,P>T #a 
,HI/ORY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABBEY ,VOLCANO 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN?ONY ,J4 ,NOCELLA ,I,I 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>OL9E ,K4 ,KALTEFLEIT] 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

0,NOT :E!R WE ACCOMPLI% AN>*ISM TODAY1 TOMORR[1 OR )9 T5 C5TURIES1 BUT ?AT WE WALK T[>DS AN>*ISM TODAY1 TOMORR[1 & ALWAYS40--,]RICO ,MALATE/A 

,EXAM9+ ! ,HI/ORY ( ,AN>*I/ ,ECONOMICS TO ,SEE ! ,FUTURE 

,*RIS ,SPANNOS 

,SITUAT+ 0,AN>*I/ ,ECONOMICS0 

,BEYOND ECONOMY1 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY %\LD PROVIDE NEW SOCIALIZATION ( *ILDR5 & FUTURE G5]ATIONS1 /ATELESS & SELF-GOV]N+ ADJUDICATION & LAW-MAK+1 & CULTURAL & E?NIC DIV]SITY & EQUALITY--ALL BAS$ ON MUTUAL AID & P>TICIPATORY SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ALL SPH]ES ( LIFE4 ,BUT H]E1 CONSID]+ ONLY ! HI/ORY ( AN>*I/ ECONOMICS1 IMAG9E SC5>IOS :]E ! #ahga ,P>IS ,COMMUNE HAD NOT COME TO A TORTUR$ 5D2 ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES & ,SOVIETS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD NOT FALL5 UND] ,BOL%EVIK CONTROL 7#a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a72 ! #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i ,SPANI% AN>*I/S HAD NOT BE5 AB&ON$ BY ! ,WE/1 BETRAY$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S1 & %ATT]$ BY ! ,FASCI/S2 ! #aief WORK] UPRIS+S & C\NCIL =MATIONS 9 ,HUNG>Y & ,POL& HAD BLOSSOM$2 ! ,MAY #aifh UPRIS+ 9 ,FRANCE HAD C>RI$ =W>D ITS OBJECTIVES RA!R ?AN DISSIPAT+ BACK 9TO ! NORMALCY ( EV]YDAY LIFE2 ?AT ?IS C5TURY'S WORK] TAKEOV]S 9 ,>G5T9A SPREAD & CONT9UE M>*+ =W>D2 OR ?AT TODAY'S ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN UPRIS+S 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ CONT9UE TO SPREAD 9SPIRATION--BEYOND ! MASS OCCUPATIONS & G5]AL ASSEMBLIES >RIV+ 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 9 #b#a#a--& ALL W9 ! DAY4 ,:AT 9/ITUTIONS %\LD BE EMPLOY$ TO BE/ REALIZE ! SOCIAL & MAT]IAL OBJECTIVES ( A NEW AN>*I/ ECONOMY8 

,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ ,PYOTR ,KROPOTK9 7#a#h#d#b-#a#i#b#a7 WROTE HIS !ORY ( MUTUAL AID 7#a#h#i-#a#h#i#f7.<#d#i.> AS A SCI5TIFIC 5DEAVOR COMB9+ OBS]VATION1 HYPO!SIS1 TE/+1 & !ORIZ+ 9TO A !ORY ( EVOLUTION ?AT HAD IMPLICATIONS = H[ SOCIAL & MAT]IAL RELATIONS %\LD BE E?ICALLY REORGANIZ$ = A NEW SOCIETY ?AT HE CALL$ AN>*O-COMMUNISM4 ,N[ADAYS1 FE>+ SECT>IAN EXCESS OR MI/AKES1 SOME D\BT ! VALUE ( VISION SU* AS HE S\<T1 BUT 9 ! WORDS ( ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,]RICO ,MALATE/A 7#a#h#e#c-#a#i#c#b71 0,AN>*Y MAY BE A P]FECT =M ( SOCIAL LIFE0 BUT 0WE HAVE NO DESIRE TO TAKE A LEAP 9 ! D>K40 ,MALATE/A SUGGE/$ ?AT PEOPLE 0MEET1 DISCUSS1 AGREE & DIFF]1 & !N DIVIDE ACCORD+ TO !IR V>I\S OP9IONS1 PUTT+ 9TO PRACTICE ! ME?ODS :I* !Y RESPECTIVELY HOLD TO BE ! BE/10 SO ?AT 0?AT ME?OD1 :I* :5 TRI$1 PRODUCES ! BE/ RESULTS1 WILL TRIUMPH 9 ! 5D40.<#e.> 

,SO ,:AT ,IS AN ,ECONOMY & ,:Y ,DO ,WE ,NE$ ,ONE8 

,CONSID] ANY ASPECT ( \R MAT]IAL LIVES3 \R HOMES1 WORKPLACES1 HOSPITALS1 OR S*OOLS4 ,OR CONSID] ! MAT]IALS NE$$ = LEISURE ACTIVITIES1 MAK+ MUSIC1 OR PLAY+ ANY SPORT4 ,ALL REQUIRE COMPLEX 9T]ACTIONS4 ,9PUTS COMB9E 9TO \TPUTS4 ,WOOD1 /ONE1 & BRICK BECOME HOMES4 ,TOOLS CRAFT GUIT>S & BASEBALL BATS4 ,COMMUNITY G>D5S REQUIRE %OVELS & RAKES1 :I* MU/ BE PRODUC$ SOME:]E1 ) MO/ ( !IR 9PUTS COM+ FROM YET ANO!R PLACE &1 AFT] BE+ ASSEMBL$1 REQUIRE %IPP+ & TRANSPORTATION BE=E SEE+ USE4 ,AN ECONOMY IS NE$$ = PRODUCTION1 CONSUMPTION1 & ALLOCATION ( ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE TO S]VE BO? SIMPLE & COMPLEX HUMAN NE$S4 

,ANY ECONOMY HAS A SMALL SET ( DEF9+ 9/ITUTIONS ?AT1 TAK5 TOGE!R1 DET]M9E ITS BROAD *>ACT]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 DESPITE ! POSSIBILITY ( GREAT V>IATION1 A CAPITALI/ OR 0SOCIALI/0 ECONOMY WILL HAVE COMMON ATTRIBUTES ) O!RS ( LIKE TYPE SU* AS PROP]TY RELATIONS1 DIVISIONS ( LABOR1 REMUN]ATION S*EMES1 & ALLOCATION ME*ANISMS4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 CAPITALISM HAS PRIVATE [N]%IP ( PRODUCTIVE ASSETS1 HI]>*ICAL DIVISIONS ( LABOR1 REMUN]ATION = PROP]TY1 \TPUT1 OR B>GA9+ P[]1 & M>KETS = ALLOCATION4 ,/ATE SOCIALI/ ECONOMIES ( ! TW5TIE? ,C5TURY 9CLUD$ /ATE OR PUBLIC [N]%IP ( PRODUCTIVE ASSETS1 HI]>*ICAL DIVISIONS ( LABOR1 REMUN]ATION = \TPUT OR B>GA9+ P[]1 & C5TRAL PLANN+ OR M>KETS = ALLOCATION4 ,REF]5C+ PA/ AN>*I/ & LIB]T>IAN CRITICISMS ( CAPITALI/ & /ATE SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS AS WELL AS !IR POSITIVE PROPOSALS = REORGANIZ+ MAT]IAL LIFE CAN HELP US =MULATE \R [N IDEAS4 

,PROP]TY ,RELATIONS 

,AN>*I/S HAVE TRADITIONALLY REJECT$ 9EQUALITIES 9 P[] & PRIVILEGE >IS+ FROM PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,= ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 7#a#h#a#d-#a#h#g#f71 PROP]TY MEANT ?AT NOT ONLY DID ?OSE :O [N$ PRODUCTIVE ASSETS HAVE ! RI<T TO LIVE )\T WORK+1 BUT 0S9CE NEI!R PROP]TY NOR CAPITAL PRODUCES ANY?+ :5 NOT F]TILIZ$ BY LABOR0 ! [N]S ALSO HAD ! P[] 0TO LIVE BY EXPLOIT+ ! WORK ( 444 ?OSE :O POSSESS NEI!R PROP]TY NOR CAPITAL0 & SO W]E =C$ TO SELL !IR PRODUCTIVE P[] TO ! 0LUCKY [N]S ( BO?40.<#e#a.> 

,WRIT+ 9 #aiaa AN>*I/ ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 7#a#h#f#i-#a#i#d#i7 SAW ?AT PROP]TY HAD 0ROBB$0 HUMANITY ( ITS 0BIR?RI<T10 & TURN$ ! WORK] 9TO A 0PAUP] & \TCA/40 ,GOLDMAN WROTE ?AT ! 0/UD5T ( ECONOMICS KN[S ?AT ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR )9 ! LA/ FEW DECADES F> EXCE$S NORMAL DEM&40 0,BUT10 %E ASK$ ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 0:AT >E NORMAL DEM&S TO AN ABNORMAL 9/ITUTION80.<#e#b.> ,9 ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY1 LABOR & TE*NOLOGY PRODUCE MU* MORE ?AN ,GOLDMAN C\LD PROBABLY HAVE EV] IMAG9$ & C]TA9LY F> BEYOND ! PRODUCTIVE LEVELS DUR+ ! TIME ( H] WRIT+4 ,YET WORK]S >E /ILL CA/ \T & EV5 PAUP]IZ$ :ILE \TPUTS REMA9 \TSIDE ! CONTROL ( PRODUC]S !MSELVES4 ,ONE ( ! E>LIE/ SELF-PROCLAIM$ AN>*I/S1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 7#a#h#i-#a#h#f#e7 WROTE ,:AT ,IS ,PROP]TY8 ,AN ,9QUIRY 9TO ! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,RI<T & ( ,GOV]NM5T 9 #ahd 9 :I* HE QU]I$3 

,IF ,I W]E ASK$ TO ANSW] ! FOLL[+ QUE/ION3 ,:AT IS SLAV]Y8 & ,I %\LD ANSW] 9 ONE WORD1 ,IT IS MURD]1 MY MEAN+ W\LD BE UND]/OOD AT ONCE4 ,NO EXT5D$ >GUM5T W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO %[ ?AT ! P[] TO TAKE FROM A MAN HIS ?\<T1 HIS WILL1 HIS P]SONALITY1 IS A P[] ( LIFE & DEA?2 & ?AT TO 5?RALL$ A MAN IS TO KILL HIM4 ,:Y1 !N1 TO ?IS O!R QUE/ION3 ,:AT IS PROP]TY6 ,MAY ,I NOT LIKEWISE ANSW]1 ,IT IS ROBB]Y1 )\T ! C]TA9TY ( BE+ MISUND]/OOD2 ! SECOND PROPOSITION BE+ NO O!R ?AN A TRANS=MATION ( ! FIR/8.<#e#c.> 

,LEAP+ FROM !ORY TO PRACTICE = A TWO-MON? P]IOD BETWE5 ,M>* & ,MAY #a#h#g#a1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUN>DS S\<T TO CONSCI\SLY IMPLEM5T ! PRACTICE ( ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & ATTEMPT$ ! ADM9I/RATION ( SOCIETY = !MSELVES & BY !MSELVES4 ,AS ,K>L ,M>X 7#a#h#a#h-#a#h#h#c7 EXP\ND$ 9 HIS #ahga 0,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE03 

,! ,COMMUNE1 !Y EXCLAIM1 9T5DS TO ABOLI% PROP]TY1 ! BASIS ( ALL CIVILIZATION6 ,YES1 G5TLEM51 ! ,COMMUNE 9T5D$ TO ABOLI% ?AT CLASS PROP]TY :I* MAKES ! LABOR ( ! MANY ! WEAL? ( ! FEW4 ,IT AIM$ AT ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! EXPROPRIATORS4.<#e#d.> 

,?\< ,V]SAILLES TROOPS 5D$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 9 A BLOODY MASSACRE1 ! IDEALS 9SPIR$ BY ABOLITION ( PRIVATELY [N$ PRODUCTIVE PROP]TY LIV$ ON4 ,! SON ( A ,FR5* ,COMMUN>D1 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,GA/ON ,LEVAL 7#a#h#i#e-#a#i#g#h7 BECAME A MILITANT FI<T] 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i7 & 9 HIS ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,SPA9 7#a#i#c#h7 HE DESCRIB$ AGR>IAN SOCIALIZATION & ! ORI5TATION T[>DS PROP]TY DUR+ ! =MATION ( ! ,>AGONESE COLLECTIVES3 

,ONE ( ! FIR/ /EPS WAS TO GA!R 9 ! CROP NOT ONLY 9 ! FIELDS ( ! SMALL L&[N]S :O /ILL REMA9$1 BUT1 :AT WAS EV5 MORE IMPORTANT1 ALSO ON ! E/ATES ( ! L>GE L&[N]S ALL ( :OM W]E CONS]VATIVES & RURAL 0CACIQUES0 OR *IEFS4 ,GR\PS W]E ORGANIZ$ TO REAP & ?RE% ! :EAT :I* BELONG$ TO !SE L>GE L&[N]S4 ,COLLECTIVE WORK BEGAN SPONTANE\SLY4 ,!N1 AS ?IS :EAT C\LD NOT BE GIV5 TO ANYONE 9 P>TICUL> )\T BE+ UNFAIR TO ALL1 IT WAS PUT UND] ! CONTROL ( A LOCAL COMMITTEE1 = ! USE ( ALL ! 9HABITANTS1 EI!R = CONSUMPTION OR = ! PURPOSE ( EX*ANGE = MANUFACTUR$ GOODS1 SU* AS CLO!S1 BOOTS1 ETC41 7= ?OSE :O W]E MO/ 9 NE$47.<#e#e.> 

,LEVAL WROTE ?AT 9 ?IS REORGANIZATION SMALL PROP]TY HAD NE> COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$ SO ?AT 9 ,>AGON #ge P]C5T ( 0SMALL PROPRIETORS HAVE VOLUNT>ILY ADH]$ TO ! NEW ORD] ( ?+S40.<#e#f.> ,MOREOV]1 9 ! E>LY MON?S ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 AN>*I/1 ECONOMI/1 & REVOLUTION>Y ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN 7#a#h#i#g-#a#i#h#c7 PRES5T$ HIS PROGRAM = AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ SOCIETY 9 ,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#g74 ,QUOT+ ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL'S REJECTION ( SOCIETY P]MITT+ 0A CLASS :I* DOES NOT WORK0 :ILE O!R PEOPLE 0>E EXCUS$ FROM TAK+ P>T 9 ! LABOR 9CUMB5T ON ! HUMAN SPECIES10 ,SANTILLAN SAID3 

,/U>T ,MILL IS RI<T4 ,WE BELIEVE ?AT SU* A SOCIETY HAS NO RI<T TO EXI/5CE & WE DESIRE ITS TOTAL TRANS=MATION4 ,WE WANT A SOCIALIZ$ ECONOMY 9 :I* ! L&1 ! FACTORIES1 ! HOMES1 ! MEANS ( TRANSPORT CEASE TO BE ! MONOPOLY ( PRIVATE [N]%IP & BECOME ! COLLECTIVE PROP]TY ( ! 5TIRE COMMUNITY4.<#e#g.> 

,AN>*I/S HAVE /OOD PR9CIPL$ AGA9/ PRIVATE [N]%IP & CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9CLUD+ REJECT+ NOT ONLY WORK]S SELL+ !IR LABOR TO CAPITALI/S1 BUT ALSO WORK]S TAK+ ORD]S FROM MANAG]S OR ! /ATE4 ,9DE$1 ONE ( ! DEF9+ FEATURES ( SO-CALL$ 0SOCIALI/0 ECONOMIES ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 CONTR>Y TO AN>*ISM1 WAS /ATE [N]%IP & CONTROL ( PRODUCTIVE ASSETS4 ,! WAY /ATE [N]%IP WAS RATIONALIZ$ BY 0SOCIALI/0 C5TRAL PLANN]S & MANAG]S WAS BY !IR ASS]T+ !Y KNEW BE/ H[ TO USE ?OSE ASSETS4 ,BUREAUCRATIC PLANN]S & MANAG]S BELIEV$ ?AT EV]YONE ELSE WAS UNFIT TO MAKE EFFECTIVE DECISIONS4 ,! /ATI/S CLAIM$ ?AT PEOPLE HAD FALSE CONSCI\SNESS & LITTLE SKILL & W]E !RE=E NOT ABLE TO DECIDE H[ BE/ TO PLAN !IR [N LIVES4 ,! BUREAUCRATIC PLANN]S & MANAG]S ( !SE ECONOMIES1 :AT ,I & O!RS CALL ! 0COORD9ATOR CLASS10 ASS]T$ ?AT !Y ALONE W]E FREE FROM FALSE CONSCI\SNESS & ?US KNEW :AT WAS 9 ! BE/ 9T]E/ ( ! PEOPLE &1 ( C\RSE1 ?IS PAT]NALI/IC RATIONALE = /ATE CONTROL OV] PRODUCTIVE ASSETS DOVETAIL$ NICELY ) ! MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( ! ELITE4 ,! NEGATIVE EFFECTS ( C5TRAL PLANN+ ON PEOPLE W]E BUILT 9TO ! ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS & AFFECT$ ! OV]ALL SOCIETY4 

