,SECTION #b1 ,*APT] #b ,HI/ORICAL ,EXPOSITION ( ! ,PROBLEM3 ,NIKOLAYON ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ,TEXT 3 ,! SECOND !ORI/ ( POPULI/ CRITICISM1 ,NIKOLAYON1 BR+S QUITE A DIFF]5T ECONOMIC TRA9+ & KN[L$GE TO HIS WORK4 ,ONE ( ! BE/-9=M$ EXP]TS ON ,RUSSIAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 HE HAD ALREADY 9 #ahh ATTRACT$ ATT5TION BY HIS TREATISE ON ! CAPITALIZATION ( AGRICULTURAL 9COMES1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! REVIEW ,SLOVO4 ,?IRTE5 YE>S LAT]1 SPURR$ ON BY ! GREAT ,RUSSIAN FAM9E ( #a#h#i#a1 HE PURSU$ HIS 9QUIRIES FUR!R 9 A BOOK 5TITL$ ,\TL9ES ( ,\R ,SOCIAL ,ECONOMY ,S9CE ! ,RE=M4 ,H]E HE GIVES A DETAIL$ EXPOSITION1 FULLY DOCUM5T$ BY FACTS & FIGURES1 ( H[ CAPITALISM DEVELOP$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 & ON ?IS EVID5CE PROCE$S TO %[ ?AT ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS ! S\RCE ( ALL EVIL1 & SO ( ! FAM9E1 ALSO1 SO F> AS ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE >E CONC]N$4 ,HIS VIEWS AB\T ! DE/9Y ( CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA >E GR\ND$ 9 A DEF9ITE !ORY AB\T ! CONDITIONS ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 9 G5]AL1 & IT IS ?IS ) :I* WE MU/ N[ DEAL4 ,S9CE ! M>KET IS ( DECISIVE IMPORTANCE = ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( ECONOMY1 EV]Y CAPITALI/ NATION TRIES TO MAKE SURE ( AS L>GE A M>KET AS POSSIBLE4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ( C\RSE1 IT RELIES ON ITS HOME M>KET4 ,BUT AT A C]TA9 LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T1 ! HOME M>KET IS NO LONG] SUFFICI5T = A CAPITALI/ NATION & ?IS = ! FOLL[+ REASONS3 ALL ?AT SOCIAL LABOR NEWLY PRODUCES 9 ONE YE> CAN BE DIVID$ 9TO TWO P>TS - ! %>E RECEIV$ BY ! WORK]S 9 ! =M ( WAGES1 & ?AT :I* IS APPROPRIAT$ BY ! CAPITALI/S4 ,( ! FIR/ P>T1 ONLY SO MANY MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE AS CORRESPOND1 9 VALUE1 TO ! SUM TOTAL ( ! WAGES PAID )9 ! C\NTRY CAN BE )DRAWN FROM CIRCULATION4 ,YET CAPITALI/ ECONOMY DECID$LY T5DS TO DEPRESS ?IS P>T MORE & MORE4 ,ITS ME?ODS >E A LONG] WORK+ DAY1 /EPP+ UP ! 9T5SITY ( LABOR1 & 9CREAS+ \TPUT BY TE*NICAL IMPROVEM5TS :I* 5ABLE ! SUB/ITUTION ( FEMALE & JUV5ILE = MALE LABOR & 9 SOME CASES DISPLACE ADULT LABOR ALTOGE!R4 ,EV5 IF ! WAGES ( ! WORK]S /ILL EMPLOY$ >E RIS+1 SU* 9CREASE CAN NEV] EQUAL ! SAV+S ( ! CAPITALI/S RESULT+ FROM !SE *ANGES4 ,! RESULT ( ALL ?IS IS ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ PLAY AN EV] SMALL] P>T AS BUY]S ON ! HOME M>KET4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !RE IS A FUR!R *ANGE3 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION GRADUALLY TAKES OV] EV5 ! TRADES :I* PROVID$ ADDITIONAL EMPLOYM5T TO AN AGRICULTURAL PEOPLE2 ?US IT DEPRIVES ! PEASANTS ( !IR RES\RCES BY DEGREES1 SO ?AT ! RURAL POPULATION CAN AF=D TO BUY FEW] & FEW] 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS4 ,?IS IS A FUR!R REASON = ! CONT9UAL CONTRACTION ( ! HOME M>KET4 ,AS = ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 WE SEE ?AT ?IS LATT] IS ALSO UNABLE TO REALIZE ! 