,9TRODUCTORY ,ESSAY BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

#aigdaigd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,$ITOR 3 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,9 ! MORN+ H\RS ( ,JULY #a#h1#a#i#c#f1 ,G5]AL ,FRANCISCO ,FRANCO ISSU$ ! PRONUNCIAMI5TO FROM ,LAS ,PALMAS 9 ,SPANI% ,NOR? ,AFRICA ?AT OP5LY LAUN*$ ! /RUGGLE ( ,SPA9'S REACTION>Y MILIT>Y (FIC]S AGA9/ ! LEGALLY ELECT$ ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T 9 ,MADRID4 

,! ,FRANCO PRONUNCIAMI5TO LEFT LITTLE D\BT ?AT1 9 ! EV5T ( VICTORY BY ! ,SPANI% G5]ALS1 A P>LIAM5T>Y REPUBLIC W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY A CLE>LY AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE1 MODEL$ 9/ITUTIONALLY ON SIMIL> REGIMES 9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY4 ,! ,FRANCI/A =CES OR 0,NATIONALI/S10 AS !Y W]E TO CALL !MSELVES1 EXHIBIT$ ALL ! TRAPP+S & IDEOLOGIES ( ! FASCI/ MOVEM5TS ( ! DAY3 ! RAIS$ OP5-PALM SALUTE1 ! APPEALS TO A 0FOLK-SOIL0 PHILOSOPHY ( 0ORD]1 DUTY1 & OB$I5CE10 ! AV[$ COMMITM5TS TO SMA% ! LABOR MOVEM5T & 5D ALL POLITICAL DISSID5CE4 ,TO ! WORLD1 ! CONFLICT 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,SPANI% G5]ALS SEEM$ LIKE ANO!R ( ! CLASSIC /RUGGLES WAG$ BETWE5 ! 0=CES ( FASCISM0 & ! 0=CES ( DEMOCRACY0 ?AT HAD REA*$ SU* ACUTE PROPORTIONS 9 ! ?IRTIES4 ,:AT DI/+UI%$ ! ,SPANI% CONFLICT FROM SIMIL> /RUGGLES 9 ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY1 & ,AU/RIA WAS ! MASSIVE RESI/ANCE ! 0=CES ( DEMOCRACY0 SEEM$ TO OPPOSE TO ! ,SPANI% MILIT>Y4 ,FRANCO & HIS MILIT>Y COCONSPIRATORS1 DESPITE ! WIDE SUPPORT !Y 5JOY$ AMONG ! (FIC] CADRES 9 ! >MY1 HAD GROSSLY MISCALCULAT$ ! POPUL> OPPOSITION !Y W\LD 5C\NT]4 ,! SO-CALL$ 0,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>0 LA/$ NE>LY ?REE YE>S--FROM ,JULY #aicf TO ,M>* #a#i#c#i--& CLAIM$ AN E/IMAT$ MILLION LIVES4 

,= ! FIR/ TIME1 SO IT SEEM$ TO MANY ( US 9 ! ?IRTIES1 AN 5TIRE PEOPLE ) DAZZL+ C\RAGE HAD >RE/$ ! T]RIFY+ SUCCESS ( FASCI/ MOVEM5TS 9 C5TRAL & S\!RN ,EUROPE4 ,SC>CELY ?REE YE>S E>LI]1 ,HITL] HAD POCKET$ ,G]MANY )\T A %R$ ( RESI/ANCE FROM ! MASSIVE ,M>XI/-DOM9AT$ ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,AU/RIA1 TWO YE>S BE=E1 HAD SUCCUMB$ TO AN ESS5TIALLY AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE AFT] A WEEK ( FUTILE /REET-FI<T+ BY ,SOCIALI/ WORK]S 9 ,VI5NA4 ,EV]Y:]E FASCISM SEEM$ 0ON ! M>*0 & 0DEMOCRACY0 9 RETREAT4 ,BUT ,SPA9 HAD S]I\SLY RESI/$--& WAS TO RESI/ = YE>S DESPITE ! >MAM5TS1 AIRCRAFT1 & TROOPS :I* ,FRANCO ACQUIR$ FROM ,ITALY & ,G]MANY4 ,TO RADICALS & LIB]ALS ALIKE1 ! 0,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>0 WAS BE+ WAG$ NOT ONLY ON ! ,IB]IAN P59SULA BUT 9 EV]Y C\NTRY :]E 0DEMOCRACY0 SEEM$ ?REAT5$ BY ! RIS+ TIDE ( DOME/IC & 9T]NATIONAL FASCI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,! 0,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>10 WE W]E L$ TO BELIEVE1 WAS A /RUGGLE BETWE5 A LIB]AL REPUBLIC ?AT WAS VALIANTLY & ) POPUL> SUPPORT TRY+ TO DEF5D A DEMOCRATIC P>LIAM5T>Y /ATE AGA9/ AU?ORIT>IAN G5]ALS--AN IMAG]Y ?AT IS CONVEY$ TO ?IS V]Y DAY BY MO/ BOOKS ON ! SUBJECT & BY ?AT %ABBY C9EMATIC DOCUM5T>Y1 ,TO ,DIE 9 ,MADRID4 

,:AT SO FEW ( US KNEW \TSIDE ( ,SPA91 H[EV]1 WAS ?AT ! 0,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>0 WAS 9 FACT A SWEEP+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION BY MILLIONS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS :O W]E CONC]N$ NOT TO RESCUE A TREA*]\S REPUBLICAN REGIME BUT TO RECON/RUCT ,SPANI% SOCIETY ALONG REVOLUTION>Y L9ES4 ,WE W\LD SC>CELY HAVE LE>N$ FROM ! PRESS ?AT !SE WORK]S & PEASANTS VIEW$ ! REPUBLIC ALMO/ ) AS MU* ANIMOSITY AS !Y DID ! ,FRANCI/AS4 ,9DE$1 ACT+ L>GELY ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE AGA9/ 0REPUBLICAN0 M9I/]S :O W]E TRY+ TO BETRAY !M TO ! G5]ALS1 !Y HAD RAID$ >S5ALS & SPORT+-GOODS /ORES = WEAPONS & ) 9CR$IBLE VALOR HAD ABORT$ ! MILIT>Y CONSPIRACIES 9 MO/ ( ! CITIES & T[NS ( ,SPA94 ,WE W]E ALMO/ TOTALLY OBLIVI\S TO ! FACT ?AT !SE WORK]S & PEASANTS HAD SEIZ$ & COLLECTIVIZ$ MO/ ( ! FACTORIES & L& 9 REPUBLICAN-HELD >EAS1 E/ABLI%+ A NEW SOCIAL ORD] BAS$ ON DIRECT CONTROL ( ! C\NTRY'S PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES BY WORK]S' COMMITTEES & PEASANT ASSEMBLIES4 ,:ILE ! REPUBLIC'S 9/ITUTIONS LAY 9 DEBRIS1 AB&ON$ BY MO/ ( ITS MILIT>Y & POLICE =CES1 ! WORK]S & PEASANTS HAD CREAT$ !IR [N 9/ITUTIONS TO ADM9I/] ! CITIES 9 REPUBLICAN ,SPA91 =M$ !IR [N >M$ WORK]S' SQUADS TO PATROL ! /REETS1 & E/ABLI%$ A REM>KABLE REVOLUTION>Y MILITIA =CE TO FI<T ! ,FRANCI/A =CES--A VOLUNT>I/IC MILITIA 9 :I* M5 & WOM5 ELECT$ !IR [N COMM&]S & 9 :I* MILIT>Y RANK CONF]R$ NO SOCIAL1 MAT]IAL1 OR SYMBOLIC DI/9CTIONS4 ,L>GELY UNKN[N TO US AT ?AT TIME1 ! ,SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS HAD MADE A SWEEP+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!Y HAD CREAT$ !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL =MS TO ADM9I/] ! C\NTRY AS WELL AS TO WAGE W> AGA9/ A WELL-TRA9$ & WELL-SUPPLI$ >MY4 ,! 0,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>0 WAS NOT A POLITICAL CONFLICT BETWE5 A LIB]AL DEMOCRACY & A FASCI/IC MILIT>Y CORPS1 BUT A DEEPLY SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONFLICT BETWE5 ! WORK]S & PEASANTS ( ,SPA9 & !IR HI/ORIC CLASS 5EMIES1 RANG+ FROM ! L&[N+ GR&EES & CL]ICAL OV]LORDS 9H]IT$ FROM ! PA/ TO ! RIS+ 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE & BANK]S ( MORE REC5T TIMES4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y SCOPE ( ?IS CONFLICT WAS CONCEAL$ FROM US--BY 0US0 ,I REF] TO ! MANY ?\S&S ( L>GELY ,COMMUNI/-9FLU5C$ RADICALS ( ! 0R$0 ?IRTIES :O RESPOND$ TO ! /RUGGLE 9 ,SPA9 ) ! SAME F]VOR & AGONY ?AT Y\NG PEOPLE ( ! SIXTIES RESPOND$ TO ! /RUGGLE 9 ,9DO*9A4 ,WE NE$ NOT TURN TO ,ORWELL OR ,BORK5AU1 RADICALS ( OBVI\SLY /RONG ANTI-,/AL9I/ CONVICTIONS1 = AN EXPLANATION4 ,BURNETT ,BOLLOT51 A RA!R POLITICALLY 9NOC5T ,UNIT$ ,PRESS REPORT] :O HAPP5$ TO BE /ATION$ 9 ,MADRID AT ! TIME1 CONVEYS HIS [N S5SE ( MORAL \TRAGE AT ! MISREPRES5TATION ( ! ,SPANI% CONFLICT 9 ! OP5+ L9ES ( HIS SUP]BLY DOCUM5T$ /UDY1 ,! ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE3  
  

,AL?\< ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#c#f1 WAS FOLL[$ BY A F>-REA*+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! ANTI-,FRANCO CAMP--MORE PR(\ND 9 SOME RESPECTS ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION 9 ITS E>LY /AGES--MILLIONS ( DISC]N+ PEOPLE \TSIDE ( ,SPA9 W]E KEPT 9 IGNORANCE1 NOT ONLY ( ITS DEP? & RANGE1 BUT EV5 ( ITS EXI/5CE1 BY VIRTUE ( A POLICY ( DUPLICITY & DISSIMULATION ( :I* !RE IS NO P>ALLEL 9 HI/ORY4 

,=EMO/ 9 PRACTIC+ ?IS DECEPTION UPON ! WORLD & 9 MISREPRES5T+ 9 ,SPA9 ITSELF ! *>ACT] ( ! REVOLUTION W]E ! ,COMMUNI/S1 :O1 AL?\< BUT AN EXIGU\S M9ORITY :5 ! ,CIVIL ,W> BEGAN1 US$ SO EFFECTUALLY ! MANIFOLD OPPORTUNITIES :I* ?AT V]Y UPHEAVAL PRES5T$ ?AT BE=E ! CLOSE ( ! CONFLICT 9 #aici !Y BECAME1 BEH9D A DEMOCRATIC FRONTISPIECE1 ! RUL+ =CE 9 ! LEFT CAMP4  
  

,! DETAILS ( ?IS DECEPTION W\LD FILL SEV]AL L>GE VOLUMES4 ,! SIL5CE ?AT GA!RS >\ND ,SPA91 LIKE A BAD CONSCI5CE1 ATTE/S TO ! FACT ?AT ! EV5TS >E V]Y MU* ALIVE--TOGE!R ) ! EF=TS TO MISREPRES5T !M4 ,AFT] NE>LY =TY YE>S ! W\NDS HAVE NOT HEAL$4 ,9 FACT1 AS ! REC5T REVIVAL ( ,/AL9ISM SUGGE/S1 ! DISEASE ?AT PRODUC$ ! PURUL5CE ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 /ILL L+]S ON ! ,AM]ICAN LEFT4 ,BUT TO DEA#a ) ! ,/AL9I/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 IS BEYOND ! SCOPE ( !SE 9TRODUCTORY REM>KS4 ,=TUNATELY1 ! BIBLIOGRAPHY FURNI%$ BY ,SAM ,DOLG(F PROVIDES ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ READ] ) A NUMB] ( ! MORE IMPORTANT WORKS ON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,IT MI<T BE USEFUL1 H[EV]1 TO EXAM9E ! REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES ?AT UNFOLD$ PRIOR TO ,JULY #aicf & EXPLORE ! 9FLU5CE !Y EX]CIS$ ON ! ,SPANI% WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY4 ,! COLLECTIVES DESCRIB$ 9 ?IS BOOK W]E NOT ! RESULTS ( VIRG9AL POPUL> SPONTANEITY1 IMPORTANT AS POPUL> SPONTANEITY WAS1 NOR W]E !Y N\RI%$ EXCLUSIVELY BY ! COLLECTIVI/ LEGACY ( TRADITIONAL ,SPANI% VILLAGE SOCIETY4 ,REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & MOVEM5TS PLAY$ A CRUCIAL ROLE ( !IR [N & !IR 9FLU5CE DES]VES ! CLOSE/ EXAM9ATION4 

,! ,SPANI% G5]ALS />T$ A MILIT>Y REBELLION 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f2 ! ,SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS ANSW]$ !M ) A SOCIAL REVOLUTION--& ?IS REVOLUTION WAS L>GELY AN>*I/ 9 *>ACT]4 ,I SAY ?IS PROVOCATIVELY EV5 ?\< ! ,SOCIALI/ ,U,G,T WAS NUM]ICALLY AS L>GE AS ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T4.<#a.> ,DUR+ ! FIR/ FEW MON?S ( ! MILIT>Y REBELLION1 ,SOCIALI/ WORK]S 9 ,MADRID (T5 ACT$ AS RADICALLY AS AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ WORK]S 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,!Y E/ABLI%$ !IR [N MILITIAS1 =M$ /REET PATROLS1 & EXPROPRIAT$ A NUMB] ( /RATEGIC FACTORIES1 PLAC+ !M UND] ! CONTROL ( WORK]S' COMMITTEES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,SOCIALI/ PEASANTS 9 ,CA/ILE & ,E/RAMADURA =M$ COLLECTIVES MANY ( :I* W]E AS LIB]T>IAN AS ?OSE CREAT$ BY AN>*I/ PEASANTS 9 ,>AGON & ! ,LEVANT4 ,9 ! OP5+ 0AN>*IC0 PHASE ( ! REVOLUTION1 SO SIMIL> TO ! OP5+ PHASES ( E>LI] REVOLUTIONS1 ! 0MASSES0 TRI$ TO ASSUME DIRECT CONTROL OV] SOCIETY & EXHIBIT$ A REM>KABLE ELAN 9 IMPROVIS+ !IR [N LIB]T>IAN =MS ( SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION4 

