,SECTION #c1 ,*APT] #cb ,! ,HI/ORICAL ,CONDITIONS ( ,ACCUMULATION3 ,MILIT>ISM AS A ,PROV9CE ( ,ACCUMULATION ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG ,TEXT 3 ,M,I,L,I,T,>,I,S,M FULFILLS A QUITE DEF9ITE FUNCTION 9 ! HI/ORY ( CAPITAL1 ACCOMPANY+ AS IT DOES EV]Y HI/ORICAL PHASE ( ACCUMULATION4 ,IT PLAYS A DECISIVE P>T 9 ! FIR/ /AGES ( ,EUROPEAN CAPITALISM1 9 ! P]IOD ( ! SO-CALL$ 'PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION'1 AS A MEANS ( CONQU]+ ! ,NEW ,WORLD & ! SPICE-PRODUC+ C\NTRIES ( ,9DIA4 ,LAT]1 IT IS EMPLOY$ TO SUBJECT ! MOD]N COLONIES1 TO DE/ROY ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS ( PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES SO ?AT !IR MEANS ( PRODUCTION MAY BE APPROPRIAT$1 =CIBLY TO 9TRODUCE COMMODITY TRADE 9 C\NTRIES :]E ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE HAD BE5 UNFAVORABLE TO IT1 & TO TURN ! NATIVES 9TO A PROLET>IAT BY COMPELL+ !M TO WORK = WAGES 9 ! COLONIES4 ,IT IS RESPONSIBLE = ! CREATION & EXPANSION ( SPH]ES ( 9T]E/ = ,EUROPEAN CAPITAL 9 NON-,EUROPEAN REGIONS1 = EXTORT+ RAILWAY CONCESSIONS 9 BACKW>D C\NTRIES1 & = 5=C+ ! CLAIMS ( ,EUROPEAN CAPITAL AS 9T]NATIONAL L5D]4 ,F9ALLY1 MILIT>ISM IS A WEAPON 9 ! COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE BETWE5 CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES = >EAS ( NON-CAPITALI/ CIVILIZATION4 ,9 ADDITION1 MILIT>ISM HAS YET ANO!R IMPORTANT FUNCTION4 ,FROM ! PURELY ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW1 IT IS A PREEM95T MEANS = ! REALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE2 IT IS 9 ITSELF A PROV9CE ( ACCUMULATION4 ,9 EXAM9+ ! QUE/ION :O %\LD C\NT AS A BUY] = ! MASS ( PRODUCTS CONTA9+ ! CAPITALIZ$ SURPLUS VALUE1 WE HAVE AGA9 & AGA9 REFUS$ TO CONSID] ! /ATE & ITS ORGANS AS CONSUM]S4 ,S9CE !IR 9COME IS D]IVATIVE1 !Y W]E ALL TAK5 TO BELONG TO ! SPECIAL CATEGORY ( ?OSE :O LIVE ON ! SURPLUS VALUE 7OR P>TLY ON ! WAGE ( LABOR71 TOGE!R ) ! LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS & ! V>I\S P>ASITES ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY 7'K+1 PR(ESSOR1 PRO/ITUTE1 M]C5>Y'74 ,BUT ?IS 9T]PRETATION WILL ONLY DO ON TWO ASSUMPTIONS3 FIR/1 IF WE TAKE IT1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ,M>X'S DIAGRAM1 ?AT ! /ATE HAS NO O!R S\RCES ( TAXATION ?AN CAPITALI/ SURPLUS VALUE & WAGES17#a7 & SECONDLY1 IF WE REG>D ! /ATE & ITS ORGANS AS CONSUM]S PURE & SIMPLE4 ,IF ! ISSUE TURNS ON ! P]SONAL CONSUMPTION ( ! /ATE ORGANS 7AS ALSO ( ! 'M]C5>Y'7 ! PO9T IS ?AT CONSUMPTION IS P>TLY TRANSF]R$ FROM ! WORK+ CLASS TO ! HANG]S-ON ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 9 SO F> AS ! WORK]S FOOT ! BILL4 ,LET US ASSUME = A MOM5T ?AT ! 9DIRECT TAXES EXTORT$ FROM ! WORK]S1 :I* MEAN A CURTAILM5T ( !IR CONSUMPTION1 >E US$ 5TIRELY TO PAY ! SAL>IES ( ! /ATE (FICIALS & TO PROVISION ! REGUL> >MY4 ,!RE WILL !N BE NO *ANGE 9 ! REPRODUCTION ( SOCIAL CAPITAL AS A :OLE4 ,BO? ,DEP>TM5TS ,I,I & ,I REMA9 CON/ANT BECAUSE SOCIETY AS A :OLE /ILL DEM&S ! SAME K9D ( PRODUCTS & 9 ! SAME QUANTITIES4 ,ONLY V AS ! COMMODITY ( 'LABOR P[]' HAS *ANG$ 9 VALUE 9 RELATION TO ! PRODUCTS ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I1 I4E4 9 RELATION TO ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,?IS V1 ! SAME AM\NT ( MONEY REPRES5T+ LABOR P[]1 IS N[ EX*ANG$ = A SMALL] AM\NT ( MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,:AT HAPP5S TO ! PRODUCTS ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I :I* >E !N LEFT OV]8 ,9/EAD ( ! WORK]S1 ! /ATE (FICIALS & ! REGUL> >MY N[ RECEIVE !M4 ,! ORGANS ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE TAKE OV] ! WORK]S' CONSUMPTION ON ! SAME SCALE EXACTLY4 ,AL?