,P>T #a3 ,BACKGR\ND1 ,*APT] #a3 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 

#aigdaigd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,$ITOR 3 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T ,ONE3 ,BACKGR\ND 

 0,! FOLL[+ MAP IS 9T5D$ TO GIVE A G5]AL PICTURE ( ! >EAS ( AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE 9 ,SPA94 ,/RON<OLDS W]E 9 >EAS ( ,&ALUSIA 7:I* WAS E>LY 9 ! W> CONQU]$ BY ! FASCI/S71 ,>AGON1 ,CATALONIA1 & SECTIONS ( ! ,LEVANT4 ,!RE W]E ISOLAT$ POCKETS ELSE:]E2 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,CA/ILE & ,A/URIAS40  
,*APT] #a3 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 

  
,! ,TWO ,REVOLUTIONS  

 BY ,SAM ,DOLG(F 

  

,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i CAME CLOS] TO REALIZ+ ! IDEAL ( ! FREE /ATELESS SOCIETY ON A VA/ SCALE ?AN ANY O!R REVOLUTION 9 HI/ORY1 9CLUD+ ! ABORT$ ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g4.<#a#a.> ,9 FACT1 !Y W]E TWO V]Y DIFF]5T K9DS ( REVOLUTION4 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION IS AN EXAMPLE ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL REVOLUTION :]E G5U9E WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS SUCCESSFULLY TRI$4 ,IT REPRES5TS A WAY ( ORGANIZ+ SOCIETY ?AT IS 9CREAS+LY IMPORTANT TODAY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 BY CONTRA/1 WAS CONTROLL$ BY AN ELITE P>TY & WAS A POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT SET ! DOLEFUL PATT]N = ! AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE CAPITALI/ REVOLUTIONS 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 ,ASIA 7,*9A1 ,KOREA1 ,VIETNAM71 & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA 7,CUBA74 

,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ?US M>KS A TURN+ PO9T 9 REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY4 ,&RES ,N9.<#a#b.> CONC$$ ?AT IT WAS 0A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION MORE PR(\ND EV5 ?AN ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ITSELF40 7,BR\E & ,TEMIME1 P4 #a#g7 ,YET IT HAS BE5 VIRTUALLY IGNOR$ = OV] A QU>T] C5TURY3 OV]%AD[$ BY ! ,CIVIL ,W> OR RELEGAT$ TO ! 0DU/B9 ( HI/ORY0 AS AN 'UNSUCCESSFUL0 REVOLUTION4 ,ITS SIGNIFICANCE IS ONLY N[ BE+ ADEQUATELY EVALUAT$4 

,IT IS HI<LY IMPORTANT = ?OSE 9T]E/$ 9 ! /UDY ( MOD]N REVOLUTIONS TO GRASP ! SIGNIFICANCE ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA94 ,BY COMP>+ IT ) ,M>XI/-,L59I/ DOCTR9E & ! ,BOL%EVIK EXAMPLE1 C]TA9 !MES WILL BE 9TRODUC$ ?AT WILL EMPHASIZE ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION'S PLACE AS A LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,!SE !MES WILL PO9T TO ! RELEVANCE ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION TO \R [N CONC]NS ) ! MOVEM5T = WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T OR WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 ! ,FR5* AN>*I/ :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 & /UDI$ ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION AT FIR/ H&1 ADMIRABLY SUMM>IZES ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,SPANI% WORK]S3  
  

,P]SUAD$ ?AT WE W]E FAT$ TO LOSE ! W> UNLEA%$ BY ,FRANCO ,FASCISM1 ,I WAS DET]M9$ TO MAKE A DETAIL$ /UDY ( ! ,REVOLUTION & RECORD = FUTURE G5]ATIONS ! RESULTS ( ?IS UNIQUE EXP]I5CE3 TO /UDY ON ! SPOT1 9 ! VILLAGE COLLECTIVES1 9 ! FACTORIES1 & 9 ! SOCIALIZ$ 9DU/RIES1 ! CON/RUCTIVE WORK ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION444 ,9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ALMO/ ?REE YE>S1 DESPITE A CIVIL W> ?AT TOOK A MILLION LIVES1 DESPITE ! OPPOSITION ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES 7REPUBLICANS1 LEFT & RI<T ,CATALAN SEP>ATI/S1 SOCIALI/S1 ,COMMUNI/S1 ,BASQUE & ,VAL5CIAN REGIONALI/S1 PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 ETC471 ?IS IDEA ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS PUT 9TO EFFECT4 ,V]Y QUICKLY MORE ?AN #f.0 ( ! L& WAS COLLECTIVELY CULTIVAT$ BY ! PEASANTS !MSELVES1 )\T L&LORDS1 )\T BOSSES1 & )\T 9/ITUT+ CAPITALI/ COMPETITION TO SPUR PRODUCTION4 ,9 ALMO/ ALL ! 9DU/RIES1 FACTORIES1 MILLS1 WORK%OPS1 TRANSPORTATION S]VICES1 PUBLIC S]VICES1 & UTILITIES1 ! RANK & FILE WORK]S1 !IR REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES1 & !IR SYNDICATES REORGANIZ$ & ADM9I/]$ PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION1 & PUBLIC S]VICES )\T CAPITALI/S1 HI< SAL>I$ MANAG]S1 OR ! AU?ORITY ( ! /ATE4 

,EV5 MORE3 ! V>I\S AGR>IAN & 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVES IMM$IATELY 9/ITUT$ ECONOMIC EQUALITY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ESS5TIAL PR9CIPLE ( COMMUNISM1 0,FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY & TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S40 ,!Y COORD9AT$ !IR EF=TS ?R\< FREE ASSOCIATION 9 :OLE REGIONS1 CREAT$ NEW WEAL?1 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION 7ESPECIALLY 9 AGRICULTURE71 BUILT MORE S*OOLS1 & BETT]$ PUBLIC S]VICES4 ,!Y 9/ITUT$ NOT B\RGEOIS =MAL DEMOCRACY BUT G5U9E GRASS ROOTS FUNCTIONAL LIB]T>IAN DEMOCRACY1 :]E EA* 9DIVIDUAL P>TICIPAT$ DIRECTLY 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y REORGANIZATION ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,!Y REPLAC$ ! W> BETWE5 M51 0SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/10 BY ! UNIV]SAL PRACTICE ( MUTUAL AID1 & REPLAC$ RIVALRY BY ! PR9CIPLE ( SOLID>ITY444 