,SO F> ,I HAVE BRIEFLY NOT$ TWO ORI5TATIONS T[>D PRODUCTIVE PROP]TY3 7#a7 PRIVATE [N]%IP ( PRODUCTIVE ASSETS AS 9 CAPITALISM1 & 7#b7 /ATE [N]%IP ( PRODUCTIVE ASSETS AS 9 C5TRALLY PLANN$ & M>KET 0SOCIALI/0 ECONOMIES4 ,WE CLE>LY NE$ A ?IRD ORI5TATION T[>D PROP]TY RELATIONS1 0AN>*I/ ECONOMY10 :I* 9 ACCORD ) ,BAKUN91 ,GOLDMAN1 & ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 & O!RS ABOLI%ES NOT ONLY PRIVATE [N]%IP1 BUT ALSO /ATE OR O!R C5TRAL CONTROL4 ,9 ?IS NEW SY/EM1 [N]%IP C\LD PLAUSIBLY BE CONCEIV$ 9 EI!R ( TWO EQUALLY SATISFACTORY & EQUIVAL5T WAYS3 

,! CONCEPT ( [N]%IP OV] PRODUCTIVE ASSETS IS ABOLI%$ SO ?AT [N]%IP BECOMES A NON-ISSUE1 MEAN+ ?AT NO ONE [NS PRODUCTIVE PROP]TY4 ,OR444 

,SOCIETY AS A :OLE [NS ALL PRODUCTIVE PROP]TY BUT AGA9 [N]%IP CONVEYS NO SPECIAL RI<TS OR PRIVILEGES4 

,9 EI!R ORI5TATION CLASS RULE DUE TO [N]%IP ( PRODUCTIVE PROP]TY IS ABOLI%$ & ! WAY IS CLE>$ TO ALSO E/ABLI% AN>*I/ SELF-MANAG$ DECISION-MAK+4 

,CLASS & ,DIVISION ( ,LABOR 

,CLASS AFFECTS NOT ONLY SOCIAL & MAT]IAL RELATIONS1 BEHAVIORS1 & \TCOMES )9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E ( SOCIETY1 BUT ALSO 9 O!R REALMS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,( C\RSE V>IATIONS EXI/ ACROSS SOCIETIES & CULTURES1 BUT1 BROADLY SPEAK+1 PEOPLE 9 ! SAME CLASS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! WORK+ CLASS1 TYPICALLY HAVE SIMIL> K9%IP >RANGEM5TS1 CULTURAL TA/ES1 & SELF-P]CEPTIONS4 ,!Y %>E COMMON MAT]IAL POSITIONS 9 SOCIETY1 :I* AFFECTS !IR COLLECTIVE B>GA9+ P[] & DECISION-MAK+ CONTROL OV] !IR LIVES BO? 9 RELATION TO PROP]TY & ALSO )9 ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,CLASSES TYPICALLY CONFLICT ) ONE ANO!R4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! CAPITALI/1 COORD9ATOR1 & WORK+ CLASSES ALL HAVE CONTR>Y 9T]E/S DUE TO !IR POSITION 9 RELATION TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & 9 ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 

,AN>*I/ TREATM5TS ( CLASS & ! DIVISION ( LABOR TRACE BACK TO TWO PRIM>Y HI/ORICAL & !ORETICAL 9FLU5CES--! T[]+ FIGURES ( ,K>L ,M>X & ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN94 ,M>X'S WORK OV]:ELM+LY EMPHASIZES A TWO-CLASS !ORY BAS$ ON [N]%IP RELATIONS :ILE ,BAKUN9 HAD A ?REE-CLASS !ORY BAS$ NOT ONLY ON [N]%IP1 BUT ALSO ON ! DIVISION BETWE5 M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR4 ,9 HIS ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,MANUSCRIPTS ( #a#h#d#d1 9 ! SECTION ON 0,E/RANG$ ,LABOR10 ,M>X PROVID$ E>LY RATIONALE = ! TWO-CLASS !ORY3 

,WE HAVE />T$ \T FROM ! PREMISES ( POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,WE HAVE ACCEPT$ ITS LANGUAGE & ITS LAWS4 ,WE PRESUPPOS$ PRIVATE PROP]TY2 ! SEP>ATION ( LABOR1 CAPITAL1 & L&1 & LIKEWISE ( WAGES1 PR(IT1 & CAPITAL2 ! DIVISION ( LABOR2 COMPETITION2 ! CONCEPTION ( EX*ANGE VALUE1 ETC4 ,FROM POLITICAL ECONOMY ITSELF1 US+ ITS [N WORDS1 WE HAVE %[N ?AT ! WORK] S9KS TO ! LEVEL ( A COMMODITY1 & MOREOV] ! MO/ WRET*$ COMMODITY ( ALL2 ?AT ! MIS]Y ( ! WORK] IS 9 9V]SE PROPORTION TO ! P[] & VOLUME ( HIS PRODUCTION2 ?AT ! NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( COMPETITION IS ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL 9 A FEW H&S & H5CE ! RE/ORATION ( MONOPOLY 9 A MORE T]RIBLE =M2 & ?AT1 F9ALLY1 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 CAPITALI/ & L&LORD1 BETWE5 AGRICULTURAL WORK] & 9DU/RIAL WORK]1 DISAPPE>S & ! :OLE ( SOCIETY MU/ SPLIT 9TO ! TWO CLASSES ( PROP]TY [N]S & PROP]TYLESS WORK]S4.<#e#h.> 

,BAKUN9 TOOK AN ADDITIONAL /EP TO SEE A ?IRD CLASS BETWE5 0! TWO CLASSES ( PROP]TY [N]S & PROP]TYLESS WORK]S40 ,HE PR$ICT$ ! 0,R$ ,BUREAUCRACY0 ?AT >OSE )9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & PLAGU$ ! 0,ACTUALLY ,EXI/+ ,SOCIALISM0 ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY BAS$ ON ! EXI/5CE ( ?IS CLASS4 ,HE SPECIFICALLY CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT10 :ILE EXPOS+ ! SELF-AGGR&IZ+ BELIEFS ( ! ,COORD9ATOR ,CLASS4 ,BAKUN9 WROTE3 

,( C\RSE1 PRODUCTION W\LD BE BADLY CRIPPL$1 IF NOT ALTOGE!R SUSP5D$1 )\T EFFICI5T & 9TELLIG5T MANAGEM5T4 ,BUT FROM ! /&PO9T ( ELEM5T>Y JU/ICE & EV5 EFFICI5CY1 ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION NE$ NOT BE EXCLUSIVELY MONOPOLIZ$ BY ONE OR SEV]AL 9DIVIDUALS4444,! MONOPOLY ( ADM9I/RATION1 F> FROM PROMOT+ ! EFFICI5CY ( PRODUCTION1 ON ! CONTR>Y ONLY 5HANCES ! P[] & PRIVILEGES ( ! [N]S & !IR MANAG]S4.<#e#i.> 

,BAKUN9'S !ORETICAL CONC]NS & =ECA/S W]E VALIDAT$ 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#a#g74 ,9 HIS PAMPHLET ( #aiah TITL$ 0,! ,IMM$IATE ,TASKS ( ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T10 ,V4 ,I4 ,L59 7#a#h#g-#a#i#b#d7 WROTE ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO LE>N H[ TO H>MONIZE ! DEMOCRACY ( ! WORK+ MASSES 0) IRON DISCIPL9E :ILE AT WORK10 & ) 0UNQUE/ION+ OB$I5CE TO ! WILL ( A S+LE P]SON1 ! ,SOVIET LEAD]40.<#f.> 

,! BETRAYAL ( WORK]S' CONTROL 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IS *RONICL$ BY LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ ,MAURICE ,BR9TON 7#a#i#b#c-#b#e7 9 HIS #aige PAMPHLET 0,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S ,CONTROL #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a40 ,BR9TON'S CRIT]ION = EVALUAT+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS 0WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION--IMPLY+ AS IT DOES ! TOTAL DOM9ATION .<BY.> ! PRODUC] OV] ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS40 ,= ,BR9TON ?IS WAS NOT 0A M>G9AL MATT]0 BUT RA!R 0! CORE ( \R POLITICS0 & 0IS ! ONLY MEANS :]EBY AU?ORIT>IAN 7ORD]-GIV+1 ORD]-TAK+7 RELATIONS 9 PRODUCTION CAN BE TRANSC5D$ & A FREE1 COMMUNI/ OR AN>*I/1 SOCIETY 9TRODUC$40 ,HE W5T ON TO WRITE3 

,9 #aiag ! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S CREAT$ ORGANS 7,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES & ,SOVIETS7 ?AT MI<T HAVE 5SUR$ ! MANAGEM5T ( SOCIETY BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,BUT ! SOVIETS PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ,BOL%EVIK FUNCTION>IES4 ,A /ATE APP>ATUS1 SEP>ATE FROM ! MASSES1 WAS RAPIDLY RECON/ITUT$4 ,! ,RUSSIAN WORK]S DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 CREAT+ NEW 9/ITUTIONS ?R\< :I* !Y W\LD HAVE MANAG$ BO? 9DU/RY & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,?IS TASK WAS !RE=E TAK5 OV] BY SOMEONE ELSE1 BY A GR\P :OSE SPECIFIC TASK IT BECAME4 ,! BUREAUCRACY ORGANIZ$ ! WORK PROCESS 9 A C\NTRY ( :OSE POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS IT WAS ALSO MA/]4.<#f#a.> 

,:AT >E ! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS HI/ORY = TRULY 0COMMUNI/ OR AN>*I/0 CLASS RELATIONS ( ! FUTURE8 ,IF AN AN>*I/ ECONOMY ADOPTS PROP]TY RELATIONS SU* AS ?OSE PROPOS$ 9 ! E>LI] SECTION1 I4E41 EI!R FULLY ELIM9AT+ [N]%IP ( PRODUCTIVE ASSETS OR HAV+ EV]YONE [N !M EQUALLY1 & 9 BO? CASES EV]YONE ALSO HAV+ SELF-MANAG$ DECISION-MAK+ 9 PROPORTION TO H[ !Y >E AFFECT$1 !N CLASS HI]>*IES BAS$ ON [N]%IP OR CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION WILL BE ABOLI%$4 ,H[EV]1 H[ DOES ONE ACCOMPLI% ?AT SELF-MANAGEM5T AT WORK8 ,:AT AB\T ! DIVISION ( LABOR8 ,IS IT 5\< TO SAY LIKE ,BAKUN9 ?AT 0! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION NE$ NOT BE EXCLUSIVELY MONOPOLIZ$ BY ONE OR SEV]AL 9DIVIDUALS80 ,!RE >E MANY POSSIBILITIES = H[ CLASS RULE 9 SOCIETY C\LD REEM]GE EV5 ) ?IS AS A GUID+ DESIRE1 UNLESS A NEW ECONOMIC MODEL HAS 9/ITUTIONAL FEATURES & DECISION-MAK+ NORMS ?AT PROPEL CLASSLESSNESS1 SOLID>ITY1 & SELF-MANAGEM5T1 :ILE SUPPRESS+ POSSIBILITIES = CLASS RULE COM+ BACK TO HAUNT US4 

,! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS SAW MANY 9NOVATIONS 9 UND]/&+ CLASS ANALYSIS & ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 SOME ( :I* ELABORAT$ ON E>LY ATTEMPTS AT A ?REE-CLASS ANALYSIS4 ,ONE NOTABLE EXAMPLE WAS PUT =W>D 9 ,BETWE5 ,LABOR & ,CAPITAL 7#a#i#g#i71.<#f#b.> A BOOK ORGANIZ$ >\ND ! LEAD ESSAY 0,! ,PR(ESSIONAL-,MANAG]IAL ,CLASS0 BY ,B>B>A & ,JOHN ,EHR5REI*4 ,9 SUMM>Y1 ! ,PR(ESSIONAL-,MANAG]IAL ,CLASS 7,P,M,C71 AS ! ,EHR5REI*S CALL$ IT1 WAS A ?IRD CLASS BETWE5 CAPITALI/S & WORK]S ) ITS [N RELATIONS & 9T]E/S4 ,BROADLY CONSI/5T ) ,BAKUN9'S E>LY =MULATION1 ! ,P,M,C APPROA* DIFF]$ FROM POPUL> NOTIONS ( ! 0MIDDLE CLASS10 9 ?AT IT SAW ?IS ?IRD CLASS AS BE+ /RUCTURALLY AS IMPORTANT AS CAPITALI/S & WORK]S & DEF9$ NOT FIR/LY BY 9COME1 BUT BY POSITION4 ,! ,P,M,C AS ! ,EHR5REI*S DESCRIB$ IT1 9CLUD$ DOCTORS1 MANAG]S1 0CULTURAL WORK]S10 TEA*]S1 & O!RS :O DO L>GELY CONCEPTUAL & EMP[]+ WORK4 ,! ,P,M,C ?US DIFF]$ FROM CAPITALI/S :O [N & CONTROL SOCIETY'S PRODUCTIVE ASSETS1 AS WELL AS FROM WORK]S :O DO MO/LY MANUAL LABOR ON ASSEMBLY L9ES1 AGRICULTURAL WORK1 SALES1 BUSS+ TABLES1 & SO ON4 ,! RELATIONS & ANTAGONISMS BETWE5 CAPITALI/S1 ! ,P,M,C1 & WORK]S P]SI/ &1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,EHR5REI*S1 CAUSE US TO NE$ TO CONSID] 0! HI/ORICAL ALT]NATIVE ( A SOCIETY 9 :I* M5TAL & MANUAL WORK >E RE-UNIT$ TO CREATE :OLE PEOPLE40.<#f#c.> ,:AT IS CONSEQU5TIAL = AN>*ISM IS ?AT ?IS 9SI<T PROVIDES A JUMP+ (F PO9T = 5VISION+ H[ ! DIVISION ( LABOR CAN BE ALT]$ TO ALL[ & EV5 5TAIL CLASSLESSNESS4 

,ALSO CONSI/5T ) ! CLASSICAL AN>*I/ ?RU/ T[>DS A ?REE-CLASS !ORY1 ,MI*AEL ,ALB]T & ,ROB9 ,HAHNEL MADE !IR [N CONTRIBUTION 9 ! SAME BOOK4 ,9 !IR ESSAY1 0,A ,TICKET TO ,RIDE3 ,MORE ,LOCATIONS ON ! ,CLASS ,MAP10 !Y \TL9$ !IR PROPOSAL = A ?REE-CLASS ANALYSIS 9TRODUC+ :AT !Y CALL$ ! 0,COORD9ATOR ,CLASS10 !REBY LAY+ ! GR\NDWORK = :AT W\LD EV5TUALLY BECOME !IR VISION ( A CLASSLESS P>TICIPATORY ECONOMIC SY/EM4.<#f#d.> ,TO ,P>APHRASE ,ALB]T & ,HAHNEL1 ! ,COORD9ATOR ,CLASS1 LIKE ! ,P,M,C1 IS POSITION$ ABOVE WORK]S :O DO ROTE & UN-EMP[]+ TASKS & :O WANT HI<] WAGES1 BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS1 MORE CONTROL OV] !IR WORK1 & SO ON1 & POSITION$ BEL[ CAPITALI/S :O [N ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & WANT TO L[] WAGES :ILE EXTRACT+ MORE LABOR & PROGRESSIVELY WEAK5 ! B>GA9+ P[] ( WORK]S 9 ORD] TO GA9 MORE PR(IT4 ,/&>D TWO-CLASS ANALYSIS HI<LI<TS [N]%IP RELATIONS BUT FAILS TO EMPHASIZE A HI<LY SIGNIFICANT ACTOR )9 ECONOMICS3 ! ,COORD9ATOR ,CLASS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 COORD9ATORS HAVE AU?ORITY & P[] OV] WORK]S4 ,!Y DO MO/LY EMP[]+ & CONCEPTUAL WORK1 & SO B5EFIT FROM !IR ELITE POSITION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 WORK]S DO MO/LY ROTE & EXECUTION>Y WORK4 ,?IS MATT]S1 NOT ONLY 9 ! UNJU/ DI/RIBUTION ( DESIRABLE CONDITIONS1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE ! K9DS ( WORK WE DO HELPS %APE & 9=M \R CAPACITIES = DECISION-MAK+ & P>TICIPATION BO? 9 \R WORKPLACES & ALSO 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY MORE BROADLY4 ,?IS MOD]N APPROA* TO CLASS & ! DIVISION ( LABOR PO9TS TO ! NE$ = 9NOVATION1 NOT ONLY REG>D+ [N]%IP1 M5TAL1 &_/OR MANUAL LABOR1 BUT ALSO EMP[]M5T 9 T]MS ( ! LABOR WE P]=M & ! DECISIONS WE MAKE4 