,LOOK+ BACK BEYOND ?IS OP5+ PHASE1 H[EV]1 IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT ! DURABILITY ( ! COLLECTIVES 9 ,SPA91 !IR SOCIAL SCOPE & ! RESI/ANCE !Y (F]$ TO ! ,/AL9I/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 DEP5D$ L>GELY ON ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y W]E UND] AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE4 ,:AT DI/+UI%ES ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION FROM ?OSE :I* PREC$$ IT IS NOT ONLY ! FACT ?AT IT PLAC$ MU* ( ,SPA9'S ECONOMY 9 ! H&S ( WORK]S' COMMITTEES & PEASANT ASSEMBLIES OR ?AT IT E/ABLI%$ A DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ MILITIA SY/EM4 ,!SE SOCIAL =MS1 9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 HAD EM]G$ DUR+ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE & 9 ! E>LY P]IOD ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,:AT MADE ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION UNIQUE IS ?AT WORK]S' CONTROL & COLLECTIVES HAD BE5 ADVOCAT$ = NE>LY ?REE G5]ATIONS BY A MASSIVE LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T & BECAME ! MO/ S]I\S ISSUES TO DIVIDE ! SO-CALL$ 0REPUBLICAN0 CAMP1 7TOGE!R ) ! FATE ( ! MILITIA SY/EM74 ,[+ TO ! SCOPE ( ITS LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL =MS1 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION PROV$ NOT ONLY TO BE 0MORE PR(\ND0 7TO BORR[ ,BOLLOT5'S PHRASE7 ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 BUT ! 9FLU5CE ( A DEEPLY ROOT$ AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY & ! 9TREPIDITY ( AN>*I/ MILITANTS VIRTUALLY PRODUC$ A CIVIL W> )9 ! CIVIL W>4 

,9DE$1 9 MANY RESPECTS1 ! REVOLUTION ( #aicf M>K$ ! CULM9ATION ( MORE ?AN SIXTY YE>S ( AN>*I/ AGITATION & ACTIVITY 9 ,SPA94 ,TO UND]/& ! EXT5T TO :I* ?IS WAS ! CASE1 WE MU/ GO BACK TO ! E>LY #a#h#g'S1 :5 ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/1 ,GIUSEPPI ,FANELLI1 9TRODUC$ ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS TO GR\PS ( WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS 9 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA4 ,FANELLI'S 5C\NT] ) Y\NG WORK]S ( ! ,FOM5TO DE LAS ,>TES 9 ,MADRID1 A /ORY TOLD ) GREAT RELI% BY ,BR5AN1 IS ALMO/ LEG5D>Y3 ! VOLATILE SPEE* ( ! TALL BE>D$ ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ :O H>DLY KNEW A WORD ( ,SPANI% TO A SMALL BUT 5?USIA/IC AUDI5CE ?AT SC>CELY UND]/OOD HIS FREE-:EEL+ MIXTURE ( ,FR5* & ,ITALIAN4 ,BY D9T ( %E] MIMICRY1 TONAL 9FLECTIONS1 & A G5]\S USE ( COGNATES1 ,FANELLI MANAG$ TO CONVEY 5\< ( ,BAKUN9'S IDEALS TO GA9 ! GR\P'S ADH]5CE & TO E/ABLI% ! F\ND+ ,SPANI% SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION OR SO-CALL$ 0,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL40 ,!REAFT]1 ! 0,9T]NATIONALI/S10 AS ! E>LY ,SPANI% AN>*I/S W]E KN[N EXP&$ RAPIDLY FROM !IR CIRCLES 9 ,MADRID & ,B>CELONA TO ,SPA9 AS A :OLE1 TAK+ /RONG ROOT ESPECIALLY 9 ,CATALONIA & ,&ALUSIA4 ,FOLL[+ ! DEF9ITIVE SPLIT BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/S & ,BAKUN9I/S AT ! ,HAGUE ,CONGRESS ( ! ,I,W,M,A 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#g#b1 ! ,SPANI% SECTION REMA9$ PR$OM9ANTLY ,BAKUN9I/ 9 ITS G5]AL \TLOOK4 ,M>XISM DID NOT BECOME A SIGNIFICANT MOVEM5T 9 ,SPA9 UNTIL ! TURN ( ! C5TURY & EV5 AFT] IT BECAME AN APPRECIABLE =CE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 IT REMA9$ L>GELY RE=MI/ UNTIL WELL 9TO ! ?IRTIES4 ,DUR+ MU* ( ITS E>LY HI/ORY1 ! /R5G? ( ! ,SPANI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,U,G,T LAY 9 ADM9I/RATIVE >EAS SU* AS ,MADRID RA!R ?AN 9 PR$OM9ANTLY WORK+-CLASS CITIES LIKE ,B>CELONA4.<#b.> ,M>XISM T5D$ TO APPEAL TO ! HI<LY SKILL$1 PRAGMATIC1 RA!R AU?ORIT>IAN ,CA/ILIAN2 AN>*ISM1 TO ! UNSKILL$1 IDEALI/IC ,CATALANS & ! 9DEP5D5T1 LIB]TY-LOV+ M\NTA9 VILLAG]S ( ,&ALUSIA & ! ,LEVANT4 ,! GREAT RURAL MASSES ( ,&ALUSIAN DAY-WORK]S OR BRAC]OS1 :O REMA9 TO ?IS DAY AMONG ! MO/ OPPRESS$ & IMPOV]I%$ /RATA ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY1 T5D$ TO FOLL[ ! AN>*I/S4 ,BUT !IR ALLEGIANCES V>I$ ) ! =TUNES ( ! DAY4 ,9 P]IODS ( UPHEAVAL1 !Y SWELL$ ! RANKS ( ! ,BAKUN9I/ ,I,W,M,A & ITS SUCCESSOR ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,SPA91 ONLY TO LEAVE IT 9 EQUALLY L>GE NUMB]S 9 P]IODS ( REACTION4 

,YET1 H[EV] MU* ! =TUNES ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM V>I$ FROM REGION TO REGION & FROM P]IOD TO P]IOD1 :ATEV] REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T EXI/$ 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ?IS SIXTY-YE> P]IOD WAS ESS5TIALLY AN>*I/4 ,EV5 AS AN>*ISM BEGAN TO EBB BE=E ,M>XIAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC & LAT] ,BOL%EVIK ORGANIZATIONS AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> P]IOD1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM RETA9$ ITS 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE & ITS REVOLUTION>Y ELAN4 ,VIEW$ FROM A RADICAL /&PO9T1 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T REMA9$ LIB]T>IAN & (T5 S]V$ TO DEF9E ! CONT\RS ( ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ,SPA94 0,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 A SMALL BUT WELL-ORGANIZ$ GR\P ( ,AN>*I/S 9 A ,SOCIALI/ >EA DROVE ! ,SOCIALI/S TO ! ,LEFT10 OBS]VES ,BR5AN1 0:]EAS 9 PR$OM9ANTLY ,AN>*I/ >EAS1 ,SOCIALI/S W]E \T/&+LY RE=MI/40 ,IT WAS NOT SOCIALISM BUT RA!R AN>*ISM ?AT DET]M9$ ! METABOLISM ( ! ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T--! GREAT G5]AL /RIKES ?AT SWEPT REPEAT$LY OV] ,SPA91 ! RECURR+ 9SURRECTIONS 9 ,B>CELONA & 9 ! T[NS & VILLAGES ( ,&ALUSIA1 & ! GUN BATTLES BETWE5 LABOR MILITANTS & EMPLOY]-HIR$ ?UGS 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/AL CITIES4 

,IT IS ESS5TIAL TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ,SPANI% AN>*ISM WAS NOT M]ELY A PROGRAM EMB$D$ 9 A D5SE !ORETICAL MATRIX4 ,IT WAS A WAY ( LIFE3 P>TLY1 ! LIFE ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE AS IT WAS LIV$ 9 ! CLOSELY-KNIT VILLAGES ( ! C\NTRYSIDE & ! 9T5SE NEI<BORHOOD LIFE ( ! WORK+ CLASS B>RIOS2 P>TLY1 TOO1 ! !ORETICAL >TICULATION ( ?AT LIFE AS PROJECT$ BY ,BAKUN9'S CONCEPTS ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 MUTUAL AID1 & POPUL> ORGANS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,?AT ,SPA9 HAD A LONG TRADITION ( AGR>IAN COLLECTIVISM IS DISCUSS$ 9 ?IS BOOK & EXAM9$ 9 SOME DETAIL 9 ,JOAQU9 ,CO/A'S ,COLECTIVISMO ,AGR>IO 5 ,ESPAGNA4 ,9ASMU* AS ?IS TRADITION WAS DI/9CTLY PRE-CAPITALI/1 ,SPANI% ,M>XISM REG>D$ IT AS ANA*RONI/IC1 9 FACT1 AS 0HI/ORICALLY REACTION>Y40 ,SPANI% SOCIALISM BUILT ITS AGR>IAN PROGRAM >\ND ! ,M>XI/ T5ET ?AT ! PEASANTRY & ITS SOCIAL =MS C\LD HAVE NO LA/+ REVOLUTION>Y VALUE UNTIL !Y W]E 0PROLET>IANIZ$0 & 09DU/RIALIZ$40 ,9DE$1 ! SOON] ! VILLAGE DECAY$ ! BETT] & ! MORE RAPIDLY ! PEASANTRY BECAME A H]$IT>Y PROLET>IAT1 0DISCIPL9$1 UNIT$1 ORGANIZ$ BY ! V]Y ME*ANISM ( ! PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF0 7,M>X7--A DI/9CTLY HI]>*ICAL & AU?ORIT>IAN 0ME*ANISM0--! MORE RAPIDLY ,SPA9 W\LD ADVANCE TO ! TASKS ( SOCIALISM4 

,SPANI% AN>*ISM1 BY CONTRA/1 FOLL[$ A DECISIVELY DIFF]5T APPROA*4 ,IT S\<T \T ! PRECAPITALI/ COLLECTIVI/ TRADITIONS ( ! VILLAGE1 N\RI%$ :AT WAS LIV+ & VITAL 9 !M1 EVOK$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIALITIES AS LIB]ATORY MODES ( MUTUAL AID & SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & DEPLOY$ !M TO VITIATE ! OB$I5CE1 HI]>*ICAL M5TALITY1 & AU?ORIT>IAN \TLOOK FO/]$ BY ! FACTORY SY/EM4 ,EV] M9DFUL ( ! 0EMB\RGEOISM5T0 ( ! PROLET>IAT 7A T]M CONT9UALLY ON ,BAKUN9'S LIPS 9 ! LATE YE>S ( HIS LIFE71 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S TRI$ TO USE ! PRE-CAPITALI/ TRADITIONS ( ! PEASANTRY & WORK+ CLASS AGA9/ ! ASSIMILATION ( ! WORK]S' \TLOOK TO AN AU?ORIT>IAN 9DU/RIAL RATIONALITY4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 !IR EF=TS W]E FAVOR$ BY ! CONT9U\S F]TILIZATION ( ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT BY RURAL WORK]S :O R5EW$ !SE TRADITIONS DAILY AS !Y MIGRAT$ TO ! CITIES4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y ELAN ( ! ,B>CELONA PROLET>IAT--LIKE ?AT ( ! ,PETROGRAD & ,P>ISIAN PROLET>IAT--WAS DUE 9 NO SMALL MEASURE TO ! FACT ?AT !SE WORK]S NEV] SOLIDLY S$IM5T$ 9TO A H]DIT>Y WORK+ CLASS1 TOTALLY REMOV$ FROM PRE-CAPITALI/ TRADITIONS1 :E!R ( ! PEASANT OR ! CRAFTSMAN4 ,ALONG ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/AL CITIES ( ,SPA91 MANY WORK]S RETA9$ A LIV+ MEMORY ( A NON-CAPITALI/ CULTURE--ONE 9 :I* EA* MOM5T ( LIFE WAS NOT /RICTLY REGULAT$ BY ! PUN* CLOCK1 ! FACTORY :I/LE1 ! =EMAN1 ! MA*9E1 ! HI<LY REGULAT$ WORKDAY1 & ! ATOMIZ+ WORLD ( ! L>GE CITY4 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM FL\RI%$ )9 ! T5SION CREAT$ BY !SE ANTAGONI/IC TRADITIONS & S5SIBILITIES4 ,9DE$ :]E A 0,G]MANIC PROLET>IAT0 7TO USE ANO!R ( ,BAKUN9'S CUTT+ PHRASES7 EM]G$ 9 ,SPA91 IT DRIFT$ EI!R T[>D ! ,U,G,T OR ! ,CA?OLIC UNIONS4 ,ITS POLITICAL \TLOOK1 RE=MI/ :5 NOT OV]TLY CONS]VATIVE (T5 CLA%$ ) ! MORE DECLASSE WORK+ CLASS ( ,CATALONIA & ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/1 LEAD+ TO CONFLICT+ T5D5CIES )9 ! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT AS A :OLE4 

,ULTIMATELY1 9 MY VIEW1 ! DE/9Y ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM DEP5D$ UPON ITS ABILITY TO CREATE LIB]AT>IAN ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ?AT C\LD SYN!SIZE ! PRECAPITALI/ COLLECTIVI/ TRADITIONS ( ! VILLAGE ) AN 9DU/RIAL ECONOMY & A HI<LY URBANIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,I SPEAK H]E ( NO M]E PROGRAMMATIC 0ALLIANCE0 BETWE5 ! ,SPANI% PEASANTRY & PROLET>IAT BUT MORE ORGANICALLY1 ( NEW ORGANIZATIONAL =MS & S5SIBILITIES ?AT IMPORT$ A REVOLUTION>Y LIB]T>IAN *>ACT] TO TWO SOCIAL CLASSES :O LIV$ 9 CONFLICT+ CULTURES4 ,?AT ,SPA9 REQUIR$ A WELL-ORGANIZ$ LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS H>DLY A MATT] ( D\BT AMONG ! MAJORITY ( ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 ,BUT W\LD ?IS MOVEM5T REFLECT A VILLAGE SOCIETY OR A FACTORY SOCIETY8 ,:]E A CONFLICT EXI/$1 C\LD ! TWO BE MELD$ 9 ! SAME MOVEM5T )\T VIOLAT+ ! LIB]T>IAN T5ETS ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 MUTUAL AID & SELF-ADM9I/RATION8 ,9 ! CLASSICAL ]A ( 0PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM0 BETWE5 #ahdh & #a#i#c#i1 AN ]A ?AT /RESS$ ! 0HEGEMONY0 ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 9 ALL SOCIAL /RUGGLES1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM FOLL[$ A HI/ORIC TRAJECTORY ?AT AT ONCE REVEAL$ ! LIMITATIONS ( ! ]A ITSELF & ! CREATIVE POSSIBILITIES = AN>*IC =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 