,?IS EXP]I5CE1 9 :I* AB\T EI<T MILLION PEOPLE DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY P>TICIPAT$1 OP5$ A NEW WAY ( LIFE TO ?OSE :O S\<T AN ALT]NATIVE TO ANTI-SOCIAL CAPITALISM ON ! ONE H&1 & TOTALIT>IAN /ATE BOGUS SOCIALISM ON ! O!R4447,ESPAGNE ,LIB]TAIRE1 P4 #a#a7  
  

,?IS EXP]I5CE 9 REVOLUTION EXPLODES A NUMB] ( WIDELY HELD ,M>XIAN MY?S4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ?AT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION C\LD COME ONLY :5 ! RI<T /AGE ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T PREVAIL$ 7& !N ONLY ) ! HELP ( A V]Y C5TRALIZ$ P>TY DOM9AT$ BY A POLITICAL ELITE74 ,9 ,SPA91 H[EV]1 ! REVOLUTION IMM$IATELY MANIFE/$ ! V]Y DIFF]5T *>ACT] ANTICIPAT$ BY ,BAKUN93  
  

,! CON/RUCTIVE TASKS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ! CREATION ( NEW =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 CAN EM]GE ONLY FROM ! LIV+ PRACTICAL EXP]I5CES ( ! GRASS ROOTS ORGANIZATIONS :I* WILL BUILD ! NEW SOCIETY ACCORD+ TO !IR MANIFOLD NE$S & ASPIRATIONS4 7,DOLG(F1 P4 #a#h7  
  

,BUT SPONTANEITY IS NOT 5\<4 ,! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>IES 7AS ,BAKUN9 HIMSELF REPEAT$LY /RESS$7 REALIZ$ ?AT IT TAKES TIME = ! 0NEW =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE0 TO EM]GE1 & TO E/ABLI% 0GRASS ROOTS ORGANIZATIONS40 ,TO SURVIVE 9 A HO/ILE ATMOSPH]E1 TO 9C>NATE !MSELVES 9TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 ! NEW =MS ( ORGANIZATION MU/ BE PREP>$ LONG BE=E ! \TBREAK ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,& SO !Y W]E4 ,SEV5TY-FIVE YE>S ( MILITANT /RUGGLES & 9T5SE AN>*I/ $UCATIONAL WORK PREP>$ ! ,SPANI% 9DU/RIAL & L& WORK]S TO MEET ! PROBLEMS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 7,SEE 0,! ,LIB]T>IAN ,TRADITION0 BEL[7 

,TROTSKY HIMSELF CONC$$ ! POT5CY ( ?IS REVOLUTION>Y APPROA* BY COMP>+ ,SPA9 9 #aicf TO ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g3  
  

,! ,SPANI% PROLET>IAT DISPLAY$ FI<T+ QUALITIES ( ! HI<E/ ORD] 444 ECONOMICALLY1 POLITICALLY & CULTURALLY1 ! ,SPANI% WORK]S FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( ! ,REVOLUTION %[$ !MSELVES TO BE NOT 9F]IOR1 BUT SUP]IOR TO ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g4 7,BR\E & ,TEMIME1 P4 #aca 9 ! ,FR5* $ITION7.<#a#c.>  
  

,AS 9DICAT$ BY ,LEVAL1 ! SCOPE ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION EMBRAC$ ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE ( MILLIONS 9 ! MO/ POPUL\S & /RATEGIC >EAS ( ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA94 ,AB\T #g#e.0 ( ,SPANI% 9DU/RY WAS CONC5TRAT$ 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! /RON<OLD ( ! AN>*I/ LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,?IS REFUTES DECISIVELY ! ALLEGATION ?AT AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES >E NOT APPLICABLE TO 9DU/RIAL >EAS1 & IF AT ALL1 ONLY 9 PRIMITIVE AGR>IAN SOCIETIES OR 9 ISOLAT$ EXP]IM5TAL COMMUNITIES 7,SEE *APT]S #f & #g BEL[ ON URBAN 9DU/RIAL COLLECTIVIZATION74 

,! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION WAS EV5 MORE F> REA*+ 9 ! RURAL >EAS4 ,?IS EXP]I5CE EXPLODES ! HO>Y ,M>XI/ DOGMA ?AT ONLY HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES >E RIPE = COMMUNISM4 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y CONCLUDES 9 ONE ( HIS MANY BOOKS ON ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ?AT3  
  

,! ,M>XI/ !ORY ?AT ,SOCIALISM WILL FIR/ BE REALIZ$ BY ! MASSES ( ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ PROLET>IAT1 NEXT BY ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 & LA/ BY ! PEASANTS IS FALSE444 ,! ,>AGON PEASANTS HAVE PROV5 ?AT 9DU/RIALIZATION IS NOT ! 9DISP5SABLE PR]EQUISITE = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM444LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS ALMO/ 5TIRELY REALIZ$ 9 ! SMALL] RURAL >EAS444 7,DE ,JULIO A ,JULIO1 P4 #a#g#b7  
  

,NOR >E ! PEASANTS AN 9H]5TLY BACKW>D CLASS AS ! ,M>XI/S W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 ,ALL OBS]V]S AGREE ?AT3  
  

,9 ! WORK ( CREATION1 TRANSPORTATION1 & SOCIALIZATION1 ! PEASANTS DEMON/RAT$ A DEGREE ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS MU* SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( ! CITY WORK]4 7,LEVAL1 ,NE ,FRANCO NE ,/AL91 P4 #c#b7  
  