,9 LAT] WORKS1 ,ALB]T & ,HAHNEL REF9E !IR VISION1 :I* 9CLUDES1 AMONG O!R ASPECTS1 A POSITIVE REORGANIZATION ( ! WORKPLACE SO ?AT EV]YONE HAS 9 !IR WORK A COMP>ABLY EMP[]+ >RAY ( RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,COMB9+ TASKS TO EQUALIZE EMP[]M5T 5SURES ?AT NO S+LE GR\P1 OR CLASS1 MONOPOLIZES DECISION-MAK+ P[] NOR GETS COMPLAC5T OR APA!TIC DO+ ONLY ROTE TASKS4 

,REMUN]ATION ,S*EMES 

,SOCIETY NE$S & VALUES ?+S4 ,:E!R SOME?+ AS SIMPLE AS A KITE = A *ILD OR SOME?+ MORE COMPLEX LIKE A HOSPITAL OR TELECOMMUNICATIONS SY/EM--PEOPLE PRODUCE :AT O!RS DESIRE & 9 ! PROCESS SACRIFICE SOCIALLY VALUABLE TIME & 5]GY ?AT C\LD HAVE BE5 US$ = O!R 5DS1 :E!R PRODUC+ SOME?+ ELSE1 OR SIMPLY SOCIALIZ+ 9 DIV]SE WAYS4 ,PEOPLE ALSO WORK UND] MORE OR LESS DESIRABLE CONDITIONS1 ) BETT] OR WORSE TOOLS1 ) MORE OR LESS 9NATE GIFTS SU* AS BIGG] MUSCLES OR MORE /AM9A4 ,PEOPLE CAN ALSO WORK LONG] OR H>D] ?AN ONE ANO!R1 HAVE BETT] TRA9+1 OR HAVE MORE EFFECTIVE WORKMATES4 ,SO :AT %\LD COMP5SATION BE8 

,UND] CAPITALISM B>GA9+ P[] DET]M9ES 9COMES4 ,PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION SEEKS1 FIR/1 TO AGGR&IZE ?OSE AT ! TOP4 ,OBVI\SLY AN>*I/S REJECT ?IS4 ,BUT ! PR9CIPLE ( REMUN]ATION PROPOS$ BY ,M>X = SOCIALISM :]E 9COME IS PROPORTIONAL TO CONTRIBUTION1 :]E AGA9 CONTRIBUTION IS DET]M9$ BY ! LUCK ( BETT] G5ETICS1 TOOLS1 WORKMATES1 OR L&--ALL CIRCUM/ANCES \T ( \R CONTROL--IS LIKEWISE \T ( T\* ) AN>*I/ NOTIONS ( JU/ICE4 

,WE SAW 9 ! SECTION ON PROP]TY H[ PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION =CES WORK]S TO SELL !IR [N LABOR & H[ /ATE [N]%IP ( PRODUCTIVE ASSETS =CES WORK]S TO GIVE UP CONTROL OV] !IR [N LABOR4 ,9 BO? CASES WORK]S HAVE LITTLE B>GA9+ P[] ) CAPITALI/S OR ! /ATE TO NEGOTIATE FAIR REMUN]ATION = !IR WORK4 ,ANO!R ME?OD BAS$ ON ! COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLE ( REMUN]ATION ACCORD+ TO NE$ IS PROPOS$ BY ,KROPOTK9 9 HIS AN>*O-COMMUNI/ WORK1 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD 7#a#h#i#b74.<#f#e.> ,= ,KROPOTK9 IF PRIVATE [N]%IP ( PRODUCTIVE PROP]TY 9 CAPITALISM PRODUCES SC>CITY ( GOODS = ?OSE AT ! BOTTOM1 !N ! NEW ECONOMY1 BAS$ ON ABOLITION ( PRIVATE [N]%IP ( PRODUCTIVE ASSETS COMB9$ ) ! 9TRODUCTION ( MUTUAL AID & VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION1 %\LD DI/RIBUTE ! ABUNDANT FRUITS ( SOCIETY'S PRODUCTIVITY TO ALL BAS$ ON :AT !Y NE$4 ,AN>*I/S QUICKLY REJECT ! PR9CIPLE ( REMUN]ATION ACCORD+ TO CONTRIBUTION1 BECAUSE HI]>*IES EM]GE DUE TO SOME HAV+ BETT] TOOLS OR G5ETICS1 OR PRODUC+ 9 A SECTOR ( MORE VALUE4 ,! FACT ?AT SOME PRODUCE MORE OR LESS DUE TO CIRCUM/ANCES L>GELY \T ( !IR CONTROL %\LD NOT BE CAUSE = !M TO RECEIVE MORE OR LESS 9COME4 ,BUT :AT AB\T REMUN]ATION ACCORD+ TO NE$8 

,HI/ORICALLY1 IT WAS DUR+ AN>*I/ EXP]IM5TATION 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> ?AT WE FIR/ SAW ! MASS APPLICATION ( REMUN]ATION ACCORD+ TO NE$4 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL DESCRIB$ ! SC5>IO3 

,IT IS ! FIR/ TIME 9 MOD]N SOCIETY ?AT ! AN>*I/ PR9CIPLE 0TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S10 HAS BE5 PRACTIC$4 ,IT HAS BE5 APPLI$ 9 TWO WAYS3 )\T MONEY 9 MANY VILLAGES 9 ,>AGON & BY A LOCAL MONEY 9 O!RS1 & 9 ! GREAT] P>T ( COLLECTIVES E/ABLI%$ 9 O!R REGIONS4 ,! FAMILY WAGE IS PAID ) ?IS MONEY & IT V>IES ACCORD+ TO ! NUMB] ( MEMB]S 9 EA* FAMILY4 ,A H\SEHOLD 9 :I* ! MAN & HIS WIFE BO? WORK BECAUSE !Y HAVE NO *ILDR5 RECEIVES1 = ! SAKE ( >GUM5T1 SAY #e PESETAS A DAY4 ,ANO!R H\SEHOLD 9 :I* ONLY ! MAN WORKS1 AS HIS WIFE HAS TO C>E = TWO1 ?REE OR F\R *ILDR51 RECEIVES SIX1 SEV5 OR EI<T PESETAS RESPECTIVELY4 ,IT IS ! 0NE$S0 & NOT ONLY ! 0PRODUCTION0 TAK5 9 ! /RICTLY ECONOMIC S5SE :I* CONTROL ! WAGE SCALE OR ?AT ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTS :]E WAGES DO NOT EXI/4.<#f#f.> 

,APPLY+ ?IS ME?OD ( REMUN]ATION 9 ! REAL WORLD1 ESPECIALLY UND] NE> IMPOSSIBLE CIRCUM/ANCES DUR+ A TIME ( 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL W>1 IS QUITE A REM>KABLE A*IEVEM5T4 ,BUT WE %\LD NOTE ?AT IT IS AM5D+ REMUN]ATION = H\RS WORK$ ) A NE$ COMPON5T1 NOT SIMPLY REMUN]AT+ NE$1 :I* W\LD DELIV] 9COME REG>DLESS ( WORK4 

,9 ,M>X'S 0,CRITIQUE ( ! ,GO?A ,PROGRAM0 7#a#h#g#e7 HE PROPOSES1 0,9 A HI<] PHASE ( COMMUNI/ SOCIETY444AFT] LABOR HAS BECOME NOT ONLY A MEANS ( LIFE BUT LIFE'S PRIME WANT2 AFT] ! PRODUCTIVE =CES HAVE ALSO 9CREAS$ ) ! ALL->\ND DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & ALL ! SPR+S ( COOP]ATIVE WEAL? FL[ MORE ABUNDANTLY--ONLY !N CAN ! N>R[ HORIZON ( B\RGEOIS RI<T BE CROSS$ 9 ITS 5TIRETY & SOCIETY 9SCRIBE ON ITS BANN]S3 ,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S60.<#f#g.> ,?IS IS AN E?ICAL PROPOSAL = A MORALLY GOOD SOCIETY4 ,YET !RE REMA9S A FUZZY MIDDLE GR\ND BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE :]E MANY 9T]E/+ & IMPORTANT QUE/IONS HIDE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 H[ DO WE KN[ :AT IS DESIRABLE = SOCIETY )\T KN[+ ! RELATIVE B5EFITS ( ALT]NATIVE ALLOCATIONS ( SOCIETY'S HUMAN & NATURAL RES\RCES8 ,H[ >E CO/S DET]M9$ & %>$ EQUITABLY8 ,TO ! EXT5T REMUN]ATION ACCORD+ TO NE$ MEANS 0TAKE :AT Y\ FEEL Y\ NE$0 & 0ANY?+ GOES0 IT IS NOT ONLY UTOPIAN1 BUT ALSO DYSFUNCTIONAL1 HID+ ! RELATIVE B5EFITS & CO/S ( ALT]NATIVE OPTIONS ?AT WE MU/ *OOSE AMONG4 ,SU* S5TIM5TS %\LD BE TOSS$ 9TO ! 0ANTI-SOCIAL WA/E BASKET40 ,DET]M9+ 9COMES 9 A SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE WAY MEANS 9TRODUC+ ANO!R REMUN]ATION ME?OD DIFF]5T FROM 0PEOPLE CAN HAVE :AT !Y WANT & DO AS !Y *OOSE40 ,9 FACT1 ! REAL UND]LY+ DESIRE ( MO/ ADVOCATES ( REMUN]ATION = NE$ IS ?AT PEOPLE %\LD GET A RESPONSIBLE AM\NT ( ! SOCIAL PRODUCT & DO !IR FAIR %>E ( ! LABOR ?AT IS REQUIR$ TO PRODUCE ! SOCIAL PRODUCT4 ,BUT ( C\RSE1 H[ DO WE KN[ H[ MU* 9COME & H[ MU* LABOR >E RESPONSIBLE & FAIR8 

,AN>*I/S MI<T SEEK ! ANSW] BY LOOK+ AT ! WORK ( A VALU$ DOCTOR1 LAWY]1 OR >TI/4 ,9 ! ?IRD VOLUME ( HIS ,POLITICAL & ,SOCIAL ,WRIT+S1 ,GREEK PHILOSOPH] ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS 7#a#i#b#b-#a#i#i#g7 ASK$1 0,:AT S5SE IS !RE 9 SAY+ ?AT ! COMPET5CY ( A GOOD SURGEON IS WOR? EXACTLY AS MU* AS--OR MORE1 OR LESS1 ?AN--?AT ( A GOOD 5G9E]8 ,& :Y IS IT NOT WOR? EXACTLY AS MU* AS ?AT ( A GOOD TRA9 5G9E] OR GOOD TEA*]80.<#f#h.> ,OR1 MORE DIRECTLY1 :Y IS A SURGEON NOT REMUN]AT$ LESS ?AN A G>BAGE COLLECTOR8 

,CA/ORIADIS SAW ?AT 0COMPET5CE10 0M]IT10 & 09TELLIG5CE10 W]E SIMIL> TO ! LUCK ( BETT] TOOLS OR WORKPLACE CIRCUM/ANCE & WAS JU/ AS MU* \T ( \R CONTROL AS G5ES 9H]IT$ FROM ! G5ETIC LOTT]Y1 & SO WAS NOT DES]V+ ( MORE 9COME 7EV5 IF SOCIETY PAID = ! $UCATION TO NURTURE ITS DEVELOPM5T74 ,BUT DON'T PRODUC]S ( GREAT VALUE NE$ ! 9C5TIVE ( HI< 9COME8 ,CA/ORIADIS WROTE3 

,TO ! EXT5T ?AT SOMEONE HAS A GIFT1 ! EX]CISE ( ?IS GIFT IS 9 ITSELF A S\RCE ( PLEASURE :5 IT IS NOT H9D]$4 ,& AS = ! R>E EXCEPTIONALLY GIFT$ 9DIVIDUALS1 :AT REALLY MATT]S IS NOT MONET>Y REW>D BUT CREAT+ :AT !Y >E IRRESI/IBLY DRIV5 TO CREATE4 ,IF ,E9/E9 HAD BE5 9T]E/$ 9 MONEY1 HE W\LD NOT HAVE BECOME ,E9/E9--& IT IS LIKELY ?AT HE W\LD HAVE MADE A RA!R M$IOCRE BOSS OR F9ANCI]4.<#f#i.> 

,OR1 AS ,LUCY ,P>SONS 7#a#h#e#c-#a#i#d#b71 F\ND+ MEMB] ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,PEOPLE'S ,ASSOCIATION 7,I,W,P,A7 & CO-F\ND] ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W71 SAID 9 H] SPEE* ON 0,! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,AN>*ISM10 0,! GR&E/ WORKS ( ! PA/ W]E NEV] P]=M$ = ! SAKE ( MONEY40.<#g.> ,%E WAS AW>E ?AT !RE IS A SOCIAL REW>D = ! SCI5TI/ :O MAKES AN IMPORTANT DISCOV]Y1 ! >TI/ :O BR+S GREAT JOY1 OR ! SURGEON :O SAVES A LIFE ?AT IS BEYOND ! REALM ( MAT]IAL VALUE4 ,SAV+ A LIFE OR MAK+ A DISCOV]Y1 LIKE ALL O!R WORK1 %\LD RECEIVE MAT]IAL COMP5SATION = H[ LONG ONE DOES IT1 H[ H>D ONE DOES IT1 & ! ON]\SNESS ( CONDITIONS UND] :I* ONE DOES IT4 ,?AT IS1 WORK IS REW>D$ = LONG] H\RS1 GREAT] 9T5SITY1 OR BE+ LESS PLEASANT OR MORE ON]\S OR DANG]\S1 ?\< ?IS REMUN]ATION IS ( C\RSE TEMP]$ BY PAYM5T ACCORD+ TO NE$ 9 CASES ( ILL HEAL?1 AGE1 OR SOME O!R CONDITION ?AT 9HIBITS US FROM WORK+4 

,ALLOCATION 

,EV]Y ECONOMY NE$S A WAY TO DECIDE H[ TO DI/RIBUTE 9PUTS & \TPUTS = ! PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION ( ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE4 ,?IS IS CALL$ ALLOCATION4 ,AS A SIMPLE EXAMPLE1 CONSID] BOOKS4 ,TWO BASIC +R$I5TS = BOOKS >E 9K & PAP]4 ,! PR9T] NE$S TO ORD] BO?1 :I* 9 TURN REQUIRES 9K & PAP] PRODUC]S TO CONSUME PIGM5TS1 DYES1 SOLV5TS1 & ADDITIVES1 & PAP] F9I%+ ACCORD+ TO WEI<T1 SIZE1 & O!R PHYSICAL PROP]TIES4 ,)\T AN ALLOCATION SY/EM1 BOOKS C\LD NOT BE MADE1 M$IC9E C\LD NOT CURE1 S*OOLS W\LD NOT BE BUILT1 NOR COMPUT]S ASSEMBL$4 ,9DE$1 SOCIETY W\LD ATTA9 V]Y LITTLE1 IF IT W\LD EXI/ AT ALL4 ,SO ALLOCATION NE$S TO FACILITATE ! DEMOCRATIC & NON-WA/EFUL DI/RIBUTION ( 9PUTS & \TPUTS = PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION4 