\< ! CONDITIONS ( REPRODUCTION HAVE REMA9$ /ABLE1 !RE HAS BE5 A R$I/RIBUTION ( ! TOTAL PRODUCT4 ,P>T ( ! PRODUCTS ( ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I1 ORIG9ALLY 9T5D$ 5TIRELY = ! CONSUMPTION ( ! WORK]S AS EQUIVAL5T = V1 IS N[ ALLOCAT$ TO ! HANG]S-ON ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS = CONSUMPTION4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( SOCIAL REPRODUCTION1 IT IS AS IF ! RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE HAD 9 ! FIR/ PLACE BE5 L>G] BY A C]TA9 AM\NT :I* IS ADD$ ON TO ! CONSUMPTION ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS & ITS HANG]S-ON4 ,SO F> ! CRUDE EXPLOITATION1 BY ! ME*ANISM ( 9DIRECT TAXATION1 ( ! WORK+ CLASS = ! SUPPORT ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE'S (FICIALS AM\NTS M]ELY TO AN 9CREASE ( ! SURPLUS VALUE1 ( ?AT P>T ( IT1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 :I* IS CONSUM$4 ,! DIFF]5CE IS ?AT ?IS FUR!R SPLITT+ (F ( SURPLUS VALUE FROM V>IABLE CAPITAL ONLY COMES LAT]1 AFT] ! EX*ANGE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR HAS BE5 ACCOMPLI%$4 ,BUT ! CONSUMPTION BY ! ORGANS ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE HAS NO BE>+ ON ! REALIZATION ( CAPITALIZ$ SURPLUS VALUE1 BECAUSE ! ADDITIONAL SURPLUS VALUE = ?IS CONSUMPTION - EV5 ?\< IT COMES AB\T AT ! WORK]S' EXP5SE - IS CREAT$ AFT]W>DS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF ! WORK]S DID NOT PAY = ! GREAT] P>T ( ! /ATE (FICIALS' UPKEEP ! CAPITALI/S !MSELVES W\LD HAVE TO BE> ! 5TIRE CO/ ( IT4 ,A CORRESPOND+ PORTION ( !IR SURPLUS VALUE W\LD HAVE TO BE ASSIGN$ DIRECTLY TO KEEP+ ! ORGANS ( !IR CLASS-RULE1 EI!R AT ! EXP5SE ( PRODUCTION :I* W\LD HAVE TO BE CURTAIL$ ACCORD+LY1 OR1 :I* IS MORE PROBABLE1 IT W\LD COME FROM ! SURPLUS VALUE 9T5D$ = !IR CONSUMPTION4 ,! CAPITALI/S W\LD HAVE TO CAPITALIZE ON A SMALL] SCALE BECAUSE ( HAV+ TO CONTRIBUTE MORE T[>DS ! IMM$IATE PRES]VATION ( !IR [N CLASS4 ,9 SO F> AS !Y %IFT ONTO ! WORK+ CLASS 7& ALSO ! REPRES5TATIVES ( SIMPLE COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 SU* AS PEASANTS & >TISANS7 ! PR9CIPAL *>GE ( !IR HANG]S-ON1 ! CAPITALI/S HAVE A L>G] PORTION ( SURPLUS VALUE AVAILABLE = CAPITALIZATION4 ,BUT AS YET NO OPPORTUNITIES = SU* CAPITALIZATION HAVE COME 9TO BE+1 NO NEW M>KET1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 = ! SURPLUS VALUE ?AT HAS BECOME AVAILABLE1 9 :I* IT C\LD PRODUCE1 & REALIZE NEW COMMODITIES4 ,BUT :5 ! MONIES CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! EX*EQU] BY TAXATION >E US$ = ! PRODUCTION ( >MAM5TS1 ! PICTURE IS *ANG$4 ,) 9DIRECT TAXATION & HI< PROTECTIVE T>IFFS ! BILL ( MILIT>ISM IS FOOT$ MA9LY BY ! WORK+ CLASS & ! PEASANTS4 ,! TWO K9DS ( TAXATION MU/ BE CONSID]$ SEP>ATELY4 ,FROM AN ECONOMIC PO9T ( VIEW1 IT AM\NTS TO ! FOLL[+1 AS F> AS ! WORK+ CLASS IS CONC]N$3 PROVID$ ?AT WAGES >E NOT RAIS$ TO MAKE UP = ! HI<] PRICE ( FOOD/UFFS - :I* IS AT PRES5T ! FATE ( ! GREATE/ P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 9CLUD+ EV5 ! M9ORITY ?AT IS ORGANIZ$ 9 TRADE UNIONS1 [+ TO ! PRESSURE ( C>TELS & EMPLOY]S' ORGANIZATIONS7#b7 - 9DIRECT TAXATION MEANS ?AT P>T ( ! PUR*AS+ P[] ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS TRANSF]R$ TO ! /ATE4 ,N[ AS BE=E ! V>IABLE CAPITAL1 AS A FIX$ AM\NT ( MONEY1 WILL PUT 9 MOTION AN APPROPRIATE QUANTITY ( LIV+ LABOR1 ?AT IS TO SAY IT S]VES TO EMPLOY ! APPROPRIATE QUANTITY ( CON/ANT CAPITAL 9 PRODUCTION & TO PRODUCE ! CORRESPOND+ AM\NT ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,AS SOON AS CAPITAL HAS COMPLET$ ?IS CYCLE1 IT IS DIVID$ BETWE5 ! WORK+ CLASS & ! /ATE3 ! WORK]S SURR5D] ! /ATE P>T ( ! MONEY !Y RECEIV$ AS WAGES4 ,CAPITAL HAS :OLLY APPROPRIAT$ ! =M] V>IABLE CAPITAL 9 ITS MAT]IAL =M1 AS LABOR P[]1 BUT ! WORK+ CLASS RETA9S ONLY P>T ( ! V>IABLE CAPITAL 9 ! =M ( MONEY1 ! /ATE CLAIM+ ! RE/4 ,& ?IS 9V>IABLY HAPP5S AFT] CAPITAL HAS RUN ITS CYCLE BETWE5 CAPITALI/ & WORK]2 IT TAKES PLACE1 AS IT W]E1 BEH9D ! BACK ( CAPITAL1 AT NO PO9T IMP++ DIRECT ON ! VITAL /AGES ( ! CIRCULATION ( CAPITAL & ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE1 SO ?AT IT IS NO IMM$IATE CONC]N ( ! LATT]4 ,BUT ALL ! SAME IT DOES AFFECT ! CONDITIONS = ! REPRODUCTION ( CAPITAL AS A :OLE4 ,! TRANSF] ( SOME ( ! PUR*AS+ P[] FROM ! WORK+ CLASS TO ! /ATE 5TAILS A PROPORTIONATE DECREASE 9 ! CONSUMPTION ( MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,= CAPITAL AS A :OLE1 IT MEANS PRODUC+ A SMALL] QUANTITY ( CONSUM] GOODS = ! WORK+ CLASS1 PROVID$ ?AT BO? V>IABLE CAPITAL 79 ! =M ( MONEY & AS LABOR P[]7 & ! MASS ( APPROPRIAT$ SURPLUS VALUE REMA9 CON/ANT1 SO ?AT ! WORK]S GET A SMALL] %>E ( ! AGGREGATE PRODUCT4 ,9 ! PROCESS ( REPRODUCTION ( ! 