1 9 A GRACEFULLY ASC5D+ CURVE4 ,NOT ONLY ?AT ! IMAGE ( A M>%AL$ UNI=M PROGRESSION ON BO? SIDES1 ( CON=MITY EV5 9 ! NUMB] ( OBJECTS BR\<T TO EX*ANGE1 IS WE>ISOME1 ! EXPANSION ( CAPITAL IS NO:]E AS MU* AS M5TION$ 9 ! MODEL4 ,H]E WE HAVE NO 5L>G$ BUT SIMPLE REPRODUCTION ) A GREAT] BULK ( USE-VALUES 9DE$1 BUT )\T ANY 9CREASE 9 ! VALUE ( ! AGGREGATE SOCIAL PRODUCT4 ,S9CE ONLY ! AM\NT ( VALUE1 NOT ! NUMB] ( USE-VALUES IS RELEVANT TO ! EX*ANGE TRANSACTION1 & ?IS AM\NT REMA9S CON/ANT 9 ! EXAMPLE1 ,RIC>DO MAKES NO REAL ADVANCES1 EV5 ?\< HE SEEMS TO ANALYZE ! PROGRESSIVE EXPANSION ( PRODUCTION4 ,F9ALLY1 HE IS QUITE OBLIVI\S ( ! RELEVANT CATEGORIES ( REPRODUCTION4 ,MAC,CULLO* HAD1 BEGUN BY MAK+ ! CAPITALI/S PRODUCE )\T ANY SURPLUS VALUE & LIVE ON AIR1 BUT AT LEA/ HE RECOGNIZ$ ! EXI/5CE ( ! WORK]S1 MAK+ PROVISION = !IR CONSUMPTION4 ,RIC>DO1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT EV5 M5TION ! WORK]S2 = HIM ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 V>IABLE CAPITAL & SURPLUS VALUE DOES NOT EXI/ AT ALL4 ,BESIDES ?IS MAJOR OMISSION1 IT IS ( SMALL ACC\NT ?AT HE1 JU/ LIKE HIS DISCIPLE1 TAKES NO NOTICE ( CON/ANT CAPITAL4 ,HE WANTS TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( REALIZ+ ! SURPLUS VALUE & EXP&+ CAPITAL )\T POSIT+ MORE ?AN ! EXI/5CE ( A C]TA9 QUANTITY ( COMMODITIES :I* >E MUTUALLY EX*ANG$4 

,SISMONDI WAS BL9D TO ! FACT ?AT ! V5UE HAS BE5 *ANG$ ALTOGE!R4 ,YET HE TRI$ FAI?FULLY TO BR+ ! FANTASIES ( HIS FAM\S GUE/ & OPPON5T D[N TO E>? & TO ANALYZE !IR 9VISIBLE CONTRADICTIONS1 PLA9TIVELY SAY+ ?AT !SE ASSUMPTIONS1 'JU/ LIKE ,G]MAN METAPHYSICS1 AB/RACT FROM TIME & SPACE'47#a#b7 ,HE GRAFTS ,RIC>DO'S HYPO!SIS ON TO 'SOCIETY 9 ITS REAL ORGANIZATION1 ) UNPROP]TI$ WORK]S :OSE WAGE IS FIX$ BY COMPETITION & :O CAN BE DISMISS$ ! MOM5T !IR MA/] HAS NO FUR!R NE$ ( !IR WORK 444 =' - REM>KS ,SISMONDI1 AS ACUTE AS HE IS MODE/ - 'IT IS JU/ ?IS SOCIAL ORGANIZATION TO :I* \R OBJECTION REF]S'47#a#c7 

,HE LAYS B>E ! MANY DIFFICULTIES & CONFLICTS B\ND UP ) ! PROGRESS ( LABOR PRODUCTIVITY UND] CAPITALISM1 & %[S ?AT ,RIC>DO'S PO/ULAT$ *ANGES 9 ! TE*NIQUE ( LABOR1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( SOCIETY1 LEAD TO ! FOLL[+ ALT]NATIVE3 ,EI!R A NUMB] ( WORK]S CORRESPOND+ TO ! 9CREASE 9 LABOR PRODUCTIVITY WILL HAVE TO HE DISMISS$ \TRI<T - !N !RE WILL BE A SURPLUS ( PRODUCTS ON ! ONE H&1 & ON ! O!R UNEMPLOYM5T & MIS]Y - A FAI?FUL PICTURE ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 ,OR ! SURPLUS PRODUCT WILL BE US$ = ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! WORK]S 9 A NEW FIELD ( PRODUCTION1 ! PRODUCTION ( LUXURY GOODS4 ,H]E ,SISMONDI UND\BT$LY PROVES HIMSELF SUP]IOR3 HE SUDD5LY REMEMB]S ! EXI/5CE ( ! CON/ANT CAPITAL1 & N[ IT IS HE :O SUBJECTS ! ,5GLI% CLASSIC TO A FRONTAL ATTACK3 