,?IS IS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! USUAL VIEW ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ( ! PEASANTS4 ,A UNIQUE *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION WAS ! A*IEVEM5T ( CLOSE COOP]ATION BETWE5 RURAL & URBAN WORK]S4 ,YE>S ( AGITATION & $UCATION BY ! AN>*I/S W]E V]Y EFFECTIVE 9 DEAL+ ) :AT IS ONE ( ! MO/ CRUCIAL PROBLEMS ( EV]Y REVOLUTION3 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT & ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S1 BETWE5 ! AN>*I/ & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS & ! PEASANTS4 ,! 9T]ME%+ ( LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 & NATIONAL F$]ATIONS ( PEASANT COLLECTIVES 7:I* 9CLUD$ #i.0 ( ! POORE/ PEASANTS7 ) ! F$]ATIONS ( URBAN SOCIALIZ$ 5T]PRISES WAS ! CULM9ATION ( A PROCESS :I* TRACES BACK TO ! LATT] HALF ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 

,! IMPRESSION ?AT ,SPANI% AN>*ISM WAS L>GELY A RURAL MOVEM5T ?\< EXAGG]AT$1 IS BY NO MEANS UNF\ND$4 ,! T]MS 0RURAL AN>*ISM0 & 0RURAL AN>*O-SYNDICALISM0 HAVE (T51 & RI<TFULLY1 BE5 US$ TO DESIGNATE ,SPANI% PEASANT REBELLIONS4 ,A FEW EXAMPLES3  
  

,9 #a#h#h#a1 F>M WORK]S 444 CON/ITUT$ ! L>GE/ S+LE OCCUPATIONAL GR\P+ 9 ! NEW ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION444 ,BY ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#h#b1 #b1#i#a#e ( ! #e#g1#i#c#d MEMB]S W]E AGR>IAN WORK]S444 ,! REEM]G5CE ( RURAL AN>*ISM 9 #aic BR\<T ) IT MORE CONT9U\S & WIDESPREAD LABOR AGITATION ?AN ANY PREVI\SLY RECORD$ 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,! MO/ S]I\S \TBREAKS OCCURR$ 9 ! TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ /RON<OLDS ( ,SEVILLE & ,CADIZ444 ,FROM #aiac TO #aiag 444AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ LOCALS SPRANG UP BO? 9 ! ,LEVANT & ,>AGON4 ,9 #aiai !RE W]E AT LEA/ ?IRTY-?REE SU* LOCALS 9 ,VAL5CIA ALONE444 ,9 ,CORDOVA .<#a#i#b.>1 = EXAMPLE1 WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS EXI/$ 9 #fa ( ! #ge T[N%IPS & CLAIM$ A MEMB]%IP ( #e#e1#c#h#b \T ( A TOTAL ACTIVE RURAL POPULATION ( #a#c14 7,MALEFAKIS1 PP4 #a#c#i1 #a#d1 #a#d#h7  
  

,DUR+ ?IS :OLE P]IOD :ILE 0! AN>*I/S HAD AWAK5$ ! PEASANTRY10 ! ,SPANI% SOCIALI/S1 LIKE !IR PROPHET ,M>X1 0L>GELY IGNOR$ ! EXI/5CE ( ! AGR>IAN PROBLEM40 7,MALEFAKIS1 P4 #b#i7 ,M>X PLAC$ ALL HIS HOPES = REVOLUTION UPON ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,HE HAD NO CONFID5CE 9 ! CREATIVE REVOLUTION>Y CAPACITY ( ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S4 0,RURAL IDIOCY0 WAS ONE ( HIS FAVORITE EXPRESSIONS4 

,FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION IT %\LD BY N[ BE AXIOMATIC ?AT A REVOLUTION :I* PROVOKES ! RESI/ANCE ( ! PEASANTS1 ?AT CANNOT OR WILL NOT E/ABLI% SOLID>ITY BETWE5 L& & CITY WORK]S1 MU/ 9EVITABLY DEG5]ATE 9TO A C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP4 ,! DISA/R\S CONSEQU5CES ( ,L59'S =C$ REQUISITION ( PEASANT CROPS & LIVE/OCK PRECLUD$ SU* SOLID>ITY4 ,! PEASANTS RETALIAT$ BY />V+ ! CITIES1 PLANT+ ONLY 5\< = !IR NE$S1 SLAU<T]+ LIVE/OCK SORELY NE$$ BY ! CITIES1 & F9ALLY =C+ ,L59 TO REV]SE HIMSELF & 9/ITUTE HIS SEMI-CAPITALI/IC 0,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY40 ,/AL9'S =C$ 0COLLECTIVIZATION0 ( L& & ! LIQUIDATION ( MILLIONS ( 0,KULAKS0 7:I* ALL BUT CRIPPL$ ! ECONOMY = MANY YE>S7 PROCE$$ ALONG ! SAME AU?ORIT>IAN L9ES & >E TOO WELL DOCUM5T$ TO NE$ FUR!R COMM5T4 ,! 0,KHOLKHOZES0 7COLLECTIVES7 E/ABLI%$ BY ,/AL9 >E NOT G5U9E COLLECTIVES1 ?AT IS1 CREAT$ & MANAG$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,9 ! TRADITION ( ,L59 & ,/AL91 !Y >E1 LIKE ALL ! O!R 0SOVIET0 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS1 SIMPLY CREATURES ( ! /ATE4 

,! PATT]N IS ALL TOO FAMILI>4 ,! WORK]S MU/ OBEY ! ORD]S ( ! BUREAUCRATS APPO9T$ BY ! /ATE1 :O >E 9 TURN OBLIG$ TO C>RY \T ! 9/RUCTIONS ( ! POLITICAL COMMISS>S4 ,PAYM5T IS >BITR>ILY FIX$ ACCORD+ TO NORMS 7PRODUCTION GOALS1 ! SPE$UP SY/EM7 DET]M9$ BY ! /ATE PLANN]S4 7,SEE ! SELECTION BEL[ ON 0,! ,POLITICAL & ,ECONOMIC ,ORGANIZATION ( ,SOCIETY0 9 :I* A ,SPANI% AN>*I/ CONTRA/S ?IS AU?ORIT>IAN APPROA* ) ! LIB]T>IAN APPROA* ACTUALLY PUT 9TO PRACTICE 9 ,SPA97 