,S9CE ,I HAVE PRES5T$ SOME COMPON5TS ( AN>*I/ ECONOMIC !ORY & PRACTICE 9 PRIOR SECTIONS ( ?IS *APT]1 WE ALREADY HAVE FILT]S = EASILY RUL+ \T ALLOCATIVE OPTIONS ?AT DO NOT SATISFY AN>*I/ CRIT]IA & SEE O!R POSSIBILITIES ?AT PROVIDE AS CLOSE AN APPROXIMATION ( ! BE/ POSSIBLE AN>*I/ ECONOMIC SY/EM AS WE CAN IMAG9E TODAY4 

,! FIR/ ALLOCATION ME*ANISM IS ! ONE WE F9D 9 CAPITALISM4 ,! MA9 9/ITUTIONS ?AT DEF9E CAPITALISM >E PRIVATE [N]%IP ( PRODUCTIVE ASSETS1 :I* WE REJECT$ 9 ! SECTION ON PROP]TY1 HI]>*ICAL DIVISIONS ( LABOR1 :I* WE JETTISON$ 9 ! SECTION ON DIVISIONS ( LABOR1 UNFAIR COMP5SATION = WORK1 :I* WE DECID$ AGA9/ 9 ! SECTION ON REMUN]ATION1 & F9ALLY M>KET ALLOCATION1 :I* WE N[ CONSID]4 

,M>KETS 5TAIL BUY]S & SELL]S EA* TRY+ TO 0BUY *EAP & SELL DE>40 ,M>KETS PIT PEOPLE AGA9/ ONE ANO!R & ! DECID+ FACTOR IS :O HAS ! MO/ B>GA9+ P[]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! LABOR M>KET1 0,MR4 ,MONEY ,BAGS0 WANTS TO HIRE 0,LUCY ! ,LABOR]0 AT V]Y L[ WAGES1 SPE$ UP H] WORK1 WORS5 H] CONDITIONS1 L5G!N H] WORKDAY1 & SO ON4 ,LUCY WANTS TO AVOID BE+ ?USLY FLEEC$ BY ! CAPITALI/1 & SO %E SEEKS TO RAISE WAGES1 R$UCE ! PACE ( WORK1 IMPROVE CONDITIONS1 %ORT5 ! WORKDAY1 & SO ON4 ,?IS IS CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,BUT EV5 :5 SELL+ PRODUCTS1 OR BUY+ ITEMS1 ! SAME MOTIVES PREVAIL1 GETT+ AS MU* AS Y\ CAN :ILE PAY+ AS LITTLE AS Y\ CAN4 

,BEYOND ! SITE ( EX*ANGE1 MOREOV]1 IF SOMEONE PUR*ASES A C> AT A DEAL]%IP1 EV5 ?\< ! BUY] & SELL] ALONE NEGOTIATE ! CO/1 MANY O!RS >E AFFECT$ AS SOON AS ! C> LEAVES ! P>K+ LOT & C>BON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS 9CREASE GRE5H\SE GASES PROPELL+ GLOBAL CLIMATE *ANGE4 ,MANY PEOPLE >E EXCLUD$ FROM DECISIONS ?AT 9 FACT AFFECT !M4 

,BECAUSE M>KET TRANSACTIONS SU* AS BUY+ & SELL+ FAVOR ?OSE ) MORE P[]1 WEAL?1 & PRIVILEGE--OV] LONG P]IODS ( TIME !Y W>P PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION 9 ELITES' FAVOR4 ,OV]ALL1 ON A SOCIETY-WIDE SCALE1 ?IS MEANS ?AT M>KETS BIAS TRANSACTIONS T[>D MORE PRIVATE RA!R ?AN PUBLIC \TCOMES1 = EXAMPLE PRIVATE HEAL? C>E1 $UCATION1 & TRANSPORTATION1 RA!R ?AN MORE PUBLIC =MS4 ,= !SE & ADDITIONAL REASONS1 M>KETS >E ANTI!TICAL TO AN>*ISM4 

,ANO!R ALLOCATION POSSIBILITY1 EV5 EASI] = AN>*I/S TO REJECT1 IS C5TRAL PLANN+4 ,C5TRALLY PLANN$ 0SOCIALI/0 ECONOMIES >E DEF9$ BY /ATE [N]%IP & CONTROL ( PRODUCTIVE PROP]TY1 CORPORATE DIVISIONS ( LABOR 9 ! WORK PLACE1 & C5TRAL PLANN]S & MANAG]S :O COMPRISE ! 0,R$ ,BUREAUCRACY0 ?AT ,BAKUN9 SPOKE (4 ,MO/ AN>*I/S W\LD OPPOSE ?IS SY/EM ON PR9CIPLE1 >GU+ ?AT IT IS AU?ORIT>IAN1 & !Y W\LD BE RI<T4 

,AN>*I/ REJECTION ( C5TRAL PLANN+ & M>KETS IS APPROPRIATE BUT A QUE/ION >ISES :5 WE TELL PEOPLE WE MU/ GET RID ( EA*4 ,:AT HAVE WE TO (F] 9 !IR PLACE8 ,WELL1 WE KN[ ?AT =MATIONS ( NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 WORK]S' C\NCILS OR SOVIETS1 & 9DU/RIAL SYNDICALISM SPR\T UP EV]Y:]E ?AT PEOPLE SEEK TO TAKE CONTROL OV] ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE & SELF-MANAGE SOCIETY4 ,H[EV]1 IF UPRIS+S CREATE NEW 9/ITUTIONAL =MS !N :AT HAPP5S :5 !SE =MS GR[ & BLOSSOM8 ,:AT ROLE WILL !Y PLAY 9 ! FUTURE SOCIETY BEYOND !IR ROLE TO ESCAPE ! PA/ & PRES5T ONE8 ,WILL !Y BE GOOD ONLY AS VEHICLES ( /RUGGLE OR WILL !Y CON/ITUTE ! F\NDATION ( ! NEW SOCIETY & HELP CREATE NEW SOCIAL & MAT]IAL RELATIONS :ILE BE+ ! GLUE ?AT HOLDS IT ALL TOGE!R8 

,PROVID+ CONTEXT = ! HI/ORICAL MODEL ( ! SOVIET1 ,G]MAN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ !ORI/ & HI/ORIAN ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] 7#a#h#g#c-#a#i#e#h7 SKET*$ ! ORIG9S & GOALS 9 HIS ESSAY 0,AN>*ISM @& ,SOVIETISM03 

,! IDEA ( SOVIETS IS NOT A NEW ONE1 NOR IS IT ONE ?R[N UP1 AS IS FREQU5TLY BELIEV$1 BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT >OSE 9 ! MO/ ADVANC$ W+ ( ! ,EUROPEAN LABOR MOVEM5T AT A TIME :5 ! WORK+ CLASS EM]G$ FROM ! *RYSALIS ( B\RGEOIS RADICALISM TO BECOME 9DEP5D5T4 ,?AT WAS 9 ! DAYS :5 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION A*IEV$ ITS GR&IOSE PLAN TO GA!R TOGE!R WORK]S FROM V>I\S C\NTRIES 9TO A S+LE HUGE UNION1 SO AS TO OP5 UP TO !M A DIRECT R\TE T[>DS !IR REAL EMANCIPATION4 ,AL?\< ! ,9T]NATIONAL HAS BE5 ?\<T ( AS A BROAD BAS$ ORGANIZATION COMPOS$ ( PR(ESSIONAL BODIES1 ITS /ATUTES W]E DRAFT$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO ALL[ ALL ! SOCIALI/ T5D5CIES ( ! DAY TO JO9 ) ! SOLE PROVISO ?AT !Y AGREE ) ! ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE ( ! ORGANIZATION3 ! COMPLETE EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S4.<#g#a.> 

,AN 9/ITUTIONAL TRADITION PROVID+ 0EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S0 IS (F]$ AS AN>*O-SYNDICALISM :I* ALL[S = ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 CONSUMPTION1 & ALLOCATION ( ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE TO BE BR\<T UND] DIRECT CONTROL & ADM9I/RATION (1 =1 & BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,9DU/RY IS ORGANIZ$ 9TO F$]ATIONS LOCALLY1 REGIONALLY1 & NATIONALLY4 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE (F]$ AN E>LY GLIMPSE 9TO 0:AT C\LD HAVE BE50 AS ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS 7#a#h#b-#a#h#i#e7 9=M$ US 9 HIS 9TRODUCTION TO ,M>X'S 0,! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,FRANCE10 :I* HE WROTE ON ! TW5TIE? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! COMMUNE & ALSO TW5TY YE>S AFT] ,M>X PUBLI%$ HIS ORIG9AL TEXT3 

,ON ,APRIL #af ! ,COMMUNE ORD]$ A /ATI/ICAL TABULATION ( FACTORIES :I* HAD BE5 CLOS$ D[N BY ! MANUFACTUR]S1 & ! WORK+ \T ( PLANS = ! C>RY+ ON ( !SE FACTORIES BY WORK]S =M]LY EMPLOY$ 9 !M1 :O W]E TO BE ORGANIZ$ 9 COOP]ATIVE SOCIETIES1 & ALSO PLANS = ! ORGANIZATION ( !SE CO-OP]ATIVES 9 ONE GREAT UNION4.<#g#b.> 

,! OP5+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY SAW SYNDICALISM REEM]GE AGA9 :5 FACTORY COMMITTEES & SOVIETS ROSE UP 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 PROVID+ A NUCLEUS = WORK]S' CONTROL ?AT WAS1 H[EV]1 CRU%$ BY ! ,BOLSKEVIKS4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] ( #a#i#b1 ,ITALIAN WORKPLACE TAKEOV]S SPREAD ACROSS AUTO FACTORIES1 /EEL MILLS1 BREW]IES1 /EAM%IPS & MU* MORE1 9VOLV+ AT ITS PEAK #f1 WORK]S 9 MASSIVE ASSEMBLIES4.<#g#c.> ,SYNDICALISM LAT] A*IEV$ ONE IF ITS HI<E/ PO9TS DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,ALONG ) F$]AT$ & SELF-GOV]N+ ASSEMBLIES ACROSS URBAN NEI<BORHOODS & RURAL VILLAGES1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S ATTEMPT$ ! SYNDICALIZATION ( 9DU/RY AS \TL9$ BY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL3 

,EA* 9DU/RY IS C5TRALIZ$ 9 ! ,SYNDICAL ,ADM9I/RATIVE ,COMMITTEE4 ,?IS COMMITTEE IS DIVID$ 9TO AS MANY SECTIONS AS !RE >E PR9CIPAL 9DU/RIES4 ,:5 AN ORD] IS RECEIV$ BY ! ,SALES ,SECTION IT IS PASS$ ON TO ! PRODUCTION SECTION :OSE TASK IT IS TO DECIDE :I* WORK%OPS >E BE/ EQUIPP$ TO PRODUCE ! REQUIR$ >TICLES4 ,:IL/ SETTL+ ?IS QUE/ION !Y ORD] ! REQUIR$ RAW MAT]IALS FROM ! CORRESPOND+ SECTION4 ,! LATT] GIVES 9/RUCTIONS TO ! %OPS TO SUPPLY ! MAT]IALS & F9ALLY1 ! ,BUY+ ,SECTION RECEIVES DETAILS ( ! TRANSACTION SO ?AT IT CAN REPLACE ! MAT]IAL US$4.<#g#d.> 

,= ,DUT* A/RONOM] & ,M>XI/ ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 7#a#h#g#c-#a#i#f7 C\NCIL ORGANIZATION WAS BO? ! MEANS BY :I* WORK]S W\LD /RUGGLE TO TAKE SELF-MANAG$ CONTROL OV] SOCIETY & ! =M 9 :I* !Y W\LD ADM9I/] ?AT NEW SOCIETY !MSELVES4 ,WRITT5 9 ! #a#i#dS1 ,PANNEKOEK'S BOOK ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS PROPOSES ?AT C\NCIL ALLOCATION C\LD OCCUR ON A GR& SCALE & 

WILL BE POSSIBLE ONLY BY COMB9+ ALL ! FACTORIES1 AS ! SEP>ATE MEMB]S ( ONE BODY1 9TO A WELL ORGANIZ$ SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,! CONNECTION ?AT UND] CAPITALISM IS ! =TUIT\S \TCOME ( BL9D COMPETITION & M>KET+1 DEP5D+ ON PUR*ASE & SALE1 IS !N ! OBJECT ( CONSCI\S PLANN+4 ,!N 9/EAD ( ! P>TIAL & IMP]FECT ATTEMPTS AT ORGANIZATION ( MOD]N CAPITALISM1 ?AT ONLY LEAD TO FI]C] FI<T & DE/RUCTION1 COMES ! P]FECT ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 GR[+ 9TO A WORLD-WIDE SY/EM ( COLLABORATION4 ,= ! PRODUC+ CLASSES CANNOT BE COMPETITORS1 ONLY COLLABORATORS4.<#g#e.> 

,%>+ SIMIL> 9/ITUTIONAL ASPIRATIONS1 ESPECIALLY AFT] BE+ 9FLU5C$ BY ! #aief UPRIS+S AGA9/ ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY 9 ,HUNG>Y & ,POL&1 ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS PUBLI%$ HIS #aieg CLASSIC 0,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS & ! ,ECONOMICS ( ,SELF-,MANAG$ ,SOCIETY40 ,AL?\< ,CA/ORIADIS1 LIKE ,BR9TON1 WAS NOT AN AN>*I/1 HIS VISION WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ TO DEAL ) ! ECONOMICS ( :AT ,BR9TON CALL$ AN AN>*I/ OR COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,HIS ESSAY WAS REPUBLI%$ AS A PAMPHLET BY ! ,LONDON ,SOLID>ITY ,GR\P 9 #a#i#g#b1 & !IR PREFACE /ATES3 0,TO ! BE/ ( \R KN[L$GE .<UNTIL ,CA/ORIADIS.> !RE HAD BE5 NO S]I\S ATTEMPTS BY MOD]N LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>IES TO GRAPPLE ) ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL PROBLEMS ( A TOTALLY SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETY40.<#g#f.> 

,9 ,CA/ORIADIS' VISION ( A SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETY1 ECONOMIC LIFE IS ORGANIZ$ BY F$]AT$ WORK]S' C\NCILS1 C\NCIL ADM9I/RATION1 & ECONOMIC PLANN+4 ,TO AVOID ! COMM& /RUCTURES & BUREAUCRACY ( C5TRALLY PLANN$ ECONOMIES1 ! C\NCILS W]E TO 0COLLECT1 TRANSMIT & DISSEM9ATE 9=MATION COLLECT$ & CONVEY$ TO !M BY LOCAL GR\PS40 ,! C5T] & P]IPH]Y ( A C\NCIL SOCIETY1 AS ,CA/ORIADIS PROPOS$1 WAS TO HAVE A 0TWO-WAY FL[ ( 9=MATION0 & !RE W\LD ALSO BE A REORGANIZATION & TRANS=MATION ( WORK 9CLUD+ ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,= ,CA/ORIADIS1 EQUITABLE & FULL P>TICIPATION 9 ! ECONOMY WAS KEY4 ,H[EV]1 !RE IS A PROBLEM ) ONE ( ! MA9 9/ITUTIONAL FEATURES ?AT ,CA/ORIADIS PROPOS$ TO FACILITATE ALLOCATION1 :I* WAS :AT HE CALL$ 0,! ,PLAN ,FACTORY10 :]E DATA = POSSIBLE ECONOMIC PLANS W\LD BE CALCULAT$ & !N VOT$ ON4 ,CA/ORIADIS ASSUM$ ?IS WAS SIMPLY A TE*NICAL MATT] & !RE=E1 DESPITE HIS 9T5TIONS1 OV]LOOK$ ! QUALITATIVE ASPECTS ( H[ REMOV+ !SE DECISIONS FROM WORK]S & CONSUM]S C\LD LESS5 ! AUTONOMY & SELF-MANAGEM5T ( BO? :ILE EMP[]+ ?OSE 9 ! ,PLAN ,FACTORY4 ,:ILE ,CA/ORIADIS WAS A PIONE] 9 *AMPION+ A NON-M>KET WORK] C\NCIL VISION1 MU* HAS BE5 LE>N$ BY O!RS :O HAVE DEVELOP$ MORE EFFECTIVE PLANN+ PROC$URES ?AT ALL[ = GREAT] C\NCIL SELF-MANAGEM5T ?AN HIS E>LY MODEL FROM #a#i#e#g4 