',= SETT+ UP A NEW 9DU/RY = MANUFACTUR+ LUXURIES1 NEW CAPITAL IS ALSO NE$$2 MA*9ES WILL HAVE TO BE BUILT1 RAW MAT]IALS PROCUR$1 & DI/ANT COMM]CE BR\<T 9TO ACTIVITY2 = ! WEAL?Y >E R>ELY CONT5T1 ) 5JOY+ :AT IS IMM$IATELY 9 FRONT ( !M4 ,:]E1 !N1 C\LD WE F9D ?IS NEW CAPITAL :I* MAY P]HAPS BE MU* MORE CONSID]ABLE ?AN ?AT REQUIR$ BY AGRICULTURE8 444 ,\R LUXURY WORK]S >E /ILL A LONG WAY FROM EAT+ \R LABOR]S' GRA91 FROM WE>+ ! CLO!S FROM \R COMMON FACTORIES2 !Y >E NOT YET MADE 9TO WORK]S1 !Y MAY NOT EV5 HAVE BE5 BORN YET1 !IR TRADE DOES NOT EXI/1 ! MAT]IALS ON :I* !Y >E TO WORK HAVE NOT >RIV$ FROM ,9DIA4 ,ALL ?OSE AMONG :OM ! =M] %\LD DI/RIBUTE !IR BREAD1 WAIT = IT 9 VA94'7#a#d7 

,SISMONDI N[ TAKES CON/ANT CAPITAL 9TO ACC\NT1 NOT ONLY 9 ! PRODUCTION ( LUXURIES1 BUT ALSO 9 AGRICULTURE1 & FUR!R RAISES ! FOLL[+ OBJECTION AGA9/ ,RIC>DO3 

',WE MU/ AB/RACT FROM TIME1 IF WE MAKE ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! CULTIVATOR1 :OM A ME*ANICAL DISCOV]Y OR AN 9V5TION ( RURAL 9DU/RY 5ABLES TO TREBLE ! PRODUCTIVE P[] ( HIS WORK]S1 WILL ALSO F9D SUFFICI5T CAPITAL TO TREBLE HIS EXPLOITATION1 HIS AGRICULTURAL IMPLEM5TS1 HIS EQUIPM5T1 HIS LIVE/OCK1 HIS GRAN>IES3 TO TREBLE ! CIRCULAT+ CAPITAL :I* MU/ S]VE HIM :ILE WAIT+ = HIS H>VE/4'7#a#e7 

,9 ?IS WAY ,SISMONDI BREAKS ) ! SUP]/ITION ( ! CLASSICAL S*OOL ?AT ) CAPITAL EXP&+ ALL ADDITIONAL CAPITAL W\LD BE EXCLUSIVELY SP5T ON WAGES1 ON ! V>IABLE CAPITAL4 ,HE CLE>LY DISS5TS FROM ,RIC>DO'S DOCTR9E - :I* DID NOT1 H[EV]1 PREV5T HIS ALL[+ ALL ! ]RORS >IS+ \T ( ?IS DOCTR9E ?REE YE>S LAT] AGA9 TO CREEP 9TO ! SECOND $ITION ( HIS ,N\VEAUX ,PR9CIPES4 ,9 OPPOSITION TO ,RIC>DO'S FACILE DOCTR9E ( H>MONY1 ,SISMONDI UND]L9ES TWO DECISIVE PO9TS3 ON ! ONE H&1 ! OBJECTIVE DIFFICULTIES ( ! PROCESS ( 5L>G$ REPRODUCTION :I* WORKS BY NO MEANS SO SMOO?LY 9 CAPITALI/ REALITY AS IT DOES 9 ,RIC>DO'S ABSURD HYPO!SIS2 ON ! O!R H&1 ! FACT ?AT ALL TE*NICAL PROGRESS 9 SOCIAL LABOR PRODUCTIVITY IS ALWAYS A*IEV$ UND] CAPITALISM AT ! EXP5SE ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 B\<T ) !IR SUFF]+4 ,SISMONDI %[S HIMSELF SUP]IOR TO ,RIC>DO 9 YET A ?IRD PO9T3 HE REPRES5TS ! BROAD HORIZON ( ! DIALECTICAL APPROA* AS AGA9/ ,RIC>DO'S BLUNT N>R[-M9D$NESS ) ITS 9CAPACITY TO CONCEIVE ( ANY =MS ( SOCIETY O!R ?AN ?OSE ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMICS3 