5TIRE CAPITAL1 !N1 MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE WILL BE PRODUC$ 9 AM\NTS SMALL] ?AN ! VALUE ( ! V>IABLE CAPITAL1 BECAUSE ( ! %IFT 9 ! RATIO BETWE5 ! VALUE ( ! V>IABLE CAPITAL & ! QUANTITY ( MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE 9 :I* IT IS REALIZ$1 ) ! MONEY WAGES ( LABOR REMA9+ CON/ANT1 ACCORD+ TO \R PREMISE1 OR AT ANY RATE NOT RIS+ SUFFICI5TLY TO (FSET ! 9CREASE 9 ! PRICE ( FOOD/UFFS4 ,?IS 9CREASE REPRES5TS ! LEVEL ( 9DIRECT TAXATION4 ,H[ WILL ! MAT]IAL RELATIONS ( REPRODUCTION BE ADJU/$8 ,:5 FEW] MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE >E NE$$ = ! R5EWAL ( LABOR P[]1 A CORRESPOND+ AM\NT ( CON/ANT CAPITAL & LIV+ LABOR BECOMES AVAILABLE :I* CAN N[ BE US$ = PRODUC+ O!R COMMODITIES 9 RESPONSE TO A NEW EFFECTIVE DEM& >IS+ )9 SOCIETY4 ,IT >ISES FROM ! SIDE ( ! /ATE :I* HAS APPROPRIAT$1 BY WAY ( TAX LEGISLATION1 ! P>T WANT+ ( ! WORK]S' PUR*AS+ P[]4 ,?IS TIME1 H[EV]1 ! /ATE DOES NOT DEM& MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE 7AFT] ALL ?AT HAS ALREADY BE5 SAID UND] ! HEAD+ ( '?IRD P]SONS'1 WE %ALL H]E IGNORE ! DEM& = MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = /ATE (FICIALS :I* IS ALSO SATISFI$ \T ( TAXES7 BUT IT REQUIRES A SPECIAL K9D ( PRODUCT1 NAMELY ! MILIT>I/ WEAPONS ( W> ON L& & AT SEA4 ,AGA9 WE TAKE ,M>X'S SECOND DIAGRAM ( ACCUMULATION AS ! BASIS = 9VE/IGAT+ ! 5SU+ *ANGES 9 SOCIAL REPRODUCTION3 ,I4 #e1C "4 #a1V "4 #a1S "7 #g1 MEANS ( PRODUCTION ,I,I4 #a1#d#cC "4 #b#h#eV "4 #b#h#eS "7 #b1 MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ,N[ LET US SUPPOSE ?AT1 [+ TO 9DIRECT TAXATION & ! CONSEQU5T 9CREASE 9 ! PRICE ( MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE R$UCES CONSUMPTION BY1 SAY1 A #a VALUE UNITS ( ! REAL WAGES4 ,AS BE=E1 ! WORK]S RECEIVE #a1V "4 #b#h#eV "7 #a1#b#h#eV 9 MONEY1 BUT = ?IS MONEY !Y ONLY GET MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE TO ! VALUE ( #a#a#h#e4 ,! #a UNITS :I* REPRES5T ! TAX 9CREASE 9 ! PRICE ( FOOD/UFFS GO TO ! /ATE :I* RECEIVES 9 ADDITION MILIT>Y TAXES FROM ! PEASANTS1 ETC41 TO ! VALUE ( #ae UNITS1 BR++ ! TOTAL UP TO #b#e4 ,?IS TOTAL CON/ITUTES A NEW DEM& - ! DEM& = >MAM5TS4 ,AT PRES5T1 H[EV]1 WE >E ONLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! #a UNITS TAK5 FROM ! WORK]S' WAGES4 ,?IS DEM& = >MAM5TS TO ! VALUE ( #a MU/ BE SATISFI$ BY ! CREATION ( AN APPROPRIATE BRAN* ( PRODUCTION :I* REQUIRES A CON/ANT CAPITAL ( #g#a4#e & A V>IABLE CAPITAL ( #a#d4#b#e1 ASSUM+ ! AV]AGE ORGANIC COMPOSITION \TL9$ 9 ,M>X'S DIAGRAM4 #g#a4#eC "4 #a#d4#b#eV "4 #a#d4#b#eS "7 #a WEAPONS ( W> ,?IS NEW BRAN* ( PRODUCTION FUR!R REQUIRES ?AT #g#a4#e MEANS ( PRODUCTION BE PRODUC$ & AB\T #ac MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 BECAUSE1 ( C\RSE1 ! REAL WAGES ( ! WORK]S >E ALSO LESS BY AB\T ONE-?IRTE5?4 ,Y\ C\LD C\NT] BY SAY+ ?AT ! PR(IT ACCRU+ TO CAPITAL FROM ?IS NEW EXPANSION ( DEM& IS M]ELY ON PAP]1 BECAUSE ! CUT 9 ! ACTUAL CONSUMPTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS WILL 9EVITABLY RESULT 9 A CORRESPOND+ CURTAILM5T ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE PRODUC$4 ,IT WILL TAKE ! FOLL[+ =M = ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I3 #g#a4#eC "4 #a#d4#b#eV "4 #a#d4#b#eS "7 #a ,9 ADDITION1 ,DEP>TM5T ,I WILL ALSO HAVE TO CONTRACT ACCORD+LY1 SO ?AT1 [+ TO ! DECREAS+ CONSUMPTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! EQUATIONS = BO? DEP>TM5TS WILL BE3 ,I4 #d1#i#d#iC "4 #i#h#i4#g#eV "4 #i#h#i4#g#eS "7 #f1#i#b#h4#e ,I,I4 #a1#c#e#h4#eC "4 #b#g4#g#eV "4 #b#g4#g#eS "7 #a1#i ,IF1 BY ! M$IATION ( ! /ATE1 ! SAME #a UNITS N[ CALL =? >MAM5T PRODUCTION ( AN EQUAL VOLUME ) A CORRESPOND+ FILLIP TO ! PRODUCTION ( PRODUC] GOODS1 ?IS IS AT FIR/ SIMAM5TS IS N[ BE+ PRODUC$4 ,CAPITAL HAS WON ) ! LEFT H& ONLY :AT IT HAS LO/ ) ! RIGE NUMB] ( CAPITALI/S PRODUC+ MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE HAVE LO/ ! EFFECTIVE DEM& 9 FAVOR ( A SMALL GR\P ( BIG >MAM5T MANUFACTUR]S4 ,BUT ?IS PICTURE IS ONLY VALID = 9DIVIDUAL CAPITAL4 ,H]E IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE 9DE$ :E!R PRODUCTION 5GAGES 9 ONE SPH]E ( ACTIVITY OR ANO!R4 ,AS F> AS ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ IS CONC]N$1 !RE >E NO DEP>TM5TS ( TOTAL PRODUCTION SU* AS ! DIAGRAM DI/+UI%ES4 ,!RE >E ONLY COMMODITIES & BUY]S1 & IT IS COMPLETELY IMMAT]IAL TO HIM :E!R HE PRODUCES 9/RUM5TS ( LIFE OR 9/RUM5TS ( DEA?1 CORN$ BEEF OR >MOR PLAT+4 ,OPPON5TS ( MILIT>ISM FREQU5TLY APPEAL TO ?IS PO9T ( VIEW TO %[ ?AT MILIT>Y SUPPLIES AS AN ECONOMIC 9VE/M5T = CAPITAL M]ELY PUT PR(IT TAK5 FROM ONE CAPITALI/ 9TO ! POCKET ( ANO!R47#c7 ,ON ! O!R H&1 CAPITAL & ITS ADVOCATES TRY TO OV]P]SUADE ! WORK+ CLASS TO ?IS PO9T ( VIEW BY TALK+ !M 9TO ! BELIEF ?AT 9DIRECT TAXES & ! DEM& ( ! /ATE W\LD ONLY BR+ AB\T A *ANGE 9 ! MAT]IAL =M ( REPRODUCTION2 9/EAD ( O!R COMMODITIES CRUIS]S & GUNS W\LD BE PRODUC$ :I* W\LD GIVE ! WORK]S AS GOOD A LIV+1 IF NOT A BETT] ONE4 ,ONE GLANCE AT ! DIAGRAM %[S H[ LITTLE TRU? !RE IS 9 ?IS >GUM5T AS F> AS ! WORK]S >E CONC]N$4 ,TO MAKE COMP>ISON EASI]1 WE WILL SUPPOSE ! >MAM5T FACTORIES TO EMPLOY JU/ AS MANY WORK]S AS W]E EMPLOY$ BE=E 9 ! PRODUCTION ( MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = ! WORK+ CLASS4 #a1#b#h#e UNITS WILL !N BE PAID \T A WAGES1 BUT N[ !Y WILL ONLY BUY #a1#a#h#e'S WOR? ( MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,ALL ?IS LOOKS DIFF]5T FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( CAPITAL AS A :OLE4 ,= ?IS ! #a AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! /ATE1 :I* REPRES5T ! DEM& = >MAM5TS1 CON/ITUTE A NEW M>KET4 ,ORIG9ALLY ?IS MONEY WAS V>IABLE CAPITAL & AS SU* IT HAS DONE ITS JOB1 IT HAS BE5 EX*ANG$ = LIV+ LABOR :I* PRODUC$ ! SURPLUS VALUE4 ,BUT !N ! CIRCULATION ( ! V>IABLE CAPITAL WAS /OPP$ %ORT1 ?IS MONEY WAS SPLIT (F1 & IT N[ APPE>S AS A NEW PUR*AS+ P[] 9 ! POSSESSION ( ! /ATE4 ,IT HAS BE5 CREAT$ BY SLEIKET4 ,( C\RSE = ! TIME BE+ CAPITAL IS DEB>R$ FROM SELL+ #a UNITS ( CONSUM] GOODS = ! WORK+ CLASS1 & ! 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ CONSID]S ! WORK] JU/ AS GOOD A CONSUM] & BUY] ( COMMODITIES AS ANYONE ELSE1 ANO!R CAPITALI/1 ! /ATE1 ! PEASANT1 =EIGN C\NTRIES1 ETC4 ,BUT LET US NOT =GET ?AT = CAPITAL AS A :OLE ! UPKEEP ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS ONLY A NECESS>Y EVIL1 ONLY A MEANS T[>DS ! REAL 5D ( PRODUCTION3 ! CREATION & REALIZATION ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,IF IT W]E POSSIBLE TO EXTORT SURPLUS VALUE )\T GIV+ LABOR AN EQUAL MEASURE ( MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 IT W\LD BE ALL ! BETT] = BUS9ESS4 ,TO BEG9 ) 9DIRECT TAXATION HAS ! SAME EFFECTS AS IF - ! PRICE ( FOOD/UFFS REMA9+ CON/ANT - ! CAPITALI/S HAD SUCCE$$ 9 DEPRESS+ WAGES BY A HUNDR$ UNITS )\T DETRACT+ FROM ! WORK P]=M$1 SEE+ ?AT A L[] \TPUT ( CONSUM] GOODS IS EQUALLY ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( CONT9U\S WAGE CUTS4 ,IF WAGES >E CUT HEAVILY1 CAPITAL DOES NOT WORRY AB\T HAV+ TO PRODUCE FEW] MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = ! WORK]S1 9 FACT IT DELILY1 CAPITAL AS A :OLE DOES NOT M9D IF ! EFFECTIVE DEM& ( ! WORK+ CLASS = MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE IS CURTAIL$ BECAUSE ( 9DIRECT TAXATION :I* IS NOT COMP5SAT$ BY A RISE 9 WAGES4 ,?IS MAY SEEM /RANGE BECAUSE 9 ! LATT] CASE ! BALANCE ( ! V>IABLE CAPITAL GOES TO ! EX*EQU]1 :ILE ) A DIRECT WAGE CUT IT REMA9S 9 ! CAPITALI/S' POCKETS & - COMMODITY PRICES REMA9+ EQUAL - 9CREASES ! RELATIVE SURPLUS VALUE4 ,BUT A CONT9U\S & UNIV]SAL R$UCTION ( MONEY WAGES CAN ONLY BE C>RI$ ?R\< ON R>E OCCASIONS1 ESPECIALLY IF TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION IS HIE /RONG SOCIAL & POLITICAL B>RI]S TO ?IS FOND ASPIRATION ( CAPITAL4 ,DEPRESSION ( ! REAL WAGE BY MEANS ( 9DIRECT TAXATION1 ON ! O!R H&1 CAN BE C>RI$ ?R\< PROMPTLY1 SMOO?LY & UNIV]SALLY1 & IT USUALLY TAKES TIME = PROTE/S TO