,BY COMP>ISON ) ! CITIES1 ! ,SPANI% VILLAGES ?AT W]E COMMITT$ TO AN>*ISM RAIS$ V]Y FEW ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS4 ,BR5AN'S EMPHASIS ON ! BRAC]OS NOT)/&+1 ! /R5G? ( AGR>IAN AN>*ISM 9 ! S\? & ! ,LEVANT LAY 9 ! M\NTA9 VILLAGES1 NOT AMONG ! RURAL PROLET>IAT ?AT WORK$ ! GREAT PLANTATIONS ( ,&ALUSIA4 ,9 !SE RELATIVELY ISOLAT$ VILLAGES1 A FI]CE S5SE ( 9DEP5D5CE & P]SONAL DIGNITY :ETT$ ! BITT] SOCIAL HATR$S 5G5D]$ BY POV]TY1 CREAT+ ! RURAL 0PATRI>*S0 ( AN>*ISM :OSE 5TIRE FAMILIES W]E DEVOT$ ALMO/ APO/OLICALLY TO 0! ,IDEA40 ,= !SE %>PLY ET*$ & RIGOR\SLY ASCETIC 9DIVIDUALS1 DEFIANCE TO ! ,/ATE1 ! ,*UR*1 & CONV5TIONAL AU?ORITY 9 G5]AL WAS ALMO/ A WAY ( LIFE4 ,KNITT$ TOGE!R BY ! LOCAL PRESS--&1 AT V>I\S TIMES1 !RE W]E HUNDR$S ( AN>*I/ P]IODICALS 9 ,SPA9--!Y =M$ ! S9EWS ( AGR>IAN AN>*ISM FROM ! #a#h#g'S ONW>DS &1 TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ! MORAL CONSCI5CE ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM ?R\<\T ITS HI/ORY4 

,! ACC\NTS ( ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES :I* ,DOLG(F TRANSLATES FROM ,PEIRATS1 ,LEVAL1 & ,S\*Y 9 ! LATT] HALF ( ?IS BOOK REFLECT TO A REM>KABLE EXT5T ! ORGANIZATIONAL =MS :I* ! AN>*I/S FO/]$ AMONG ALL ! VILLAGES UND] !IR 9FLU5CE BE=E ! #aicf REVOLUTION4 ,! REVOLUTION 9 RURAL COMMUNITIES ESS5TIALLY 5L>G$ OLD ,I,W,M,A & LAT] ,C,N,T NUCLEI1 MEMB]%IP GR\PS1 OR QUITE SIMPLY CLANS ( CLOSELY KNIT AN>*I/ FAMILIES 9TO POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,!SE USUALLY MET WEEKLY & =MULAT$ ! POLICY DECISIONS ( ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,! ASSEMBLY =M COMPRIS$ ! ORGANIZATIONAL IDEAL ( VILLAGE AN>*ISM FROM ! DAYS ( ! FIR/ TRULY ,BAKUN9I/ CONGRESS ( ! ,SPANI% ,I,W,M,A 9 ,CORDOVA 9 #a#h#g#b1 /RESS+ ! LIB]T>IAN TRADITIONS ( ,SPANI% VILLAGE LIFE4.<#c.> ,:]E SU* POPUL> ASSEMBLIES W]E POSSIBLE1 !IR DECISIONS W]E EXECUT$ BY A COMMITTEE ELECT$ FROM ! ASSEMBLY4 ,APP>5TLY1 ! RI<T TO RECALL COMMITTEE MEMB]S WAS TAK5 = GRANT$ & !Y C]TA9LY 5JOY$ NO PRIVILEGES1 EMOLUM5TS1 OR 9/ITUTIONAL P[]4 ,!IR 9FLU5CE WAS A FUNCTION ( !IR OBVI\S D$ICATION & CAPABILITIES4 ,IT REMA9$ A C>D9AL PR9CIPLE ( ,SPANI% AN>*I/S NEV] TO PAY !IR DELEGATES1 EV5 :5 ! ,C,N,T NUMB]$ A MILLION MEMB]S4.<#d.> ,NORMALLY1 ! RESPONSIBILIES ( ELECT$ DELEGATES HAD TO BE DIS*>G$ AFT] WORK+ H\RS4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! EV5+S ( AN>*I/ MILITANTS W]E OCCUPI$ ) MEET+S ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 ,:E!R AT ASSEMBLIES OR COMMITTEES1 !Y >GU$1 DEBAT$1 VOT$1 & ADM9I/]$1 & :5 TIME AF=D$1 !Y READ & PASSIONATELY DISCUSS$ 0! ,IDEA0 TO :I* !Y D$ICAT$ NOT ONLY !IR LEISURE H\RS BUT !IR V]Y LIVES4 ,= ! GREAT] P>T ( ! DAY1 !Y W]E WORK+ M5 & WOM51 OBR]A CONSCI5TE1 :O ABJUR$ SMOK+ & DR9K+1 AVOID$ BRO!LS & ! BLOODY BULL R+1 PURG$ !IR TALK ( 0F\L0 LANGUAGE1 & BY !IR PROBITY1 DIGNITY1 RESPECT = KN[L$GE1 & MILITANCY1 TRI$ TO SET A MORAL EXAMPLE = !IR 5TIRE CLASS4 ,!Y NEV] US$ ! WORD 0GOD0 9 !IR DAILY CONV]SATIONS 7SALUD WAS PREF]R$ OV] ADIOS7 & AVOID$ ALL (FICIAL CONTACT ) CL]ICAL & /ATE AU?ORITIES1 9DE$1 TO ! PO9T :]E !Y REFUS$ TO LEGALLY VALIDATE !IR LIFELONG 0FREE UNIONS0 ) M>ITAL DOCUM5TS & NEV] BAPTIZ$ OR CONFIRM$ !IR *ILDR54 ,ONE MU/ KN[ ,CA?OLIC ,SPA9 TO REALIZE H[ F>-REA*+ W]E !SE SELF-IMPOS$ MORES--& H[ QUIXOTICALLY CONSI/5T SOME ( !M W]E ) ! PURITANICAL TRADITIONS ( ! C\NTRY4.<#e.> 

,IT IS APPROPRIATE TO NOTE AT ?IS PO9T ?AT ! MY?1 WIDELY DISSEM9AT$ BY ! CURR5T SOCIOLOGICAL LIT]ATURE ON ! SUBJECT1 ?AT AGR>IAN AN>*ISM 9 ,SPA9 WAS ANTI-TE*NOLOGICAL 9 SPIRIT & ATAVI/ICALLY S\<T TO RE/ORE A NEOLI?IC 0,GOLD5 ,AGE0 CAN BE QUITE EFFECTIVELY REFUT$ BY A CLOSE /UDY ( ! UNIQUE $UCATIONAL ROLE PLAY$ BY ! AN>*I/S4 ,9DE$1 IT WAS ! AN>*I/S1 ) 9EXP5SIVE1 SIMPLY WRITT5 BRO*URES1 :O BR\<T ! ,FR5* 5LI<T5M5T & MOD]N SCI5TIFIC !ORY TO ! PEASANTRY1 NOT ! >ROGANT LIB]ALS OR ! DISDA9FUL ,SOCIALI/S4 ,TOGE!R ) PAMPHLETS ON ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK91 ! AN>*I/ PRESS PUBLI%$ SIMPLE ACC\NTS ( ! !ORIES ( NATURAL & SOCIAL EVOLUTION & ELEM5T>Y 9TRODUCTIONS TO ! SECUL> CULTURE ( ,EUROPE4 ,!Y TRI$ TO 9/RUCT ! PEASANTS 9 ADVANC$ TE*NIQUES ( L& MANAGEM5T & E>NE/LY FAVOR$ ! USE ( AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y TO LI<T5 ! BURD5S ( TOIL & PROVIDE MORE LEISURE = SELF-DEVELOPM5T4 ,F> FROM BE+ AN ATAVI/IC TR5D 9 ,SPANI% SOCIETY1 AS ,HOBSBAWM 79 HIS ,PRIMITIVE ,REBELS7 & EV5 ,BR5AN W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE1 ,I CAN SAY ) C]TA9TY FROM A C>EFUL REVIEW ( ! ISSUE ?AT AN>*ISM MORE CLOSELY APPROXIMAT$ A RADICAL POPUL> 5LI<T5M5T4 

,9 !IR P]SONAL QUALITIES1 D$ICAT$ URBAN AN>*I/S W]E NOT SUB/ANTIALLY DIFF]5T FROM !IR RURAL COMRADES4 ,BUT 9 ! T[NS & CITIES ( ,SPA91 !SE URBAN AN>*I/S FAC$ MORE DIFFICULT ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS4 ,!IR EF=TS TO CREATE LIB]T>IAN =MS ( ORGANIZATION W]E FAVOR$1 ( C\RSE1 BY ! FACT ?AT MANY ,SPANI% WORK]S W]E EI!R =M] VILLAG]S OR W]E ONLY A G5]ATION OR SO REMOV$ FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE4.<#f.> ,YET ! PROSPECT = LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION 9 ! CITIES & FACTORIES C\LD NOT DEP5D UPON ! LONG TRADITION ( VILLAGE COLLECTIVISM--! /RONG S5SE ( COMMUNITY--?AT EXI/$ 9 RURAL AN>*I/ >EAS4 ,= )9 ! FACTORY ITSELF--! REALM ( TOIL1 HI]>*Y1 9DU/RIAL DISCIPL9E1 & BRUTE MAT]IAL NECESSITY--0COMMUNITY0 WAS MORE A FUNCTION ( ! B\RGEOIS DIVISION ( LABOR ) ITS EXPLOITATIVE1 EV5 COMPETITIVE CONNOTATIONS1 ?AN ( HUMANI/IC COOP]ATION1 PLAYFULLY CREATIVE WORK1 & MUTUAL AID4 ,WORK+ CLASS SOLID>ITY DEP5D$ LESS UPON A %>$ MEAN+FUL LIFE N\RI%$ BY SELF-FULFILL+ WORK ?AN ! COMMON 5EMY--! BOSS--:O EXPLOD$ ANY ILLUSION ?AT UND] CAPITALISM ! WORK] WAS MORE ?AN AN 9DU/RIAL RES\RCE1 AN OBJECT TO BE COLDLY MANIPULAT$ & RU?LESSLY EXPLOIT$4 ,IF AN>*ISM CAN BE P>TLY REG>D$ AS A REVOLT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 ! PR(\ND TRU? ?AT LIES AT ! HE>T ( ?AT REVOLT IS ?AT ! FACTORY R\T9E NOT ONLY BLUNTS ! S5SIBILITY ( ! WORK] TO ! RI* FEA/ ( LIFE2 IT DEGRADES ! WORK]'S IMAGE ( HIS OR H] HUMAN POT5TIALITIES1 ( HIS OR H] CAPACITIES TO TAKE DIRECT CONTROL ( ! MEANS = ADM9I/]+ SOCIAL LIFE4 

,ONE ( ! UNIQUE VIRTUES ?AT DI/+UI%$ ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S FROM SOCIALI/S WAS !IR ATTEMPT TO TRANS=M ! FACTORY DOMA9 ITSELF--A TRANS=MATION ?AT WAS TO BE AFFECT$ 9 ! LONG RUN BY !IR DEM& = WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 & MORE IMM$IATELY1 BY !IR ATTEMPT TO =M LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS ?AT CULM9AT$ 9 ! =MATION ( ! SYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T4 ,H[EV]1 ! EXT5T TO :I* WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T CAN ACTUALLY ELIM9ATE ALI5AT$ LABOR & ALT] ! IMPACT ( ! FACTORY SY/EM ON ! WORK]'S S5SIBILITIES REQUIRES1 9 MY VIEW1 A MORE PROB+ ANALYSIS ?AN IT HAS HI!RTO RECEIV$4 ,! PROBLEM ( ! IMPACT ( ! FACTORY SY/EM ON WORK]S BECAME CRUCIAL AS ! PROLET>IAN ELEM5T 9 ! ,C,N,T GREW1 :ILE ! AN>*I/S S\<T TO DEVELOP *>ACT]I/ICS ( 9ITIATIVE & SELF-MANAGEM5T ?AT W]E DIRECTLY OPPOS$ TO ! *>ACT]I/ICS 9CULCAT$ BY ! FACTORY SY/EM4 

,NO SIZABLE RADICAL MOVEM5T 9 MOD]N TIMES HAD S]I\SLY ASK$ ITSELF IF ORGANIZATIONAL =MS HAD TO BE DEVELOP$ :I* PROMOT$ *ANGES 9 ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL BEHAVIOR PATT]NS ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,H[ C\LD ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T VITIATE ! SPIRIT ( OB$I5CE1 ( HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION1 ( LEAD]-&-L$ RELATION%IPS1 ( AU?ORITY & COMM& 9/ILL$ BY CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY8 ,IT IS TO ! LA/+ CR$IT ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM--& ( AN>*ISM G5]ALLY--?AT IT POS$ ?IS QUE/ION4.<#g.> ,! T]M 09TEGRAL P]SONALITY0 APPE>S REPEAT$LY 9 ,SPANI% AN>*I/ DOCUM5TS & TIRELESS EF=TS W]E MADE TO DEVELOP 9DIVIDUALS :O NOT ONLY C]EBRALLY ACCEPT$ LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES BUT TRI$ TO PRACTICE !M4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK ( ! MOVEM5T 7AS EXPRESS$ 9 ! ,I,W,M,A1 ! ,C,N,T1 & ! ,F,A,I7 WAS MEANT TO BE DEC5TRALIZ$1 TO ALL[ = ! GREATE/ DEGREE ( 9ITIATIVE & DECISION-MAK+ AT ! BASE1 & TO PROVIDE /RUCTURAL GU>ANTEES AGA9/ ! =MATION ( A BUREAUCRACY4 ,!SE REQUIREM5TS1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAD TO BE BALANC$ AGA9/ ! NE$ = COORD9ATION1 MOBILIZ$ COMMON ACTION1 & EFFECTIVE PLANN+4 ,! ORGANIZATIONAL HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 9 ! CITIES & T[NS ( ,SPA9--! =MS ! AN>*I/S CREAT$ & ?OSE :I* !Y DISC>D$--IS L>GELY AN ACC\NT ( ! PULL BETWE5 !SE TWO REQUIREM5TS & ! EXT5T TO :I* ONE PREVAIL$ OV] ! O!R4 ,?IS T5SION WAS NOT M]ELY A MATT] ( EXP]I5CE & /RUCTURAL IMPROVIZATION4 ,9 ! LONG RUN1 ! \TCOME ( ! PULL BETWE5 DEC5TRALIZATION & COORD9ATION DEP5D$ ON ! ABILITY ( ! MO/ D$ICAT$ AN>*I/S TO AFFECT ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK]S :O 5T]$ AN>*I/-9FLU5C$ UNIONS--SPECIFICALLY UNIONS ( A SYNDICALI/ *>ACT] :OSE AIMS W]E NOT ONLY TO FI<T = IMM$IATE MAT]IAL GA9S BUT ALSO TO PROVIDE ! 9FRA/RUCTURE = A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 