',\R EYES1' HE EXCLAIMS1 '>E SO ACCU/OM$ TO ?IS NEW ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 ?IS UNIV]SAL COMPETITION1 DEG5]AT+ 9TO HO/ILITY BETWE5 ! RI* & ! WORK+ CLASS1 ?AT WE NO LONG] CONCEIVE ( ANY MODE ( EXI/5CE O!R ?AN ?AT :OSE RU9S SURR\ND US ON ALL SIDES4 ,!Y BELIEVE TO PROVE ME ABSURD BY CONFRONT+ ME ) ! VICES ( PREC$+ SY/EMS4 ,9DE$1 AS REG>DS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! L[] CLASSES1 TWO OR ?REE SY/EMS HAVE SUCCE$$ ONE ANO!R2 YET1 S9CE !Y >E NOT TO BE REGRETT$1 S9CE1 AFT] FIR/ DO+ SOME GOOD1 !Y !N IMPOS$ T]RIBLE DISA/]S ON MANK9D1 MAY WE CONCLUDE FROM ?IS ?AT WE HAVE N[ 5T]$ ! TRUE ONE8 ,MAY WE CONCLUDE ?AT WE %ALL NOT DISCOV] ! BESETT+ VICE ( ! SY/EM ( WAGE LABOR AS WE HAVE DISCOV]$ ?AT ( SLAV]Y1 ( VASSALAGE1 & ( ! GUILDS8 ,A TIME WILL COME1 NO D\BT1 :5 \R DESC5DANTS WILL CONDEMN US AS B>B>IANS BECAUSE WE HAVE LEFT ! WORK+ CLASSES )\T SECURITY1 JU/ AS WE ALREADY CONDEMN1 AS !Y ALSO WILL1 AS B>B>IAN ! NATIONS :O HAVE R$UC$ ?OSE SAME CLASSES TO SLAV]Y4'7#a#f7 

,SISMONDI'S /ATEM5T1 PUTT+ 9 A NUT%ELL ! VITAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! P>TS PLAY$ BY ! PROLET>IAT 9 A MOD]N SOCIETY & 9 ! SOCIETY ( ANCI5T ,ROME1 %[S HIS PR(\ND 9SI<T 9TO HI/ORICAL CONNECTIONS4 ,HE %[S NO LESS DISC]N !N 9 HIS POLEMICS AGA9/ ,RIC>DO1 :5 ANALYZ+ ! SPECIFIC ECONOMIC *>ACT] ( ! SLAVE-SY/EM & ( FEUDAL ECONOMY AS WELL AS !IR RELATIVE HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE1 & F9ALLY !N EMPHASIZ+1 AS ! DOM9ANT UNIV]SAL T5D5CY ( B\RGEOIS ECONOMY1 '?AT IT SEV]S COMPLETELY ALL K9D ( PROP]TY FROM EV]Y K9D ( LABOR'4 

,! SECOND R\ND1 NO MORE ?AN ! FIR/1 BETWE5 ,SISMONDI & ! CLASSICAL S*OOL1 BR\<T LITTLE GLORY = ,SISMONDI'S OPPON5TS47#a#g7 

,FOOTNOTES 

7#a7 ,IT IS TYPICAL ?AT ON HIS ELECTION TO ,P>LIAM5T 9 #a#h#a#i1 :5 HE ALREADY 5JOY$ ! HI<E/ REPUTATION ON ACC\NT ( HIS ECONOMIC WRIT+S1 ,RIC>DO WROTE TO A FRI5D3 ',Y\ WILL HAVE SE5 ?AT ,I HAVE TAK5 MY SEAT 9 ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS4 ,I FE> ,I %ALL BE ( LITTLE USE !RE4 ,I HAVE TWICE ATTEMPT$ TO SPEAK BUT ,I PROCE$$ 9 ! MO/ EMB>RASS$ MANN]1 & ,I HAVE NO HOPE ( CONQU]+ ! AL>M ) :I* ,I AM ASSAIL$ ! MOM5T ,I HE> ! S\ND ( MY [N VOICE' 7,LETT]S ( ,M4 ,RIC>DO TO ,J4,R4 ,MAC,CULLO*1 ,N4,Y4 #a#h#i#e1 PP4 #b#c-#d74 ,SU* DIFFID5CE WAS QUITE UNKN[N TO ! GASBAG ,MAC,CULLO*4 