5TIRE NEWLY CREAT$ PRODUCT1 ?\< = ! OPPOSITE REASON4 ,H[EV] L>GE ! REQUIREM5TS ( ?IS CLASS1 ! CAPITALI/S WILL NOT BE ABLE TO CONSUME ! 5TIRE SURPLUS PRODUCT 9 P]SON4 ,FIR/1 BECAUSE P>T ( IT IS NE$$ TO 5L>GE PRODUCTION1 = TE*NICAL IMPROVEM5TS :I*1 TO ! 9DIVIDUAL 5TREPR5EUR1 WILL BE A NECESS>Y CONDITION ( EXI/5CE 9 A COMPETITIVE SOCIETY4 ,SECONDLY1 BECAUSE AN EXP&+ CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IMPLIES AN EXPANSION 9 ?OSE BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY :I* PRODUCE MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7E4G4 ! M9+ 9DU/RY1 ! MA*9E 9DU/RY & SO =?7 & :OSE PRODUCTS FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ TAKE A USE-=M ?AT IS 9CAPABLE ( P]SONAL CONSUMPTION & CAN ONLY FUNCTION AS CAPITAL4 ,?IRDLY & LA/LY1 ! HI<] LABOR PRODUCTIVITY & CAPITAL SAV+S ?AT CAN BE A*IEV$ BY MASS PRODUCTION ( *EAP COMMODITIES 9CREAS+LY IMPEL SOCIETY T[>DS MASS PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES :I* CANNOT ALL BE CONSUM$ BY A M]E H&FUL ( CAPITALI/S4 ,AL?\< ONE CAPITALI/ CAN REALIZE HIS SURPLUS VALUE 9 ! SURPLUS PRODUCT ( ANO!R CAPITALI/ & VICE V]SA1 ?IS IS ONLY TRUE = PRODUCTS ( A C]TA9 BRAN*1 = CONSUM] GOODS4 ,H[EV]1 ! 9C5TIVE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS NOT ! SATISFACTION ( P]SONAL WANTS1 & ?IS IS FUR!R %[N BY ! PROGRESSIVE DECL9E 9 ! PRODUCTION ( CONSUM] AS COMP>$ TO ?AT ( PRODUC] GOODS4 ',?US WE SEE ?AT ! AGGREGATE PRODUCT ( A CAPITALI/ NATION MU/ GREATLY EXCE$ ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! :OLE 9DU/RIAL POPULATION EMPLOY$1 9 ! SAME WAY AS EA* 9DIVIDUAL FACTORY PRODUCES VA/LY 9 EXCESS ( ! REQUIREM5TS ( BO? ITS WORK]S & ! 5TREPR5EUR1 & ?IS IS 5TIRELY DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! NATION IS A CAPITALI/ NATION1 BECAUSE ! DI/RIBUTION ( RES\RCES )9 ! SOCIETY DOES NOT AIM TO SATISFY ! REAL WANTS ( ! POPULATION BUT ONLY ! EFFECTIVE DEM&4 ,JU/ AS AN 9DIVIDUAL FACTORY-[N] C\LD NOT MA9TA9 HIMSELF AS A CAPITALI/ EV5 = A DAY1 IF HIS M>KET W]E CONF9$ TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( HIS WORK]S & HIS [N1 SO ! HOME M>KET ( A DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ NATION MU/ ALSO BE 9SUFFICI5T4' ,AT A C]TA9 LEVEL1 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T ?US HAS ! T5D5CY TO IMP$E ITS [N PROGRESS4 ,!SE OB/ACLES >E ULTIMATELY DUE TO ! FACT ?AT PROGRESSIVE LABOR PRODUCTIVITY1 9VOLV+ ! SEV]ANCE ( ! IMM$IATE PRODUC] FROM ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 DOES NOT B5EFIT SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 BUT ONLY ! 