,P>T #b3 ,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION1 ,*APT] #a#a3 ,AN ,EVALUATION ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,COLLECTIVES 

#aigdaigd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,$ITOR 3 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 

,AU?OR 3 ,DIEGO ,ABAD ,DE ,SANTILLAN 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

  

,9 ! CONCLUD+ *APT] ( HIS PIONE]+ WORK1 ,NE ,FRANCO NE ,/AL9 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL1 ON ! BASIS ( HIS EXHAU/IVE FIR/ H& /UDIES1 5UM]ATES BO? ! A*IEVEM5TS & ! SETBACKS ( ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION ON ! L& & 9 ! CITIES4 ,9 SO DO+ HE SUMM>IZES V>I\S !MES \TL9$ 9 PREC$+ *APT]S4 

,! ,*>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,COLLECTIVES .<#i#g.>  

 BY ,GA/ON ,LEVAL 

  

,9 JURIDICAL PR9CIPLES ! COLLECTIVES W]E SOME?+ 5TIRELY NEW4 ,!Y W]E NOT SYNDICATES1 NOR W]E !Y MUNICIPALITIES 9 ANY TRADITIONAL S5SE2 ,!Y DID NOT EV5 V]Y CLOSELY RESEMBLE ! MUNICIPALITIES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,( ! TWO1 H[EV]1 !Y W]E CLOS] TO ! COMMUNAL ?AN ! SYNDICALI/ SPIRIT4 ,(T5 !Y MI<T JU/ AS WELL HAVE BE5 CALL$ COMMUNITIES1 AS = EXAMPLE ! ONE 9 ,B9EF> WAS4 ,! COLLECTIVE WAS AN 5TITY2 )9 IT1 OCCUPATIONAL & PR(ESSIONAL GR\PS1 PUBLIC S]VICES1 TRADE & MUNICIPAL FUNCTIONS W]E SUBORD9ATE & DEP5D5T4 ,9 =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 9 9T]NAL FUNCTION+1 & 9 !IR SPECIALIZ$ ACTIVITIES1 H[EV]1 !Y W]E AUTONOM\S4  

,! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES1 DESPITE !IR NAME1 W]E TO ALL 9T5TS & PURPOSES LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!Y APPLI$ ! RULE 0FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S40 ,:]E MONEY WAS ABOLI%$1 A C]TA9 QUANTITY ( GOODS WAS ASSUR$ TO EA* P]SON2 :]E MONEY WAS RETA9$1 EA* FAMILY RECEIV$ A WAGE DET]M9$ BY ! NUMB] ( MEMB]S4 ,?\< ! TE*NIQUE V>I$1 ! MORAL PR9CIPLE & ! PRACTICAL RESULTS W]E ! SAME4  

,9 ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES SOLID>ITY WAS PRACTIC$ TO ! GREATE/ DEGREE4 ,NOT ONLY WAS EV]Y P]SON ASSUR$ ( ! NECESSITIES1 BUT ! DI/RICT F$]ATIONS 9CREAS+LY ADOPT$ ! PR9CIPLE ( MUTUAL AID ON AN 9T]-COLLECTIVE SCALE4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE !Y CREAT$ COMMON RES]VES TO HELP \T VILLAGES LESS FAVOR$ BY NATURE4 ,9 ,CA/ILE SPECIAL 9/ITUTIONS = ?IS PURPOSE W]E CREAT$4 ,9 9DU/RY ?IS PRACTICE SEEMS TO HAVE BEGUN 9 ,HOSPITALET1 ON ! ,CATALAN RAILWAYS1 & WAS APPLI$ LAT] 9 ,ALCOY4 ,HAD ! POLITICAL COMPROMISE NOT IMP$$ OP5 SOCIALIZATION1 ! PRACTICES ( MUTUAL AID W\LD HAVE BE5 MU* MORE G5]ALIZ$4  

,A CONQUE/ ( 5ORM\S IMPORTANCE WAS ! RI<T ( WOM5 TO LIVELIHOOD1 REG>DLESS ( OCCUPATION OR FUNCTION4 ,9 AB\T HALF ( ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES1 ! WOM5 RECEIV$ ! SAME WAGES AS M52 9 ! RE/ ! WOM5 RECEIV$ LESS1 APP>5TLY ON ! PR9CIPLE ?AT !Y R>ELY LIV$ ALONE4  