BE HE>D2 & BESIDES1 ! OPPOSITION IS CONF9$ TO ! POLITICAL FIELD & HAS NO IMM$IATE ECONOMIC REP]CUSSIONS4 ,! SUBSEQU5T RE/RICTION 9 ! PRODUCTION ( MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE DOES NOT REPRES5T A LOSS ( M>KETS = CAPITAL AS A :OLE BUT RA!R A SAV+ 9 ! CO/S ( PRODUC+ SURPLUS VALUE4 ,SURPLUS VALUE IS NEV] REALIZ$ BY PRODUC+ MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = ! WORK]S - H[EV] NECESS>Y ?IS MAY BE1 AS ! REPRODUCTION ( LIV+ LABOR1 = ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,BUT TO COME BACK TO \R EXAMPLE3 ,I4 #e1C "4 #a1V "4 #a1S "7 #g1 MEANS ( PRODUCTION ,I,I4 #a1#d#cC "4 #b#h#eV "4 #b#h#eS "7 #b1 MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ,AT FIR/ IT LOOKS AS IF ,DEP>TM5T ,I,I W]E ALSO CREAT+ & REALIZ+ SURPLUS VALUE 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUC+ MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = ! WORK]S1 & ,DEP>TM5T ,I BY PRODUC+ ! REQUISITE MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT IF WE TAKE ! SOCIAL PRODUCT AS A :OLE1 ! ILLUSION DISAPPE>S4 ,! EQUATION IS 9 ?AT CASE3 #f1#d#cC "4 #a1#b#h#eV "4 #a1#b#h#eS "7 #i1 ,N[1 IF ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = ! WORK]S >E CUT BY #a UNITS1 ! CORRESPOND+ CONTRACTION ( BO? DEP>TM5TS WILL GIVE US ! FOLL[+ EQUATIONS3 ,I4 #d1#i#d#iC "4 #i#h#i4#g#eV "4 #i#h#i4#g#eS "7 #f1#i#b#h4#e ,I,I4 #a1#c#e#h4#eC "4 #b#g4#g#eV "4 #b#g4#g#eS "7 #a1#i & = ! SOCIAL PRODUCT AS A :OLE3 #f1#c#g4#eC "4 #a1#b#f4#eV "4 #a1#b#f4#eS "7 #h1#h#b#h4#e ,?IS LOOKS LIKE A G5]AL DECREASE 9 BO? ! TOTAL VOLUME ( PRODUCTION & 9 ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE - BUT ONLY IF WE CONTEMPLATE JU/ ! AB/RACT QUANTITIES ( VALUE 9 ! COMPOSITION ( ! TOTAL PRODUCT2 IT DOES NOT HOLD GOOD = ! MAT]IAL COMPOSITION !RE(4 ,LOOK+ CLOS]1 WE F9D ?AT NO?+ BUT ! UPKEEP ( LABOR IS 9 EFFECT DECREAS$4 ,FEW] MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & PRODUCTION >E N[ BE+ MADE1 NO D\BT1 BUT !N1 !Y HAD HAD NO O!R FUNCTION SAVE TO MA9TA9 WORK]S4 ,! SOCIAL PRODUCT IS SMALL] & LESS CAPITAL IS N[ EMPLOY$ - BUT !N1 ! OBJECT ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS NOT SIMPLY TO EMPLOY AS MU* CAPITAL AS POSSIBLE1 BUT TO PRODUCE AS MU* SURPLUS VALUE AS POSSIBLE4 ,CAPITAL HAS ONLY DECREAS$ BECAUSE A SMALL] AM\NT IS SUFFICI5T = MA9TA9+ ! WORK]S4 ,IF ! TOTAL CO/ ( MA9TA9+ ! WORK]S EMPLOY$ 9 ! SOCIETY CAME TO #a1#b#h#e UNITS 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 ! PRES5T DECREASE ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT BY #a#g#a4#e - ! DIFF]5CE ( 7#i1 - #h1#h#b#h4#e7 - COMES (F ?IS MA9T5ANCE *>GE1 & !RE IS A CONSEQU5T *ANGE 9 ! COMPOSITION ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT3 #f1#d#cC "4 #a1#a#a#c4#eV "4 #a1#b#h#eS "7 #h1#h#b#h4#e ,CON/ANT CAPITAL & SURPLUS VALUE REMA9 UN*ANG$1 & ONLY ! V>IABLE CAPITAL1 PAID LABOR1 HAS DIM9I%$4 ,OR - 9 CASE !RE >E D\BTS AB\T CON/ANT CAPITAL BE+ UNAFFECT$ - WE MAY FUR!R ALL[ = ! EV5T ?AT1 AS W\LD HAPP5 9 ACTUAL PRACTICE1 CONCOMITANT ) ! DECREASE 9 MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE = ! WORK]S !RE WILL BE A CORRESPOND+ CUT 9 ! CON/ANT CAPITAL4 ,! EQUATION = ! SOCIAL PRODUCT AS A :OLE W\LD !N BE3 #f1#c#g4#eC "4 #a1#b#c#fV "4 #a1#b#h#eS "7 #h1#h#b#h4#e ,9 SPITE ( ! SMALL] SOCIAL PRODUCT1 !RE IS NO *ANGE 9 ! SURPLUS VALUE 9 EI!R CASE1 & IT IS ONLY ! CO/ ( MA9TA9+ ! WORK]S ?AT HAS FALL54 ,PUT IT ?IS WAY3 ! VALUE ( ! AGGREGATE SOCIAL PRODUCT MAY BE DEF9$ AS CONSI/+ ( ?REE P>TS1 ! TOTAL CON/ANT CAPITAL ( ! SOCIETY1 ITS TOTAL V>IABLE CAPITAL1 & ITS TOTAL SURPLUS VALUE1 ( :I* ! FIR/ SET ( PRODUCTS CONTA9S NO ADDITIONAL LABOR1 & ! SECOND & ?IRD NO MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,AS REG>DS !IR MAT]IAL =M1 ALL !SE PRODUCTS COME 9TO BE+ 9 ! GIV5 P]IOD ( PRODUCTION - ?\< 9 PO9T ( VALUE ! CON/ANT CAPITAL HAD BE5 PRODUC$ 9 A PREVI\S P]IOD & IS M]ELY BE+ TRANSF]R$ TO NEW PRODUCTS4 ,ON ?IS BASIS1 WE CAN ALSO DIVIDE ALL ! WORK]S EMPLOY$ 9TO ?REE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE CATEGORIES3 ?OSE :O PRODUCE ! AGGREGATE CON/ANT CAPITAL ( ! SOCIETY1 ?OSE :O PROVIDE ! UPKEEP = ALL ! WORK]S1 & F9ALLY ?OSE :O CREATE ! 