9 5TREPR5EUR2 & ! MASS ( LABOR P[] & M5 H\RS :I* HAS BE5 'SET FREE' BY ?IS PROCESS BECOMES R$UNDANT & ?US IS NOT ONLY LO/ TO SOCIETY BUT WILL BECOME A BURD5 TO IT44 ,! REAL WANTS ( ! MASSES CAN ONLY BE SATISFI$ MORE FULLY 9 SO F> AS !RE CAN BE AN ASC5DANCY ( A 'POPULI/' MODE ( PRODUCTION BAS$ UPON ! UNION BETWE5 ! PRODUC] & HIS MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS ! AIM ( CAPITALISM1 H[EV]1 TO GA9 POSSESSION ( JU/ !SE SPH]ES ( PRODUCTION1 & TO DE/ROY 9 ! PROCESS ! MA9 FACTOR :I* MAKES = ITS [N PROSP]ITY4 ,! P]IODICAL FAM9ES 9 ,9DIA1 = 9/ANCE1 RECURR+ AT 9T]VALS ( T5 OR ELEV5 YE>S1 W]E ?US AMONG ! CAUSES ( P]IODICAL 9DU/RIAL CRISES 9 ,5GL&4 ,ANY NATION ?AT SETS \T ON CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T WILL SOON] OR LAT] COME UP AGA9/ !SE CONTRADICTIONS 9H]5T 9 ?IS MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,& ! LAT] A NATION EMB>KS ON ! CAPITALI/ V5TURE1 ! MORE /RONGLY WILL !SE CONTRADICTIONS MAKE !MSELVES FELT1 S9CE1 ONCE ! HOME M>KET HAS BE5 SATURAT$1 NO SUB/ITUTE CAN BE F\ND1 ! \TSIDE M>KET HAV+ ALREADY BE5 CONQU]$ BY ! OLD] COMPET+ C\NTRIES4 ,! UP%OT ( IT ALL IS ?AT ! LIMITS ( CAPITALISM >E SET BY ! 9CREAS+ POV]TY BORN ( ITS [N DEVELOPM5T1 BY ! 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( R$UNDANT WORK]S DEFICI5T 9 ALL PUR*AS+ P[]4 ,9CREAS+ LABOR PRODUCTIVITY :I* CAN RAPIDLY SATISFY EV]Y EFFECTIVE DEM& ( SOCIETY CORRESPONDS TO ! 9CREAS+ 9CAPACITY1 ( EV] BROAD] MASSES ( ! POPULATION1 TO SATISFY !IR MO/ VITAL NE$S2 ON ! ONE H&1 A GLUT ( GOODS ?AT CANNOT BE SOLD - & ON ! O!R1 L>GE MASSES :O LACK ! B>E NECESSITIES4 ,!SE >E ,NIKOLAYON'S G5]AL VIEWS47#a7 ,HE KN[S HIS ,M>X1 WE SEE1 & HAS TURN$ ! TWO FIR/ VOLUMES ( ,CAPITAL TO EXCELL5T USE4 ,& /ILL1 ! :OLE TR5D ( HIS >GUM5T IS G5U9ELY ,SISMONDIAN4 ,IT IS CAPITALISM ITSELF :I* BR+S AB\T A %R9K+ HOME M>KET S9CE IT IMPOV]I%ES ! MASSES2 EV]Y CALAMITY ( MOD]N SOCIETY IS DUE TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! 'POPULI/' MODE ( PRODUCTION1 ?AT IS TO SAY ! DE/RUCTION ( SMALL-SCALE 5T]PRISE4 ,?AT IS HIS MA9 !ME4 ,MORE OP5LY EV5 ?AN ,SISMONDI1 ,NIKOLAYON SETS ! T5OR ( HIS CRITIQUE BY AN APO!OSIS ( SMALL-SCALE 5T]PRISE1 ?IS SOLE APPROA* TO GRACE47#b7 ,! AGGREGATE CAPITALI/ PRODUCT CANNOT1 9 ! 