,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION %ATT]$ YET ANO!R ,M>XI/ DOGMA1 ?AT ( ! 0TRANSITION P]IOD40 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ /AGE 9 ! TRANSITION TO FULL COMMUNISM1 SO ! DOCTR9E GOES1 MEANS CAN BE SEP>AT$ FROM 5DS4 ,UND] 0SOCIALISM10 IT IS NECESS>Y TO RETA9 SOME ( ! MA9 EVILS ( CAPITALISM4 ,?US WORK]S WILL BE PAID NOT ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S BUT ACCORD+ TO H[ MU* !Y PRODUCE4 ,9 L9E ) ?IS !ORY ! ,BOL%EVIKS MADE NO S]I\S ATTEMPT TO ABOLI% ! WAGE SY/EM OR EV5 TO EQUALIZE WAGES4 

,9 LESS ?AN ?REE YE>S ! LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVES DID AWAY ) ! WAGE SY/EM4 ,:]E ?IS WAS NOT POSSIBLE BECAUSE ( ! SABOTAGE ( ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 ! B\RGEOISIE & !IR SOCIALI/ & ,COMMUNI/ ALLIES1 !Y EQUALIZ$ 9COME TO ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE EXT5T 7?IS WAS TRUE ( MO/ ( ! SOCIALIZ$ URBAN 5T]PRISES74 ,! ,REVOLUTION 9/ITUT$ ! 0FAMILY WAGE10 UND] :I* COMMODITIES W]E DI/RIBUT$ & S]VICES R5D]$ NOT ACCORD+ TO ! AM\NT ( LABOR P]=M$1 BUT ACCORD+ TO ! NUMB] & NE$S ( ! FAMILY MEMB]S4 ,SIMIL> >RANGEM5TS W]E MADE = 9DIVIDUALS LIV+ ALONE4 

,MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION ! PIECEWORK SY/EM /ILL PREVAILS4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY COMP>E ! MU* HI<] E>N+S ( A 0,/AKHANOVITE0 7PIECEWORK 0H]O ( LABOR07 AS AGA9/ ! L[ WAGES ( ! LESS 0H]OIC0 AV]AGE WORK]4 ,OR BETT] YET1 COMP>E ! PRIVILEGES 5JOY$ BY ! NOT SO NEW CLASS ( HI< RANK+ P>TY (FICIALS1 BUREAUCRATS1 TE*NOCRATS1 MILIT>Y (FIC]S1 & ! PRO/ITUT$ 09TELLIG5TSIA10 ) !IR AP>TM5TS 9 T[N1 !IR 0DA*AS0 9 ! C\NTRY1 !IR DOME/IC S]VANTS 7& ! RE/71 ) ! L[ LIV+ /&>DS ( ORD9>Y ,SOVIET FAMILIES4 

,EVILS 0TEMPOR>ILY0 TOL]AT$ BECOME P]MAN5TLY 5CRU/$ & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9TO ! TOTALIT>IAN /ATE APP>ATUS1 ADM9I/]$ BY A SELF-P]PETUAT+ RUL+ CLASS :I* CAN BE DISLODG$ ONLY BY ANO!R REVOLUTION4 

,CONTR>Y TO ,M>XI/-,L59I/ DOCTR9E1 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION CLE>LY DEMON/RAT$ 7EV5 DUR+ ?IS FAM\S TRANSITIONAL P]IOD FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM7 ! PRACTICAL SUP]IORITY ( LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONAL PROC$URES TO AU?ORIT>IAN DICTATORIAL ME?ODS4 ,COOP]ATION & FREE AGREEM5T FROM BEL[ GET BETT] RESULTS ?AN RULE BY DECREE FROM ! TOP D[N4 ,! ,M>XI/-,L59I/S DID NOT EV5 BEG9 TO GRASP ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION1 ( H[ TO GET ?+S MOV+ AGA94 ,ADEPT AS !Y W]E AT POLITICAL *ICAN]Y & SEIZ+ P[]1 !SE 0BUILD]S ( SOCIALISM0 HAD NOT ! FOGGIE/ NOTION ( H[ TO ORGANIZE EV5 A VILLAGE COLLECTIVE1 MU* LESS TO RE/ORE ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! GREAT ,RUSSIAN NATION4 ,= EXAMPLE3  
  

,&RES ,N9 LIK$ TO TELL HIS COMPANIONS ?AT ! RETURN ( PUBLIC S]VICES TO NORMAL WORK+ ORD] HAD BE5 9COMP>ABLY FA/] 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #aicf ?AN 9 ,MOSC[ 9 #a#i#a#g4 7,BR\E & ,TEMIME1 P4 #a#g7  
  

,! PURG$ ,BOL%EVIK 0LEFT OPPOSITIONI/0 ,VICTOR ,S]GE 7AN EX-AN>*I/ :O HAD NOT 5TIRELY REJECT$ ALL HE HAD LE>N$7 CRITICIZ$ ! CRIM9AL 9EFFICI5CY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ADM9I/RATORS 9 DEAL+ ) ! ECONOMIC CRISIS4 ,9 SEEK+ ANO!R RESOLUTION TO ! ECONOMIC PROBLEMS1 HE ILLU/RAT$ ! RELEVANCE ( LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES3  
  

,?R\< ITS 9TOL]ANCE & ITS >ROGATION ( AN ABSOLUTE MONOPOLY ( P[] & 9ITIATIVE 9 ALL FIELDS1 ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME WAS FL\ND]+ 9 ITS [N TOILS444,C]TA9 9DU/RIES C\LD HAVE BE5 REVIV$ M]ELY BY APPEAL+ TO ! 9ITIATIVE ( GR\PS ( PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S BY FREE+ ! ,/ATE-/RANGL$ COOP]ATIVES1 & 9VIT+ V>I\S ASSOCIATIONS TO TAKE OV] ! MANAGEM5T ( DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( ECONOMIC ACTIVITY444,9 A WORD1 ,I WAS >GU+ = A 0,COMMUNISM ( ASSOCIATIONS0--9 CONTRA/ TO ,COMMUNISM ( ! ,/ATE V>IETY444,I ?\<T ( ! TOTAL PLAN NOT AS SOME?+ TO BE DICTAT$ BY ! ,/ATE FROM ON HI< BUT RA!R AS RESULT+ FROM ! H>MONIZ+1 BY CONGRESSES & SPECIALIZ$ ASSEMBLIES ( 9ITIATIVES FROM BEL[ 7PP4 #a#d#g-#a#d#h7  
  