5TIRE SURPLUS VALUE = ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,IF1 !N1 ! WORK]S' CONSUMPTION IS CURTAIL$1 ONLY WORK]S 9 ! SECOND CATEGORY WILL LOSE !IR JOBS4 ,EX HYPO!SI1 !SE WORK]S HAD NEV] CREAT$ SURPLUS VALUE = CAPITAL1 & 9 CONSEQU5CE !IR DISMISSAL IS !RE=E NO LOSS FROM ! CAPITALI/'S PO9T ( VIEW BUT A GA91 S9CE IT DECREASES ! CO/ ( PRODUC+ SURPLUS VALUE4 ,! DEM& ( ! /ATE :I* >ISES AT ! SAME TIME HAS ! LURE ( A NEW & ATTRACTIVE SPH]E = REALIZ+ ! SURPLUS VALUE4 ,SOME ( ! MONEY CIRCULAT+ AS V>IABLE CAPITAL BREAKS FREE ( ?IS CYCLE & 9 ! /ATE TREASURY IT REPRES5TS A NEW DEM&4 ,= ! TE*NIQUE ( TAXATION1 ( C\RSE1 ! ORD] ( EV5TS IS RA!R DIFF]5T1 S9CE ! AM\NT ( ! 9DIRECT TAXES IS ACTUALLY ADVANC$ TO ! /ATE BY CAPITAL & IS M]ELY BE+ REFUND$ TO ! CAPITALI/S BY ! SALE ( !IR COMMODITIES1 AS P>T ( !IR PRICE4 ,BUT ECONOMICALLY SPEAK+1 IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE4 ,! CRUCIAL PO9T IS ?AT ! QUANTITY ( MONEY ) ! FUNCTION ( V>IABLE CAPITAL %\LD FIR/ M$IATE ! EX*ANGE BETWE5 CAPITAL & LABOR P[]4 ,LAT]1 :5 !RE IS AN EX*ANGE BETWE5 WORK]S & CAPITALI/S AS BUY]S & SELL]S ( COMMODITIES RESPECTIVELY1 ?IS MONEY WILL *ANGE H&S & ACCRUE TO ! /ATE AS TAXES4 ,?IS MONEY1 :I* CAPITAL HAS SET CIRCULAT+1 FIR/ FULFILLS ITS PRIM>Y FUNCTION 9 ! EX*ANGE ) LABOR P[]1 BUT SUBSEQU5TLY1 BY M$IATION ( ! /ATE1 IT BEG9S AN 5TIRELY NEW C>E]4 ,AS A NEW PUR*AS+ P[]1 BELONG+ ) NEI!R LABOR NOR CAPITAL1 IT BECOMES 9T]E/$ 9 NEW PRODUCTS1 9 A SPECIAL BRAN* ( PRODUCTION :I* DOES NOT CAT] = EI!R ! CAPITALI/S OR ! WORK+ CLASS1 & ?US IT (F]S CAPITAL NEW OPPORTUNITIES = CREAT+ & REALIZ+ SURPLUS VALUE4 ,:5 WE W]E =M]LY TAK+ IT = GRANT$ ?AT ! 9DIRECT TAXES EXTORT$ FROM ! WORK]S >E US$ = PAY+ ! (FICIALS & = PROVISION+ ! >MY1 WE F\ND ! 'SAV+' 9 ! CONSUMPTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO MEAN ?AT ! WORK]S RA!R ?AN ! CAPITALI/S W]E MADE TO PAY = ! P]SONAL CONSUMPTION ( ! HANG]S-ON ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS & ! TOOLS ( !IR CLASS-RULE4 ,?IS *>GE DEVOLV$ FROM ! SURPLUS VALUE TO ! V>IABLE CAPITAL1 & A CORRESPOND+ AM\NT ( ! SURPLUS VALUE BECAME AVAILABLE = PURPOSES ( CAPITALIZATION4 ,N[ WE SEE H[ ! TAXES EXTORT$ FROM ! WORK]S AF=D CAPITAL A NEW OPPORTUNITY = ACCUMULATION :5 !Y >E US$ = >MAM5T MANUFACTURE4 ,ON ! BASIS ( 9DIRECT TAXATION1 MILIT>ISM 9 PRACTICE WORKS BO? WAYS4 ,BY L[]+ ! NORMAL /&>D ( LIV+ = ! WORK+ CLASS1 IT 5SURES BO? ?AT CAPITAL %\LD BE ABLE TO MA9TA9 A REGUL> >MY1 ! ORGAN ( CAPITALI/ RULE1 & ?AT IT MAY TAP AN IMPRESSIVE FIELD = FUR!R ACCUMULATION47#d7 ,WE HAVE /ILL TO EXAM9E ! SECOND S\RCE ( ! /ATE'S PUR*AS+ P[] REF]R$ TO 9 \R EXAMPLE1 ! #ae UNITS \T ( ! TOTAL #be 9VE/$ 9 >MAM5TS4 ,!Y DIFF] ESS5TIALLY FROM ! HUNDR$ UNITS CONSID]$ ABOVE 9 ?AT !Y >E NOT SUPPLI$ BY ! WORK]S BUT BY ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 I4E4 ! >TISANS & PEASANTS4 7,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 WE CAN IGNORE ! COMP>ATIVELY SMALL TAX-CONTRIBUTION ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS ITSELF47 ,! MONEY ACCRU+ TO ! /ATE AS TAXES FROM ! PEASANT MASSES - AS \R G5]IC T]M = ALL NON-PROLET>IAN CONSUM]S - WAS NOT ORIG9ALLY ADVANC$ BY CAPITAL & HAS NOT SPLIT (F FROM CAPITAL 9 CIRCULATION4 ,9 ! H& ( ! PEASANT IT IS ! EQUIVAL5T ( GOODS ?AT HAVE BE5 REALIZ$1 ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( SIMPLE COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 ,! /ATE N[ GETS P>T ( ! PUR*AS+ P[] ( ! NON-CAPITALI/ CONSUM]S1 PUR*AS+ P[]1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 :I* IS ALREADY FREE TO REALIZE ! SURPLUS VALUE = CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION4 ,N[ ! QUE/ION >ISES1 :E!R ECONOMIC *ANGES WILL RESULT = CAPITAL1 & IF SO1 ( :AT NATURE1 FROM DIV]T+ ! PUR*AS+ P[] ( SU* /RATA TO ! /ATE = MILIT>I/ PURPOSES4 ,IT ALMO/ LOOKS AS IF WE HAD COME UP AGA9/ YET ANO!R %IFT 9 ! MAT]IAL =M ( REPRODUCTION4 ,CAPITAL WILL N[ PRODUCE AN EQUIVAL5T ( W> MAT]IALS = ! /ATE 9/EAD ( PRODUC+ L>GE QUANTITIES ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION & SUBSI/5CE = PEASANT CONSUM]S4 ,BUT 9 FACT ! *ANGES GO DEEP]4 ,FIR/ & =EMO/1 ! /ATE CAN USE ! ME*ANISM ( TAXATION TO MOBILIZE MU* L>G] AM\NTS ( PUR*AS+ P[] FROM ! NON-CAPITALI/ CONSUM]S ?AN !Y W\LD ORD9>ILY SP5D ON !IR [N CONSUMPTION4 ,9DE$ ! MOD]N SY/EM ( TAXATION ITSELF IS L>GELY RESPONSIBLE = =C+ COMMODITY ECONOMY ON ! PEASANTS4 ,UND] PRESSURE ( TAXES1 ! PEASANT MU/ TURN MORE & MORE ( HIS PRODUCE 9TO COMMODITIES1 & AT ! SAME TIME HE MU/ BUY MORE & MORE4 ,TAXATION PRESSES ! PRODUCE ( PEASANT ECONOMY 9TO CIRCULATION & COMPELS ! PEASANTS TO BECOME BUY]S ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTS4 ,F9ALLY1 ON A BASIS ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION 9 ! PEASANT /YLE1 ! SY/EM ( TAXATION LURES MORE PUR*AS+ P[] FROM PEASANT ECONOMY ?AN W\LD O!RWISE BECOME ACTIVE4 ,:AT W\LD NORMALLY HAVE BE5 HO>D$ BY ! PEASANTS & ! L[] MIDDLE CLASSES UNTIL IT HAS GR[N BIG 5\< TO 9VE/ 9 SAV+S BANKS & O!R BANKS IS N[ SET FREE TO CON/ITUTE AN EFFECTIVE DEM& & AN OPPORTUNITY = 9VE/M5T4 ,FUR!R ! MULTITUDE ( 9DIVIDUAL & 9SIGNIFICANT DEM&S = A :OLE RANGE ( COMMODITIES1 :I* WILL BECOME EFFECTIVE AT DIFF]5T TIMES & :I* MIMY SUPPLIES ! SCATT]$ PUR*AS+ P[] ( ! CONSUM]S IS CONC5TRAT$ 9 L>GE QUANTITIES &1 FREE ( ! VAG>IES & SUBJECTIVE FLUCTUATIONS ( P]SONAL CONSUMPTION1 IT A*IEVES AN ALMO/ AUTOMATIC REGUL>ITY & RHY?MIC GR[?4 ,CAPITAL ITSELF ULTIMATELY CONTROLS ?IS AUTOMATIC & RHY?MIC MOVEM5T ( MILIT>I/ PRODUCTION ?R\< ! LEGISLATURE & A PRESS :OSE FUNCTION IS TO MOLD SO-CALL$ 'PUBLIC OP9ION'4 ,?AT IS :Y ?IS P>TICUL> PROV9CE ( CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION AT FIR/ SEEMS CAPABLE ( 9F9ITE EXPANSION4 ,ALL O!R ATTEMPTS TO EXP& M>KETS & SET UP OP]ATIONAL BASES = CAPITAL L>GELY DEP5D ON HI/ORICAL1 SOCIAL & POLITICAL FACTORS BEYOND ! CONTROL ( CAPITAL1 :]EAS PRODUCTION = MILIT>ISM REPRES5TS A PROV9CE :OSE REGUL> & PROGRESSIVE EXPANSION SEEMS PRIM>ILY DET]M9$ BY CAPITAL ITSELF4 ,9 ?IS WAY CAPITAL TURNS HI/ORICAL NECESSITY 9TO A VIRTUE3 ! EV] FI]C] 'COMPETITION' 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORLD ITSELF PROVIDES A FIELD = ACCUMULATION ( ! FIR/ MAGNITUDE4 ,CAPITAL 9CREAS+LY EMPLOYS MILIT>ISM = IMPLEM5T+ A =EIGN & COLONIAL POLICY TO GET HOLD ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & LABOR P[] ( NON-CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES & SOCIETIES4 ,?IS SAME MILIT>ISM WORKS 9 A LIKE MANN] 9 ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES TO DIV]T PUR*AS+ P[] AWAY FROM ! NON-CAPITALI/ /RATA4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES ( SIMPLE COMMODITY PRODUCTION & ! WORK+ CLASS >E AFFECT$ ALIKE 9 ?IS WAY4 ,AT !IR EXP5SE1 ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL IS RAIS$ TO ! HID ( LIV+4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 AFT] A C]TA9 /AGE ! CONDITIONS = ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL BO? AT HOME & ABROAD TURN 9TO !IR V]Y OPPOSITE - !Y BECOME CONDITIONS = ! DECL9E ( CAPITALISM4 ,! MORE RU?LESSLY CAPITAL SETS AB\T ! DE/RUCTION ( NON-CAPITALI/ /RATA1 AT HOME & 9 ! \TSIDE WORLD1 ! MORE IT L[]S ! /&>D ( LIV+ = ! WORK]S AS A :OLE1 ! GREAT] ALSO IS ! *ANGE 9 ! DAY-TO-DAY HI/ORY ( CAPITAL4 ,IT BECOMES A /R+ ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL DISA/]S & CONVULSIONS1 & UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 PUNCTUAT$ BY P]IODICAL ECONOMIC CATA/ROPHES OR CRISES1 ACCUMULATION CAN GO ON NO LONG]4 ,BUT EV5 BE=E ?IS NATURAL ECONOMIC IMPASSE ( CAPITAL'S [N CREAT+ IS PROP]LY REA*$ IT BECOMES A NECESSITY = ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS TO REVOLT AGA9/ ! RULE ( CAPITAL4 ,CAPITALISM IS ! FIR/ MODE ( ECONOMY ) ! WEAPON ( PROPAG&A1 A MODE :I* T5DS TO 5GULF ! 5TIRE GLOBE & TO /AMP \T ALL O!R ECONOMIES1 TOL]AT+ NO RIVAL AT ITS SIDE4 ,YET AT ! SAME TIME IT IS ALSO ! FIR/ MODE ( ECONOMY :I* IS UNABLE TO EXI/ BY ITSELF1 :I* NE$S O!R ECONOMIC SY/EMS AS A M$IUM & SOIL4 ,AL?