,LONG BE=E SYNDICALISM BECAME A POPUL> T]M 9 ! ,FR5* LABOR MOVEM5T ( ! LATE #a#h#i'S1 IT ALREADY EXI/$ 9 ! E>LY ,SPANI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! AN>*I/-9FLU5C$ ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION ( ! OLD ,I,W,M,A1 9 MY OP9ION1 WAS DI/9CTLY SYNDICALI/4 ,AT ! F\ND+ CONGRESS ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION AT ,B>CELONA 9 ,JUNE1 #a#h#g1 ! 0COMMISSION ON ! !ME ( ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S0 PROPOS$ A /RUCTURE ?AT W\LD =M A MODEL = ALL LAT] AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ LABOR UNIONS 9 ,SPA91 9CLUD+ ! ,C,N,T4 ,! COMMISSION SUGGE/$ A TYPICAL SYNDICALI/ DUAL /RUCTURE3 ORGANIZATION BY TRADE & ORGANIZATION BY LOCALITY4 ,LOCAL TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 7,SECCIONES DE (ICIO7 GR\P$ TOGE!R ALL WORK]S FROM A COMMON 5T]PRISE & VOCATION 9TO L>GE OCCUPATIONAL F$]ATIONS 7,UNIONES DE (ICIO7 :OSE PRIM>Y FUNCTION WAS TO /RUGGLE >\ND ECONOMIC GRIEVANCES & WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,A LOCAL ORGANIZATION ( MISCELLANE\S TRADES GA!R$ UP ALL ?OSE WORK]S FROM DIFF]5T VOCATIONS :OSE NUMB]S W]E TOO SMALL TO CON/ITUTE EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS ALONG VOCATIONAL L9ES4 ,P>ALLEL+ !SE VOCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS1 9 EV]Y COMMUNITY & REGION :]E ! ,I,W,M,A WAS REPRES5T$1 ! DIFF]5T LOCAL ,SECCIONES W]E GR\P$ TOGE!R1 IRRESPECTIVE ( TRADE1 9TO LOCAL GEOGRAPHIC BODIES 7,F$]ACIONES LOCALES7 :OSE FUNCTION WAS AV[$LY REVOLUTION>Y--! ADM9I/RATION ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE ON A DEC5TRALIZ$ LIB]T>IAN BASIS4 

,?IS DUAL /RUCTURE =MS ! B$ROCK ( ALL SYNDICALI/ =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ,SPA91 AS ELSE:]E1 ! /RUCTURE WAS KNITT$ TOGE!R BY WORK]S' COMMITTEES1 :I* ORIG9AT$ 9 9DIVIDUAL %OPS1 FACTORIES1 & AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES4 ,GA!R+ TOGE!R 9 ASSEMBLIES1 ! WORK]S ELECT$ FROM !IR MID/ ! COMMITTEES ?AT PRESID$ OV] ! AFFAIRS ( ! VOCATIONAL ,SECCIONES DE (ICIO & ! GEOGRAPHIC ,F$]ACIONES LOCALES4 ,!Y W]E F$]AT$ 9TO REGIONAL COMMITTEES = NE>LY EV]Y L>GE >EA ( ,SPA94 ,EV]Y YE>1 :5 POSSIBLE1 ! WORK]S ELECT$ ! DELEGATES TO ! ANNUAL CONGRESSES ( ! ,SPANI% ,F$]ATION ( ! ,I,W,M,A1 :I* 9 TURN ELECT$ A NATIONAL ,F$]AL ,C\NCIL4 

,) ! DECL9E ( ! ,I,W,M,A1 SYNDICALI/ UNION F$]ATIONS SURFAC$ & DISAPPE>$ 9 DIFF]5T REGIONS ( ,SPA91 ESPECIALLY ,CATALONIA & ,&ALUSIA4 ,! FIR/ WAS ! RA!R CONSID]ABLE ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION ( ! #a#h#h'S4 ,FOLL[+ ITS SUPPRESSION1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM CONTRACT$ EI!R TO NONUNION IDEOLOGICAL GR\PS SU* AS ! ,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION OR TO ESS5TIALLY REGIONAL UNION F$]ATIONS LIKE ! ,CATALAN-BAS$ ,PACT ( ,UNION & ,SOLID>ITY ( ! #a#h#i'S & ,WORK]S' ,SOLID>ITY ( ! E>LY #a#i'S4 ,EXCEPT = ! %ORT-LIV$ ,F$]ATION ( ,WORK]S' ,SOCIETIES ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION1 E/ABLI%$ 9 #ai ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( A ,MADRID BRICKLAY]S' UNION1 NO MAJOR NATIONAL SYNDICALI/ F$]ATION APPE>$ 9 ,SPA9 UNTIL ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,C,N,T 9 #a#i#a#a4 ,) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,C,N,T1 ,SPANI% SYNDICALISM 5T]$ ITS MO/ MATURE & DECISIVE P]IOD4 ,CONSID]ABLY L>G] ?AN ITS RIVAL1 ! ,U,G,T1 ! ,C,N,T BECAME ! ESS5TIAL >5A = AN>*I/ AGITATION 9 ,SPA94 

,! ,C,N,T WAS NOT M]ELY 0F\ND$20 IT DEVELOP$ ORGANICALLY \T ( ! ,CATALAN ,WORK]S' ,SOLID>ITY & ITS MO/ CONSOLIDAT$ REGIONAL F$]ATION1 ! ,CATALAN F$]ATION 7,CONF$]ACION ,REGIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO DE ,CATALUNA47 ,LAT]1 O!R REGIONAL F$]ATIONS W]E E/ABLI%$ FROM LOCAL UNIONS 9 EA* PROV9CE--MANY ( !M L+]+ ON FROM ! ,F$]ATION ( ,WORK]S' ,SOCIETIES ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION--UNTIL !RE W]E EI<T BY ! E>LY #a#i#c'S4 ,! NATIONAL ORGANIZATION1 9 EFFECT1 WAS A LOOSE COLLECTION ( REGIONAL F$]ATIONS :I* W]E BROK5 D[N 9TO LOCAL & DI/RICT F$]ATIONS1 & F9ALLY1 9TO S9DICATOS1 OR 9DIVIDUAL UNIONS4 ,!SE S9DICATOS 7E>LI]1 !Y W]E KN[N BY ! DRAMATIC NAME ( SOCI$ADES DE RESI/ANCIA AL CAPITAL--RESI/ANCE SOCIETIES TO CAPITAL7 W]E E/ABLI%$ ON A VOCATIONAL BASIS1 &1 9 TYPICAL SYNDICALI/ FA%ION1 GR\P$ 9TO GEOGRAPHIC & TRADE F$]ATIONS 7F$]ACIONES LOCALES & S9DICATOS DE (ICIO74 ,TO COORD9ATE ?IS /RUCTURE ! ANNUAL CONGRESSES ( ! ,C,N,T ELECT$ A ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE :I* WAS EXPECT$ TO OCCUPY ITSELF PRIM>ILY ) CORRESPOND5CE1 ! COLLECTION ( /ATI/ICS1 & AID TO PRISON]S4 

,! /ATUTES ( ! ,CATALAN REGIONAL F$]ATION PROVIDE US ) ! GUIDEL9ES US$ = ! NATIONAL MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO !SE /ATUTES ! ORGANIZATION WAS COMMITT$ TO 0DIRECT ACTION10 REJECT+ ALL 0POLITICAL & RELIGI\S 9T]F]5CE40 ,AFFILIAT$ DI/RICT & LOCAL F$]ATIONS W]E TO BE 0GOV]N$ BY ! GREATE/ AUTONOMY POSSIBLE1 IT BE+ UND]/OOD BY ?IS ?AT !Y HAVE COMPLETE FRE$OM 9 ALL ! PR(ESSIONAL MATT]S RELAT+ TO ! 9DIVIDUAL TRADES :I* 9TEGRATE !M40 ,EA* MEMB] WAS EXPECT$ TO PAY MON?LY DUES ( T5 C5TIMES 7A TRIFL+ SUM7 :I* WAS TO BE DIVID$ EQUALLY AMONG ! LOCAL ORGANIZATION1 ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION1 ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION1 ! UNION NEWSPAP] 7,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A--0,WORK]S' ,SOLID>ITY071 & ! ALL-IMPORTANT SPECIAL FUND = 0SOCIAL PRISON]S40 

,BY /ATUTE ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE--! REGIONAL EQUIVAL5T ( ! ,C,N,T'S ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE--WAS EXPECT$ TO BE M]ELY AN ADM9I/RATIVE BODY4 ,AL?\< IT CLE>LY PLAY$ A DIRECTIVE ROLE 9 COORD9AT+ ACTION1 ITS ACTIVITIES W]E B\ND BY POLICIES E/ABLI%$ BY ! ANNUAL REGIONAL CONGRESS4 ,9 UNUSUAL SITUATIONS1 ! ,COMMITTEE C\LD CONSULT LOCAL BODIES1 EI!R BY REF]5DUMS OR BY WRITT5 QU]IES4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! ANNUAL REGIONAL CONGRESSES AT :I* ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE WAS ELECT$1 ! ,COMMITTEE WAS OBLIG$ TO CALL EXTRAORD9>Y CONGRESSES AT ! REQUE/ ( ! MAJORITY ( ! LOCAL F$]ATIONS4 ,! LOCAL F$]ATIONS1 9 TURN1 W]E GIV5 ?REE MON?S NOTICE BE=E A REGUL> CONGRESS SO ?AT !Y C\LD 0PREP>E ! !MES = DISCUSSION40 ,)9 A MON? BE=E ! CONGRESS1 ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE WAS REQUIR$ TO PUBLI% ! SUBMITT$ 0!MES0 9 ! UNION NEWSPAP]1 LEAV+ SUFFICI5T TIME = ! WORK]S TO DEF9E !IR ATTITUDES T[>D ! TOPICS TO BE DISCUSS$ & 9/RUCT !IR DELEGATES ACCORD+LY4 ,! DELEGATIONS TO ! CONGRESS1 :OSE VOT+ P[] WAS DET]M9$ BY ! NUMB] ( MEMB]S !Y REPRES5T$1 W]E ELECT$ BY G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( WORK]S CONV5$ BY ! LOCAL & DI/RICT F$]ATIONS4 

,!SE /ATUTES =M$ ! BASIS = ! ,C,N,T'S PRACTICE UP TO ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f4 ,AL?\< !Y NOTABLY LACK$ ANY PROVISION = ! RECALL ( ! COMMITTEE MEMB]S1 ! ORGANIZATION 9 ITS H]OIC P]IOD WAS MORE DEMOCRATIC ?AN ! /ATUTES W\LD SEEM TO 9DICATE4 ,A ?ROBB+ VITALITY EXI/$ AT ! BASE ( ?IS IMM5SE ORGANIZATION1 M>K$ BY ACTIVE 9T]E/ 9 ! ,C,N,T'S PROBLEMS & CONSID]ABLE 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE4 ,! WORK]S' C5T]S 7C5TROS OBR]OS71 :I* ! AN>*I/S HAD E/ABLI%$ 9 ! DAYS ( ! ,I,W,M,A1 W]E NOT ONLY ! LOCAL (FICES ( ! UNION2 !Y W]E ALSO MEET+ PLACES & CULTURAL C5T]S :]E MEMB]S W5T TO EX*ANGE IDEAS & ATT5D LECTURES4 ,ALL ! AFFAIRS ( ! LOCAL ,C,N,T W]E MANAG$ BY COMMITTEES ( ORD9>Y UNPAID WORK]S4 ,AL?\< ! (FICIAL UNION MEET+S W]E HELD ONLY ONCE 9 ?REE MON?S1 !RE W]E 0CONF]5CES ( AN 9/RUCTIVE *>ACT]0 EV]Y ,SATURDAY NI<T & ,SUNDAY AFT]NOON4 ,! SOLID>ITY ( ! S9DICATOS WAS SO 9T5SE ?AT IT WAS NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE TO MA9TA9 AN ISOLAT$ /RIKE4 ,!RE WAS ALWAYS A T5D5CY = A /RIKE TO TRIGG] (F O!RS 9 ITS SUPPORT & G5]ATE ACTIVE AID BY O!R S9DICATOS4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ?IS IS ! WAY ! ,C,N,T TRI$ TO C>RY ON ITS AFFAIRS & DUR+ FAVORABLE P]IODS ACTUALLY FUNCTION$4 ,BUT !RE W]E P]IODS :5 REPRESSION & SUDD51 (T5 CRUCIAL1 TURNS 9 EV5TS MADE IT NECESS>Y TO SUSP5D ANNUAL OR REGIONAL CONGRESSES & CONF9E IMPORTANT POLICY-MAK+ DECISIONS TO PL5UMS ( LEAD+ COMMITTEES OR TO 0CONGRESSES0 ?AT W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN PAT*WORK CONF]5CES4 ,*>ISMATIC LEAD]S AT ALL LEVELS ( ! ORGANIZATION CAME V]Y CLOSE TO ACT+ 9 A BUREAUCRATIC MANN]4 ,NOR IS ! SYNDICALI/ /RUCTURE ITSELF IMMUNE TO BUREAUCRATIC DE=MATIONS4 ,IT WAS NOT V]Y DIFFICULT = AN ELABORATE NETWORK ( COMMITTEES1 BUILD+ UP TO REGIONAL & NATIONAL BODIES1 TO ASSUME ALL ! FEATURES ( A C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION & CIRCUMV5T ! WI%ES ( ! WORK]S' ASSEMBLIES AT ! BASE4 

,F9ALLY1 ! ,C,N,T1 DESPITE ITS PROGRAMMATIC COMMITM5T TO LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM & ITS ATTEMPT TO FUNCTION 9 A LIB]T>IAN MANN]1 WAS PRIM>ILY A L>GE TRADE UNION F$]ATION RA!R ?AN A PURELY AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION4 ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA1 ONE ( ITS MO/ PRAGMATIC LEAD]S1 RECOGNIZ$ ?AT R\<LY A ?IRD ( ! ,C,N,T MEMB]%IP C\LD BE REG>D$ AS AN>*I/S4 ,MANY W]E MILITANTS RA!R ?AN REVOLUTION>IES2 O!RS SIMPLY JO9$ ! ,C,N,T BECAUSE IT WAS ! DOM9ANT UNION 9 !IR >EA OR %OP4 ,& BY ! #a#i#c'S1 ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ,C,N,T MEMB]S W]E WORK]S RA!R ?AN PEASANTS4 ,&ALUSIANS1 ONCE ! L>GE/ P]C5TAGE ( MEMB]S 9 ! AN>*I/-9FLU5C$ UNIONS ( ! PREVI\S C5TURY1 HAD DW9DL$ TO A M9ORITY1 A FACT :I* IS NOT NOT$ BY SU* WRIT]S AS ,BR5AN & ,HOBSBAWM :O OV]-EMPHASIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! RURAL ELEM5T 9 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ TRADE UNIONS4 