,! *ILD'S RI<T TO LIVELIHOOD WAS ALSO UNGRUDG+LY RECOGNIZ$3 NOT AS A /ATE *>ITY1 BUT AS A RI<T NO ONE DREAM$ ( D5Y+4 ,! S*OOLS W]E OP5 TO *ILDR5 TO ! AGE ( #ad OR #a#e--! ONLY GU>ANTEE ?AT P>5TS W\LD NOT S5D !IR *ILDR5 TO WORK SOON]1 & ?AT $UCATION W\LD REALLY BE UNIV]SAL4  

,9 ALL ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES ( ,>AGON1 ,CATALONIA1 ,LEVANT1 ,CA/ILE1 ,&ALUSIA1 & ,E/REMADURA1 ! WORK]S =M$ GR\PS TO DIVIDE ! LABOR OR ! L&2 USUALLY !Y W]E ASSIGN$ TO DEF9ITE >EAS4 ,DELEGATES ELECT$ BY ! WORK GR\PS MET ) ! COLLECTIVE'S DELEGATE = AGRICULTURE TO PLAN \T ! WORK4 ,?IS TYPICAL ORGANIZATION >OSE QUITE SPONTANE\SLY1 BY LOCAL 9ITIATIVE4  

,9 ADDITION TO !SE ME?ODS--& SIMIL> MEET+S ( SPECIALIZ$ GR\PS--! COLLECTIVE AS A :OLE MET 9 A WEEKLY1 BI-WEEKLY OR MON?LY ASSEMBLY4 ,?IS TOO WAS A SPONTANE\S 9NOVATION4 ,! ASSEMBLY REVIEW$ ! ACTIVITIES ( ! C\NCILORS IT NAM$1 & DISCUSS$ SPECIAL CASES & UN=ESE5 PROBLEMS4 ,ALL 9HABITANTS--M5 & WOM51 PRODUC]S & NON PRODUC]S--TOOK P>T 9 ! DISCUSSION & DECISIONS4 ,9 MANY CASES ! 09DIVIDUALI/S0 7NON-COLLECTIVE MEMB]S7 HAD EQUAL RI<TS 9 ! ASSEMBLY4  

,9 L& CULTIVATION ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES W]E3 ! RAPIDLY 9CREAS$ USE ( MA*9]Y & IRRIGATION2 GREAT] DIV]SIFICATION2 & =E/ATION4 ,9 /OCK RAIS+3 ! SELECTION & MULTIPLICATION ( BRE$S2 ! ADAPTATION ( BRE$S TO LOCAL CONDITIONS2 & L>GE-SCALE CON/RUCTION ( COLLECTIVE /OCK B>NS4  

,PRODUCTION & TRADE W]E BR\<T 9TO 9CREAS+ H>MONY & DI/RIBUTION BECAME MORE & MORE UNIFI$2 FIR/ DI/RICT UNIFICATION1 !N REGIONAL UNIFICATION1 & F9ALLY ! CREATION ( A NATIONAL F$]ATION4 ,! DI/RICT 7COM>CA7 WAS ! BASIS ( TRADE4 ,9 EXCEPTIONAL CASES AN ISOLAT$ COMMUNE MANAG$ ITS [N1 ON AU?ORITY ( ! DI/RICT F$]ATION :I* KEPT ITS EYE ON ! COMMUNE & C\LD 9T]V5E IF ITS TRAD+ PRACTICES W]E H>MFUL TO ! G5]AL ECONOMY4 ,9 ,>AGON1 ! ,F$]ATION ( ,COLLECTIVES1 F\ND$ 9 ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#c#g1 BEGAN TO COORD9ATE TRADE AMONG ! COMMUNES ( ! REGION1 & TO CREATE A SY/EM ( MUTUAL AID4 ,! T5D5CY TO UNITY BECAME MORE DI/9CT ) ! ADOPTION ( A S+LE 0PRODUC]'S C>D0 & A S+LE 0CONSUM]'S C>D0--:I* IMPLI$ SUPPRESSION ( ALL MONEY1 LOCAL & NATIONAL--BY A DECISION ( ! ,FEBRU>Y1 #aicg ,CONGRESS4 ,COORD9ATION ( TRADE ) O!R REGIONS1 & ABROAD1 IMPROV$ /EADILY4 ,:5 DISP>ITIES 9 EX*ANGE1 OR EXCEPTIONALLY HI< PRICES1 CREAT$ SURPLUSES1 !Y W]E US$ BY ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION TO HELP ! POOR] COLLECTIVES4 ,SOLID>ITY ?US EXT5D$ BEYOND ! DI/RICT4  

