,PREFACE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABBEY ,VOLCANO 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN?ONY ,J4 ,NOCELLA ,I,I 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>OL9E ,K4 ,KALTEFLEIT] 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

,RU? ,K9NA 

,ECONOMICS WAS ONCE CALL$ ! DISMAL SCI5CE & IS /ILL (T5 ASSOCIAT$ ) DRY1 TE*NICAL >GUM5T & ! MODEL+ ( PREF]5CES BAS$ ON ASSUMPTIONS ( P]FECT KN[L$GE & RATIONAL CALCULATION4 ,! LANGUAGE ( ECONOMICS--9VE/M5T1 FISCAL /IMULI1 GR[?1 PRODUCTIVE EFFICI5CY1 BULL & BE> M>KETS--IS QUITE FAMILI>4 ,& ! PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS ( !SE T]MS >E ALL TOO PR$ICTABLE & EASILY UND]/OOD1 P>TICUL>LY DUR+ P]IODS ( RECESSION4 ,BUT TO MANY ! CONT5T ( ! SUBJECT REMA9S MY/]I\SLY AB/RACT & ITS SCOPE SEEMS N>R[LY FOCUS$4 ,! /UDY ( ECONOMICS IS TOO (T5 LIMIT$ TO ! ANALYSIS ( CAPITALI/ M>KETS1 ! MURKY DEAL+S ( 9T]NATIONAL F9ANCE OR1 AS ! REC5T & SPECTACUL> COLLAPSE ( ! BANKS %[S1 ) SY/EM FAILURE4 

,NATURALLY1 !RE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 CRITICAL VOICES )9 ! DISCIPL9E1 BUT IT IS ONLY REC5TLY ?AT ! POSSIBILITY ( IMAG9+ H[ ECONOMIES MI<T WORK1 OR BE MADE TO WORK DIFF]5TLY1 HAS BE5 /AT$ SO EMPHATICALLY4 ,S9CE ! EM]G5CE ( ! GLOBAL SOCIAL JU/ICE MOVEM5T1 NEW L9ES ( 9QUIRY AB\T ! ASSUMPTIONS1 VALUES1 & EFFECTS ( ! GLOBAL ECONOMIC SY/EM HAVE BE5 OP5$4 ,! MANTRA ?AT !RE IS NO ALT]NATIVE HAS BE5 SUBJECT TO FRE% SCRUT9Y4 ,ITS C\NT]-CLAIM1 ?AT O!R WORLDS >E POSSIBLE1 HAS PROV$ TO BE A P[]FUL RIVAL & IS BEG9N+ TO SUPPLANT IT4 ,! RISE ( UNREGULAT$ MOVEM5TS ( CAPITAL1 ! DOM9AT+ PRES5CE ( MULTI-NATIONAL CORPORATIONS1 & ! /RUCTUR+ ( FREE TRADE TO FAVOR ! MO/ P[]FUL >E NO LONG] REG>D$ AS 9EVITABLE1 UN/OPPABLE1 OR SPONTANE\S FEATURES ( ECONOMIC M>KETS--MU* LESS1 DESIRABLE4 ,?AT ! GLOBAL ECONOMY IS A BADLY REGULAT$1 ILL-PLANN$ SY/EM :I* HAS BE5 FACILITAT$ BY A MORALLY BANKRUPT & OPPRESSIVE IDEOLOGY--NEOLIB]ALISM--IS SURELY N[ CLE>4 