,) ! SL[ *ANGE 9 ! SOCIAL COMPOSITION ( ! ,C,N,T & ! GR[+ SUPREMACY ( 9DU/RIAL OV] VILLAGE VALUES 9 ITS LEAD]%IP & MEMB]%IP1 IT IS MY VIEW ?AT ! CONF$]ATION W\LD HAVE EV5TUALLY TURN$ 9TO A FAIRLY CONV5TIONAL ,LAT9-TYPE ( TRADE UNION4 ,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S W]E NOT OBLIVI\S TO !SE DEVELOPM5TS4 ,AL?\< SYNDICALI/ UNIONS =M$ ! MAJOR >5A ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ,EUROPE1 AN>*I/ !ORI/S W]E M9DFUL ?AT IT W\LD NOT BE TOO DIFFICULT = RE=MI/ LEAD]S 9 SYNDICALI/ UNIONS TO %IFT ORGANIZATIONAL CONTROL FROM ! BOTTOM TO ! TOP4 ,!Y VIEW$ SYNDICALISM AS A *ANGE 9 FOCUS FROM ! COMMUNE TO ! TRADE UNION1 FROM ALL ( ! OPPRESS$ TO ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 FROM ! /REETS TO ! FACTORIES1 &1 9 EMPHASIS AT LEA/1 FROM 9SURRECTION TO ! G5]AL /RIKE4 

,MALATE/A1 FE>+ ! EM]G5CE ( A BUREAUCRACY 9 ! SYNDICALI/ UNIONS1 W>N$ ?AT 0! (FICIAL IS TO ! WORK+ CLASS A DANG] ONLY COMP>ABLE TO ?AT PROVID$ BY ! P>LIAM5T>IAN2 BO? LEAD TO CORRUPTION & FROM CORRUPTION TO DEA? IS BUT A %ORT /EP40 ,AL?\< HE WAS TO *ANGE HIS ATTITUDE T[>D SYNDICALISM1 HE ACCEPT$ ! MOVEM5T ) MANY RES]VATIONS & NEV] CEAS$ TO EMPHASIZE ?AT 0TRADE UNIONS >E1 BY !IR V]Y NATURE1 RE=MI/ & NEV] REVOLUTION>Y40 ,TO ?IS W>N+ HE ADD$ ?AT ! 0REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT MU/ BE 9TRODUC$1 DEVELOP$ & MA9TA9$ BY ! CON/ANT ACTIONS ( REVOLUTION>IES :O WORK FROM )9 !IR RANKS AS WELL AS FROM \TSIDE1 BUT IT CANNOT BE ! NORMAL1 NATURAL DEF9ITION ( ! ,TRADE ,UNION'S FUNCTION40 

,SYNDICALISM HAD DIVID$ ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T )\T REALLY SPLITT+ IT4 ,9DE$1 UNTIL ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,F,A,I1 !RE WAS R>ELY A NATIONAL AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION TO SPLIT4.<#h.> ,YET A ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HELD TOGE!R ON TWO LEVELS 3 BY MEANS ( WELL-KN[N P]IODICALS LIKE ,LA ,REVI/A ,BLANCA & ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD1 & 9 ! =M ( SMALL CIRCLES ( D$ICAT$ AN>*I/S1 BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! SYNDICALI/ UNIONS4 ,DAT+ AS F> BACK AS ! #a#h#h'S !SE TYPICALLY ,HISPANIC GR\PS ( 9TIMATES1 TRADITIONALLY KN[N AS T]TULIAS1 MET AT FAVORITE CAFES TO DISCUSS IDEAS & PLAN ACTIONS4 ,!Y GAVE !MSELVES COLORFUL NAMES EXPRESSIVE ( !IR HI<-M9D$ IDEALS 7,NI ,REY NI PATRIA7 OR !IR REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT 7,LOS ,REBELDES7 OR QUITE SIMPLY !IR S5SE ( FRAT]NITY 7,LOS ,AF9ES74 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION TO :I* ,I HAVE ALREADY ALLUD$1 F\ND$ 9 ,VAL5CIA 9 #a#h#h#h1 CONSCI\SLY MADE !SE T]TULIAS ! /R&S FROM :I* IT TRI$ TO WEAVE A COH]5T MOVEM5T4 ,DECADES LAT]1 !Y W]E TO REAPPE> 9 ! ,F,A,I AS GRUPOS DE AF9IDAD 7AFF9ITY GR\PS7 ) A MORE =MAL LOCAL & NATIONAL /RUCTURE4 

,AL?\< ,SPANI% AN>*ISM DID NOT PRODUCE AN EFFECTIVE NATIONAL MOVEM5T UNTIL ! F\ND+ ( ! ,F,A,I1 ! DIVISIONS BETWE5 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S & AN>*O-COMMUNI/S W]E HI<LY SIGNIFICANT4.<#i.> ,! TWO T5D5CIES ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM WORK$ 9 V]Y DIFF]5T WAYS & W]E MUTUALLY DISDA9FUL ( EA* O!R4 ,! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S FUNCTION$ DIRECTLY 9 ! UNIONS4 ,!Y ACCEPT$ KEY UNION POSITIONS & PLAC$ !IR EMPHASIS ON ORGANIZ+1 (T5 AT ! EXP5SE ( PROPAG&A & IDEOLOGICAL COMMITM5T4 ,AS 0PRACTICAL M510 ,CATALAN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S SU* AS ,JOSE ,RODRIGUEZ ,ROM]O & ,TOMAS ,H]R]OS W]E READY TO MAKE COMPROMISES MORE PRECISELY1 TO =M ALLIANCES ) 0PURE-&-SIMPLE0 TRADE UNIONI/S4 

,! AN>*O-COMMUNI/S W]E ! 0FANATICS OV] !RE0--9 ! $ITORIAL (FICES ( ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD--0PURI/S0 LIKE ,JUAN ,B>ON & ,FRANCISCO ,C>D9AL1 :O REG>D$ ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S AS DES]T]S TO RE=MISM & HELD FAI?FULLY TO ! COMMUNI/ DOCTR9ES ?AT =M$ ! BASIS ( ! OLD ,AN>*I/ ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,SPANI% ,REGION4 ,!Y W]E NOT DISPOS$ TO TRADE UNION ACTIVISM & /RESS$ COMMITM5T TO LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES4 ,IT WAS NOT !IR GOAL TO PRODUCE A L>GE 0MASS MOVEM5T0 ( WORK]S :O WORE LI<TLY ! TRAPP+S ( LIB]T>IAN IDEALS1 BUT TO HELP CREATE D$ICAT$ AN>*I/S 9 AN AU!NTICALLY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T H[EV] SMALL ITS SIZE OR 9FLU5CE4 ,ONCE FAIRLY 9FLU5TIAL !IR T]RORI/ TACTICS AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY & ! 5SU+ REPRESSION HAD GREATLY DEPLET$ !IR NUMB]S4 

,! F\ND+ ( ! ,F,A,I 9 ! SUMM] ( #aibg WAS EXPECT$ TO UNITE !SE TWO T5D5CIES4 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ NE$S W]E MET BY REQUIR+ ?AT EV]Y FAI/A BECOME A MEMB] ( ! ,C,N,T & BY MAK+ ! UNION ! PR9CIPLE >5A ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ,SPA94 ,! NE$S ( ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/S W]E MET BY ! V]Y FACT ?AT AN AV[$LY AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION WAS E/ABLI%$ NATIONALLY1 AP>T FROM ! ,C,N,T1 & BY MAK+ ! AFF9ITY GR\P ! BASIS = A VANGU>D MOVEM5T AV[$LY D$ICAT$ TO ! A*IEVEM5T ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4.<#a.> ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD WAS ADOPT$ AS ! ,F,AL'S ORGAN4 ,BUT BY E/ABLI%+ AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION = ! EXPRESS PURPOSE ( CONTROLL+ ! ,C,N,T OR1 AT LEA/1 TO KEEP IT FROM FALL+ 9TO ! H&S ( RE=MI/S OR 9FILTRATORS FROM ! NEWLY F\ND$ ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S HAD ESS5TIALLY 5VELOP$ ! AN>*O-COMMUNI/S 9 SYNDICALI/ ACTIVITY4 ,BY #a#i#c#c1 ! ,F,A,I'S CONTROL OV] ! ,C,N,T WAS FAIRLY COMPLETE4 ,SY/EMATIC ORGANIZATIONAL WORK HAD PURG$ ! UNION ( ,COMMUNI/S1 :ILE ITS RE=MI/ LEAD]S EI!R LEFT ON !IR [N ACCORD OR HAD DEF5SIVELY CAM\FLAG$ !MSELVES ) REVOLUTION>Y RHETORIC4 ,NO ILLUSION %\LD EXI/ ?AT ?IS SUCCESS WAS A*IEV$ ) AN OV]LY S5SITIVE REG>D = DEMOCRATIC NICETIES1 AL?\< ! MILITANCY ( ! FAI/AS UNQUE/IONABLY ATTRACT$ ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ,C,N,T WORK]S4 ,BUT ! ,F,A,I'S MO/ WELL-KN[N MILITANTS--,DURRUTI1 ! ,ASCASO BRO!RS1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]--9CLUD$ T]RORISM 9 !IR REP]TORY ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,GUN PLAY1 ESPECIALLY 9 0EXPROPRIATIONS0 & 9 DEAL+ ) RECALCITRANT EMPLOY]S1 POLICE AG5TS1 & BLACKLEGS1 WAS NOT FR[N$ UPON4 ,!SE AT5TADOS ALMO/ C]TA9LY 9TIMIDAT$ ! ,F,A,I'S LESS PROM95T OPPON5TS 9 ! ,C,N,T1 AL?\< 0RE=MI/S0 LIKE ,PE/ANA & ,PEIRO DID NOT HESITATE TO PUBLICLY CRITICIZE ! ,F,A,I 9 ! H>%E/ T]MS4 

,DESPITE ITS 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,C,N,T1 ?IS REM>KABLE AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION REMA9$ SEMISECRET UP TO #aicf & ITS MEMB]%IP PROBABLY DID NOT EXCE$ #c14 ,/RUCTURALLY1 IT =M$ A NE>-MODEL ( LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION4 ,AFF9ITY GR\PS W]E SMALL NUCLEI ( 9TIMATE FRI5DS :I* G5]ALLY NUMB]$ A DOZ5 OR SO M5 & WOM54 ,:]EV] SEV]AL ( !SE AFF9ITY GR\PS EXI/$1 !Y W]E COORD9AT$ BY A LOCAL F$]ATION & MET1 :5 POSSIBLE1 9 MON?LY ASSEMBLIES4 ,! NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 9 TURN1 WAS COORD9AT$ BY A ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE1 :I* O/5SIBLY EX]CIS$ V]Y LITTLE DIRECTIVE P[]4 ,ITS ROLE WAS MEANT TO BE /RICTLY ADM9I/RATIVE 9 TYPICAL ,BAKUN9I/ FA%ION4 

,AFF9ITY GR\PS W]E 9 FACT REM>KABLY AUTONOM\S DUR+ ! E>LY ?IRTIES & (T5 EXHIBIT$ EXCEPTIONAL1 9ITIATIVE4 ,! 9TIMACY %>$ BY ! FAI/AS 9 EA* GR\P MADE ! MOVEM5T V]Y DIFFICULT = POLICE AG5TS TO 9FILTRATE & ! ,F,A,I AS A :OLE MANAG$ TO SURVIVE ! MO/ SEV]E REPRESSION ) SURPRIS+LY LITTLE DAMAGE TO ITS ORGANIZATION4 ,AS TIME PASS$1 H[EV]1 ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE BEGAN TO GR[ 9 PRE/IGE4 ,ITS P]IODIC /ATEM5TS ON EV5TS & PROBLEMS (T5 S]V$ AS DIRECTIVES TO ! 5TIRE MOVEM5T4 ,AL?\< BY NO MEANS AN AU?ORIT>IAN BODY1 IT EV5TUALLY BEGAN TO FUNCTION AS A C5TRAL COMMITTEE :OSE POLICY DECISIONS1 :ILE NOT B9D+ 9 ! ORGANIZATION1 S]V$ AS MORE ?AN M]E SUGGE/IONS4 ,9DE$1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 V]Y DIFFICULT = ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE TO OP]ATE BY FIAT2 ! AV]AGE FAI/A WAS A /RONG P]SONALITY :O W\LD HAVE READILY VOIC$ DISAGREEM5T ) ANY DECISION ?AT HE OR %E F\ND P>TICUL>LY UNPALATABLE4 ,BUT ! ,F,A,I 9CREAS+LY BECAME AN 5D 9 ITSELF & LOYALTY TO ! ORGANIZATION1 P>TICUL>LY :5 IT WAS UND] ATTACK OR CONFRONT$ ) SEV]E DIFFICULTIES1 T5D$ TO MUTE CRITICISM4 

,!RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ?AT ! ,F,A,I RAIS$ 5ORM\SLY ! SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ! AV]AGE C5ETEI/A4 ,MORE ?AN ANY S+LE =CE AP>T FROM EMPLOY] RECALCITRANCE1 IT MADE ! ,C,N,T 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION1 IF NOT A TRULY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ONE4 ,! ,F,A,I /RESS$ A COMMITM5T TO REVOLUTION & TO LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM & GA9$ A CONSID]ABLE FOLL[+ )9 ! ,C,N,T 7A MORE D$ICAT$ FOLL[+ 9 AN>*I/ ,S>AGOSSA ?AN 9 SYNDICALI/ ,B>CELONA74 ,BUT ! ,F,A,I WAS NOT ABLE TO COMPLETELY RID ! ,C,N,T ( RE=MI/ ELEM5TS 7! UNION ATTRACT$ MANY WORK]S BY ITS MILITANT FI<T = IMPROV$ ECONOMIC CONDITIONS7 & ! S$IM5TATION ( ! ,C,N,T ALONG HI]>*ICAL L9ES CONT9U$4 

,9 ITS ATTEMPT TO CONTROL ! ,C,N,T1 ! ,F,A,I 9 FACT BECAME A VICTIM ( ! LESS DEVELOP$ ELEM5TS 9 ! UNION4 ,PEIRATS QUITE RI<TLY EMPHASIZES ?AT ! ,C,N,T TOOK ITS [N TOLL ON ! ,F,A,I4 ,JU/ AS RE=MI/S 9SIDE ! UNION W]E PR$ISPOS$ TO COMPROMISE ) ! B\RGEOISIE & ! ,/ATE1 SO ! ,F,A,I WAS COMPELL$ TO COMPROMISE ) ! RE=MI/S 9 ORD] TO RETA9 ITS CONTROL OV] ! ,C,N,T4 ,AMONG ! Y\NG]1 LESS EXP]I5C$ FAI/AS1 ! SITUATION WAS SOMETIMES WORSE4 ,EXTRAVAGANT MILITANCY :I* FETI%IZ$ ACTION OV] !ORY & D>+ OV] 9SI<T REB\ND$1 AFT] FAILURE1 9 ! CRUDE/ OPPORTUNISM4 