,9DU/RIAL CONC5TRATION--! ELIM9ATION ( SMALL WORK%OPS & UNECONOMICAL FACTORIES--WAS A *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( COLLECTIVIZATION BO? 9 ! RURAL COMMUNES & 9 ! CITIES4 ,LABOR WAS RATIONALIZ$ ON ! BASIS ( SOCIAL NE$--9 ,ALCOY'S 9DU/RIES & 9 ?OSE ( ,HOSPITALET1 9 ,B>CELONA'S MUNICIPAL TRANSPORT & 9 ! ,>AGON COLLECTIVES4  

,! FIR/ /EP T[>D SOCIALIZATION WAS FREQU5TLY ! DIVID+ UP ( L>GE E/ATES 7AS 9 ! ,SEGORBE & ,GRANOLL]S DI/RICTS & A NUMB] ( ,>AGON VILLAGES74 ,9 C]TA9 O!R CASES ! FIR/ /EP WAS TO =CE ! MUNICIPALITIES TO GRANT IMM$IATE RE=MS 7MUNICIPALIZATION ( L&-R5T & ( M$IC9E 9 ,ELDA1 ,B5IC>LO1 ,CA/ILLONE1 ,ALCANIZ1 ,CASPE1 ETC474  

,$UCATION ADVANC$ AT AN UNPREC$5T$ PACE4 ,MO/ ( ! P>TLY OR :OLLY SOCIALIZ$ COLLECTIVES & MUNICIPALITIES BUILT AT LEA/ ONE S*OOL4 ,BY #a#i#c#h1 = EXAMPLE1 EV]Y COLLECTIVE 9 ! ,LEVANT ,F$]ATION HAD ITS [N S*OOL4  

,! NUMB] ( COLLECTIVES 9CREAS$ /EADILY4 ,! MOVEM5T ORIG9AT$ & PROGRESS$ SWIFTLY 9 ,>AGON1 CONQU]$ P>T ( ,CATALONIA1 !N MOV$ ON TO ,LEVANT & LAT] ,CA/ILE4 ,ACCORD+ TO RELIABLE TE/IMONY ! ACCOMPLI%M5TS 9 ,CA/ILE MAY 9DE$ HAVE SURPASS$ ,LEVANT & ,>AGON4 ,E/RAMADURA & ! P>T ( ,&ALUSIA NOT CONQU]$ IMM$IATELY BY ! FASCI/S--ESPECIALLY ! PROV9CE ( ,JA5--ALSO HAD !IR COLLECTIVES4 ,! *>ACT] ( ! COLLECTIVES V>I$ ( C\RSE ) LOCAL CONDITIONS4#b  

.<444.> .<#i#h.>  

,SOMETIMES ! COLLECTIVE WAS SUPPLEM5T$ BY O!R =MS ( SOCIALIZATION4 ,AFT] ,I LEFT ,C>CAG5TE1 TRADE WAS SOCIALIZ$4 ,9 ,ALCOY CONSUM]S COOP]ATIVES >OSE TO R\ND \T ! SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,!RE W]E O!R 9/ANCES ( ! SAME K9D4  

,! COLLECTIVES W]E NOT CREAT$ S+LE H&$LY BY ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,AL?\< !IR JURIDICAL PR9CIPLES W]E /RICTLY AN>*I/1 A GREAT MANY COLLECTIVES W]E CREAT$ SPONTANE\SLY BY PEOPLE REMOTE FROM \R MOVEM5T 70LIB]T>IANS0 )\T BE+ AW>E ( IT74 ,MO/ ( ! ,CA/ILE & ,E/RAMADURA COLLECTIVES W]E ORGANIZ$ BY ,CA?OLIC & ,SOCIALI/ PEASANTS2 9 SOME CASES ( C\RSE !Y MAY HAVE BE5 9SPIR$ BY ! PROPAG&A ( ISOLAT$ AN>*I/ MILITANTS4 ,AL?\< !IR ORGANIZATION OPPOS$ ! MOVEM5T (FICIALLY1 MANY MEMB]S ( ! ,U,G,T 5T]$ OR ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVES1 AS DID REPUBLICANS :O S9C]ELY WANT$ TO A*IEVE LIB]TY & JU/ICE4  