5D1 BE REALIZ$ )9 ! SOCIETY1 ?IS CAN ONLY BE DONE ) REC\RSE TO \TSIDE M>KETS4 ,NIKOLAYON H]E COMES TO ! SAME CONCLUSION AS ,VORONTSOV1 9 SPITE ( A QUITE DIFF]5T !ORETICAL PO9T ( DEP>TURE4 ,APPLI$ TO ,RUSSIA1 IT IS ! ECONOMIC SCI5TIFIC GR\ND = A SKEPTICAL ATTITUDE T[>DS CAPITALISM4 ,CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 ,RUSSIA HAS BE5 )\T ACCESS TO =EIGN M>KETS FROM ! FIR/1 IT C\LD ONLY %[ ITS WOR/ ASPECTS - IT HAS IMPOV]I%$ ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE1 IT WAS A 'FATAL MI/AKE' TO PROMOTE CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ON ?IS PO9T1 ,NIKOLAYON FULM9ATES LIKE A PROPHET ( ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T3 ',9/EAD ( KEEP+ TO ! TRADITION ( C5TURIES1 9/EAD ( DEVELOP+ \R OLD 9H]IT$ PR9CIPLE ( A CLOSE CONNECTION BETWE5 ! IMM$IATE PRODUC] & HIS MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 9/EAD ( USEFULLY APPLY+ ! SCI5TIFIC A*IEVEM5TS ( ,W4 ,EUROPE TO !IR =MS ( PRODUCTION BAS$ ON ! PEASANTS' [N]%IP ( !IR MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 9/EAD ( 9CREAS+ !FT PRODUCTIVITY BY CONC5TRAT+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 !IR H&S1 9/EAD ( B5EFIT+1 NOT BY ! =MS ( PRODUCTION 9 ,W4 ,EUROPE1 BUT BY ITS ORGANIZATION1 ITS P[]FUL COOP]ATION1 ITS DIVISION ( LABOR1 ITS MA*9]Y1 ETC41 ETC4 - 9/EAD ( DEVELOP+ ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( A L&[N+ PEASANTRY & APPLY+ IT TO ! CULTIVATION ( ! L& BY ! PEASANTS1 9/EAD ( MAK+ SCI5CE & ITS APPLICATION WIDELY ACCESSIBLE TO ! PEASANTS - 9/EAD ( ALL ?IS1 WE HAVE TAK5 ! OPPOSITE TURN+4 ,WE HAVE FAIL$ TO PREV5T ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ =MS ( PRODUCTION1 AL?\< !Y >E BAS$ ON ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! PEASANTS2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 WE HAVE PROMOTE ) ALL \R MIY1 A COMPLETE RE=M ( ECONOMIC POLICY IS JU/ AS URG5TLY NE$$ = ,RUSSIA 9 VIEW ( ! ?REAT5+ PROLET>ISATION & COLLAPSE1 AS ,ALEX&]'S RE=MS AFT] ! ,CRIMEAN W> W]E NECESS>Y 9 !IR TIME4 ,N[ A SOCIAL RE=M AS ADVOCAT$ BY ,NIKOLAYON IS COMPLETELY ,UTOPIAN4 ,HIS ATTITUDE EXHIBITS AN EV5 MORE BLATANT PETTY-B\RGEOIS & REACTION>Y BIAS ?AN ,SISMONDI'S EV] DID1 CONSID]+ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN 'POPULI/' WRITES AFT] A LAPSE ( SEV5TY YE>S4 ,= 9 HIS OP9ION1 ! OLD OB%*9A1 ! RURAL COMMUNITY F\ND$ ON ! COMMUNAL [N]%IP ( ! SOIL1 IS ! RAFT TO DELIV] ,RUSSIA FROM ! FLOOD ( CAPITALISM4 ,ON IT1 ! DISCOV]IES ( MOD]N BIG 9DU/RY & SCI5TIFIC TE*NIQUE >E TO BE GRAFT$ BY MEASURES :I* REMA9 HIS [N SECRET - SO ?AT IT CAN S]VE AS ! BASIS ( A 'SOCIALIZ$' HI<] =M ( PRODUCTION4 ,RUSSIA CAN *OOSE NO O!R ALT]NATIVE3 EI!R %E TURNS H] BACK UPON CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 OR %E MU/ RESIGN H]SELF TO DEA? & DECAY47#c7 ,AFT] A CRU%+ CRITICISM ( CAPITALISM ,NIKOLAYON ?US 5DS UP ) ! SAME OLD 'POPULI/' PANACEA :I* HAD AS E>LY AS ! FIFTIES1 ?\< AT ?AT TIME ) GREAT] JU/IFICATION1 BE5 HAIL$ AS ! 