,9 ! BALANCE3 ! ,C,N,T HAD PROVID$ A REM>KABLY DEMOCRATIC >5A = ! MO/ MILITANT WORK+ CLASS 9 ,EUROPE2 ! ,F,A,I ADD$ ! LEAV5+ ( A LIB]T>IAN ORI5TATION & REVOLUTION>Y DE$S )9 ! LIMITS ?AT A TRADE UNION C\LD PROVIDE4 ,BY #a#i#c#f1 BO? ORGANIZATIONS HAD CREAT$ AU!NTICALLY LIB]T>IAN /RUCTURES TO ! EXT5T ?AT ANY /RICTLY PROLET>IAN CLASS MOVEM5T C\LD BE TRULY LIB]T>IAN4 ,IF ONLY BY D9T ( %E] RHETORIC--& D\BTLESS1 CONSID]ABLE CONVICTION & D>+ ACTIONS--!Y HAD KEY$ ! EXPECTATIONS ( !IR MEMB]%IPS TO A REVOLUTION ?AT W\LD YIELD WORK]S' CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY & SYNDICALI/ =MS ( SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,?IS PROCESS ( $UCATION & CLASS ORGANIZATION1 MORE ?AN ANY S+LE FACTOR 9 ,SPA91 PRODUC$ ! COLLECTIVES DESCRIB$ 9 ?IS BOOK4 ,& TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 7= ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS N[ BECAME FATALLY C\PL$ AFT] ,JULY #a#i#c#f7 EX]CIS$ ! MAJOR 9FLU5CE 9 AN >EA1 ! COLLECTIVES PROV$ TO BE G5]ALLY MORE DURABLE1 COMMUNI/IC1 & RESI/ANT TO ,/AL9I/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION ?AN 9 O!R REPUBLICAN-HELD >EAS ( ,SPA94 

,MOREOV]1 9 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I >EAS1 WORK]S & PEASANTS T5D$ TO %[ ! GREATE/ DEGREE ( POPUL> 9ITIATIVE 9 RESI/+ ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+4 ,IT WAS NOT ,SOCIALI/ ,MADRID ?AT FIR/ TOOK MATT]S 9TO ITS [N H&S & DEFEAT$ ITS REBELLI\S G>RISON3 IT WAS AN>*O-SYNDICAI/ ,B>CELONA ?AT CAN LAY CLAIM TO ?IS DI/9CTION AMONG ALL ! L>GE CITIES ( ,SPA94 ,MADRID ROSE AGA9/ ! ,MONTANA B>RACKS ONLY AFT] S\ND TRUCKS BROADCA/ ! NEWS ?AT ! >MY HAD BE5 DEFEAT$ 9 ! /REETS & SQU>ES ( ,B>CELONA4 ,& EV5 9 ,MADRID1 P]HAPS ! GREATE/ 9ITIATIVE WAS %[N BY ! LOCAL ,C,N,T ORGANIZATION1 :I* 5JOY$ ! ALLEGIANCE ( ! CITY'S MILITANT CON/RUCTION WORK]S4 

,! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 9 EFFECT1 REVEAL$ ALL ! POSSIBILITIES ( A HI<LY ORGANIZ$ & EXTREMELY MILITANT WORK+ CLASS--A 0CLASSICAL0 PROLET>IAT1 IF Y\ WILL1 :OSE BASIC ECONOMIC 9T]E/S W]E REPEAT$LY FRU/RAT$ BY A MYOPIC 9TRANSIG5T B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT WAS \T ( SU* 0IRRECONCILABLE0 /RUGGLES ?AT AN>*O-SYNDICALISM & REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM HAD DEVELOP$ !IR 5TIRE TACTICAL & !ORETICAL >MAM5TORIUM4 

,BUT ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ALSO REVEAL$ ! LIMITATIONS ( ?AT TYPE ( CLASSICAL /RUGGLE--& IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION M>K$ ! 5D ( A C5TURY-LONG ]A ( SO-CALL$ 0PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS0 :I* BEGAN ) ! ,JUNE UPRIS+ ( ! ,P>ISIAN WORK]S 9 #a#h#d#h4 ,! ]A HAS PASS$ 9TO HI/ORY &1 9 MY VIEW1 WILL NEV] AGA9 BE REVIV$4 ,IT WAS M>K$ BY BITT] (T5 UNCOMPROMIS+ /RUGGLES BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & B\RGEOISIE1 AN ]A 9 :I* ! WORK+ CLASS HAD NOT BE5 ADMITT$ 9TO ITS 0%>E0 ( ECONOMIC LIFE & VIRTUALLY D5I$ ! RI<T TO =M ITS [N PROTECTIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM 9 ,SPA9 WAS /ILL A RELATIVELY NEW PH5OM5ON1 NEI!R AFFLU5T 5\< TO MITIGATE WORK+ CLASS UNRE/ NOR SURE ( ITS PLACE 9 POLITICAL LIFE--YET /ILL ASS]T+ AN UNQUALIFI$ RI<T TO RU?LESSLY EXPLOIT ITS 0HIR$ H&S40 ,BUT ?IS NEW PH5OM5ON WAS ALREADY BEG9N+ TO F9D ITS WAY IF NOT T[>D TRADITIONAL ,EUROPEAN LIB]AL POLITICAL =MS1 !N T[>DS AU?ORIT>IAN ONES :I* W\LD GIVE IT ! BREA?+ SPACE TO DEVELOP4 

,! ECONOMIC CRISIS ( ! ?IRTIES 7:I* RADICALS ?R\<\T ! WORLD VIEW$ AS ! F9AL 0*RONIC CRISIS0 ( CAPITALISM71 C\PL$ ) ! MYOPIC POLICIES ( ! ,SPANI% LIB]ALS & RUL+ CLASSES TURN$ ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,SPA9 9TO AN EXPLOSIVE CLASS W>4 ,! AGR>IAN RE=M POLICIES ( ! E>LY ?IRTIES REPUBLIC TURN$ \T TO BE F>CICAL4 ,! LIB]ALS W]E MORE PREOCCUPI$ ) BAIT+ ! ,*UR* ?AN DEAL+ S]I\SLY ) ! LONG-RANGE OR EV5 %ORT-RANGE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ( ! P59SULA4 ,! ,SOCIALI/S1 :O JO9$ ! LIB]ALS 9 GOV]N+ ! C\NTRY1 W]E MORE CONC]N$ ) PROMOT+ ! GR[? ( ! ,U,G,T AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ,C,N,T ?AN 9 IMPROV+ ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,! ,C,N,T1 /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY VOLATILE FAI/AS :OSE RADICAL $UCATION HAD BE5 ACQUIR$ 9 ! PI/OL]O BATTLES ( ! E>LY TW5TIES1 EXPLOD$ 9TO REPEAT$ 9SURRECTIONS--UPRIS+S :I* ITS LEAD]S PROBABLY KNEW W]E FUTILE1 BUT W]E MEANT TO /IMULATE ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!SE FAILURES BY ALL ! ELEM5TS ( ,SPA9 9 ! E>LY REPUBLICAN YE>S TO MEET ! PROMISE ( RE=M LEFT NO REC\RSE BUT REVOLUTION & CIVIL W>4 ,EXCEPT = ! MO/ D$ICAT$ AN>*I/S1 IT WAS A CONFLICT ?AT NO ONE REALLY WANT$4 ,BUT BETWE5 #a#i#c#a1 :5 ! MON>*Y WAS OV]?R[N1 & #a#i#c#f1 :5 ! G5]ALS REBELL$1 EV]YONE WAS SLEEP-WALK+ 9TO ! LA/ ( ! GREAT PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS--P]HAPS ! GREATE/ 9 T]MS ( ITS %ORT-LIV$ SOCIAL PROGRAMS & ! 9ITIATIVE %[N BY ! OPPRESS$4 ,! ]A SEEM$ TO HAVE COLLECT$ ALL ITS 5]GIES1 ITS TRADITIONS1 & ITS DREAMS = ITS LA/ GREAT CONFRONTATION--& !REAFT] WAS TO DISAPPE>4 

,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! MO/ COMMUNI/IC COLLECTIVES 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION APPE>$ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE RA!R ?AN ! CITIES1 AMONG VILLAG]S :O W]E /ILL 9FLU5C$ BY >*AIC COLLECTIVI/IC TRADITIONS & W]E LESS 5SN>$ 9 A M>KET ECONOMY ?AN !IR URBAN C\S9S4 ,! ASCETIC VALUES :I* SO GREATLY 9FLU5C$ !SE HI<LY COMMUNI/IC COLLECTIVES (T5 REFLECT$ ! EXTREME POV]TY ( ! >EAS 9 :I* !Y W]E ROOT$4 ,COOP]ATION & MUTUAL AID 9 SU* CASES =M$ ! PRECONDITIONS = SURVIVAL ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,ELSE:]E1 9 ! MORE >ID >EAS ( ,SPA91 ! NE$ = %>+ WAT] & MA9TA9+ IRRIGATION WORKS WAS AN ADD$ 9DUCEM5T TO COLLECTIVE F>M+4 ,H]E1 COLLECTIVIZATION WAS ALSO A TE*NOLOGICAL NECESSITY1 BUT ONE :I* EV5 ! REPUBLIC DID NOT 9T]F]E )4 

,:AT MAKES !SE RURAL COLLECTIVES IMPORTANT IS NOT ONLY ?AT MANY ( !M PRACTIC$ COMMUNISM1 BUT ?AT !Y FUNCTION$ SO EFFECTIVELY UND] A SY/EM ( POPUL> SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ,I CAN (F] NO SUB/ITUTE = ,DOLG(F'S TRANSLATIONS & REM>KS4 ,! ACC\NTS !MSELVES TOTALLY BELIE ! NOTION HELD BY SO MANY AU?ORIT>IAN ,M>XI/S ?AT ECONOMIC LIFE MU/ BE SCRUPUL\SLY 0PLANN$0 BY A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE P[] & ! ODI\S CAN>D ?AT POPUL> COLLECTIVIZATION1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM /ATI/ NATIONALIZATION1 NECESS>ILY PITS COLLECTIVIZ$ 5T]PRISES AGA9/ EA* O!R 9 COMPETITION = PR(ITS & RES\RCES4 

,9 ! CITIES1 H[EV]1 COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! FACTORIES1 COMMUNICATIONS SY/EMS1 & TRANSPORT FACILITIES TOOK A V]Y DIFF]5T =M4 ,9ITIALLY1 NE>LY ! 5TIRE ECONOMY 9 ,C,N,T-,F,A,I >EAS HAD BE5 TAK5 OV] BY COMMITTEES ELECT$ FROM AMONG ! WORK]S & W]E LOOSELY COORD9AT$ BY HI<] UNION COMMITTEES4 ,AS TIME W5T ON ?IS SY/EM WAS 9CREAS+LY TI<T5$4 ,! HI<] COMMITTEE BEGAN TO PREEMPT ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! L[]1 AL?\< !IR DECISIONS /ILL HAD TO BE RATIFI$ BY ! WORK]S ( ! FACILITIES 9VOLV$4 ,! EFFECT ( ?IS PROCESS WAS TO T5D TO C5TRALIZE ! ECONOMY ( ,C,N,T-,F,A,I >EAS 9 ! H&S ( ! UNION4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* ?IS PROCESS UNFOLD$ V>I$ GREATLY FROM 9DU/RY TO 9DU/RY & >EA TO >EA1 & ) ! LIMIT$ KN[L$GE WE HAVE AT H&1 G5]ALIZATIONS >E V]Y DIFFICULT TO =MULATE4 ,) ! 5TRY ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I 9TO ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T 9 #a#i#c#f1 ! PROCESS ( C5TRALIZATION CONT9U$ & ! UNION-CONTROLL$ FACILITIES BECAME W$D$ TO ! /ATE4 ,BY E>LY #a#i#c#h1 A POLITICAL BUREAUCRACY HAD L>GELY SUPPLANT$ ! AU?ORITY ( ! WORK]S' COMMITTEES 9 ALL 0REPUBLICAN0-HELD CITIES4 ,AL?\< WORK]S CONTROL EXI/$ 9 !ORY1 IT HAD VIRTUALLY DISAPPE>$ 9 FACT4 

,IF ! COMMUNE =M$ ! BASIS = ! RURAL COLLECTIVES1 ! COMMITTEE =M$ ! BASIS = ! 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVES4 ,9DE$1 AP>T FROM ! RURAL COMMUNES1 ! COMMITTEE SY/EM PR$OM9AT$ :]EV] ! ,/ATE P[] HAD COLLAPS$--9 VILLAGES & T[NS AS WELL AS FACTORIES & URBAN NEI<BORHOODS4 0,ALL HAD BE5 SET UP 9 ! HEAT ( ACTION TO DIRECT ! POPUL> RESPONSE TO ! MILIT>Y C\P-D'ETAT10 OBS]VE ,BR\E & ,TEMIME3  
  

0,!Y HAD BE5 APPO9T$ 9 AN 9F9ITE NUMB] ( WAYS4 ,9 ! VILLAGES1 ! FACTORIES1 & ON ! WORK SITES1 TIME HAD SOMETIMES BE5 TAK5 TO ELECT !M1 AT LEA/ SUMM>ILY1 AT A G5]AL MEET+4 ,AT ALL EV5TS1 C>E HAD BE5 TAK5 TO SEE ?AT ALL P>TIES & UNIONS W]E REPRES5T$ ON !M1 EV5 IF !Y DID NOT EXI/ BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE ! ,COMMITTEE REPRES5T$ AT ONE & ! SAME TIME AS ! WORK]S A :OLE & ! SUM TOTAL ( !IR ORGANIZATIONS3 9 MORE ?AN ONE PLACE ?OSE ELECT$ 'CAME TO AN UND]/&+' AS TO :O WAS TO REPRES5T ONE OR ANO!R UNION1 :O W\LD BE ! ',REPUBLICAN' & :O ! ',SOCIALI/4' ,V]Y (T51 9 ! T[NS1 ! MO/ ACTIVE 'ELEM5TS APPO9T$ !MSELVES4 ,IT WAS SOMETIMES ! ELECTORS AS A :OLE :O *OSE ! M5 TO SIT ON ! ,COMMITTEE ( EA* ORGANIZATION1 BUT MORE (T5 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMITTEE W]E ELECT$ EI!R BY A VOTE )9 !IR [N ORGANIZATION OR W]E QUITE SIMPLY APPO9T$ BY ! LOCAL GOV]N+ COMMITTEES ( ! P>TIES & UNION40  
  