,SMALL L&[N]S W]E RESPECT$4 ,!IR 9CLUSION 9 ! CONSUM]'S C>D SY/EM & 9 ! COLLECTIVE TRAD+1 ! RESOLUTIONS TAK5 9 RESPECT TO !M1 ALL ATTE/ TO ?IS4 ,!RE W]E JU/ TWO RE/RICTIONS3 !Y C\LD NOT HAVE MORE L& ?AN !Y C\LD CULTIVATE1 & !Y C\LD NOT C>RY ON PRIVATE TRADE4 ,MEMB]%IP 9 ! COLLECTIVE WAS VOLUNT>Y3 ! 09DIVIDUALI/S0 JO9$ ONLY IF !Y W]E P]SUAD$ ( ! ADVANTAGES ( WORK+ 9 COMMON4  

,! *IEF OB/ACLES TO ! COLLECTIVES W]E3  

,! EXI/5CE ( CONS]VATIVE /RATA1 & P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS REPRES5T+ !M4 ,REPUBLICANS ( ALL FACTIONS1 SOCIALI/S ( LEFT & RI<T 7,L>GO ,CABALL]O & ,PRIETO71 ,/AL9I/ ,COMMUNI/S1 & (T5 ! ,P,\,MI/S4 7,BE=E !IR EXPULSION FROM ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T--! ,G5]ALIDAD--! ,P,\,MI/S W]E NOT A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y P>TY4 ,!Y BECAME SO :5 DRIV5 9TO OPPOSITION4 ,EV5 9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#c#g1 A MANIFE/O DI/RIBUT$ BY ! ,>AGON SECTION ( ! ,P,\,M ATTACK$ ! COLLECTIVES74 ,! ,U,G,T WAS ! PR9CIPAL 9/RUM5T ( ! V>I\S POLITICIANS4  

,! OPPOSITION ( C]TA9 SMALL L&[N]S 7PEASANTS FROM ,CATALONIA & ! ,PYRE5EES74  

,! FE>1 EV5 AMONG SOME MEMB]S ( COLLECTIVES1 ?AT ! GOV]NM5T W\LD DE/ROY ! ORGANIZATIONS ONCE ! W> WAS OV]4 ,MANY :O W]E NOT REALLY REACTION>Y1 & MANY SMALL L&[N]S :O W\LD O!RWISE HAVE JO9$ ! COLLECTIVES1 HELD BACK ON ?IS ACC\NT4  

,! OP5 ATTACK ON ! COLLECTIVES3 BY :I* IS NOT MEANT ! OBVI\SLY DE/RUCTIVE ACTS ( ! ,FRANCO TROOPS :]EV] !Y ADVANC$4 ,9 ,CA/ILE ! ATTACK ON ! COLLECTIVI/S WAS CONDUCT$1 >MS 9 H&1 BY ,COMMUNI/ TROOPS4 ,9 ! ,VAL5CIA REGION1 !RE W]E BATTLES 9 :I* EV5 >MOR$ C>S TOOK P>T4 ,9 ! ,HUESCA PROV9CE ! ,K>L ,M>X BRIGADE P]SECUT$ ! COLLECTIVES4 ,! ,MACIA-,COMPANYS BRIGADE DID ! SAME 9 ,T]UEL PROV9CE4 7,BUT BO? ALWAYS FL$ FROM COMBAT ) ! FASCI/S4 ,! ,K>L ,M>X BRIGADE ALWAYS REMA9$ 9ACTIVE1 :ILE \R TROOPS F\<T = ,HUESCA & O!R IMPORTANT PO9TS2 ! ,M>XI/S TROOPS RES]V$ !MSELVES = ! RE>GU>D4 ,! SECOND GAVE UP ,VIVEL DEL ,RIO & O!R COAL REGIONS ( ,UTRILLOS )\T A FI<T4 ,!SE SOLDI]S1 :O RAN 9 PANIC BE=E A SMALL ATTACK ?AT O!R =CES EASILY CONTA9$1 W]E 9TREPID W>RIORS AGA9/ ! UN>M$ PEASANTS ( ! COLLECTIVES74  
  

,9 ! WORK ( CREATION1 TRANS=MATION & SOCIALIZATION1 ! PEASANT DEMON/RAT$ A SOCIAL CONSCI5CE MU* SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( ! CITY WORK]4  
  

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