'PECULI>LY ,RUSSIAN' GU>ANTEE ( A HI<] SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T1 AL?\< ITS REACTION>Y *>ACT] AS A LIFELESS RELIC ( ANCI5T 9/ITUTIONS HAD BE5 EXPOS$ 9 ,5GELS' ,FLU*TL+SLIT]ATUR 9 ,VOLKS/AAT 7#a#h#g#e74 ,5GELS WROTE AT ! TIME3 ',A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA ON B\RGEOIS L9ES W\LD GRADUALLY DE/ROY COMMUNAL PROP]TY !RE TOO1 QUITE AP>T FROM ANY 9T]F]5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T 0) ! KN\T & ) BAYONETS0 7AS ! REVOLUTION>Y POPULI/S IMAG9$74 ,UND] ! PRESSURE ( TAXES & USURY1 COMMUNAL L&[N]%IP IS NO LONG] A PRIVILEGE1 IT BECOMES AN IRKSOME *A94 ,! PEASANTS FREQU5TLY RUN AWAY FROM IT1 EI!R ) OR )\T !IR FAMILIES1 TO SEEK !IR LIV+ AS IT9]ANT LABOR]S1 & LEAVE ! L& BEH9D4 ,WE SEE ?AT COMMUNAL [N]%IP 9 ,RUSSIA HAS LONG S9CE PASS$ ITS FL[] & !RE IS EV]Y 9DICATION ?AT ITS DECAY IS APPROA*+4' ,) !SE WORDS1 ,5GELS HITS RIGET ( ! OB%*9A PROBLEM - EIS BE=E ! PUBLICATION ( ,NIKOLAYON'S PR9CIPAL WORK4 ,IF ,NIKOLAYON SUBSEQU5TLY ) R5EW$ C\RAGE AGA9 CONJUR$ TIP ! TIFICIALLY TO KEEP ! MA*9]Y ( ! RURAL COMMUNITY3 GO+ WAS COMPELL$ TO GIVE UP ?IS ?ANKLESS TASK ON ITS [N ACCORD4 ,! AGR>IAN PROBLEM SOON MADE IT CLE> H[ F> ! OLD 'POPULI/' DELUSION WAS LAGG+ BEH9D ! ACTUAL C\RSE ( ECONOMIC EV5TS1 & CONV]SELY1 H[ P[]FULLY CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 M\RN$ & CURS$ AS /ILL-BORN1 C\LD DEMON/RATE ) LIY ,UTOPIANISM - BO? 9 ! ,FRANCE ( #ahai & 9 ! ,RUSSIA ( #a#h#i#c47#d7 @> ,FOOTNOTE 7#a7 ,CF4 ,\TL9ES ( ,\R ,SOCIAL ,ECONOMY1 9 P>TICUL> PP4#b#b-#e1 #c#c#h-#d#a4 7#b7 ,VLADIMIR ,ILYI* .<,L59.> HAS GIV5 DETAIL$ PRO( ( ! /RIK+ SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 ! POSITION ( ! ,RUSSIAN 'POPULI/S' & ! VIEWS ( ,SISMONDI 9 HIS ESSAY ,ON ! ,*>ACT]I/ICS ( ,ECONOMIC ,ROMANTICISM 7#a#h#i#g74 7#c7,\TL9ES ( ,\R ,SOCIAL ,ECONOMY1 P4#c#b#b4 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS APPRAISES ! ,RUSSIAN SITUATION DIFF]5TLY4 ,HE REPEAT$LY TRIES TO CONV9CE ,NIKOLAYON ?AT ,RUSSIA CANNOT AVOID A HI< 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 & ?AT H] SUFF]+S >E NO?+ BUT ! TYPICAL CAPITALI/ CONTRADICTIONS4 ,?US HE WRITES ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#b1 #a#h#i#b3 ',I !RE=E HOLD ?AT AT PRES5T 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION NECESS>ILY IMPLIES BIG 9DU/RY1 MAK+ USE ( /EAM P[]1 ELECTRICITY1 ME*ANICAL LOOMS & FRAMES1 & LA/LY ! MANUFACTURE ( ! MA*9ES !MSELVES BY ME*ANICAL MEANS4 ,FROM ! MOM5T ?AT RAILWAYS >E 9TRODUC$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 REC\RSE TO ALL !SE EXTREMELY MOD]N MEANS ( PRODUCTION BECOMES 9EVITABLE4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT Y\ %\LD BE ABLE TO M5D & REPAIR Y\R 5G9ES1 COA*ES1 RAILWAYS & ! LIKE1 BUT TO DO ?IS *EAPLY1 Y\ MU/ ALSO BE 9 A POSITION TO MAKE AT HOME ! ?