,! NE>LY =TY YE>S ?AT SEP>ATE \R [N TIME FROM ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION HAVE PRODUC$ SWEEP+ *ANGES 9 WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA1 *ANGES ?AT >E ALSO REFLECT$ 9 ,SPA9'S PRES5T SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! CLASSICAL PROLET>IAT ?AT F\<T SO DESP]ATELY = ! M9IMAL MEANS ( LIFE IS GIV+ WAY TO A MORE AFFLU5T WORK] :OSE MAJOR CONC]N IS NOT MAT]IAL SURVIVAL & EMPLOYM5T1 BUT A MORE HUMAN WAY ( LIFE & MEAN+FUL WORK4 ,! SOCIAL COMPOSITION ( ! LABOR =CE IS *ANG+ AS WELL--PROPORTIONATELY1 MORE T[>D COMM]CIAL1 S]VICE1 & PR(ESSIONAL VOCATIONS ?AN UNSKILL$ LABOR 9 MASS MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RIES4 ,SPA91 LIKE ! RE/ ( WE/]N ,EUROPE1 IS NO LONG] PR$OM9ANTLY AN AGRICULTURAL C\NTRY2 ! MAJORITY ( ITS PEOPLE LIVE 9 T[NS & CITIES1 NOT 9 ! RELATIVELY ISOLAT$ VILLAGES ?AT N\RI%$ RURAL COLLECTIVISM4 ,9 A VISIT TO WORK+ CLASS ,B>CELONA DUR+ ! LATE SIXTIES1 ,I SEEM$ TO SEE AS MANY ,AM]ICAN-/YLE ATTA*E CASES AS LUN* BOXES4 

,!SE *ANGES 9 ! GOALS & TRAITS ( ! NON-B\RGEOIS CLASSES 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY >E ! PRODUCTS ( ! SWEEP+ 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> & ( ! RELATIVE AFFLU5CE OR EXPECTATIONS ( AFFLU5CE ?AT HAVE BR\<T ALL ! VALUES ( MAT]IAL SC>CITY 9TO QUE/ION4 ,!Y HAVE 9TRODUC$ A HI/ORIC T5SION BETWE5 ! IRRATIONALITY ( PRES5T LIFEWAYS & ! UTOPIAN PROMISE ( A LIB]AT$ SOCIETY4 ,! Y\NG WORK]S ( ! LATE SIXTIES & E>LY SEV5TIES T5D TO BORR[ !IR VALUES FROM RELATIVELY AFFLU5T MIDDLE CLASS Y\?1 :O NO LONG] HYPO/ASIZE ! WORK E?IC1 PURITANICAL MORES1 HI]>*ICAL OB$I5CE1 & MAT]IAL SECURITY1 BUT RA!R FREE TIME = SELF-DEVELOPM5T1 SEXUAL LIB]ATION 9 ! BROADE/ S5SE ( ! T]M1 CREATIVE OR /IMULAT+ WORK AS DI/+UI%$ FROM M9DLESS LABOR1 & AN ALMO/ LIBID9AL DISDA9 = ALL AU?ORITY4 ,9 ,SPA9 IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT ! PRIVILEG$ UNIV]SITY /UD5TS1 :O T5D$ TO PLAY SU* A REACTION>Y ROLE 9 ! ?IRTIES1 >E AMONG ! MO/ RADICAL ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY 9 ! SIXTIES & SEV5TIES4 ,TOGE!R ) Y\NG WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS 9 ALL FIELDS1 !Y >E BEG9N+ TO ACCEPT 9 V>Y+ DEGREES ! P]SONALI/IC & UTOPI/IC GOALS ?AT MAKE ! PURITANICAL & OV]LY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ AN>*O-SYNDICALISM ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I SEEM ANA*RONI/IC4 

,! LIMITATIONS ( ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T1 EV5 9 ITS AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ =M1 HAVE BECOME MANIFE/LY CLE>4 ,TO SEE 9 TRADE UNIONS 7:E!R SYNDICALI/ OR NOT7 AN 9H]5T POT5TIALITY = REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE IS TO ASSUME ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( WORK]S & CAPITALI/S1 M]ELY AS CLASSES1 >E 9TR9SICALLY 9COMPATIBLE4 ,?IS IS DEMON/RABLY UNTRUE IF ONE IS WILL+ TO ACKN[L$GE ! OBVI\S CAPACITY ( ! SY/EM TO REMAKE OR TO LIT]ALLY CREATE ! WORK] 9 ! IMAGE ( A REPRESSIVE 9DU/RIAL CULTURE & RATIONALITY4 ,FROM ! FAMILY1 ?R\< ! S*OOL & RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS1 ! MASS M$IA1 TO ! FACTORY & F9ALLY TRADE UNION & 0REVOLUTION>Y0 P>TY1 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY CONSPIRES TO FO/] OB$I5CE1 HI]>*Y1 ! WORK E?IC1 & AU?ORIT>IAN DISCIPL9E 9 ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE2 9DE$1 9 MANY ( ITS 0EMANCIPATORY0 MOVEM5TS AS WELL4 

,! FACTORY & ! CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ?AT SPR+ FROM IT PLAY ! MO/ COMPELL+ ROLE 9 PROMOT+ A WELL-REGULAT$1 ALMO/ UNCONSCI\S DOCILITY 9 MATURE WORK]S--A DOCILITY ?AT MANIFE/S ITSELF NOT SO MU* 9 *>ACT]LESS PASSIVITY AS 9 A PRAGMATIC COMMITM5T TO HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATIONS & AU?ORIT>IAN LEAD]S4 ,WORK]S CAN BE V]Y MILITANT & EXHIBIT /RONG1 EV5 P[]FUL *>ACT] TRAITS 9 ! MO/ DEM&+ SOCIAL SITUATIONS2 BUT !SE TRAITS CAN BE BR\<T AS MU*1 IF NOT MORE READILY1 TO ! S]VICE ( A RE=MI/ LABOR BUREAUCRACY AS TO A LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,!Y MU/ BREAK ) ! HOLD ( B\RGEOIS CULTURE ON !IR S5SIBILITIES--SPECIFICALLY1 ) ! HOLD ( ! FACTORY1 ! LOCUS ( ! WORK]S' V]Y CLASS EXI/5CE--BE=E !Y CAN MOVE 9TO ?AT SUPREME =M ( DIRECT ACTION CALL$ 0REVOLUTION10 & FUR!R1 CON/RUCT A SOCIETY !Y WILL DIRECTLY CONTROL 9 !IR WORK%OPS & COMMUNITIES4 

,?IS AM\NTS TO SAY+ ?AT WORK]S MU/ SEE !MSELVES AS HUMAN BE+S1 NOT AS CLASS BE+S2 AS CREATIVE P]SONALITIES1 NOT AS 0PROLET>IANS10 AS SELF-AFFIRM+ 9DIVIDUALS1 NOT AS 0MASSES40 ,& ! DE/9Y ( A LIB]AT$ SOCIETY MU/ BE ! FREE COMMUNE1 NOT A CONF$]ATION ( FACTORIES1 H[EV] SELF-ADM9I/]$2 = SU* A CONF$]ATION TAKES A P>T ( SOCIETY--ITS ECONOMIC COMPON5T--& REIFIES IT 9TO ! TOTALITY ( SOCIETY4 ,9DE$1 EV5 ?AT ECONOMIC COMPON5T MU/ BE HUMANIZ$ PRECISELY BY BR++ AN 0AFF9ITY ( FRI5D%IP0 TO ! WORK PROCESS1 BY DIM9I%+ ! ROLE ( ON]\S WORK 9 ! LIVES ( ! PRODUC]S1 9DE$1 BY A TOTAL 0TRANSVALUATION ( VALUES0 7TO USE ,NEITZS*E'S PHRASE7 AS IT APPLIES TO PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION AS WELL AS SOCIAL & P]SONAL LIFE4 

,EV5 ?\< C]TA9 ASPECTS ( ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 HAVE LO/ !IR RELEVANCE1 AN>*I/ CONCEPTS !MSELVES ?AT CAN 5COMPASS & FULLY EXPRESS A 0PO/-SC>CITY M5TALITY10 CAN BE MU* MORE RELEVANT TO ! PRES5T ?AN ! AU?ORIT>IAN IDEOLOGIES ( ! #a#i#c'S1 DESPITE ! T5D5CY ( !SE IDEOLOGIES TO FILL ! VACUUM LEFT BY ! ABS5CE ( MEAN+FUL LIB]T>IAN ALT]NATIVES & ORGANIZATIONS4 ,SU* AN>*I/ CONCEPTS C\LD NO LONG] RELY 9 PRACTICAL T]MS ON ! COLLECTIVI/ TRADITIONS ( ! C\NTRYSIDE2 !SE TRADITIONS >E VIRTUALLY GONE AS LIV+ =CES1 AL?\< P]HAPS ! MEMORY ( ! OLD COLLECTIVI/ TRADITIONS LIVES AMONG ,SPANI% Y\? 9 ! SAME S5SE ?AT ,AM]ICAN Y\? HAVE TURN$ TO ! TRIBAL TRADITIONS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,9DIANS = CULTURAL 9SPIRATION4 ,) ! DECL9E ( ! NUCLE> FAMILY & 9 REACTION TO URBAN ATOMIZATION1 ! COMMUNE HAS EV]Y:]E ACQUIR$ A NEW RELEVANCE = Y\NG & EV5 OLD] PEOPLE--A %>$1 MUTUALLY SUPPORTIVE WAY ( LIFE BAS$ ON SELECTIVE AFF9ITY RA!R ?AN K9%IP TIES4 ,BURGEON+ URBANIZATION HAS POS$ MORE %>PLY ?AN EV] ! NE$ = DEC5TRALI/IC ALT]NATIVES TO ! MEGALOPOLIS2 ! GIGANTISM ( ! CITY1 ! NE$ = ! HUMAN SCALE4 ,! GROTESQUE BUREAUCRATIZATION ( LIFE1 :I* 9 ,CAMUS' WORDS R$UCES EV]YONE TO A FUNCTION>Y1 HAS PLAC$ A NEW VALUE ON NON-AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS & DIRECT ACTION4 ,SL[LY1 EV5 AMID ! SETBACKS ( \R TIME1 A NEW SELF IS BE+ =G$4 ,POT5TIALLY1 ?IS IS A LIB]T>IAN SELF ?AT C\LD 9T]V5E DIRECTLY 9 ! *ANG+ & ADM9I/RATION ( SOCIETY--A SELF ?AT C\LD 5GAGE 9 ! SELF-DISCIPL9E1 SELF-ACTIVITY1 & SELF-MANAGEM5T SO CRUCIAL TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A TRULY FREE SOCIETY4 ,H]E1 ! VALUES PRIZ$ SO HI<LY BY TRADITIONAL AN>*O-COMMUNISM E/ABLI% DIRECT CONT9UITY ) A CONTEMPOR>Y =M ( AN>*O-COMMUNISM ?AT GIVES CONSCI\SNESS & COH]5CE TO ! 9TUITIVE IMPULSES ( ?IS NEW S5SIBILITY4 

,BUT IF !SE GOALS >E TO BE A*IEV$1 CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*O-COMMUNISM CANNOT REMA9 A M]E MOOD OR T5D5CY1 WAFT+ 9 ! AIR LIKE A CULTURAL AMBIANCE4 ,IT MU/ BE ORGANIZ$-- 9DE$1 WELL-ORGANIZ$--IF IT IS TO EFFECTIVELY >TICULATE & SPREAD ?IS NEW S5SIBILITY2 IT MU/ HAVE A COH]5T !ORY & EXT5SIVE LIT]ATURE2 IT MU/ BE CAPABLE ( DUEL+ ) ! AU?ORIT>IAN MOVEM5TS ?AT TRY TO D5ATURE ! 9TUITIVE LIB]T>IAN IMPULSES ( \R TIME & *ANNEL SOCIAL UNRE/ 9TO HI]>*ICAL =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM IS PR(\NDLY RELEVANT = \R TIME & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION /ILL PROVIDES ! MO/ VALUABLE LESSONS 9 ! PROBLEM ( SELF-MANAGEM5T ?AT WE CAN CULL FROM ! PA/4 

,TO DEAL ) !SE PROBLEMS1 P]HAPS ,I CAN BE/ BEG9 BY SAY+ ?AT !RE IS LITTLE1 9 FACT1 TO CRITICIZE 9 ! /RUCTURAL =MS ?AT ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I TRI$ TO E/ABLI%4 ,! ,C,N,T1 ALMO/ FROM ! \TSET1 ORGANIZ$ ITS LOCALS AS FACTORY RA!R ?AN CRAFT UNIONS1 & ! NATION-WIDE OCCUPATIONAL F$]ATIONS 7! ,UNIONES DE (ICIO OR 09T]NATIONALS0 AS WE W\LD CALL !M7 :I* EM]G$ ) ! ,I,W,M,A W]E AB&ON$ = LOCAL F$]ATIONS 7! ,F$]ACIONES LOCALES74 ,?IS /RUCTURE SITUAT$ ! FACTORY 9 ! COMMUNITY1 :]E IT REALLY BELONG$ IF ! 0COMMUNE0 CONCEPT WAS TO BE REALI/IC1 RA!R ?AN 9 AN EASILY MANIPULATABLE 9DU/RIAL NETWORK ?AT EASILY L5T ITSELF TO /ATI/ NATIONALIZATION4 ,! C5TROS OBR]OS1 ! LOCAL F$]ATIONS1 ! C>EFUL M&AT+ ( DELEGATES TO CONGRESSES1 ! ELIM9ATION ( PAID (FICIALS1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( REGIONAL F$]ATIONS1 REGIONAL COMMITTEES1 & EV5 A ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 W\LD ALL HAVE BE5 9 CON=MITY ) LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES HAD ALL ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS LIV$ UP !IR 9T5TIONS4 ,:]E ! ,C,N,T /RUCTURE FAIL$ MO/ S]I\SLY WAS 9 ! NE$ TO CONV5E FREQU5T ASSEMBLIES ( WORK]S AT ! LOCAL LEVEL1 & SIMIL>LY1 FREQU5T NATIONAL & REGIONAL CONF]5CES TO CONT9UALLY REEVALUATE ,C,N,T POLICIES & PREV5T P[] FROM COLLECT+ 9 ! HI<] COMMITTEES4 ,=1 AS FREQU5T AS MEET+S MAY HAVE BE5--COMMITTEES1 SUBCOMMITTEES1 & REGIONAL & NATIONAL COMMITTEE MEET+S--! REGUL> & CLOSE COMMUNICATION BETWE5 WORK]S & ! 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS0 DID T5D TO BECOME RUPTUR$4 