\< IT /RIVES TO BECOME UNIV]SAL1 &1 9DE$1 ON ACC\NT ( ?IS ITS T5D5CY1 IT MU/ BREAK D[N BECAUSE IT IS IMMAN5TLY 9CAPABLE ( BECOM+ A UNIV]SAL =M ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 ITS LIV+ HI/ORY IT IS A CONTRADICTION 9 ITSELF1 & ITS MOVEM5T ( ACCUMULATION PROVIDES A SOLUTION TO ! CONFLICT & AGGRAVATES IT AT ! SAME TIME4 ,AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T !RE WILL BE NO O!R WAY \T ?AN ! APPLICATION ( SOCIALI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,! AIM ( SOCIALISM IS NOT ACCUMULATION BUT ! SATISFACTION ( TOLL+ HUMANITY'S WANTS BY DEVELOP+ ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( ! 5TIRE GLOBE4 ,& SO WE F9D ?AT SOCIALISM IS BY ITS V]Y NATURE AN H>MONI\S & UNIV]SAL SY/EM ( ECONOMY4 ,FOOTNOTES 7#a7 ,DR4 ,R5N] 9DE$ MAKES ?IS ASSUMPTION ! BASIS ( HIS TREATISE ON TAXATION4 ',EV]Y P>TICLE ( VALUE CREAT$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ONE YE> IS MADE UP ( !SE F\R P>TS3 PR(IT1 9T]E/1 R5T1 & WAGES2 & ANNUAL TAXATION1 !N1 CAN ONLY BE LEVI$ UPON !SE' 7,DAS >BEIT5DE ,VOLK UND DIE ,/EU]N1 ,VI5NA #a#i#i74 ,?\< ,R5N] IMM$IATELY GOES ON TO M5TION PEASANTS1 HE CURSORILY DISMISSES !M 9 A S+LE S5T5CE3 ',A PEASANT E4G4 IS SIMULTANE\SLY 5TREPR5EUR1 WORK]1 & L&[N]1 HIS AGRICULTURAL PROCE$S YIELD HIM WAGE1 PR(IT1 & R5T1 ALL 9 ONE4' ,OBVI\SLY1 IT IS AN EMPTY AB/RACTION TO APPLY SIMULTANE\SLY ALL ! CATEGORIES ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION TO ! PEASANTRY1 TO CONCEIVE ( ! PEASANT AS 5TREPR5EUR1 WAGE LABOR] & L&LORD ALL 9 ONE P]SON4 ,IF1 LIKE ,R5N]1 WE WANT TO PUT ! PEASANT 9TO A S+LE CATEGORY1 HIS PECULI>ITY = ECONOMICS LIES 9 ! V]Y FACT ?AT HE BELONGS NEI!R TO ! CLASS ( CAPITALI/ 5TREPR5EURS NOR TO ?AT ( ! WAGE PROLET>IAT1 ?AT HE IS NOT A REPRES5TATIVE ( CAPITALISM AT ALL BUT ( SIMPLE COMMODITY PRODUCTION4 7#b7 ,IT W\LD GO BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ! PRES5T TREATISE TO DEAL ) C>TELS & TRU/S AS SPECIFIC PH5OM5A ( ! IMP]IALI/ PHASE4 ,!Y >E DUE TO ! 9T]NAL COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/ GR\PS = A MONOPOLY ( ! EXI/+ SPH]ES = ACCUMULATION & = ! DI/RIBUTION ( PR(ITS4 7#c7 ,9 A REPLY TO ,VORONTSOV1 ,PR(ESSOR ,MANUILOV1 = EXAMPLE1 WROTE :AT WAS !N GREATLY PRAIS$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S3 ',9 ?IS CONTEXT1 WE MU/ DI/+UI% /RICTLY BETWE5 A GR\P ( 5TREPR5EURS PRODUC+ WEAPONS ( W> & ! CAPITALI/ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,= ! MANUFACTUR]S ( GUNS1 RIFLES & O!R W> MAT]IALS1 ! EXI/5CE ( MILIT>ISM IS NO D\BT PR(ITABLE & 9DISP5SABLE4 ,IT IS 9DE$ QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT ! ABOLITION ( ! SY/EM ( >M$ PEACE W\LD SPELL RU9 = ,KRUPP4 ,! PO9T AT ISSUE1 H[EV]1 IS NOT A SPECIAL GR\P ( 5TREPR5EURS BUT ! CAPITALI/S AS A CLASS1 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION AS A :OLE4' ,9 ?IS CONNECTION1 H[EV]1 IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT 'IF ! BURD5 ( TAXATION FALLS *IEFLY ON ! WORK+ POPULATION1 EV]Y 9CREASE ( ?IS BURD5 DIM9I%ES ! PUR*AS+ P[] ( ! POPULATION & H5CE ! DEM& = COMMODITIES'4 ,?IS FACT IS TAK5 AS PRO( ?AT MILIT>ISM1 UND] ! ASPECT ( >MAM5T PRODUCTION1 DOES 9DE$ '5RI* ONE GR\P ( CAPITALI/S1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME IT 9JURES ALL O!RS1 SPELL+ GA9 ON ! ONE H& BUT LOSS ON ! O!R' 7,VESNIK ,PRAVA1 ,J\RNAL ( ! ,LAW ,SOCIETY1 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG #a#h#i71 NO4#a1 ,MILIT>ISM & ,CAPITALISM74 7#d7 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! DET]IORATION ( ! NORMAL CONDITIONS UND] :I* LABOR P[] IS R5EW$ WILL BR+ AB\T A DET]IORATION ( LABOR ITSELF2 IT WILL DIM9I% ! AV]AGE EFFICI5CY & PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR1 & ?US JEOP>DIZE ! CONDITIONS = ! PRODUCTION ( SURPLUS VALUE4 ,BUT CAPITAL WILL NOT FEEL !SE RESULTS = A LONG TIME1 & SO !Y DO NOT IMM$IATELY 5T] 9TO ITS ECONOMIC CALCULATIONS1 EXCEPT 9 SO F> AS !Y BR+ AB\T MORE DRA/IC DEF5SIVE MEASURES ( ! WAGE LABOR]S 9 G5]AL4 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #f1 #bba 3 ,SECTION #c1 ,*APT] #cb -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/