,! SAME PROBLEM ( H[ TO REALIZE ! FULLE/ POSSIBLE MEANS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T & AUTONOMY 9 ECONOMIC PLANN+ APPE>$ 9 AN>*I/ ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S 7#a#i#b#a-#b#f7 VISION ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,9FLU5C$ BY COMMUNAL & ASSEMBLY =MATIONS FROM BO? ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>1 ,BOOK*9 PROPOS$ A NETWORK ( C\NCILS :OSE MEMB]S >E ELECT$ FROM FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRATIC NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES :I* W\LD COORD9ATE DECISION-MAK+ ON CITY1 MUNICIPAL1 & 0CONF$]AL0 LEVELS BY %>+ RESPONSIBILITIES & ACC\NTABILITY ?R\< RECALLABLE COMMUNITY DELEGATES & M&AT$ REPRES5TATIVES4 ,! PROBLEM = AUTONOMY & SELF-MANAGEM5T >ISES :5 ,BOOK*9 PROPOSES ! 0MUNICIPALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY0 :]E HE /AT$ ?IS W\LD 0BR+ ! ECONOMY AS A :OLE 9TO ! ORBIT ( ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 :]E ECONOMIC POLICY C\LD BE =MULAT$ BY ! 5TIRE COMMUNITY40.<#g#g.> ,TWO PROBLEMS >ISE4 ,ALL DECISIONS >E BY MAJORITY VOTE1 YET NOT ALL DECISIONS 9 FACT AFFECT EV]YONE EQUALLY4 ,BUT EV5 MORE1 SUDD5LY PEOPLE 9 NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES HAVE MORE DECISION-MAK+ SAY AB\T :AT %\LD GO ON 9 A WORKPLACE & 9 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION ?AN ! WORK]S :O WORK !RE OR ?OSE :O WANT !IR GOODS4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE WORK]S & CONSUM]S LOSE !IR ABILITY TO COOP]ATIVELY NEGOTIATE ) ONE ANO!R AB\T :AT TO PRODUCE1 H[ TO PRODUCE IT1 & :]E IT %\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ ?R\<\T SOCIETY4 ,9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE AUTONOMY & SELF-MANAGEM5T1 :]E PEOPLE DECIDE !IR [N OBJECTIVES & HAVE DECISION-MAK+ SAY TO ! DEGREE !Y >E AFFECT$ >E R5D]$ OBSOLETE = ! WORK] 9 ,BOOK*9'S VISION4 

,AN>*I/ ALLOCATION %\LD DELIV] MANY TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ VALUES SU* AS CLASSLESSNESS1 AUTONOMY1 SELF-MANAGEM5T1 SOLID>ITY1 MUTUAL AID1 & DIV]SITY1 & ALSO1 S9CE WE >E TALK+ AB\T ECONOMICS & ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE1 EQUITY & EFFICI5CY4 ,WE HAVE EMB>K$ ON AN 9TRODUCTORY OV]VIEW ( SOME ( ! MO/ COMMON & EFFECTIVE WAYS ?AT PEOPLE HAVE S\<T TO TAKE CONTROL OV] !IR LIVES ?R\<\T REC5T HI/ORY4 ,ANY MODEL ?AT (F]S ITSELF UP = ! FUTURE %\LD BE COMPOS$ ( ! BE/ FEATURES FROM ! PA/1 AS WELL AS SOME NEW & ORIG9AL ATTRIBUTES TO OV]COME PROBLEMS ?AT PLAGU$ PREVI\S EF=TS1 & %\LD WEAVE ALL ?IS 9TO A SYN!SIS :]E ! NEW :OLE IS GREAT] ?AN ! SUM ( ITS P>TS4 ,WE HAVE LOOK$ AT A FEW HI/ORICAL & !ORETICAL ME?ODS US$ = ECONOMIC ALLOCATION1 SU* AS M>KETS & C5TRAL PLANN+4 ,N[1 LET US CONSID] ! MOD]N-DAY P>TICIPATORY ECONOMIC MODEL & ITS ME?OD ( DEC5TRALIZ$ P>TICIPATORY PLANN+ AS (F]$ BY ,MI*AEL ,ALB]T & ,ROB9 ,HAHNEL4 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! SIMPLE SKET* PROVID$ H]E1 LIKE MANY ( ! MODELS (F]$ ?R\<\T ?IS *APT]1 HAS BE5 SPELL$ \T 9 MU* GREAT] DETAIL 9 MANY BOOKS4.<#g#h.> 

,! ME?OD ( DEC5TRALIZ$ P>TICIPATORY PLANN+ USES MANY 9/ITUTIONS FAMILI> FROM PA/ /RUGGLES BUT 9 A NEW CONTEXT & S]V+ A NEW PURPOSE4 ,ALLOCATION TAKES PLACE 9 AN 9/ITUTIONAL SETT+ :]E BALANC$ JOB COMPLEXES--! NEW DIVISION ( LABOR 9 :I* WE ALL HAVE A FAIR APPORTIONM5T ( EMP[]+ TASKS--& REMUN]ATION = DURATION1 9T5SITY1 & ON]\SNESS ( WORK DELIV] CLASSLESSNESS & SELF-MANAG$ DECISION-MAK+ OV] PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION4 ,! C\NCIL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY & ! SYNDICALIZATION ( 9DU/RY PROVIDE ! MEANS = PEOPLE TO DIRECTLY CONTROL ! ECONOMIC SY/EM1 BUT ) A FEW NEW TWI/S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 SELF-MANAG$ C\NCILS PROVIDE WORK]S ) MEANS TO NEGOTIATE :AT TO PRODUCE & H[ TO PRODUCE IT ) SELF-MANAG$ CONSUM]S' C\NCILS :O PROPOSE :AT !Y WANT TO CONSUME4 ,! DEC5TRALIZ$ WORK]S' & CONSUM]S' C\NCILS TOGE!R COOP]ATIVELY & COMPREH5SIVELY NEGOTIATE ECONOMIC PLANS1 )\T ANY C5TRAL AU?ORITY & ) SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,:]E M>KETS PU%$ ! NEGATIVE CO/S ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ONTO ! WEAK] P>TY & PRIVATIZ$ ! POSITIVE ASPECTS ( A TRANSACTION = ! MORE P[]FUL P>TICIPANT1 DEC5TRALIZ$ P>TICIPATORY PLANN+ CONSID]S ! FULL POSITIVE & NEGATIVE CO/S & CONSEQU5CES ( ECONOMIC DECISION-MAK+1 9CLUD+ APPORTION+ B5EFITS & CO/S JU/LY4 ,C\NCILS >RIVE AT A PLAN SEEK+ TO M9IMIZE WA/E & OBTA9 MAXIMUM RESULTS FROM ! LEA/ AM\NT ( SOCIALLY VALU$ EF=T & RES\RCES4 

,CLOS+ ,COMM5TS 

,ANY HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM OR 0AN>*I/ ECONOMICS0 IS B\ND TO BE 9COMPLETE & WILL REQUIRE MANY MORE PAGES & AU?ORS ?AN PRES5T 9 ?IS S+LE *APT]4 ,9DE$1 :5 PUT 9TO FUTURE PRACTICE1 ON A SOCIETY-WIDE SCALE1 WE WILL ALL BE ITS AU?ORS4 ,ON MY [N H]E ?\<1 9/EAD ( PROVID+ A CATALOG OR *RONOLOGY1 & )\T BE+ DEF9ITIVE1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO PULL \T ! BE/ & MO/ WELL-KN[N P>TS ?AT ,I AM AW>E (1 ) ! SPACE AVAILABLE1 & )\T ASSUM+ ANY PRIOR KN[L$GE AB\T AN>*ISM ?AT ! READ] MAY OR MAY NOT HOLD1 TO GIVE AN 9TRODUCTION TO :AT C\LD BE CALL$ 0AN>*I/ ECONOMICS0 AS WELL AS TO PO9T T[>DS H[ !SE DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL T5D5CIES MAY RELATE TO ONE ANO!R1 PROVID+ BUILD+ BLOCKS = AN EMANCIPATORY SOCIETY4 ,IF CLOS] SCRUT9Y REVEALS1 AS ,I BELIEVE1 ?AT P>TICIPATORY ECONOMICS FULFILLS AN>*I/ ECONOMIC AIMS AS \TL9$ ABOVE1 !N WE CAN ADVOCATE & SEEK IT1 ALONG ) COMPLEM5T>Y & REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES 9 O!R SPH]ES ( LIFE4 ,O!RWISE1 9 ACCORD ) ,MALATE/A1 WE CAN 0MEET1 DISCUSS1 AGREE & DIFF]1 & !N DIVIDE ACCORD+ TO .<\R.> V>I\S OP9IONS1 PUTT+ 9TO PRACTICE ! ME?ODS :I* .<WE.> RESPECTIVELY HOLD TO BE ! BE/10 SO ?AT 0?AT ME?OD1 :I* :5 TRI$1 PRODUCES ! BE/ RESULTS1 WILL TRIUMPH 9 ! 5D40 

,LAY+ ! ,F\NDATIONS3 ,PR\DHON'S ,CONTRIBUTION TO ,AN>*I/ ,ECONOMICS.<#g#i.> 

,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,ANYONE SKET*+ ! POSITIVE VISION ( LIB]T>IAN ECONOMICS W\LD1 UND\BT$LY1 9CLUDE SU* FEATURES AS COMMON [N]%IP ( L&1 SOCIALIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 & F$]ATIONS ( WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,SU* A VISION CAN BE F\ND 9 ! WORKS ( SU* NOT$ REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/S AS ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 & ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]4 

,:AT MAY BE LESS WELL KN[N IS ?AT !SE IDEAS CAN BE F\ND 9 ! WORKS ( ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 7#a#h#i-#a#h#f#e71 ! FIR/ P]SON TO PR\DLY PROCLAIM HIMSELF AN AN>*I/ &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! F\ND] ( AN>*ISM AS A NAM$ SOCIO-ECONOMIC !ORY3 0! L& IS 9DISP5SABLE TO \R EXI/5CE1 --CONSEQU5TLY A COMMON ?+02 0ALL ACCUMULAT$ CAPITAL BE+ SOCIAL PROP]TY1 NO ONE CAN BE ITS EXCLUSIVE PROPRIETOR02 0DEMOCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS02 09DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY02 0?AT VA/ F$]ATION ( COMPANIES & SOCIETIES WOV5 9TO ! COMMON CLO? ( ! DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL ,REPUBLIC02 0AN AGRICULTURAL-9DU/RIAL F$]ATION40 

,AS ) LAT] AN>*I/S1 ,PR\DHON REJECT$ ! TW9 EVILS ( CAPITALISM 70MONOPOLY & :AT FOLL[S07 & NATIONALIZATION 70EXPLOITATION BY ! ,/ATE07 9 FAVOR ( 0A SOLUTION BAS$ UPON EQUALITY1--9 O!R WORDS1 ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 :I* 9VOLVES ! NEGATION ( POLITICAL ECONOMY & ! 5D ( PROP]TY40 ,?IS 9SI<T1 FROM #a#h#d#f1 IS AT ! HE>T ( AN>*ISM4 

,FIR/ A PO9T ( CL>IFICATION4 ,! T]M 0AN>*I/ ECONOMICS0 CONTA9S TWO RELAT$ CONCEPTS4 ,ONE IS ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM1 ! O!R ! SUGGE/IONS = H[ AN AN>*I/ ECONOMY W\LD FUNCTION4 ,BO? >E 9T]RELAT$4 ,:AT WE >E OPPOS$ TO 9 CAPITALISM WILL BE REFLECT$ 9 \R VISIONS ( A LIB]T>IAN ECONOMY JU/ AS \R HOPES & DREAMS ( A FREE SOCIETY WILL 9=M \R ANALYSIS ( ! CURR5T SY/EM4 ,BO? NE$ TO BE UND]/OOD AS BO? >E 9TEGRAL TO EA* O!R4 

,?IS DUAL P]SPECTIVE CAN BE F\ND 9 ! IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON4 ,H]E ,I WILL SKET* BO? ASPECTS ( ! ,FR5*MAN'S AN>*I/ ECONOMICS1 %[+ H[ ! CRITIQUE ( PROP]TY F$ 9TO HIS POSITIVE VISION ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM & VICE V]SA4 ,9 SO DO+1 ,I WILL ALSO BE %$D+ LI<T ON A KEY AN>*I/ ?9K] :O IS BETT] KN[N = A FEW QUOTES ?AN = HIS SUB/ANTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO BO? ! CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM & ( \R VISIONS ( AN>*Y4 

,:AT ,IS ,PROP]TY8 

,PR\DHON'S FAME & 9FLU5CE WAS SECUR$ 9 #ahd :5 HE WROTE ,:AT ,IS ,PROP]TY8 & ANSW]$ 0!FT40 ,?IS BOOK CONTA9S A SE>+ CRITIQUE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY AS WELL AS SKET*ES ( A NEW1 FREE SOCIETY3 AN>*Y4 ,REJECT+ BO? CAPITALISM & 7AU?ORIT>IAN7 COMMUNISM1 ,PR\DHON CALL$ = A 0SYN!SIS ( COMMUNISM & PROP]TY10 A 0UNION0 :I* 0WILL GIVE US ! TRUE =M ( HUMAN ASSOCIATION40 0,?IS ?IRD =M ( SOCIETY10 HE /AT$1 0WE WILL CALL LIB]TY40 

,PR\DHON'S CRITIQUE RE/$ ON TWO KEY CONCEPTS4 ,FIR/LY1 PROP]TY ALL[$ ! [N] TO EXPLOIT ITS US] 70PROP]TY IS !FT074 ,SECONDLY1 ?AT PROP]TY CREAT$ OPPRESSIVE SOCIAL RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! TWO 70PROP]TY IS DESPOTISM074 ,!SE >E 9T]RELAT$1 AS IT IS ! RELATIONS ( OPPRESSION ?AT PROP]TY CREATES :I* ALL[S EXPLOITATION TO HAPP5 & ! APPROPRIATION ( \R COMMON H]ITAGE BY ! FEW GIVES ! RE/ LITTLE ALT]NATIVE BUT TO AGREE TO SU* DOM9ATION & LET ! [N] APPROPRIATE ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR4 

,PR\DHON'S G5IUS & ! P[] ( HIS CRITIQUE WAS ?AT HE TOOK ALL ! DEF5SES (1 & APOLOGIES =1 PROP]TY & %[$ ?AT1 LOGICALLY1 !Y C\LD BE US$ TO ATTACK ?AT 9/ITUTION4 

,TO CLAIMS ?AT PROP]TY WAS A NATURAL RI<T1 HE EXPLA9$ ?AT ! ESS5CE ( SU* RI<TS WAS !IR UNIV]SALITY & ?AT PRIVATE PROP]TY 5SUR$ ?AT ?IS RI<T C\LD NOT BE EXT5D$ TO ALL4 ,TO ?OSE :O >GU$ ?AT PROP]TY WAS REQUIR$ TO SECURE LIB]TY1 ,PR\DHON RI<TLY OBJECT$ ?AT 0IF ! LIB]TY ( MAN IS SACR$1 IT IS EQUALLY SACR$ 9 ALL 9DIVIDUALS2 ?AT1 IF IT NE$S PROP]TY = ITS OBJECTIVE ACTION1 ?AT IS1 = ITS LIFE1 ! APPROPRIATION ( MAT]IAL IS EQUALLY NECESS>Y = ALL40 ,TO CLAIMS ?AT LABOR CREAT$ PROP]TY1 HE NOT$ ?AT MO/ PEOPLE HAVE NO PROP]TY TO LABOR ON & ! PRODUCT ( SU* LABOR WAS [N$ BY CAPITALI/S & L&LORDS RA!R ?AN ! WORK]S :O CREAT$ IT4 ,AS = OCCUPANCY1 HE >GU$ ?AT MO/ [N]S DO NOT OCCUPY ALL ! PROP]TY !Y [N :ILE ?OSE :O DO USE & OCCUPY IT DO NOT [N IT4 