,CONFUSION DEVELOP$ OV] ! CRUCIAL PROBLEM ( ! LOCUS = MAK+ POLICY DECISIONS4 ,! REAL PLACE = ?IS PROCESS %\LD HAVE BE5 %OP ASSEMBLIES1 REGUL> CONGRESSES1 OR :5 EV5TS & CIRCUM/ANCES REQUIR$ RAPID DECISIONS1 CONF]5CES ( CLE>LY M&AT$ & RECALLABLE DELEGATES ELECT$ = ?IS PURPOSE BY ! MEMB]%IP4 ,! SOLE RESPONSIBILITY ( ! REGIONAL & NATIONAL COMMITTEES %\LD HAVE BE5 ADM9I/RATIVE--?AT IS1 ! COORD9ATION & EXECUTION ( POLICY DECISIONS =MULAT$ BY MEMB]%IP MEET+S & CONF]5CE OR CONGRESS DELEGATES4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,C,N,T AS A SYNDICALI/ UNION & ?AT ( ! ,F,A,I AS AN AN>*I/ F$]ATION WAS1 9 MANY RESPECTS1 QUITE ADMIRABLE4 ,9DE$1 MY PR9CIPAL CRITICISMS 9 ! PAGES ABOVE HAVE BE5 NOT SO MU* ( ! =MS !MSELVES1 BUT ( ! DEP>TURES ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I MADE FROM !M4 ,P]HAPS EV5 MORE SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,I'VE TRI$ TO EXPLA9 ! SOCIAL LIMITATIONS ( ! P]IOD--9CLUD+ ! MY/IQUE AB\T ! CLASSICAL PROLET>IAT--?AT VITIAT$ ! REALIZATION ( !SE /RUCTURAL =MS4 

,ANO!R ISSUE ?AT WAS A CRUCIAL PROBLEM = ! ,F,A,I & :I* IS /ILL A S\RCE ( CONFUSION = AN>*I/S AT ! PRES5T TIME IS ! PROBLEM ( ! 09FLU5TIAL MILITANT0--! MORE 9=M$1 EXP]I5C$1 0/RONG10 & ORATORICALLY GIFT$ 9DIVIDUALS :O T5D$ TO =MULATE POLICY AT ALL LEVELS ( ! ORGANIZATION4 

,IT WILL NEV] BE POSSIBLE TO ELIM9ATE ! FACT ?AT HUMAN BE+S HAVE DIFF]5T LEVELS ( KN[L$GE & CONSCI\SNESS4 ,\R PROLONG$ P]IOD ( DEP5D5CE AS *ILDR51 ! FACT ?AT WE >E L>GELY ! PRODUCTS ( AN ACQUIR$ CULTURE & ?AT EXP]I5CE T5DS TO CONF] KN[L$GE ON ! OLD] P]SON W\LD LEAD TO SU* DIFF]5CES EV5 9 ! MO/ LIB]AT$ SOCIETY4 ,9 HI]>*ICAL SOCIETIES1 ! DEP5D5CE ( ! LESS-9=M$ ON ! MORE-9=M$ IS COMMONLY A MEANS ( MANIPULATION & P[]4 ,! OLD]1 MORE EXP]I5C$ P]SON1 LIKE ! P>5T1 HAS ?IS PRIVILEGE AT HIS OR H] DISPOSAL &1 ) IT1 AN ALT]NATIVE3 TO USE KN[L$GE1 EXP]I5CE1 & ORATORICAL GIFTS AS MEANS ( DOM9ATION & TO 9DUCE ADULATION--OR = ! GOAL ( LOV+LY IMP>T+ KN[L$GE & EXP]I5CE1 = EQUALIZ+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 TEA*] & TAU<T1 & ALWAYS LEAV+ ! LESS EXP]I5C$ & 9=M$ 9DIVIDUAL FREE TO MAKE HIS OR H] DECISIONS4 

,HEGEL BRILLIANTLY DRAWS ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,SOCRATES & ,JESUS3 ! =M] A TEA*] :O S\<T TO >\SE A QUE/ = KN[L$GE 9 ANYONE :O WAS PREP>$ TO DISCUSS2 ! LATT]1 AN ORACLE :O PRON\NC$ 0TRU?0 = ADOR+ DISCIPLES TO 9T]PRET EXEGETICALLY4 ,! DIFF]5CE1 AS ,HEGEL PO9TS \T1 LAY NOT ONLY 9 ! *>ACT] ( ! TWO M5 BUT 9 ?AT ( !IR 0FOLL[]S40 ,SOCRATES' FRI5DS HAD BE5 RE>$ 9 A SOCIAL TRADITION ?AT 0DEVELOP$ !IR P[]S 9 MANY DIRECTIONS4 ,!Y HAD ABSORB$ ?AT DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT :I* GIVES AN 9DIVIDUAL A GREAT] MEASURE ( 9DEP5D5CE & MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE = ANY TOL]ABLY GOOD HEAD TO DEP5D :OLLY & ABSOLUTELY ON ONE P]SON444 ,!Y LOV$ ,SOCRATES BECAUSE ( HIS VIRTUE & HIS PHILOSOPHY1 NOT VIRTUE & HIS PHILOSOPHY BECAUSE ( HIM40 ,! FOLL[]S ( ,JESUS1 ON ! O!R H&1 W]E SUBMISSIVE ACOLYTES4 0,LACK+ ANY GREAT /ORE ( SPIRITUAL 5]GY ( !IR [N1 !Y HAD F\ND ! BASIS ( !IR CONVICTION AB\T ! TEA*+ ( ,JESUS PR9CIPALLY 9 !IR FRI5D%IP ) HIM & DEP5D5CE ON HIM4 ,!Y HAD NOT ATTA9$ TRU? & FRE$OM BY !IR [N EX]TIONS2 ONLY BY LABORI\S LE>N+ HAD !Y ACQUIR$ A DIM S5SE ( !M & C]TA9 =MULAS AB\T !M4 ,!IR AMBITION WAS TO GRASP & KEEP ?IS DOCTR9E FAI?FULLY & TO TRANSMIT IT EQUALLY FAI?FULLY TO O!RS )\T ANY ADDITION1 )\T LETT+ IT ACQUIRE ANY V>IATIONS 9 DETAIL BY WORK+ ON IT !MSELVES40 

,! ,F,A,I--ILLEGAL BY *OICE1 SOMETIMES T]RORI/ 9 ITS TACTICS1 & AGGRESSIVELY 0MA*O0 9 ITS ALMO/ COMPETITIVE D>+--DEVELOP$ DEEPLY P]SONAL TIES )9 ITS AFF9ITY GR\PS4 ,DURRUTI'S GRIEF = ! DEA? ( ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO REVEAL$ REAL LOVE1 NOT M]ELY ! FRI5D%IP ?AT /EMS FROM ORGANIZATIONAL COLLABORATION4 ,BUT 9 ! ,F,A,I EI!R FRI5D%IP OR LOVE WAS (T5 BAS$ ON A DEM&+ ASSOCIATION1 ONE ?AT IMPLICITLY REQUIR$ CON=MITY TO ! MO/ 0H]OIC0 /&>DS E/ABLI%$ BY ! MO/ 0D>+0 MILITANTS 9 ! GR\P4 ,SU* RELATION%IPS >E NOT LIKELY TO %ATT] OV] DOCTR9AL DISAGREEM5TS OR :AT (T5 SEEM LIKE 0M]E0 PO9TS ( !ORY4 ,EV5TUALLY1 !SE RELATION%IPS PRODUCE LEAD]S & L$2 WORSE1 ! LEAD]S T5D TO PATRONIZE ! L$ & F9ALLY MANIPULATE !M4 

,TO ESCAPE ?IS PROCESS ( DEVOLUTION1 AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION MU/ BE AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT ! PROCESS CAN OCCUR & IT MU/ BE VIGILANT AGA9/ ITS OCCURR5CE4 ,TO BE EFFECTIVE1 ! VIGILANCE MU/ EV5TUALLY EXPRESS ITSELF 9 MORE POSITIVE T]MS4 ,IT CANNOT CO-EXI/ ) AN ADULATION ( VIOL5CE1 COMPETITIVE D>+1 & M9DLESS AGGRESSIV5ESS1 NOT TO SPEAK ( AN EQUALLY M9DLESS WOR%IP ( ACTIVISM & 0/RONG *>ACT]S40 ,! ORGANIZATION MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT DIFF]5CES 9 EXP]I5CES & CONSCI\SNESS DO EXI/ AMONG ITS MEMB]S & H&LE !SE DIFF]5CES ) A W>Y CONSCI\SNESS--NOT CONCEAL !M ) EUPHEMISMS LIKE ! T]M 09FLU5TIAL MILITANT40 ,! TAU<T AS WELL AS ! TEA*] MU/ FIR/ BE TAU<T TO ASK HIMSELF OR H]SELF :E!R DOM9ATION & MANIPULATION IS BE+ PRACTIC$--& NOT D5Y ?AT A SY/EMATIC TEA*+ PROCESS IS TAK+ PLACE4 ,MOREOV]1 EV]YONE MU/ BE FULLY AW>E ?AT ?IS TEA*+ PROCESS IS UNAVOIDABLE )9 ! MOVEM5T IF RELATION%IPS >E EV5TUALLY TO BE EQUALIZ$ BY IMP>T$ KN[L$GE & ! FRUITS ( EXP]I5CE4 ,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ! CONCLUSIONS ONE >RIVES AT AB\T ! NATURE ( ?IS PROCESS >E ALMO/ 9TUITIVELY DET]M9ABLE BY ! BEHAVIOR PATT]NS ?AT DEVELOP BETWE5 COMRADES4 ,ULTIMATELY1 UND] CONDITIONS ( FRE$OM1 SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE1 FRI5D%IP1 & LOVE W\LD BE ( ! 0FREE-GIV+0 K9D ?AT ,JACOB ,BA*(5 IMPUTES TO 0MATRI>*AL0 SOCIETY1 NOT ! DEM&+ C5SORIUS TYPE HE ASSOCIATES ) PATRI>*Y4 ,H]E1 ! AFF9ITY GR\P OR COMMUNE W\LD A*IEVE ! MO/ ADVANC$ & LIB]T>IAN EXPRESSION ( ITS HUMANITY4 ,M]ELY TO /RIVE = ?IS GOAL AMONG ITS [N BRO!RS & SI/]S W\LD QUALITATIVELY DI/+UI% IT FROM O!R MOVEM5TS & PROVIDE ! MO/ ASSURABLE GU>ANTEE ?AT IT W\LD REMA9 TRUE TO ITS LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES4 

,\R P]IOD1 :I* /RESSES ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL SELF AS WELL AS SOCIAL SELF-MANAGEM5T1 /&S 9 A HI<LY ADVANTAGE\S POSITION TO ASSESS ! AU!NTIC NATURE ( LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION & RELATION%IPS4 ,A ,EUROPEAN OR ,AM]ICAN CIVIL W> ( ! K9D ?AT WA/$ ,SPA9 9 ! ?IRTIES IS NO LONG] CONCEIVABLE 9 AN EPO* ?AT CAN DEPLOY NUCLE> WEAPONS1 SUP]SONIC AIRCRAFT1 N]VE GAS1 & A T]RIFY+ FIREP[] AGA9/ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS MU/ BE HOLL[$ \T BY A MOLECUL> HI/ORICAL PROCESS ( DIS5GAGEM5T & DISLOYALTY TO A PO9T :]E ANY POPUL> MAJORIT>IAN MOVEM5T CAN CAUSE !M TO COLLAPSE = WANT ( SUPPORT & MORAL AU?ORITY4 ,BUT ! K9D ( DEVELOPM5T SU* A *ANGE WILL PRODUCE--:E!R IT WILL OCCUR CONSCI\SLY OR NOT1 :E!R IT WILL HAVE AN AU?ORIT>IAN \TCOME OR ONE BAS$ ON SELF-MANAGEM5T--WILL DEP5D V]Y MU* UPON :E!R A CONSCI\S1 WELL-ORGANIZ$ LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T CAN EM]GE4 

,SAM ,DOLG(F'S BOOK PRES5TS A FEA/ ( HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ?AT IS 9VALUABLE TO ANYONE :O SEEKS NON-AU?ORIT>IAN ALT]NATIVES TO ! PRES5T SOCIETY4 ,HIS DISCUSSION & HIS SELECT$ ACC\NTS ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ COLLECTIVES MU/ BE /UDI$ NOT M]ELY AS HI/ORY1 BUT AS RAW MAT]IAL FROM BE :I* WE CAN CON/RUCT A REALI/IC VISION ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 ,:ATEV] MAY HAVE BE5 ITS LIMITATIONS 9 O!R SPH]ES1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM'S A*IEVEM5TS 9 ! ECONOMIC SPH]E BOGGLE ALL ! CONV5TIONAL P]SPECTIVES ( LIB]AL & SOCIALI/ ?\<T4 ,9 ,SPA91 MILLIONS ( PEOPLE TOOK L>GE SEGM5TS ( ! ECONOMY 9TO !IR [N H&S1 COLLECTIVIZ$ !M1 ADM9I/]$ !M1 EV5 ABOLI%$ MONEY & LIV$ BY COMMUNI/IC PR9CIPLES ( WORK & DI/RIBUTION--ALL ( ?IS 9 ! MID/ ( A T]RIBLE CIVIL W>1 YET )\T PRODUC+ ! *AOS OR EV5 ! S]I\S DISLOCATIONS ?AT W]E & /ILL >E PR$ICT$ BY AU?ORIT>IAN 0RADICALS40 ,9DE$1 9 MANY COLLECTIVIZ$ >EAS1 ! EFFICI5CY ) :I* AN 5T]PRISE WORK$ BY F> EXCE$$ ?AT ( A COMP>ABLE ONE 9 NATIONALIZ$ OR PRIVATE SECTORS4 ,?IS 0GRE5 %OOT0 ( REVOLUTION>Y REALITY HAS MORE MEAN+ = US ?AN ! MO/ P]SUASIVE !ORETICAL >GUM5TS TO ! CONTR>Y4 ,ON ?IS SCORE IT IS NOT ! AN>*I/S :O >E ! 0UNREALI/IC DAY-DREAM]S10 BUT !IR OPPON5TS :O HAVE TURN$ !IR BACKS TO ! FACTS OR HAVE %AMELESSLY CONCEAL$ !M4 

,SEPTEMB]1 #aigc 

,FRI5D ,BOOK*9'S /IMULAT+ REM>KS T\* UPON FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS /ILL BE+ DEBAT$ 9 ! ,AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,REGRETABLY1 ADEQUATE DISCUSSION ( !SE QUE/IONS >E BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS WORK4 ,:ILE HIS VIEWS1 9 ! MA91 P>ALLEL MY [N1 ,I AM SURE ?AT ,COMRADE ,BOOK*9 HIMSELF1 UND]/&S ?AT SOME DISAGREEM5T ON SU* COMPLEX & CONTROV]SIAL ISSUES IS 9EVITABLE4 ,NOT = A MOM5T DO ,I UND]E/IMATE ! V]Y IMPORTANT ?+S HE HAS TO SAY1 NOR1 ABOVE ALL1 ! CORDIAL LIB]T>IAN SPIRIT :I* ANIMATES HIM4--,$ITOR 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigc 3 ,9TRODUCTORY ,ESSAY BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #a#a1 #bai 3 ,9TRODUCTORY ,ESSAY BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 -- ,ADD$4 

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