,UN=TUNATELY1 !SE CREATIVE =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE 7UNIONS1 SOVIETS1 FACTORY COMMITTEES1 WORK]S' C\NCILS1 COOP]ATIVES1 & O!R GRASS ROOTS ORGANIZATIONS71 EXHAU/$ BY YE>S ( W> & PRIVATION W]E NOT ABLE TO )/& ! ONSLAU<TS ( ! WELL-ORGANIZ$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY DICTATOR%IP4 ,VALIANT ATTEMPTS--:I* TOOK SU* =MS AS ! ,KRON/ADT REBELLION1 PEASANT UPRIS+S1 /RIKES1 & PASSIVE RESI/ANCE--TO SAVE ! REAL ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION FROM ITS ,BOL%EVIK USURP]S1 W]E CRU%$4 

,! PRACTICAL APPLICATION ( ! LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES ?AT ,S]GE TALKS AB\T IS PRECISELY ! A*IEVEM5T ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 9 />K CONTRA/ TO ! ,BOL%EVIK EXP]I5CE 7& ! EXP]I5CE ( MO/ REVOLUTIONS 9 ?IS C5TURY74 ,9 ,SPA9 COLLECTIVES W]E =M$ SPONTANE\SLY ACCORD+ TO ,SPA9'S HI/ORIC TRADITIONS & AN>*I/-F$]ALI/ PR9CIPLES4 

,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION DEMON/RAT$ 9 PRACTICE ?AT LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ MEASURES C\LD BE 9TRODUC$ AT ONCE4 ,! ,REVOLUTION MU/ SIMULTANE\SLY DE/ROY ! OLD ORD] & IMM$IATELY TAKE ON A F$]ALI/IC & AN>*I/IC DIRECTION ,REVOLUTION>IES EXPLOR+ NEW ROADS TO FRE$OM >E 9CREAS+LY 9CL9$ TO TAKE !SE FACTORS 9TO ACC\NT4 

,!SE COLLECTIVES W]E NOT CONCEIV$ ACCORD+ TO ANY S+LE PLAN OR =C$ TO CON=M TO A P>TICUL> FRAMEWORK4 ,FRE$OM IMPLIES V>IETY1 & ! READ] WILL SEE 9 ! SELECTIONS ?AT FOLL[1 ! GREAT V>IETY ( WAYS ! WORK]S DEVIS$ TO MEET !IR EV]YDAY PROBLEMS4 ,FROM HIS OBS]VATIONS MADE DUR+ HIS VISITS TO RURAL COLLECTIVES & URBAN SOCIALIZ$ 5T]PRISES1 ,S\*Y CONCLUD$ ?AT3  
  

,ECONOMIC V>IETY1 I4E41 ! COEXI/5CE ( COLLECTIVE & PRIVATELY CONDUCT$ 5T]PRISES1.<#a#d.> WILL NOT ADV]SELY AFFECT ! ECONOMY4 ,BUT ECONOMIC V>IETY IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! TRUE MANIFE/ATION & 9DISP5SABLE PRECONDITION = A FREE SOCIETY4 ,REGIM5TATION1 ! IMPOSITION ( A UNI=M ECONOMIC SY/EM BY & = ! B5EFIT ( ! /ATE1 WORKS \T 9EVITABLY TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! PEOPLE444.<#a#e.> 7,NA*T UB] ,SPANI51 PP4 #a#e#a-#a#e#b7 

,! AN>*I/ ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN IS SOME:AT MORE EXPLICIT3 

,9 EA* LOCALITY ! DEGREE ( COMMUNISM1 COLLECTIVISM1 OR MUTUALISM.<#a#f.> WILL DEP5D UPON ! CONDITIONS PREVAIL+4 ,:Y DICTATE RULES8 ,WE :O MAKE FRE$OM \R BANN] CANNOT D5Y IT 9 ! ECONOMY4 ,!RE=E !RE MU/ BE FREE EXP]IM5TATION1 FREE %[ ( 9ITIATIVE & SUGGE/IONS1 AS WELL AS FRE$OM ( ORGANIZATION444,WE >E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 H[ ! WORK]S1 EMPLOYES1 & TE*NICIANS ( A FACTORY WILL ORGANIZE !MSELVES4 ,?AT IS !IR AFFAIR4 ,BUT :AT IS FUNDAM5TAL IS ?AT FROM ! FIR/ MOM5T ( ,REVOLUTION !RE EXI/ A PROP] COHESION 7COORD9ATION7 ( ALL ! PRODUCTIVE & DI/RIBUTIVE =CES4 7,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 PP4 #i#g1 #i#h1 #i#i7  
  

,MORE ?AN ANY O!R REVOLUTION1 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION SUCCE$$ 9 EFFECTIVELY COORD9AT+ JU/ SU* A MIX$ ECONOMY UND] CONDITIONS ( FRE$OM & A M9IMUM ( FRICTION4 ,MANY 9DIVIDUALS1 PETTY PEASANT PROPRIETORS1 W]E 9DUC$ TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVES1 NOT BY =CE1 BUT BY WITNESS+ ! ADVANTAGES ( COOP]ATION4 ,! REALI/IC POLICIES & ! HUMANIT>IAN SPIRIT ( ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVES ALSO E>N$ ! COOP]ATION ( TE*NICAL1 PR(ESSIONAL1 & SCI5TIFIC WORK]S 9 REORGANIZ+ ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,FRI5DLY RELATIONS W]E E/ABLI%$ ) ?OSE :O PREF]R$ TO REMA9 \TSIDE ( ! COLLECTIVES4 

,IT IS A TW(OLD HI/ORIC TRAG$Y ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :I* ABORT$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 ALSO CRU%$ ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i4 ,BUT ?IS TAKES US AWAY FROM ! V]Y REAL ACCOMPLI%M5TS & LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION VS ,! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 