7#b7,N\VEAUX ,PR9CIPES 4441 BOOK IV1 *AP4VII4 

7#c7,IBID41 BOOK VII1 *AP4VII4 

7#d7 ,D4 ,RIC>DO1 ,ON ! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY & ,TAXATION 7#cRD $ITION1 ,LONDON #a#h#b#a71 P4#d#g#d4 

7#e7,IBID41 P4#d#g#h4 

7#f7 ,?IS ESSAY1 ,SUR LA ,BALANCE DES ,CONSOMMATIONS AVEC LES ,PRODUCTIONS1 IS REPR9T$ 9 ! SECOND $ITION ( ,N\VEAUX ,PR9CIPES1 VOL4II1 PP4#d#hFF4 ,SISMONDI TELLS US AB\T ?IS DISCUSSION3 

',M4 ,RIC>DO1 :OSE REC5T DEA? HAS BE5 A PR(\ND B]EAVEM5T NOT ONLY TO HIS FRI5DS & FAMILY BUT TO ALL ?OSE :OM HE 5LI<T5$ BY HIS BRILLIANCE1 ALL ?OSE :OM HE 9SPIR$ BY HIS L(TY S5TIM5TS1 /AY$ = SOME DAYS 9 ,G5EVA 9 ! LA/ YE> ( HIS LIFE4 ,WE DISCUSS$ 9 TWO OR ?REE SESSIONS ?IS FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION ON :I* WE DISAGRE$4 ,TO ?IS 9QUIRY HE BR\<T ! URBANITY1 ! GOOD FAI?1 ! LOVE ( TRU? :I* DI/+UI%$ HIM1 & A CL>ITY :I* HIS DISCIPLES !MSELVES HAD NOT HE>D1 ACCU/OM$ AS !Y W]E TO ! EF=TS ( AB/RACT ?\<T HE DEM&$ 9 ! LECTURE ROOM4' 

7#g7 ,RIC>DO1 OP4 CIT41 P4#c#c#i4 

7#h7 ,SISMONDI1 OP4 CIT41 VOL4II1 P4#c#f#a4 

7#i7,N\VEAUX ,PR9CIPES 4441 BOOK IV1 *AP4IV2 ,COMM5T LA ,RI*ESSE COMM]CIALE SUIT L',ACCROISSEM5T DU ,REV5U 7VOL4I1 P4#a#a#e74 

7#a7 ,SISMONDI1 OP4 CIT41 VOL4II1 P4#d#a#b4 

7#a#a7,IBID41 P4#d#a#f4 

7#a#b7,IBID41 P4#d#b#d4 

7#a#c7,IBID41 P4#d#a#g4 

7#a#d7,IBID41 PP4#d#b#e-#f4 

7#a#e7,IBID41 P4#d#b#i4 

7#a#f7,IBID41 PP4#d#c#d-#e4 

7#a#g7 ,?US1 IF ,TUGAN ,B>ANOVSKI1 *AMPION+ ,SAY-,RIC>DO'S VIEWS1 TELLS US AB\T ! CONTROV]SY BETWE5 ,SISMONDI & ,RIC>DO 7,/UDIES ON ! ,!ORY & ,HI/ORY ( ,COMM]CIAL ,CRISES 9 ,5GL&1 P4#a#g#f71 ?AT ,SISMONDI WAS COMPELL$ 'TO ACKN[L$GE AS CORRECT ! DOCTR9E HE HAD ATTACK$ & TO CONC$E HIS OPPON5T ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y'2 ?AT ,SISMONDI HIMSELF 'HAD AB&ON$ HIS [N !ORY :I* /ILL F9DS SO MANY ADH]5TS'1 & ?AT '! VICTORY 9 ?IS CONTROV]SY LIES ) ,RIC>DO'1 ?IS %[S A LACK ( DISCRIM9ATION - TO PUT IT MILDLY - SU* AS IS PRACTICALLY UNHE>D-( 9 A WORK ( S]I\S SCI5TIFIC PRET5SIONS4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #b1 ,*APT] #ab -- ,ADD$4 

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