,SOME ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT CRITIQUES ( ! NEOLIB]AL DY/OPIA TO HAVE APPE>$ S9CE #aiii HAVE BE5 9=M$ BY NON-AN>*I/ SOCIALI/ & LEFT-LIB]AL POSITIONS4 ,! WORK ( ,SUSAN ,GEORGE1 ,PET] ,S+]1 ,ALEX ,CALL9ICOS1 ,JOSEPH ,/IGLITZ1 & O!RS PROVIDES A RI* S\RCE ( 9SPIRATION4 ,BUT ! AN>*I/IC NATURE ( ! SOCIAL JU/ICE MOVEM5T & ! GRASSROOTS ACTIONS ?AT IT HAS EMBRAC$ ALSO PROVIDES SPACE = ! DISCUSSION ( EXPLICITLY AN>*I/ APPROA*ES TO ECONOMICS4 ,SOME ( ?IS DISCUSSION MI<T FILL NON-AN>*I/S ) HORROR1 ESPECIALLY IF IT IS ASSUM$ ?AT AN>*ISM /&S ONLY = ! D]EGULATION ( ! ECONOMY1 ! PRIVATIZATION ( ALL S]VICES1 & ! ROLL+ BACK ( ! /ATE ) LITTLE REG>D = ISSUES ( EQUALITY1 P>TICIPATION1 & CREATIVE FL\RI%+4 ,= MO/ GR\PS )9 ! SOCIAL JU/ICE MOVEM5T1 ?IS BR& ( RI<T-LIB]T>IANISM IS H>DLY BETT]1 ?\< P]HAPS LESS HYPOCRITICAL1 ?AN REGULAT$ NEOLIB]ALISM4 ,ITS ASSOCIATION ) AN>*ISM--:I* IS FI]CELY CONTE/$--[ES MU* TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ,MURRAY ,RO?B>D :O DESCRIB$ HIS UNCOMPROMIS+ & RADICAL DEF5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS & FREE M>KET DI/RIBUTIONS AS AN>*O-CAPITALI/4 ,:E!R OR NOT HIS ID5TIFICATION ) AN>*ISM DI/ORT$ ! TRADITION1 HIS POSITION H>DLY EXHAU/S ! POSSIBILITIES = AN AN>*I/ ECONOMICS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 AN>*ISM (F]S A /RONG & RI* H]ITAGE ( ANTI-CAPITALI/ ?9K+1 & IT IS !SE L9ES ( ?\<T :I* MI<T USEFULLY BE REVIV$4 

,ANTI-CAPITALI/ AN>*ISM IS GR\ND$ 9 ! BELIEF ?AT PROBLEMS ( 9EQUALITY1 ALI5ATION1 EXPLOITATION1 & AGGRESSIVE COMPETITION /EM FROM ! COMPLEX RELATION%IP ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,SOMETIMES ?IS RELATION%IP IS UND]/OOD AS A CLASS RELATION%IP 9 :I* POLITICAL ELITES 7HI/ORICALLY PATRI>*AL1 RACI/1 HOMOPHOBIC1 & RELIGI\SLY BIGOT$7 >E MORE OR LESS SUBS]VI5T TO ! ECONOMICALLY P[]FUL4 ,O!RS TREAT ! 9T]RELATION AS EVID5CE ( A MORE DIFFUSE MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL COMPLEX1 :]E SIMIL>LY /RUCTUR$ POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & MILIT>Y 9T]E/S COALESCE4 ,EI!R WAY1 AN>*I/S HAVE G5]ALLY >GU$ ?AT CAPITALISM HAS DEVELOP$ ALONGSIDE A PROCESS ( POLITICAL C5TRALIZATION & /ATE =MATION4 ,A CLEAN DIVORCE ( POLITICS FROM ECONOMICS1 RELEAS+ M>KETS FROM GOV]NM5T 9T]F]5CE1 IS SIMPLY IMPOSSIBLE--EV5 ASSUM+ IT IS DESIRABLE4 ,! ABSORPTION ( POLITICS 9TO ECONOMICS IS EQUALLY PROBLEMATIC4 

,TYPICALLY1 ! ACKN[L$GM5T ( ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( /ATES & M>KETS HAS 5C\RAG$ AN>*I/S TO EXAM9E ! SOCIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ( CAPITALISM AS WELL AS ITS ECONOMIC OP]ATION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ON ! QUE/ION ( EXPLOITATION1 AN>*I/S HAVE HI<LI<T$ ! REPRESSIVE *>ACT] ( ! ORGANIZATION & MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION AS WELL AS PO9T$ \T ! 9JU/ICE ( [N]%IP & CONTRADICTIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY RI<TS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 !Y HAVE EXPLOR$ ! EXPANSION ( CAPITALI/ M>KETS BY LOOK+ AT ! C5TRALITY ( W> & ! MILIT>IZATION ( EV]YDAY LIFE 9 ADDITION TO ANALYZ+ CAPITALISM'S IMP]IALI/ DYNAMIC4 ,?IS APPROA* TO CAPITALISM HAS PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 %AP+ REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGIES4 ,AN>*I/S HAVE UNI=MLY REJECT$ IDEAS ( /ATE CONTROL & C5TRAL PLANN+ & TI$ ! POSSIBILITY ( R$IRECT+ PRODUCTION T[>DS ! SATISFACTION ( SOCIALLY USEFUL 5DS TO A PROCESS ( 9DEP5D5T POPUL> ACTION4 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ 9 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 SOCIAL TRANS=MATION RELIES UPON ! ABILITY ( 9DIVIDUALS WORK+ 9 LOCAL COMMUNITIES TO F9D WAYS ( SECUR+ !IR [N S\RCES ( WELL-BE+3 FOOD1 %ELT]1 & CLO?+4 