  

,9 ! C\RSE ( ! CRISES & FAILURES :I* FOLL[$ ONE ANO!R UP TO ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 ,BOL%EVISM WAS NOT ! ONLY CONCEPTION ( H[ ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION %\LD BE ACCOMPLI%$444 .<,A.> SECOND FUNDAM5TAL IDEAL1 LIKEWISE 5VISAG+ A FULL & 9TEGRAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 TOOK %APE & SPREAD AMONG ! REVOLUTION>Y CIRCLES & ALSO AMONG ! WORK+ MASSES3 ?IS WAS ! ,AN>*I/ IDEA4 

,! ,BOL%EVIK IDEA WAS TO BUILD1 ON ! RU9S ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 A NEW 0,WORK]S' ,/ATE0 TO CON/ITUTE A 0WORK]S' & PEASANTS' GOV]NM5T10 & TO E/ABLI% A 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0444 ,9 ! CONT5TION ( ! ,BOL%EVIKI1 IT WAS ! ELITE--!IR ELITE--:I*1 =M+ A 0WORK]S' GOV]NM5T0 AN E/ABLI%+ A SO-CALL$ 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT10 W\LD C>RY \T ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION & SOLVE ITS PRODIGI\S PROBLEMS4 ,! MASSES %\LD AID ?IS ELITE 7! OPPOSITE ( ! LIB]T>IAN BELIEF ?AT ! ELITE %\LD AID ! MASSES7 BY FAI?FULLY1 BL9DLY1 ME*ANICALLY C>RY+ \T ITS PLANS1 DECISIONS1 ORD]S1 & 0LAWS40 ,& ! >M$ =CES1 ALSO 9 IMITATION ( ?OSE ( ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 LIKE WISE %\LD BL9DLY OBEY ! 0ELITES40 

,! ,AN>*I/ IDEA .<WAS &.> IS TO TRANS=M ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL BASES ( SOCIETY )\T HAV+ REC\RSE TO A POLITICAL /ATE1 TO A GOV]NM5T1 OR TO A DICTATOR%IP ( ANY SORT4 ,?AT IS1 TO A*IEVE ! ,REVOLUTION & RESOLVE ITS PROBLEMS NOT BY POLITICAL OR /ATI/ MEANS1 444 BY MEANS ( NATURAL & FREE ACTIVITY1 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL1 ( ! ASSOCIATIONS ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 AFT] HAV+ OV]?R[N ! LA/ CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5T444 ,! LIB]T>IANS HOLD ?AT A FAVORABLE SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEMS ( ! ,REVOLUTION CAN RESULT ONLY FROM ! FREELY & CONSCI\SLY COLLECTIVE & UNIT$ WORK ( MILLIONS ( M5 & WOM5 :O BR+ TO IT & H>MONIZE 9 IT ALL ! V>IETY ( !IR NE$S & 9T]E/S1 !IR /R5G? & CAPACITIES444 ,BY ! NATURAL 9T]PLAY ( !IR ECONOMIC1 TE*NICAL1 & SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS1 ) ! HELP ( ! 0ELITE0 &1 9 CASE ( NE$1 UND] ! PROTECTION ( !IR FREELY ORGANIZ$ >M$ =CES1 ! LABOR+ MASSES %\LD1 9 ! VIEW ( ! LIB]T>IANS1 BE ABLE TO C>RY ! ,REVOLUTION EFFECTIVELY =W>D4 

,VOL9E1 FROM ,N9ETE5-,SEV5TE53 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ,BETRAY$ 7,LONDON1 #a#i#e#d7 

,SU* IS1 & REMA9S1 ! ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO IDEAS4 ,SU* ALSO W]E ! TWO OPPOS$ CONCEPTIONS ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION AT ! MOM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN UPHEAVAL 9 #a#i#a#g4 0,PO/] ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I4 ,CAPTION READS ',! ,REVOLUTION & ! ,W> >E 9SEP>ABLE4'0  
,! ,TR5D ,T[>DS ,WORK]S' ,SELF-,MANAGEM5T  

 BY ,SAM ,DOLG(F 

  

,! SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 WAS A LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION 9 MANY ASPECTS1 FROM ITS VOLUNT>I/IC ME?ODS TO ITS ANTI-BUREAUCRATIC PR9CIPLES4 ,BUT P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPORTANT WAS ! PRACTICE ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T1 MANIFE/$ 9 ! FREELY =M$ COLLECTIVES ( URBAN & RURAL WORK]S & !IR F$]ALI/ =M ( COORD9ATION4 

,FRANK ,M9TZ WRITES 9 ! =EWORD TO HIS ,LA ,COLLECTIVIZATION 5 ,ESPAGNE DE #aicf A #aici ?AT ! /UDY ( ,SPANI% COLLECTIVES IS RELEVANT BECAUSE3  
  

,! PROBLEM ( COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T 444 COLLECTIVIZATION 9 L9E ) F$]ALI/ !ORIES1 0SELF-GOV]NM5T10 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 444 IS EV5 MORE APPLICABLE ?AN BE=E444 ,9 ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC C5TRALIZATION LEADS TO IRRATIONAL CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RIES444 ,TO DEFRO/ ! ECONOMY C]TA9 SOCIAL GR\PS 7ECONOMI/S1 POLITICIANS1 ! CL]GY7 >E ADVOCAT+ V>I\S =MS ( WORK]S' P>TICIPATION 9 9DU/RY444 7PP4 #b-#c7  
  

,ECONOMI/S1 SOCIOLOGI/S1 POLITICIANS1 ADM9I/RATORS1 & /ATESM5 9 BO? ,EA/ & ,WE/ N[ FAVOR A MEASURE ( WORK]S' CONTROL 7DEC5TRALIZATION1 COLLECTIVIZATION1 CO-MANAGEM5T71 NOT BECAUSE !Y HAVE SUDD5LY BECOME AN>*I/S1 BUT PRIM>ILY BECAUSE TE*NOLOGY HAS R5D]$ SU* =MS ( ORGANIZATION OP]ATIONAL NECESSITIES4 ,BUT AS LONG AS !SE =MS >E TI$ TO CAPITALISM OR ! /ATE1 !SE V>I\S =MS ( SELF- OR CO-MANAGEM5T 9 BO? 9DU/RIAL & RURAL >EAS WILL REMA9 A FRAUD1 A MORE EFFICI5T DEVICE TO 5LI/ ! COOP]ATION ( ! MASSES 9 !IR [N S]VITUDE4 