,PR\DHON %[$ ?AT ! DEF5D]S ( PROP]TY HAD TO *OOSE BETWE5 SELF-9T]E/ & PR9CIPLE1 BETWE5 HYPOCRISY & LOGIC4 ,IF IT IS RI<T = ! 9ITIAL APPROPRIATION ( RES\RCES TO BE MADE 7BY :ATEV] PREF]R$ RATIONALE7 !N1 BY ?AT V]Y SAME REASON1 IT IS RI<T = O!RS 9 ! SAME & SUBSEQU5T G5]ATIONS TO ABOLI% PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 FAVOR ( A SY/EM :I* RESPECTS ! LIB]TY ( ALL RA!R ?AN A FEW4 70,IF ! RI<T ( LIFE IS EQUAL1 ! RI<T ( LABOR IS EQUAL1 & SO IS ! RI<T ( OCCUPANCY407 ,?IS MEANS ?AT 0?OSE :O DO NOT POSSESS TODAY >E PROPRIETORS BY ! SAME TITLE AS ?OSE :O DO POSSESS2 BUT 9/EAD ( 9F]R+ !REFROM ?AT PROP]TY %\LD BE %>$ BY ALL1 ,I DEM&1 9 ! NAME ( G5]AL SECURITY1 ITS 5TIRE ABOLITION40 

,PROP]TY ALL[S ! CREATION ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIAL RELATION%IPS & EXPLOITATION4 ,= ,PR\DHON1 ! NOTION ?AT WORK]S >E FREE :5 CAPITALISM =CES !M TO SEEK EMPLOYM5T WAS DEMON/RABLY FALSE4 ,HE WAS WELL AW>E ?AT 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES PROP]TY 0VIOLATES EQUALITY BY ! RI<TS ( EXCLUSION & 9CREASE1 & FRE$OM BY DESPOTISM40 ,IT HAS 0P]FECT ID5TITY ) ROBB]Y0 & ! WORK] 0HAS SOLD & SURR5D]$ HIS LIB]TY0 TO ! PROPRIETOR4 ,AN>*Y WAS 0! ABS5CE ( A MA/]1 ( A SOV]EIGN0 :ILE 0PROPRIETOR0 WAS 0SYNONYM\S0 ) 0SOV]EIGN0 = HE 0IMPOSES HIS WILL AS LAW1 & SUFF]S NEI!R CONTRADICTION NOR CONTROL40 ,?US 0PROP]TY IS DESPOTISM0 AS 0EA* PROPRIETOR IS SOV]EIGN LORD )9 ! SPH]E ( HIS PROP]TY0 & SO FRE$OM & PROP]TY W]E 9COMPATIBLE4 

,H5CE ! PRESS+ NE$1 IF WE REALLY SEEK LIB]TY = ALL1 TO ABOLI% PROP]TY & ! OPPRESSIVE SOCIAL RELATION%IPS IT G5]ATES4 ,) WAGE-WORK]S & T5ANTS1 PROP]TY BECAME 0! RI<T TO USE .<SOME?+.> BY HIS NEI<BOR'S LABOR0 & SO RESULT$ 9 0! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN0 = TO 0LIVE AS A PROPRIETOR1 OR TO CONSUME )\T PRODUC+1 IT IS NECESS>Y1 !N1 TO LIVE UPON ! LABOR ( ANO!R40 ,LIKE ,M>X1 BUT LONG BE=E HIM1 ,PR\DHON >GU$ ?AT WORK]S PRODUC$ MORE VALUE ?AN !Y RECEIV$ 9 WAGES3 

,:OEV] LABORS BECOMES A PROPRIETOR 444 ,& :5 ,I SAY PROPRIETOR1 ,I DO NOT MEAN SIMPLY 7AS DO \R HYPOCRITICAL ECONOMI/S7 PROPRIETOR ( HIS ALL[ANCE1 HIS SAL>Y1 HIS WAGES1 --,I MEAN PROPRIETOR ( ! VALUE HE CREATES1 & BY :I* ! MA/] ALONE PR(ITS 444 ,! WORK] RETA9S1 EV5 AFT] HE HAS RECEIV$ HIS WAGES1 A NATURAL RI<T 9 ! ?+ HE HAS PRODUC$40 

,! CAPITALI/ ALSO UNJU/LY APPROPRIATES ! ADDITIONAL VALUE 7T]M$ 0COLLECTIVE =CE07 PRODUC$ BY COOP]ATIVE ACTIVITY3 

,A =CE ( ONE ?\S& M5 WORK+ TW5TY DAYS HAS BE5 PAID ! SAME WAGES ?AT ONE W\LD BE PAID = WORK+ FIFTY-FIVE YE>S2 BUT ?IS =CE ( ONE ?\S& HAS DONE 9 TW5TY DAYS :AT A S+LE MAN C\LD NOT HAVE ACCOMPLI%$1 ?\< HE HAD LABOR$ = A MILLION C5TURIES4 ,IS ! EX*ANGE AN EQUITABLE ONE8 ,ONCE MORE1 NO2 :5 Y\ HAVE PAID ALL ! 9DIVIDUAL =CES1 ! COLLECTIVE =CE /ILL REMA9S TO BE PAID 444 :I* Y\ 5JOY UNJU/LY4 

,PROP]TY MEANT 0ANO!R %ALL P]=M ! LABOR :ILE .<! PROPRIETOR.> RECEIVES ! PRODUCT40 ,SO ! 0FREE WORK] PRODUCES T52 = ME1 ?9KS ! PROPRIETOR1 HE WILL PRODUCE TWELVE0 & SO TO 0SATISFY PROP]TY1 ! WORK] MU/ FIR/ PRODUCE BEYOND HIS NE$S40 ,LITTLE WOND] 0PROP]TY IS !FT60 

,HIS CLASSIC WORK DID NOT LIMIT ITSELF TO CRITIQUE & GAVE A FEW SKET*ES ( AN AN>*I/ ECONOMY4 ,PROP]TY W\LD BE SOCIALIZ$ AS ! 0L& CANNOT BE APPROPRIAT$0 & 0ALL CAPITAL1 :E!R MAT]IAL OR M5TAL1 BE+ ! RESULT ( COLLECTIVE LABOR1 IS1 9 CONSEQU5CE1 COLLECTIVE PROP]TY40 ,PEOPLE 0>E PROPRIETORS ( !IR PRODUCTS--NOT ONE IS PROPRIETOR ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION40 ,?US 0RI<T TO PRODUCT IS EXCLUSIVE0 :ILE 0! RI<T TO MEANS IS COMMON40 ,WORK]S' CONTROL W\LD PREVAIL AS MANAG]S 0MU/ BE *OS5 FROM ! WORK]S BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 & MU/ FULFILL ! CONDITIONS ( ELIGIBILITY4 ,IT IS ! SAME ) ALL PUBLIC FUNCTIONS1 :E!R ( ADM9I/RATION OR 9/RUCTION40 ,SO :E!R ON ! L& OR 9 9DU/RY1 ,PR\DHON'S AIM WAS TO CREATE A SOCIETY ( 0POSSESSORS )\T MA/]S40 

,! FOLL[+ YE> SAW ,PR\DHON P5 A SECOND MEMOIR 7,LETT] TO ,M4 ,BLANQUI7 9 :I* HE CL>IFI$ C]TA9 ISSUES RAIS$ 9 ! FIR/ MEMOIR & ANSW]$ HIS CRITICS4 ,HE AGA9 >GU$ = SOCIALIZ$ PROP]TY & USE RI<TS = 0WEAL?1 PRODUC$ BY ! ACTIVITY ( ALL1 IS BY ! V]Y FACT ( ITS CREATION COLLECTIVE WEAL?1 ! USE ( :I*1 LIKE ?AT ( ! L&1 MAY BE DIVID$1 BUT :I* AS PROP]TY REMA9S UNDIVID$40 ,PR\DHON AIM$ TO 0R$UCE0 PROP]TY 0TO ! RI<T ( POSSESSION0 & 0ORGANIZE 9DU/RY1 ASSOCIATE WORK]S0 9 ORD] TO 0APPLY ON A L>GE SCALE ! PR9CIPLE ( COLLECTIVE PRODUCTION40 ,HE CALL$ ?IS 0NON-APPROPRIATION ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION0 ! 0DE/RUCTION ( PROP]TY40 ,?US USE RI<TS REPLACE PROP]TY RI<TS ) COMMON [N]%IP 5SUR+ 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS CONTROLL$ ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR1 ! LABOR ITSELF & AS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION US$4 ,9 %ORT3 0,I PREA* EMANCIPATION TO ! PROLET>IANS2 ASSOCIATION TO ! WORK]S40 

,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMIC ,CONTRADICTIONS 

,PR\DHON'S NEXT MAJOR WORK WAS #a#h#d#f'S TWO-VOLUME ,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMIC ,CONTRADICTIONS4 ,IT WAS ?IS WORK :I* FIR/ SAW HIS USE ( ! T]M 0MUTUALISM0 TO DESCRIBE HIS LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM4 ,?IS T]M WAS NOT 9V5T$ BY HIM BUT BY WORK]S 9 ,LYON DUR+ ! #a#h#cS4 ,PR\DHON /AY$ !RE 9 #ahdc & WAS DEEPLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! WORK]S' IDEAS & PRACTICE4 

,?IS BOOK IS BE/ KN[N = ,M>X'S #ahdg REPLY ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY4 ,:ILE ,M>X DOES MAKE A FEW VALID PO9TS AGA9/ ,PR\DHON1 HIS DI/ORTIONS1 SELECTIVE QUOT+1 QUOTE TAMP]+1 & O!R 9TELLECTUALLY DI%ONE/ PRACTICES DRA9 IT ( MO/ ( ITS VALUE4 ,SUFFICE TO SAY1 READ+ ,PR\DHON'S WORK QUICKLY %[S A RADICALLY DIFF]5T ?9K] ?AN ! ONE READ]S ( ,M>X W\LD EXPECT4 

,IT MU/ BE /RESS$1 GIV5 ! PREVAL5T MY?S BEGAT BY ,M>X TO ! O!RWISE1 ?AT ,PR\DHON SUPPORT$ L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY4 ,9DE$1 HE EXPLICITLY REJECT$ A RETURN TO SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION AS 0RETROGRADE0 & 0IMPOSSIBLE40 ,HE ALSO SUPPORT$ WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 UNSURPRIS+LY ONCE Y\ UND]/& ?AT ,PR\DHON LOCATES EXPLOITATION )9 CAPITALISM FIRMLY 9 PRODUCTION AS A CONSEQU5CE ( WAGE LABOR4 ,AS ?IS ANALYSIS 9=MS HIS VISION = AN AN>*I/ ECONOMY1 IT IS WOR? DISCUSS+--P>TICUL>LY AS1 IRONICALLY1 ,PR\DHON WAS ! FIR/ TO EXP\ND MANY ( ! KEY CONCEPTS ( ,M>XI/ ECONOMICS4 

,FIR/1 ,PR\DHON /RESS$ ?AT LABOR DID NOT HAVE A VALUE BUT :AT IT CREAT$ DID & SO PRODUCES VALUE ONLY AS ACTIVE LABOR 5GAG$ 9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS3 

,LABOR IS SAID TO HAVE VALUE1 NOT AS M]*&ISE ITSELF1 BUT 9 VIEW ( ! VALUES SUPPOS$ TO BE CONTA9$ 9 IT POT5TIALLY4 ,! VALUE ( LABOR IS A FIGURATIVE EXPRESSION1 AN ANTICIPATION ( EFFECT FROM CAUSE 444 IT BECOMES A REALITY ?R\< ITS PRODUCT4 

,SECOND1 CONSEQU5TLY1 :5 WORK]S >E HIR$ !RE IS NO GU>ANTEE ?AT ! VALUE ( ! GOODS PRODUC$ EQUALS !IR WAGE4 ,UND] CAPITALISM WAGES CANNOT EQUAL PRODUCT AS ! PROPRIETOR SECURES A PR(IT BY CONTROLL+ BO? PRODUCT & LABOR3 

,DO Y\ KN[ :AT IT IS TO BE A WAGE-WORK]8 ,IT IS TO LABOR UND] A MA/]1 WAT*FUL = HIS PREJUDICES EV5 MORE ?AN = HIS ORD]S 444 ,IT IS TO HAVE NO M9D ( Y\R [N 444 TO KN[ NO /IMULUS SAVE Y\R DAILY BREAD & ! FE> ( LOS+ Y\R JOB4 

,! WAGE-WORK] IS A MAN TO :OM ! PROP]TY [N] :O HIRES HIM SAYS3 ,:AT Y\ HAVE TO MAKE IS NONE ( Y\R BUS9ESS2 Y\ DO NOT CONTROL IT4 

,?IRD1 ?IS HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IP ALL[$ EXPLOITATION TO OCCUR3 

! WORK] 444 CREATE.<S.>1 ON TOP ( HIS SUBSI/5CE1 A CAPITAL ALWAYS GREAT]4 ,UND] ! REGIME ( PROP]TY1 ! SURPLUS ( LABOR1 ESS5TIALLY COLLECTIVE1 PASSES 5TIRELY1 LIKE ! REV5UE1 TO ! PROPRIETOR3 N[1 BETWE5 ?AT DISGUIS$ APPROPRIATION & ! FRAUDUL5T USURPATION ( A COMMUNAL GOOD1 :]E IS ! DIFF]5CE8 

,! CONSEQU5CE ( ?AT USURPATION IS ?AT ! WORK]1 :OSE %>E ( ! COLLECTIVE PRODUCT IS CON/ANTLY CONFISCAT$ BY ! 5TREPR5EUR1 IS ALWAYS ON HIS UPP]S1 :ILE ! CAPITALI/ IS ALWAYS 9 PR(IT 444 POLITICAL ECONOMY1 ?AT UPHOLDS & ADVOCATES ?AT REGIME1 IS ! !ORY ( !FT4 

,9 %ORT1 ! CAPITALI/ FIRM 0) ITS HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION0 MEANS ?AT WORK]S HAD 0P>T$ ) !IR LIB]TY0 & 0HAVE SOLD !IR >MS0 TO A BOSS :O CONTROLS !M1 APPROPRIATES ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! 0COLLECTIVE =CE0 & 0SURPLUS ( LABOR0 !Y CREATE4 ,?IS PRODUC$ ! ECONOMIC CONTRADICTIONS ,PR\DHON ANALYZ$4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( MA*9]Y )9 CAPITALISM 0PROMIS$ US AN 9CREASE ( WEAL?0 BUT IT ALSO PRODUC$ 0AN 9CREASE ( POV]TY0 AS WELL AS BR++ 0US SLAV]Y0 & DEEP5+ 0! ABYSS :I* SEP>ATES ! CLASS ?AT COMM&S & 5JOYS FROM ! CLASS ?AT OBEYS & SUFF]S40 ,SU* CONTRADICTIONS C\LD ONLY BE RESOLV$ BY ABOLI%+ ! SY/EM ?AT CREATES !M4 

,HIS ANALYSIS ( H[ EXPLOITATION OCCURR$ 9 PRODUCTION & ! OPPRESSIVE NATURE ( ! CAPITALI/ WORKPLACE FE$S DIRECTLY 9TO ,PR\DHON'S >GUM5TS = WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS & SOCIALIZATION 70TO UNFOLD ! SY/EM ( ECONOMIC CONTRADICTIONS IS TO LAY ! F\NDATIONS ( UNIV]SAL ASSOCIATION074 ,AS 0ALL LABOR MU/ LEAVE A SURPLUS1 ALL WAGES .<MU/.> BE EQUAL TO PRODUCT0 & 0.<B.>Y VIRTUE ( ! PR9CIPLE ( COLLECTIVE =CE1 WORK]S >E ! EQUALS & ASSOCIATES ( !IR LEAD]S40 ,! ASSOCIATION ( ! FUTURE W\LD BE BAS$ ON FREE ACCESS 70%\LD ALL[ ACCESS TO ALL :O MI<T PRES5T !MSELVES07 & SELF-MANAGEM5T 70TO /RAI<TWAY 5JOY ! RI<TS & PR]OGATIVES ( ASSOCIATES & EV5 MANAG]S074 ,H5CE 0IT IS NECESS>Y TO DE/ROY OR MODIFY ! PR$OM9ANCE ( CAPITAL OV] LABOR1 TO *ANGE ! RELATIONS BETWE5 EMPLOY] & WORK]1 TO SOLVE1 9 A WORD1 ! ANT9OMY ( DIVISION & ?AT ( MA*9]Y2 IT IS NECESS>Y TO ,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,E ,L,A,B,O,R40 ,H]E WE SEE H[ CRITIQUE FE$S DIRECTLY 9TO ! VISION ( A FREE ECONOMY4 