,?IS TRADITION ( ?\<T HAS SUPPORT$ A V>IETY ( UTOPIAN VISIONS1 *>ACT]I/ICALLY DEF9$ BY CALLS = ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & DIRECT WORK]_/COMMUNITY CONTROL4 ,SOME AN>*I/S HAVE ALSO >GU$ = ! AB&ONM5T ( 9T]NATIONAL TRADE & ! DIVISION ( LABOR 9 FAVOR ( ! CLOSE 9TEGRATION ( AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY 9 LOCAL >EAS4 ,O!RS1 UNMOV$ BY ! POSSIBILITY ( EQUALIZ+ ! BURD5S ( LABOR &_/OR R$UC+ ! H\RS ( LABOR1 HAVE CALL$ = ! AB&ONM5T ( WORK--&1 POT5TIALLY1 ! /RUCTUR+ DISCIPL9E ( TIME--& = ITS REPLACEM5T BY VOLUNT>Y PRODUCTION 70PRODUCTIVE LEISURE074 ,!SE PR9CIPLES HAVE BE5 ADAPT$ TO SUIT A DIV]SE SET ( >RANGEM5TS4 ,P]HAPS ! BE/ KN[N HI/ORICAL EXAMPLE ( !IR APPLICATION IS ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ F$]ATION1 BUT AN>*I/S HAVE ALSO SUPPORT$ COOP]ATIVE SY/EMS1 MODELS ( RECIPROCAL EX*ANGE BAS$ ON CONTRACT & E?ICAL [N]%IP1 & FREE COMMUNISM4 ,9 REC5T YE>S1 A V>IETY ( ECOLOGICAL ALT]NATIVES HAVE ALSO BE5 EXPLOR$4 

,GLOBALIZATION HAS NOT R5D]$ ! AN>*I/ APPROA* TO ECONOMICS R$UNDANT4 ,9DE$1 DEBATES AB\T ! RELATIVE P[] ( /ATES & CORPORATIONS AS DRIV]S ( NEOLIB]AL *ANGE HAVE REFOCUS$ ATT5TION ON ! COMPLEXITY ( !SE RELATION%IPS & ! WAYS 9 :I* P[] IS CONFIGUR$ LOCALLY4 ,R5EW$ 9T]E/ 9 /ATE SOV]EIGNTY HAS 5C\RAG$ ANALYSIS ( ! COMPATIBILITY ( PR9CIPLES ( LOCAL DECISION-MAK+1 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY1 & UNIV]SAL RI<TS4 ,!SE ANALYZES HAVE BE5 %AP$ BY A GR[+ AW>5ESS ( ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( /ATES & A DESIRE TO MOVE BEYOND ! LIB]AL-COMMUNI/ POL>IZATION ( ,COLD ,W> IDEOLOGY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !MATICALLY !RE IS A SIGNIFICANT OV]LAP BETWE5 !SE DISCUSSIONS & TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ CONC]NS4 