+S NE$+ REPAIR4 ,AS SOON AS ! TE*NIQUE ( W> HAS BECOME A BRAN* ( 9DU/RY 7>MOR PLAT$ CRUIS]S1 MOD]N >TILL]Y1 MA*9E GUNS1 /EEL BULLETS1 SMOKELESS GUN P[D]1 ETC47 BIG 9DU/RY ?AT IS 9DISP5SABLE = ! PRODUCTION ( SU* ITEMS HAS BECOME A POLITICAL NECESSITY = Y\ AS WELL4 ,ALL !SE ITEMS CANNOT BE MADE )\T A HIT CANNOT DEVELOP UNLESS !RE IS A CORRESPOND+ DEVELOPM5T ( ALL O!R BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION1 TEXTILES 9 P>TICUL>' 7,M>X-,5GELS TO ,NIKOLAYON1 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG #a#i#h1 P4#g#e74 ,& FUR!R 9 ! SAME LETT]3 ',SO LONG AS ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY DEP5DS ON ! HOME M>KET ALONE1 IT CAN ONLY SATISFY ! 9T]NAL DEM&4 ,! LATT]1 H[EV]1 CAN GR[ BUT SL[LY1 & IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT UND] PRES5T CONDITIONS ( LIFE 9 ,RUSSIA IT IS EV5 B\ND TO DECREASE1 S9CE IT IS ONE ( ! UNAVOIDABLE CONSEQU5CES ( HI< 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT IT DE/ROYS ITS [N HOME M>KET BY ! SAME PROCESS :I* S]V$ TO CREATE IT3 BY DE/ROY+ ! BASES ( ! PEASANTS' DOME/IC 9DU/RY4 ,YET PEASANTS CANNOT LIVE )\T SU* A DOME/IC 9DU/RY4 ,!Y >E RU9$ AS PEASANTS1 !IR PUR*AS+ P[] IS R$UC$ TO A M9IMUM1 & UNLESS !Y GR[ NEW ROOTS 9 NEW CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 UNLESS !Y BECOME PROLET>IANS1 !Y WILL ONLY REPRES5T A V]Y SMALL M>KET = ! NEWLY >IS+ PLANTS & FACTORIES4 ',CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS A PHASE ( ECONOMIC TRANSITION1 FULL ( 9H]5T CONTRADICTIONS :I* ONLY DEVELOP & BECOME VISIBLE TO ! EXT5T ?AT CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION DEVELOPS4 ,! T5D5CY ( SIMULTANE\SLY CREAT+ & DE/ROY+ A M>KET IS JU/ ONE ( !SE CONTRADICTIONS4 ,ANO!R IS ! HOPELESS SITUATION ?AT WILL 5SUE1 ALL ! SOON] 9 A C\NTRY LIKE ,RUSSIA :I* LACKS EXT]NAL M>KETS ?AN 9 C\NTRIES MORE OR LESS FIT TO COMPETE 9 ! OP5 WORLD M>KET4 ,!SE LATT] CAN F9D SOME MEANS ( RELIEF 9 ?IS SEEM+LY HOPELESS SITUATION BY H]OIC MEASURES ( COMM]CIAL POLICY1 ?AT IS TO SAY BY =CIBLY OP5+ UP NEW M>KETS4 ,*9A IS ! MO/ REC5T M>KET TO BE OP5$ UP = ,5GLI% COMM]CE1 & IT PROV$ ADEQUATE = A TEMPOR>Y REVIVAL ( PROSP]ITY4 ,?AT IS :Y ,5GLI% CAPITAL IS SO 9SI/5T ON RAILROAD BUILD+ 9 ,*9A4 ,YET RAILWAYS 9 ,*9A MEAN ! DE/RUCTION ( ! 