,?IS >GUM5T WAS ROOT$ 9 ,PR\DHON'S AW>5ESS ?AT SOCIETIES *ANGE & DEVELOP4 ,HE D5\NC$ 0! RADICAL VICE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY0 ( 0AFFIRM+ AS A DEF9ITIVE /ATE A TRANSITORY CONDITION1 --NAMELY1 ! DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO PATRICIANS & PROLETAIRES40 ,! 0P]IOD ?R\< :I* WE >E N[ PASS+0 WAS 0DI/+UI%$ BY A SPECIAL *>ACT]I/IC3 ,W,A,G,E-,L,A,B,O,R40 ,JU/ AS CAPITALISM HAD REPLAC$ FEUDALISM1 SO CAPITALISM & ITS SY/EM ( PROP]TY RI<TS W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON ASSOCIAT$ LABOR & SOCIALIZ$ PROP]TY3 MUTUALISM4 

,!SE TWO VOLUMES W]E PRIM>ILY A WORK ( CRITIQUE1 ) POSITIVE VISIONS FEW & F> BETWE54 ,:AT !RE IS %[S A KE5 UND]/&+ ( ! NECESSITY TO TRANS=M ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 TO SEEK A SOLUTION AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION TO ! EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION ( CAPITALISM4 ,H[EV]1 ! WORK'S FOCUS WAS DE/RUCTIVE & NOT CON/RUCTIVE--HE EXPLICITLY /AT$ ?AT HE W\LD 0RES]VE0 DISCUSSION ON ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR 0= ! TIME :51 ! !ORY ( ECONOMIC CONTRADICTIONS BE+ F9I%$1 WE %ALL HAVE F\ND 9 !IR G5]AL EQUATION ! PROGRAM ( ASSOCIATION1 :I* WE %ALL !N PUBLI% 9 CONTRA/ ) ! PRACTICE & CONCEPTIONS ( \R PR$ECESSORS40 ,! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION ( #ahdh =C$ HIM TO DO JU/ ?AT4 

,SOLUTION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,PROBLEM 

,PR\DHON CONSID]$ HIS WORK ( ! #a#h#dS AS ESS5TIALLY CRITIQUE1 AL?\< TANTALIZ+ GLIMPSES ( HIS VISION ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM DO COME ?R\<4 ,! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION ( #ahdh SAW HIM DEVELOP HIS POSITIVE !ORIES ON AN>*I/ ECONOMICS & POLITICS AS HE S\<T TO 9FLU5CE IT T[>DS LIB]T>IAN 5DS OR1 AS HIS FIR/ WORK AFT] ! REVOLUTION PUT IT1 TO =MULATE ! ,SOLUTION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,PROBLEM4 ,=1 AS HE CORRECTLY PR$ICT$1 0EI!R PROP]TY WILL OV]RULE ! ,REPUBLIC OR ! ,REPUBLIC WILL OV]RULE PROP]TY40 

,HE /RESS$ ?AT TO BE P]MAN5T ! REVOLUTION HAD TO MOVE FROM JU/ POLITICAL *ANGES TO ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION4 ,HE URG$ ?AT 0A PROVISIONAL COMMITTEE BE SET UP TO OR*E/RATE EX*ANGE1 CR$IT & COMM]CE BETWE5 WORK]S0 & ?IS W\LD 0LIAISE ) SIMIL> COMMITTEES0 ACROSS ,FRANCE 9 ORD] ?AT 0A BODY REPRES5TATIVE ( ! PROLET>IAT BE =M$ 444 9 OPPOSITION TO ! B\RGEOISIE'S REPRES5TATION40 ,& SO 0A NEW SOCIETY .<W\LD.> BE F\ND$ 9 ! HE>T ( ! OLD SOCIETY10 CREAT$ ONLY 0FROM BEL[0 AS 0! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR MU/ NOT EMANATE FROM ! P[]S-?AT-BE2 IT \<T TO BE ,S,P,O,N,T,A,N,E,\,S40 

,?IS W\LD BE A*IEV$ BY MEANS ( A 0,BANK ( ! ,PEOPLE40 ,ITS AIM WAS 0TO ORGANIZE CR$IT DEMOCRATICALLY0 & ?IS 0ORGANIZATION ( CR$IT0 WAS CONSID]$ AS ! MEANS TO A*IEVE ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 ) SOCIALIZ$ CR$IT PRODUC+ SOCIALIZ$ PROP]TY4 ,?US 0! ,EX*ANGE ,BANK IS ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR'S GREATE/ ASSET0 & ALL[$ 0! NEW =M ( SOCIETY TO BE DEF9$ & CREAT$ AMONG ! WORK]S40 ,SIGNIFICANTLY HE L9K$ HIS IDEAS TO ! WORK+-CLASS SELF-ACTIVITY GO+ ON >\ND HIM1 PO9T+ TO ?OSE WORK]S :O 0HAVE ORGANIZ$ CR$IT AMONG !MSELVES0 & ! 0LABOR ASSOCIATIONS0 :I* HAVE GRASP$ 0SPONTANE\SLY0 ?AT ! 0ORGANIZATION ( CR$IT & ORGANIZATION ( LABOR AM\NT TO ONE & ! SAME40 ,BY ORGANIZ+ BO?1 ! WORK]S 0W\LD SOON HAVE WRE/$ ALI5AT$ CAPITAL BACK AGA91 ?R\< !IR ORGANIZATION & COMPETITION40 ,MUTUAL BANKS W\LD SUPPORT 0ALL EF=TS ( ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S1 & ORGANIZATIONS ( WORK]S0 TO 5SURE ?AT 0ALL ! WORK%OPS >E [N$ BY ! NATION1 EV5 ?\< !Y REMA9 & MU/ ALWAYS REMA9 FREE40 ,WORK]S' CONTROL W\LD 0MAKE EV]Y CITIZ5 SIMULTANE\SLY1 EQUALLY & TO ! SAME EXT5T CAPITALI/1 WORK] & EXP]T OR >TI/10 ?IS BE+ 0! FIR/ PR9CIPLE ( ! NEW ECONOMY1 A PR9CIPLE FULL ( HOPE & ( CONSOLATION = ! WORK] 444 BUT A PR9CIPLE FULL ( T]ROR = ! P>ASITE & = ! TOOLS ( P>ASITISM1 :O SEE R$UC$ TO NAU<T !IR CELEBRAT$ =MULA3 ,CAPITAL1 LABOR1 TAL5T60 

,PR\DHON TOOK C>E TO BASE HIS >GUM5TS NOT ON AB/RACT IDEOLOGY BUT ON ! ACTUAL PRACTICES HE SAW >\ND HIM4 ,HE WAS WELL AW>E ?AT BANKS ISSU$ CR$IT & SO 9CREAS$ ! MONEY SUPPLY 9 RESPONSE TO M>KET DEM&4 ,AS SU*1 HE WAS AN E>LY EXPON5T ( ! 5DOG5\S !ORY ( ! MONEY SUPPLY4 ,HE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT A MONEY ECONOMY1 ONE ) AN EXT5SIVE BANK+ & CR$IT SY/EM1 OP]ATES 9 A FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T WAY ?AN ! B>T] ECONOMY ASSUM$ BY MO/ ECONOMICS4 ,HE SAW ?AT 9COME FROM PROP]TY VIOLAT$ ! AXIOM ?AT PRODUCTS EX*ANG$ = PRODUCTS & ?AT 9T]E/ REFLECT$ NO SACRIFICE :I* REQUIR$ PAYM5T AS ! RI* P]SON 0L5DS IT 444 PRECISELY BECAUSE ! LOAN IS NOT A DEPRIVATION TO HIM2 HE L5DS IT BECAUSE HE HAS NO USE = IT HIMSELF1 BE+ SUFFICI5TLY PROVID$ ) CAPITAL )\T IT40 ,= BO? ECONOMIC & E?ICAL REASONS WE 0MU/ DE/ROY ! ROYALTY ( GOLD2 WE MU/ REPUBLICANIZE SPECIE1 BY MAK+ EV]Y PRODUCT ( LABOR READY MONEY40 

,IT MU/ BE /RESS$ ?AT 9 TODAY'S ECONOMIES NEI!R CR$IT NOR MONEY IS BACK$ BY GOLD4 ,SO ,PR\DHON HAS BE5 V9DICAT$ :5 HE MOCK$ B\RGEOIS POLITICAL ECONOMY = >GU+ ?AT 0! IDEA ( ABOLI%+ SPECIE IS SUPREMELY ABSURD1 AS ABSURD AS ! ?\<T ( ABOLI%+ PROP]TY60 ,ONLY P>TIALLY1 ?\<1 AS CR$IT HAS NOT BE5 REPUBLICANIZ$ VIA A MUTUAL BANK TO A*IEVE ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR4 

,= ALL HIS TALK ( 0! ORGANIZATION ( CR$IT10 ! SOCIALIZATION ( PROP]TY & ORGANIZATION ( LABOR REMA9$ HIS GOALS ) ! MUTUAL BANK SE5 AS A MEANS TO A*IEVE ?AT 5D4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #ahdi HE IRATELY D5I$ ?AT HE S\<T ! 09DIVIDUAL [N]%IP & NON-ORGANIZATION ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR0 /AT+ CATEGORICALLY ?AT HE HAD 0NEV] P5N$ NOR UTT]$ ANY SU* ?+0 & HAD 0>GU$ ! OPPOSITE A HUNDR$ TIMES OV]40 ,HE 0D5.<I$.> ALL K9DS ( PROPRIET>Y DOMA90 & SO DID 0PRECISELY BECAUSE ,I BELIEVE 9 AN ORD] :]E9 ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR WILL CEASE TO BE APPROPRIAT$ & 9/EAD BECOME %>$40 ,! PREVI\S YE> HE HAD PUBLICLY PRES5T$ ?IS VISION 9 A MANIFE/O3 

,UND] ! LAW ( ASSOCIATION1 TRANSMISSION ( WEAL? DOES NOT APPLY TO ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 SO CANNOT BECOME A CAUSE ( 9EQUALITY 444 ,WE >E SOCIALI/S 444 UND] UNIV]SAL ASSOCIATION1 [N]%IP ( ! L& & ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR IS SOCIAL [N]%IP 444 ,WE WANT ! M9ES1 CANALS1 RAILWAYS H&$ OV] TO DEMOCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS 444 ,WE WANT !SE ASSOCIATIONS TO BE MODELS = AGRICULTURE1 9DU/RY & TRADE1 ! PIONE]+ CORE ( ?AT VA/ F$]ATION ( COMPANIES & SOCIETIES WOV5 9TO ! COMMON CLO? ( ! DEMOCRATIC & SOCIAL ,REPUBLIC4 

,AS 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 ?IS 0ORGANIZ+ .<(.> ! WORK]S' MUTUAL SOLID>ITY0 W\LD BE BAS$ ON ELECT$ DELEGATES :OM ! VOT]S CAN 0RECALL & DISMISS0 = ! 0IMP]ATIVE M&ATE & P]MAN5T REVOCABILITY >E ! MO/ IMM$IATE & 9CONTE/ABLE CONSEQU5CES ( ! ELECTORAL PR9CIPLE40 ,LIKE ! ,COMMUNE1 ANY ASSEMBLY W\LD 0EX]CISE EXECUTIVE P[]1 JU/ ! WAY IT EX]CISES LEGISLATIVE P[] ?R\< ITS JO9T DELIB]ATIONS & VOTES10 ?R\< 0ORGANIZATION ( ITS COMMITTEES40 

,ALL ?R\< ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD WE SEE ! 9T]PLAY BETWE5 CRITIQUE & VISION1 ) EA* 9=M+ ! O!R4 ,UND] CAPITALISM 0A WORK]1 )\T PROP]TY1 )\T CAPITAL1 )\T WORK1 IS HIR$ BY .<! CAPITALI/.>1 :O GIVES HIM EMPLOYM5T & TAKES HIS PRODUCT0 & HIS WAGES FAIL TO EQUAL ! PRICE ( ! PRODUCTS HE PRODUCES4 0,9 MUTUALI/ SOCIETY10 H[EV]1 0! TWO FUNCTIONS0 ( WORK] & CAPITALI/ 0BECOME EQUAL & 9SEP>ABLE 9 ! P]SON ( EV]Y WORK]0 & SO HE 0ALONE PR(ITS BY HIS PRODUCTS0 & ! 0SURPLUS0 HE CREATES4 

,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION 

,PR\DHON'S HECTIC ACTIVITY DUR+ ! REVOLUTION SAW HIM VILIFI$ BY ! ,RI<T & IMPRISON$ ON SPURI\S *>GES4 ,9 PRISON HE WROTE ANO!R CLASSIC ( LIB]T>IAN POLITICS1 HIS #ahea ,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY4 ,?IS WAS CONSID]$ BY ,PR\DHON AS A CON/RUCTIVE SUMM>Y = SOCIAL *ANGE1 ! POSITIVE COMPLEM5T TO ! CRITIQUES ( #a#h#d#f4 

,ITS AIM WAS MODE/3 0,CAPITALI/ & L&LORD EXPLOITATION /OPP$ EV]Y:]E1 WAGE LABOR ABOLI%$1 EQUAL & JU/ EX*ANGE GU>ANTE$40 ,AS W\LD BE EXPECT$1 0! ORGANIZATION ( CR$IT1 ! DEPRIVATION ( ! P[] ( 9CREASE ( MONEY0 WAS A FOCAL PO9T ( HIS BOOK BUT IT WAS JU/ ONE P>T ( A S]IES ( RE=MS :I* 9CLUD$ 0! LIMITATION ( PROP]TY0 & 0! E/ABLI%M5T ( WORK]S COMPANIES40 ,PR\DHON1 ,M>XI/ MY?S NOT)/&+1 DID NOT AIM JU/ TO ABOLI% 9T]E/1 HE AIM$ TO ABOLI% ! EXTRACTION ( SURPLUS FROM ! WORK]S 9 ALL ITS =MS4 

,SOCIALIZATION /ILL PLAY$ A KEY P>T ( HIS VISION ( A FREE SOCIETY & ,PR\DHON MADE V>I\S SUGGE/IONS ON H[ TO A*IEVE IT4 ,R5TAL PAYM5TS 0%ALL BE C>RI$ OV] TO ! ACC\NT ( ! PUR*ASE0 ( ! RES\RCE US$ & ONCE ! PROP]TY 0HAS BE5 5TIRELY PAID =1 IT %ALL REV]T IMM$IATELY TO ! COMMUNE40 ,9 ! CASE ( H\S+1 SU* PAYM5TS W\LD RESULT 9 0A PROPORTIONAL UNDIVID$ %>E 9 ! H\SE HE LIVES 91 & 9 ALL BUILD+S ]ECT$ = R5TAL1 & S]V+ AS A HABITATION = CITIZ5S40 ,?US L& & H\S+ W\LD BECOME SOCIALIZ$ AS ! PROP]TY 0?US PAID = %ALL PASS UND] ! CONTROL ( ! COMMUNAL ADM9I/RATION0 & = 0REPAIRS1 MANAGEM5T1 & UPKEEP ( BUILD+S1 AS WELL AS = NEW CON/RUCTIONS1 ! COMMUNES %ALL DEAL ) BRICKLAY]S COMPANIES OR BUILD+ WORK]S ASSOCIATIONS40 

,PR\DHON SP5T CONSID]ABLE SPACE >GU+ = WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS 7:ILE ATTACK+ C5TRALIZ$ /ATE-RUN ASSOCIATION74 ,EI!R1 HE >GU$1 ! WORK] 0WILL BE SIMPLY ! EMPLOYEE ( ! PROPRIETOR-CAPITALI/-5TREPR5EUR2 OR HE WILL P>TICIPATE 9 444 ! E/ABLI%M5T1 HE WILL HAVE A VOICE 9 ! C\NCIL1 9 A WORD1 HE WILL BECOME AN ASSOCIATE40 ,UND] CAPITALISM1 0! WORK] IS SUBORD9AT$1 EXPLOIT$3 HIS P]MAN5T CONDITION IS ONE ( OB$I5CE & POV]TY40 ,UND] LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 0HE RESUMES HIS DIGNITY AS A MAN & CITIZ51 HE MAY ASPIRE TO COM=T1 HE =MS A P>T ( ! PRODUC+ ORGANIZATION1 ( :I* HE WAS BE=E BUT ! SLAVE 444 HE =MS A P>T ( ! SOV]EIGN P[]1 ( :I* HE WAS BE=E BUT ! SUBJECT40 ,)\T ASSOCIATION PEOPLE 0W\LD REMA9 RELAT$ AS SUBORD9ATES & SUP]IORS1 & !RE W\LD 5SUE TWO 9DU/RIAL CA/ES ( MA/]S & WAGE-WORK]S1 :I* IS REPUGNANT TO A FREE & DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY40 