,NATURALLY1 NEOLIB]AL GLOBALIZATION HAS CREAT$ NEW CONC]NS AB\T ! ORGANIZATION ( ECONOMIC SY/EMS :I* AN>*I/S NE$ TO ADDRESS4 ,ONE SET C5T]S ON ! *>ACT] ( CORPORATE CAPITALISM4 ,NAOMI ,KLE9'S ANALYSIS ID5TIFIES BR&+ & \TS\RC+ AS ITS KEY FEATURES4 ,BR&+ IS ASSOCIAT$ ) LIFE/YLE CONSUMPTION & ! PROMOTION ( A VAPID ACQUISITIVE CULTURE4 ,?IS IS SUPPORT$ BY S$UCTIVE1 HI<LY MANIPULATIVE M>KET+ CAMPAIGNS :I* HELP CONCEAL ! GR[+ DIFF]5TIALS BETWE5 RI* & POOR4 ,\TS\RC+ DESCRIBES A SY/EM ( GLOBAL FRAN*IS+4 ,9 ! OLD MANUFACTUR+ SECTORS ( ! ADVANC$ ECONOMIES1 IT BR+S ! CASUALIZATION ( LABOR & MASS UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,9 ! PRODUCTION ZONES ( ! DEVELOP+ WORLD1 IT COMB9ES ! SLAVI%1 SWEAT$ PRACTICES ( ,VICTORIAN CAPITALISM ) ! BUREAUCRATIC EFFICI5CY ( LABOR CAMP REGULATION4 ,ESCAP+ FROM ! CORPORATIZATION ( ! ECONOMY PRES5TS UNIMAG9ABLE DIFFICULTIES4 ,= AL?\< 0! CONSUM] IS K+10 ! :EELS ( CORPORATE GLOBAL CAPITALISM >E OIL$ BY A D]EGULAT$ BANK+ SY/EM :I* REQUIRES CONSI/5TLY HI< CONSUMPTION TO SUPPORT ITS SPECULATIONS4 ,EV5 ASSUM+ ! POSSIBILITY ( RE-PATT]N+ MASS CONSUMPTION1 SUDD5 %IFTS >E LIKELY TO PROVOKE A CRISIS ( CONFID5CE 9 ! F9ANCIAL SY/EM1 ?REAT5+ ! MORTGAGES ( ?OSE LEA/ ABLE TO SUPPORT !M--P5SIONS & GOV]NM5T WELF>E SY/EMS4 ,! EXT5T & GRASP ( ! WEB 9 :I* 9DIVIDUALS >E CAU<T HAS BE5 EXPOS$ ALL TOO CLE>LY BY ! BANK-L$ COLLAPSE ( ! ECONOMY4 

,A SECOND SET ( ISSUES PROMPT$ BY GLOBALIZATION C5T] ON ! 5VIRONM5TAL & ECOLOGICAL CO/S ( 9DU/RIALIZATION & MOD]NIZATION4 ,!SE CONC]NS ALSO HAVE A LONG HI/ORY BUT ! S]VILITY ( K[T[+ GOV]NM5TS HAS L5T !M A NEW URG5CY4 ,! SIGNS ( ECOLOGICAL COLLAPSE--9CREAS+ RATES ( EXT9CTION1 CLIMATE *AOS1 & OZONE DEPLETION-->E N[ FRI<T5+LY OBVI\S4 ,SO IS ! POLITICAL CORRUPTION ?AT (T5 ACCOMPANIES CORPORATE EXPANSION4 ,%ELL'S 9VOLVEM5T 9 ,NIG]IA & ! EXECUTION ( ,K5 ,S>O-,WIRA IS AN \T/&+ EXAMPLE ( ! 9FLU5CE ?AT CORPORATE 9T]E/S CAN C\RT4 ,LESS OBVI\S >E ! LONG]-T]M EFFECTS ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION &1 ESPECIALLY1 AGRIBUS9ESS3 = EXAMPLE1 ! R\T9E CONTAM9ATION ( FOOD SUPPLIES :I* RESULTS FROM ! DEM& TO 9CREASE YIELDS & ]ADICATE ! PLANT & ANIMAL DISEASES ?AT >E 5C\RAG$ BY 9DU/RIAL PROCESSES ?AT >E N[ EMPLOY$ AS /&>D 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,ALSO HIDD5 IS ! AM\NT ( FOOD WA/E G5]AT$ BY ! NE$ TO MEET ! SUP]M>KET /&>DS ( ! RI* WORLD4 ,IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT ,BRITI% H\SEHOLDS UNNECESS>ILY ?R[ AWAY APPROXIMATELY SIX MILLION TONS ( FOOD A YE>4 ,BUT EV5 ?IS HUGE FIGURE PALES 9 COMP>ISON TO ! AM\NT ?AT GETS LO/ BETWE5 FIELD & DISPLAY %ELF4 ,! MIRACUL\S PROMISES ( ,G,M TE*NOLOGY TO MAKE GOOD ! FOOD %ORTAGES ?AT LEAD MILLIONS TO DIE ( MALNUTRITION & />VATION EV]Y YE> %\LD BE SE5 9 ?IS CONTEXT RA!R ?AN FREAK & UNM$IAT$ CROP FAILURES4 ,9 ! FRAMEWORK ( GLOBAL CAPITALISM1 ! DRIVE ( SO-CALL$ EM]G+ ECONOMIES 9 ,9DIA & ,*9A TO FOLL[ ! 9DU/RIAL MODEL WILL FUR!R EXAC]BATE ALL ( !SE PROBLEMS4 