,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,YUGOSLAVIAN EXP]IM5TS 7:I* HAVE BE5 V>I\SLY CALL$ 0WORK]S' CONTROL10 0SELF-MANAGEM5T10 0CO-MANAGEM5T10 0COLLECTIVES10 OR 0COMMUNES07 HAVE BE5 HAIL$ AS A RADICAL1 EV5 LIB]T>IAN1 DEP>TURE FROM ,SOVIET-/YLE RURAL COLLECTIVIZATION & 9DU/RIAL CO-MANAGEM5T4 ,YUGOSLAVIAN ,COMMUNI/S CLAIM ?AT !SE MEASURES >E 9 L9E ) ,M>X'S & ,5GELS' PR$ICTION ?AT ! 0/ATE WILL WI!R AWAY4' ,9 !IR ACRIMONI\S FACTIONAL DISPUTES1 ! ,RUSSIANS HAVE ACCUS$ !IR ,YUGOSLAVIAN COMRADES ( FLIRT+ ) ! 0OLD DISCR$IT$ UTOPIAN VISIONS ( ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 & ! ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S10 ALLEG$LY IMPORT$ BY ! ,YUGOSLAVIAN MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADE FROM ,SPA9 7?US IMPLY+ A CONNECTION ) ,SPANI% AN>*ISM74 ,BUT UPON CLOS] EXAM9ATION ! ,YUGOSLAVIAN SY/EM ( 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 TURNS \T TO BE A BRAZ5 FRAUD1 DIFF]+ 9 NO ESS5TIAL RESPECT FROM ! ,RUSSIAN TOTALIT>IAN PATT]N4 ,DANIEL ,GU]91 A KE5 /UD5T ( ! SUBJECT1 SUMS UP ! FACTS3  
  

,BO? 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA & 9 ,ALG]IA 444 SELF-MANAGEM5T IS COM+ 9TO BE+ 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A DICTATORIAL1 MILIT>Y1 POLICE /ATE :OSE SKELETON IS =M$ BY A S+LE P>TY 444 A SMALL M9ORITY444 ,! REAL MANAG]S ( ! 5T]PRISES 444 P]PETUATE !MSELVES 9 DICTATORIAL POSITIONS1 CUTT+ !MSELVES (F FROM ! RANK & FILE WORK]S :OM !Y TREAT ) >ROGANCE & CONTEMPT444 ,! P>TY CELLS 9 MO/ 5T]PRISES FALSIFY ELECTIONS 444 PRESSURE WORK]S' C\NCILS TO RATIFY DECISIONS TAK5 9 ADVANCE1 & MANIPULATE ! NATIONAL CONGRESSES ( ! WORK]S444 7PP4 #a#d#e1 #a#d#f1 #a#d#g7  
  

,9 ?IS CONNECTION IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT ! ,YUGOSLAVIAN ,COMMUNI/S NEV] 9T5D$ TO H& OV] CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY TO ! WORK]S4 ,AS F> BACK AS #a#i#e#b1 !Y MADE SURE ?AT !IR P>TY W\LD REMA9 9 ! SADDLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BORBA1 ! (FICIAL ORGAN ( ! P>TY1 ( ! #gfc DIRECTORS ( 5T]PRISES1 #gfc W]E ACTIVE P>TY MEMB]S3 0ALL DIRECTORS UND]/& ?AT !IR MA9 OBLIGATION IS TO BE FAI?FUL TO ! P>TY & ! /ATE :I* NAM$ !M TO !IR PO/S 9 REW>D = !IR ZEAL\S S]VICE TO ! P>TY444 0 7,BORBA1 ,FEB4 #a#c1 #a#i#e#b1 QUOT$ 9 ,NOIR ET ,R\GE1 ,P>IS1 #a#i#f#f1 P4 #a#h7 

,ANO!R MORE REC5T EXAMPLE ( A 0REVOLUTION>Y0 & TOTALIT>IAN ECONOMY IS ,CUBA4 ,GU]9 QUOTES 7ON P4 #a#e#b7 FROM ,CUBA3 ,SOCIALISM & ,DEVELOPM5T 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g7 BY ,]NE ,DUMONT1 AN ECONOMIC SPECIALI/ & SYMPA!TIC CONSULTANT TO ,CA/RO4 ,DUMONT DEPLORES ! 0HYP]-C5TRALIZATION0 ( ! ECONOMY & 0AU?ORIT>IAN0 APPROA* TO MANAG+ 9DU/RY4 ,A KN[L$GEABLE ,POLI% FRI5D VOIC$ ,DUMONT'S VIEWS :5 HE SAID1 0,CUBA IS BEG9N+ ALL OV] AGA9 ! USELESS CYCLE ( ECONOMIC ]RORS ( ! SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES40 ,DUMONT'S RECOMM5DATIONS CLOSELY RESEMBLE ! ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES 9/ITUT$ BY ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVES3 G5U9E SELF-MANAGEM5T 9CLUD+ AUTONOM\S PRODUCTION UNITS 9 FACTORIES & F$]ATIONS ( SMALL PRODUCTION COOP]ATIVES 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,ON PAGE #adh ,GU]9 PO9TS TO 0,SPANI% ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM0 AS ! MODEL = ! REG5]ATION ( ! ,CUBAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 CRU%$ BY ,CA/RO4 ,TO HAVE G5U9E SELF-MANAGEM5T !RE MU/ BE 0AN AU!NTIC TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T1 9DEP5D5T ( AU?ORITY & ( ! S+LE P>TY1 SPR++ FROM ! WORK]S !MSELVES & AT ! SAME TIME ORGANIZ+ !M 444 0 