5TIRE F\NDATION ( ,*9A'S SMALL RURAL 5T]PRISES & H] DOME/IC 9DU/RY4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 !RE IS NOT EV5 A NATIVE BIG 9DU/RY DEVELOP$ TO COMP5SATE = ?IS EVIL TO SOME EXT5T1 & HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS WILL CONSEQU5TLY F9D IT IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE A LIV+ AT ALL4 ,! RESULT WILL BE MASS EMIGRATION1 SU* AS ! WORLD HAS NEV] YET SE51 & ,AM]ICA1 ,ASIA >ID ,EUROPE WILL BE FLOOD$ ) ! DETE/$ ,*9ESE4 ,?IS NEW COMPETITOR ON ! LABOR M>KET WILL COMPETE ) ,AM]ICAN1 ,AU/RALIAN & ,EUROPEAN LABOR AT ! LEVEL ( :AT ! ,*9ESE CONSID] A SATISFACTORY /&>D ( LIV+1 :I* IS WELL KN[N TO BE ! L[E/ 9 ! :OLE WORLD4 ,WELL !N1 IF ! :OLE SY/EM ( PRODUCTION 9 ,EUROPE HAS NOT BE5 REVOLUTIONIZ$ BY !N1 ?AT WILL BE ! TIME TO />T ?IS REVOLUTION' 7IBID41 P4#g#i74 ,5GELS1 ?\< HE FOLL[$ ,RUSSIAN DEVELOPM5TS ) ATT5TION & KE5 9T]E/1 P]SI/5TLY REFUS$ TO TAKE AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! ,RUSSIAN DISPUTE4 ,9 HIS LETT] ( ,NOVEMB] #b#d1 #a#h#i#d1 I4E4 %ORTLY BE=E HIS DEA?1 HE EXPRESS$ HIMSELF AS FOLL[S3 ',MY ,RUSSIAN FRI5DS ALMO/ DAILY & WEEKLY BOMB>D ME ) REQUE/S TO COME =W>D ) MY OBJECTIONS TO ,RUSSIAN BOOKS & REVIEWS :I* NOT ONLY MIS9T]PRET BUT EV5 MISQUOTE ! SAY+S ( \R AU?OR 7,M>X74 ,MY FRI5DS ASSURE ME ?AT MY 9T]V5TION W\LD SUFFICE TO PUT MATT]S RIIABLY & FIRMLY REFUSE ALL SU* PROPOSALS BECAUSE ,I CANNOT AF=D TO BECOME 9VOLV$ ) A DISPUTE HELD 9 A =EIGN C\NTRY1 9 A TONGUE :I* ,I1 AT LEA/1 CANNOT READ AS EASILY & FREELY ! MORE FAMILI> ,W4 ,EUROPEAN LANGUAGES1 & 9 A LIT]ATURE :I* IS AT BE/ ACCESSIBLE TO ME ONLY 9 =TUIT\S GLIMPSES ( SOME FLAGM5TS1 & :I* ,I CANNOT PURSUE ANY?+ LIKE SY/EMATICALLY 5\< 9 ALL ITS /AGES & DETAILS )\T NEGLECT+ MY REAL & S]I\S WORK4 ,!RE >E PEOPLE EV]Y:]E :O1 ONCE !Y HAVE TAK5 UP A C]TA9 /&1 >E NOT A%AM$ TO HAVE REC\RSE TO MIS9T]PRET+ ! ?\TICUL>1 TO ! LA/ REMA9$ LOYAL TO !IR VIEWS1 9 SPITE ( ALL ?AT HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA - A FACT ?AT DOES MORE CR$IT TO !IR *>ACT] ?AN TO !IR 9TELLIG5CE4 ,REF]R+ TO ! #ai & #aib CRISES1 ,VORONTSOV WROTE 9 #a#i#b3 ',! DOCTR9AIRE DOGMA ( ! ,NEO-,M>XI/S RAPIDLY LOSES ITS P[] OV] PEOPLE'S M9DS4 ,?AT ! NEWE/ SUCCESSES ( ! 9DIVIDUALI/S >E EPHEM]AL HAS OBVI\SLY DAWN$ EV5 ON !IR (FICIAL ADVOCATES 444 ,9 ! FIR/ DECADE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 WE COME BACK TO ! SAME VIEWS AB\T ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T 9 ,RUSSIA ?AT HAD BE5 ! LEGACY ( ! #a#h#gS' 7,CF4 ! REVIEW ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMICS1 ,OCTOB] #a#i#b1 QUOT$ BY ,A4 ,F9N ,Y5OTAYEVSKI 9 ,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,ECONOMY ( ,RUSSIA #a#h#i-#a#i#a1 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 #a#i#a1 P4#b47 ,EV5 TO-DAY1 !N1 ?IS LA/ ( ! 'POPULI/' ,MOHICANS D$UCES ! 'EPHEM]AL *>ACT]'1 NOT ( HIS [N !ORY1 BUT ( ECONOMIC REALITY4 ,:AT ( ! SAY+ ( ,B>R]E3 ',IL N'Y A QUE LES MORTS QUI NE REVI5N5T PAS'4 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #b1 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/