,A ?IRD SET ( CONC]NS C5T]S >\ND ! UNFAIRNESS ( GLOBAL M>KET REGULATION &1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! ,WE/]N BIAS ( 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND & ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION4 ,! IMPOSITION ( A ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL POLICY TO DEAL ) ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ACROSS ! GLOBE & ! USE ( TRADE SANCTIONS HAS HELP$ 9CREASE 9EQUALITIES & FACILITAT$ ! VIRTUAL RECOLONIZATION ( POOR] /ATES4 ,A RELAT$ ISSUE IS ! GR[+ 9T]/ATE RIVALRY = CONTROL ( NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,AS ,NOAM ,*OMSKY HAS DEMON/RAT$1 = MO/ ( ! PO/W> P]IOD DEMOCRATIC /ATES HAVE PURSU$ IMP]IAL AMBITIONS ) ! VIGOR ( OLD EMPIRES1 DEF5D+ LIB]AL FRE$OMS AT HOME TO PU% EXPLOITATIVE AG5DAS ABROAD4 ,OV]T MILIT>Y ACTION HAS BE5 TAK5 TO PROTECT VITAL 9T]E/S4 ,OIL IS N[ A SECURITY ISSUE1 AS ! 9VASION ( ,IRAQ & ! RACE TO CONTROL ! ,>CTIC GAS & OIL FIELDS HAS %[N4 ,WAT] IS ANO!R4 ,CURR5T PR$ICTIONS >E ?AT ! COMB9$ EFFECTS ( UNTREAT$ WA/E1 AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION1 & ! MASSIVE TRANSPORTATION ( EV]-DW9DL+ SUPPLIES FROM ! POOR TO ! RI* WORLDS WILL RESULT 9 DE/RUCTION & DEA? ON AN UNPREC$5T$ SCALE4 

,F9D+ A RESPONSE TO ANY ( !SE ISSUES IS AN 5ORM\S UND]TAK+ & ! MORE ORIG9AL VOICES ?AT CAN BE HE>D ! BETT]4 ,ONE WAY ( DEVELOP+ A SPECIFICALLY AN>*I/ APPROA* TO NEOLIB]AL GLOBALIZATION IS TO EXAM9E ! ISSUES IT HAS ?R[N UP BY US+ ! FRAMEWORKS ( ANALYSIS DEVELOP$ 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ,WE/]N CAPITALI/ EXPANSION4 ,?IS W\LD MEAN TAK+ S]I\SLY ! CLAIM ?AT IT IS BO? POSSIBLE & DESIRABLE TO F9D A WAY ( REGULAT+ ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR )\T RELY+ ON ! CO]CIVE APP>ATUS ( ! /ATE4 ,SU* AN APPROA* MI<T TAKE 9SPIRATION FROM ! PR9CIPLES ( DESIGN ?AT ! E>LI] G5]ATION ( AN>*I/S PROPOS$ )\T RELY+ ON OR BE+ TOO CON/RA9$ BY ! P>TICUL> MODELS !Y DEVIS$4 ,P>ECON IS A PRODUCTIVE & 9SPIRATIONAL EXAMPLE ?AT MI<T BE DEVELOP$ 9 SEV]AL DIFF]5T WAYS4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( PURSU+ AN>*I/ ALT]NATIVES1 IT SEEMS LIKELY ?AT ! PRESS+ NATURE ( CURR5T PROBLEMS WILL REQUIRE SOME H>D POLITICAL *OICES4 ,CONTR>Y TO :AT SKEPTICS BELIEVE1 RESI/ANCE IS SOMETIMES AN OPTION1 & AN>*I/S HAVE A LONG HI/ORY ( PRACTICAL1 CON/RUCTIVE EXP]IM5TATION 9 DEVELOP+ SY/EMS ( MUTUAL SUPPORT4 ,?IS TRADITION CONT9UES TO ?RIVE1 AS ?\S&S ( O!R GRASSROOTS ACTIONS & 9ITIATIVES DEMON/RATE4 ,YET %\LD RESI/ANCE & EXP]IM5TATION FAIL OR :]E ! IMM$IATE *OICE ( POLICY ALT]NATIVES MAKES !M IRRELEVANT1 ! CONVICTION ?AT AN AN>*I/ ECONOMIC SY/EM IS REALIZABLE IS A S\RCE ( /R5G?4 ,IT %\LD HELP AN>*I/S ID5TIFY !IR MO/ PREF]R$ 7OR LEA/ WOR/7 OPTIONS &1 IDEALLY1 CONTRIBUTE POSITIVELY TO ! RE%AP+ ( NON-AN>*I/ PREF]5CES4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c#a1 #bba 3 ,PREFACE -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #a#c1 #bba 3 ,PREFACE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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