,DUMONT HAS S9CE WRITT5 ANO!R BOOK ) ! REVEAL+ TITLE ,IS ,CUBA A ,SOCIALI/ ,C\NTRY8 1 D5\NC+ ! ,CA/RO REGIME = ! FUR!R DEG5]ATION & MILIT>IZATION ( ! ,CUBAN ECONOMY & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,HE PROCE$S TO ANSW] ! QUE/ION 79 HIS TITLE7 9 ! NEGATIVE4 ,PAUL ,ZORK9E1 AN EXP]T :O MADE AN EXHAU/IVE /UDY ( ! SUBJECT1 /ATES ?AT3  
  

,ON ! BASIS ( ! FACTS1 ! IDEA ( WORK]S' C\NCILS IS 9COMPATIBLE ) ! EXI/5CE ( ! /ATE1 & :5EV] !SE TWO 7! /ATE & ! C\NCILS7 TRI$ TO COEXI/1 IT WAS NOT ! /ATE ?AT 0WI!R$ AWAY0 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! /ATE ABSORB$ ! C\NCILS444 7,NOIR ET ,R\GE1 ,APRIL1 #a#i#f#f1 ,ZORK9E'S EMPHASIS7  
  

,! IDEA ( SELF-MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY1 URBAN & RURAL1 NOT AS A 0P>TN]%IP BETWE5 MANAGEM5T & LABOR0 OR BETWE5 ! /ATE & ITS SUBJECTS BUT AS ! CORN]/ONE ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY1 IS 9CREAS+LY EVID5T 9 ! *ANG+ ATTITUDES ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ ELEM5TS 9 ! MOD]N LABOR & SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,AL?\< 7AS IS TO BE EXPECT$7 !RE >E ALL SORTS ( DIFF]+ VIEWPO9TS1 ! LIB]T>IAN TR5D ( ?\<T1 TOO (T5 CL\D$ BY AU?ORIT>IAN OV]TONES1 IS UNMI/AKABLE EV5 AMONG PR(ESS$ ,M>XI/S4 ,A GOOD EXAMPLE IS AN 9T]VIEW ) ,MI*EL ,PABLO1 =M]LY SECRET>Y ( ! ,TROTSKYI/ 0,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL0 & A =M] MEMB] ( ! DEFUNCT ,ALG]IAN ,B5 ,BELLA GOV]NM5T4  
  

,QUE/ION3 .<,!.> /RUGGLE = WORK]S' CONTROL & SELF-MANAGEM5T SUGGE/ A DIFF]5T TYPE ( 0SOCIALISM0 TO :AT WE HAVE KN[N4 ,WE HAVE BE5 US$ TO REVOLUTIONS 444 FOLL[$ BY ! SETT+ UP ( A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE APP>ATUS :I* PLANS & DIRECTLY MANAGES AN ALMO/ :OLLY NATIONALIZ$ ECONOMY4 ,IT IS POPUL>LY HELD ?AT 444 :ILE IT MEANS ?AT BUREAUCRACY PROLIF]ATES & ! WORK]S HAVE LESS RI<TS ?AN 9 MANY ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 IT IS ! BE/ WAY TO QUICKLY DEVELOP444 ,IS ?IS 0ECONOMIC0 JU/IFICATION VALID8 

,ANSW]3 ,I DON'T ?9K SO AT ALL444 ,! BASIS ( !IR .<! 0UND]DEVELOP$0 C\NTRIES.> SU/A9$1 CONT9U\S ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T MU/1 9 MY OP9ION1 BE ! =MATION ( ! SELF-MANAG$ COMMUNE4 ,!SE C\NTRIES MU/ BE LOOK$ UPON AS A COLLECTION ( COMMUNES1 EA* COMMUNE REPRES5T+ NOT ONLY AN ADM9I/RATIVE UNIT BUT AN ECONOMIC UNIT :I* C>RIES \T ITS [N PLAN ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T444 7,BULLET9 ( ! ,9/ITUTE = ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL1 ,VOL4 #b1 ,NO4 #e1 #a#i#g7  
  

,!RE IS A GR[+ DISILLUSIONM5T ) NATIONALIZATION ( 9DU/RY 9 BO? CAPITALI/ DEMOCRACIES & TOTALIT>IAN 0SOCIALI/0 C\NTRIES4 ,AL?\< NOT YET PREP>$ TO CALL = ! TOTAL ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 ! REALIZATION ?AT ! P[]S ( ! /ATE MU/ BE CURB$ SPURS ! SE>* = PRACTICAL ALT]NATIVES TO AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,& ?IS SE>* IS TAK+ ON AN 9CREAS+LY LIB]T>IAN DIRECTION4 

,TRULY1 AS SO APTLY PUT BY ,GE(FREY ,O/]GA>D1 WORK]S' CONTROL IS 0AN IDEA ON ! W+40.<#a#g.> ,?IS R5EW$ 9T]E/ SPURS 9T5SIVE RESE>* ON ! HI/ORY & SIGNIFICANCE ( ! WORK]S' CONTROL T5D5CY FROM ! DAYS ( ,ROB]T ,[5 UP TO ! PRES5T4 ,A VA/ REC5T LIT]ATURE ON ! SUBJECT PILES UP4 ,BUT ?IS RESE>* WILL REMA9 WOEFULLY 9ADEQUATE UNTIL SU* TIME AS ! MOVEM5T IS 5RI*$ BY 9DISP5SABLE & ADEQUATE LIT]ATURE ON ! UNP>ALLEL$ CON/RUCTIVE A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 0,9 A MASS DEMON/RATION 9 ,B>CELONA1 WORK]S HOLD A BANN] READ+1 ',SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 ! DAILY NEWSPAP] ( ! ,REVOLUTION4' ,! BANN] IS 9SCRIB$ ) ! 9ITIALS ,C,N,T1 ,F,A,I1 & ,A,I,T 7! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+MAN'S ,ASSOCIATION740  

,IT IS HOP$ ?AT ! PRIM>Y S\RCE DOCUM5TS ( V>I\S EYEWITNESSES & ACTIVI/S ASSEMBL$ H]E WILL1 9 !IR [N MODE/ WAY1 HELP FILL ! NE$ = SU* VITAL 9=MATION & 9SPIRE O!RS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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