,9 %ORT1 0ALL WORK]S MU/ ASSOCIATE1 9ASMU* AS COLLECTIVE =CE & DIVISION ( LABOR EXI/ EV]Y:]E1 TO H[EV] SLI<T A DEGREE0 & SO 0ASSOCIATION1 DUE TO ! IMMORALITY1 TYRANNY & !FT SUFF]$1 SEEMS TO ME ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y & RI<T40 ,O!RWISE1 CAPITALI/S W\LD CONT9UE TO 0PLUND] ! BODIES & S\LS ( ! WAGE-WORK]S0 :I* W\LD BE 0A VIOLATION ( ! RI<TS ( ! PUBLIC1 AN \TRAGE UPON HUMAN DIGNITY & P]SONALITY40 

,SIGNIFICANTLY1 HIS PRACTICAL SUGGE/IONS = WORKPLACE SELF-MANAGEM5T MAP EXACTLY TO HIS PREVI\S >GUM5TS 7P>TICUL>LY HIS COMM5TS FROM #a#h#d#f74 ,?US 0EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL EMPLOY$ 9 ! ASSOCIATION 444 HAS AN UNDIVID$ %>E 9 ! PROP]TY ( ! COMPANY0 AS WELL AS 0! RI<T TO FILL ANY POSITION0 = 0ALL POSITIONS >E ELECTIVE1 & ! BY-LAWS SUBJECT TO ! APPROVAL ( ! MEMB]S40 ,WAGES W\LD BE EQUAL TO \TPUT AS 0EA* MEMB] %ALL P>TICIPATE 9 ! GA9S & 9 ! LOSSES ( ! COMPANY1 9 PROPORTION TO HIS S]VICES0 & 0! COLLECTIVE =CE1 :I* IS A PRODUCT ( ! COMMUNITY1 CEASES TO BE A S\RCE ( PR(IT TO A SMALL NUMB] ( MANAG]S & SPECULATORS3 IT BECOMES ! PROP]TY ( ALL ! WORK]S40 ,?US !RE W\LD BE A NEW =M ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON 0! COOP]ATION ( ALL :O TAKE P>T 9 ! COLLECTIVE WORK0 ) 0EQUAL CONDITIONS = ALL MEMB]S40 

,PUBLIC UTILITIES W\LD BE UND] ! 09ITIATIVE ( COMMUNES & DEP>TM5TS0 ) 0WORK]S COMPANIES 444 C>RY+ ! WORKS \T40 ,?IS DEC5TRALIZATION1 ?IS 0DIRECT1 SOV]EIGN 9ITIATIVE ( LOCALITIES1 9 >RANG+ = PUBLIC WORKS ?AT BELONG TO !M1 IS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE & ! FREE CONTRACT40 

,?IS ASSOCIATIVE SOCIALISM W\LD BE UNIV]SAL1 = !RE 0WILL NO LONG] BE NATIONALITY1 NO LONG] FA!RL&1 9 ! POLITICAL S5SE ( ! WORDS3 !Y WILL MEAN ONLY PLACES ( BIR?4 ,:ATEV] A MAN'S RACE OR COLOR1 HE IS REALLY A NATIVE ( ! UNIV]SE2 HE HAS CITIZ5'S RI<TS EV]Y:]E40 

,! ,F$]ATIVE ,PR9CIPLE 

,) ! REVOLUTION CRU%$1 FIR/ BY ! ONSLAU<T ( ! ,RI<T & !N BY ,PRESID5T ,L\IS-,NAPOLEON'S C\P D'ETAT ( ,DECEMB] #a#h#e#a1 ,PR\DHON'S WORK WAS NATURALLY AFFECT$ AS !RE WAS LITTLE WORK+-CLASS SELF-ACTIVITY TO 9SPIRE HIM & HE WAS CON/ANTLY UND] ! WAT*FUL EYES ( ! EMP]OR'S C5SORS & POLICE4 

,HIS FIR/ MAJOR WORK1 PUBLI%$ ANONYM\SLY 9ITIALLY1 WAS ! ,/OCK ,EX*ANGE ,SPECULATOR'S ,MANUAL :OSE TITLE HID A SUBV]SIVE MESSAGE--! ABOLITION ( WAGE-LABOR1 ! 5D ( ! CAPITALI/ COMPANY1 & ! ADVOCACY ( PRODUC] & CONSUM] ASSOCIATIONS4 ,IT ASK$ H[ 0! [N]%IP & MANAGEM5T ( COMPANIES0 9/EAD 0( REMA9+ 9DIVIDUAL0 C\LD BECOME 0COLLECTIVE0 SO 5SUR+ ! 0EMANCIPATION0 ( ! WORK]S & 0A REVOLUTION 9 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL40 ,IT CONCLUD$3 

,WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS >E ! HOME ( A NEW PR9CIPLE & MODEL ( PRODUCTION ?AT MU/ REPLACE CURR5T CORPORATIONS4444 ,!RE IS MUTUALITY 444 :5 9 AN 9DU/RY1 ALL ! WORK]S1 9/EAD ( WORK+ = AN [N] :O PAYS !M & KEEPS !IR PRODUCT1 WORK = EA* O!R & !REBY CONTRIBUTE TO A COMMON PRODUCT FROM :I* !Y %>E ! PR(IT 444 EXT5D ! PR9CIPLE ( MUTUALITY ?AT UNITES ! WORK]S ( EA* ASSOCIATION TO ALL ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS AS A UNIT1 & Y\ WILL HAVE CREAT$ A =M ( CIVILIZATION ?AT1 FROM ALL PO9TS ( VIEW--POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 ES!TIC--DIFF]S COMPLETELY FROM PREVI\S CIVILIZATIONS40 

,! MESSAGE ( #a#h#d1 ONE ( ! CORE CONCEPTS ( AN>*I/ ECONOMI/S1 REMA9$ AT ! =E ( ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS & ! ,FR5*MAN ADD$ ANO!R EXPRESSION TO ! >S5AL ( HOPE )9 AN>*I/ !ORY3 09DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY40 

,PR\DHON'S NEXT WORK 9 #aheh WAS HIS MAGUM OPUS1 HIS ,JU/ICE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION & 9 ! ,*UR*4 ,ECONOMIC JU/ICE REQUIR$ ?AT LABOR BE 0RECONCIL$ BY ITS FREE NATURE ) CAPITAL & PROP]TY1 FROM :I* WAGE-LABOR BANI%$ IT40 ,?IS MEANT3 0,! L& TO ?OSE :O CULTIVATE IT02 0CAPITAL TO ?OSE :O USE IT02 0! PRODUCT TO ! PRODUC]40 ,SU* A SELF-MANAG$ ECONOMY 0CANNOT CAUSE A DI/9CTION ( CLASSES0 & 0MAKES SOCIETY1 AS WELL AS .<ECONOMIC.> SCI5CE1 SAFE FROM ANY CONTRADICTION40 

,! E>LY #a#h#fS SAW ,PR\DHON TURN 9CREAS+LY TO POLITICAL ISSUES1 NOTABLY ! QUE/IONS ( F$]ALISM1 C5TRALISM1 & NATIONALISM4 ,H[EV]1 HE ALWAYS RECOGNIZ$ ! L9KS BETWE5 ! ECONOMY & ! POLITICAL /RUCTURE & SO HIS #ahfc ,! ,F$]ATIVE ,PR9CIPLE DISCUSSES ECONOMIC RE=MS 9 A F$]AL SY/EM AS 0POLITICAL RI<T MU/ HAVE ! BUTTRESS ( ECONOMIC RI<T40 

,BUILD+ ON HIS PREVI\S IDEAS = 0UNIV]SAL ASSOCIATION10 HE >GU$ = ! NECESSITY ( AN 0AGRICULTURAL-9DU/RIAL F$]ATION0 AS 09DU/RIES >E SI/]S2 !Y >E P>TS ( ! SAME BODY2 ONE CANNOT SUFF] )\T ! O!RS SUFF]+ BECAUSE ( IT4 ,I WI% ?AT !Y F$]ATE !N1 NOT TO ABSORB ONE ANO!R & M]GE1 BUT TO MUTUALLY GU>ANTEE ! CONDITIONS ( PROSP]ITY ?AT >E COMMON TO !M ALL & ?AT NONE CAN CLAIM ! MONOPOLY (40 ,)\T ?IS1 !RE W\LD BE 0ECONOMIC S]FDOM OR WAGE-LABOR1 9 A WORD1 ! 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS & =TUNES40 ,! AGRICULTURAL-9DU/RIAL F$]ATION 0T5DS TO APPROXIMATE MORE & MORE EQUALITY0 AS WELL AS 0GU>ANTEE+ WORK & $UCATION0 & 0ALL[.<+.> EA* WORK] TO EVOLVE FROM A M]E LABOR] TO A SKILL$ WORK] OR EV5 AN >TI/1 & FROM A WAGE-E>N] TO !IR [N MA/]40 ,HE T]M$ 0?IS POLITICAL-ECONOMIC GU>ANTEEISM0 & CONSID]$ IT BO? AS 0! HI<E/ EXPRESSION ( F$]ALISM0 & 0! /RONGE/ B>RI] TO FEUDALISM ( ! L& & CAPITAL1 T[>D :I* UNIT>Y P[]S 9EVITABLY GO40 

,PR\DHON DI$ 9 ,JANU>Y #a#h#f#e4 ,ON HIS DEA?B$1 5?US$ BY ! REBIR? ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 HE DICTAT$ ,! ,POLITICAL ,CAPACITY ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASSES4 ,HE \TL9$ ! ECONOMICS & POLITICS ( MUTUALISM1 & HIS CONT9U$ SUPPORT = 0! MUTUALI/ & F$]ATIVE !ORY ( ,PROP]TY1 ! CRITIQUE ( .<PROP]TY.> :I* ,I PUBLI%$ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S AGO10 & REAFFIRM$ ! NECESSITY = FREE ACCESS & ASSOCIATION3 

9 VIRTUE ( ! PR9CIPLE :I* *>ACT]IZES IT1 ! RANKS ( ! ,ASSOCIATION >E OP5 TO :OMEV]1 HAV+ RECOGNIZ$ ! SPIRIT & ! GOAL1 ASKS TO JO92 EXCLUSION IS CONTR>Y TO IT1 & ! MORE IT GR[S 9 NUMB] ! MORE ADVANTAGES IT GA9S4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( P]SONNEL1 ! MUTUALI/ ASSOCIATION IS !RE=E BY NATURE UNLIMIT$1 :I* IS ! OPPOSITE ( ALL O!R ASSOCIATIONS4444 .<,IT.> ADMITS 444 EV]YONE 9 ! WORLD1 & T5DS T[>DS UNIV]SALITY 444 ONE IS REQUIR$ TO CONTRIBUTE NEI!R MONEY NOR O!R VALUABLES 444 ! ONLY CONDITION DEM&$ IS TO BE FAI?FUL TO ! MUTUALI/ PACT2 --ONCE =M$1 ITS NATURE IS TO G5]ALIZE ITSELF & TO HAVE NO 5D4 

,HE1 AS BE=E1 ATTACK$ BO? CAPITALISM & /ATE SOCIALISM AS NEI!R EXPRESS$ 0! GREAT HOPES ?AT ! WORK]S' ,DEMOCRACY HAD PLAC$ 9 ! IDEA ( ! ASSOCIATION40 ,9/EAD HE URG$ SELF-MANAGEM5T & RE-IT]AT$ 0! IMPORTANCE ACCORD$ 9 ! ,NEW ,DEMOCRACY TO WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS :I* >E DEEM$ TO CON/ITUTE ECONOMIC AG5CIES & MUTUAL 9/ITUTIONS40 ,COOP]ATIVES 70WORK]S' COMPANIES07 CONT9U$ TO PLAY A KEY ROLE 9 HIS VISION ( A FREE ECONOMY3 0,! REVOLUTION1 9 DEMOCRATIZ+ US1 HAS LAUN*$ US ON ! PA?S ( 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY40 

,CONCLUSION3 ,FROM ,PR\DHON TO ,KROPOTK9 

,ANYONE FAMILI> ) ,PR\DHON'S WORK CAN QUICKLY SEE ! DEBT LAT] AN>*I/S [E HIM4 ,HIS PLAC+ ( ANTI-CAPITALISM ALONGSIDE ANTI-/ATISM DEF9$ AN>*ISM4 ,HIS CRITIQUE ( PROP]TY1 HIS ANALYSIS ( EXPLOITATION OCCURR+ 9 PRODUCTION1 & HIS REJECTION ( WAGE LABOR1 ALL F$ 9TO REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ 7& ,M>XI/7 ANALYSIS ( CAPITALISM4 ,HIS >GUM5TS = SELF-MANAGEM5T1 SOCIALIZATION1 POSSESSION1 USE RI<TS1 & SOCIO-ECONOMIC F$]ALISM >E ALL F\ND 9 ! WORKS ( ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 & O!R REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/S4 ,AS HE SUMM>IZ$ 9 #a#h#e#a3 

SOCIALISM IS 444 ! ELIM9ATION ( MIS]Y1 ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM & ( WAGE-LABOR1 ! TRANS=MATION ( PROP]TY1 ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( GOV]NM5T1 ! ORGANIZATION ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 ! EFFECTIVE & DIRECT SOV]EIGNTY ( ! WORK]S1 ! EQUILIBRIUM ( ECONOMIC =CES1 ! SUB/ITUTION ( ! CONTRACTUAL REGIME = ! LEGAL REGIME1 ETC4 

,! KEY DIFF]5CES ) LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ !ORY >E ON MEANS 7REVOLUTION REPLAC+ RE=M7 & ON ! EXT5SION ( ! CRITIQUE ( WAGE LABOR 9TO AN OPPOSITION TO ! WAGES SY/EM4 ,?IS 9VOLV$ DEVELOP+ A /RONG] CRITIQUE ( COMPETITION & A GREAT] AW>5ESS ( ! PROBLEMS ASSOCIAT$ ) M>KET =CES ?AN CAN BE F\ND 9 ,PR\DHON 7:O1 MY?S NOT)/&+1 WAS WELL AW>E ( ! NEGATIVE SIDES ( M>KETS & SO RECOMM5D$ V>I\S 9/ITUTIONAL MEANS ( LIMIT+ !M & !IR IMPACT74 ,IT ALSO MEANT RAIS+ E?ICAL OBJECTIONS TO DI/RIBUTION BY LABOR CO/1 RECOGNIZ+ ?AT NE$S >E NOT PROPORTIONAL TO A P]SON'S ABILITY TO LABOR1 & ?AT SOME1 DUE TO ILLNESS & AGE1 SIMPLY CANNOT WORK AT ALL4 

,BY ! MID-#a#h#gS1 MO/ AN>*I/S HAD EMBRAC$ DI/RIBUTION ACCORD+ TO NE$ RA!R ?AN ,PR\DHON'S ACCORD+ TO DE$ 7LABOR74 ,! RATIONALES = ?IS MOVE TO 7LIB]T>IAN7 COMMUNISM W]E ELEGANTLY & CONV9C+LY EXP\ND$ BY ,KROPOTK9 9 MANY WORKS 7MO/ OBVI\SLY1 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD74 ,YET 9 T]MS ( ! CRITIQUES ( CAPITALISM1 PROP]TY1 & WAGE LABOR1 & ( ! POSITIVE VISION ( A DEC5TRALIZ$1 SELF-MANAG$1 ASSOCIAT$1 & F$]AT$ LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 ! L9KS >E OBVI\S4 ,! ONLY SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CE IS ! REJECTION ( ,PR\DHON'S SOCIALISM BAS$ ON A M>KET 9 ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR 9 FAVOR ( ONE 9SPIR$ BY ! MAXIM 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S40 

,IT IS = !SE REASONS ?AT ,BAKUN9 PROCLAIM$ ,PR\DHON 0! MA/] ( US ALL0 & HIS [N IDEAS SIMPLY 0,PR\DHONISM WIDELY DEVELOP$ & PU%$ RI<T TO !SE1 ITS F9AL CONSEQU5CES40 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c#a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #a -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #a#c1 #bba 3 ,P>T #a -- ,UPDAT$4 

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